231:
2791:
3335:
1834:
1822:
3345:
2017:. Charges of following Judaism were easily made, but difficult to disprove, not least because the practices of certain philosophical sects resembled some Jewish customs. As a result, many people chose to settle with the accusers out of court rather than risk the uncertainties of judicial hearings, thus effectively encouraging the blackmailers.
37:
2004:
Besides other taxes, that on the Jews was levied with the utmost rigor, and those were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledging that faith, yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upon their people . I recall being present in my youth
2154:, who ordered all Jews above the age of 12 and possessing 20 gulden to pay one gulden annually for protection. The practice was justified on the grounds that the emperor, as the legal successor of the Roman emperors, was the rightful recipient of the
119:. The redirection of these funds represented a significant humiliation for the Jewish population of the Empire. The tax continued even after the Capitoline Temple was rebuilt, contributing to Roman finances and also serving as a deterrent against
138:
recounts that the tax was then applied to those who denied their Jewish origin or practiced Jewish customs without identifying as Jewish, and describes an incident where a 90-year-old man was examined to confirm if he was
1892:, or first Jewish revolt of AD 66–73. The tax was imposed on all Jews throughout the empire, not just on those who took part in the revolt against Rome. The tax was imposed after the
2790:
2688:
1943:, the documentary evidence (in the form of receipts) confirms the payment of the tax by women and children. The oldest person known from these receipts to have paid the
2632:
2021:
was put to death for "living a Jewish life" or "drifting into Jewish ways" in the year AD 95, which may well have been related to the administration of the
2730:
2625:
3371:
2065:
1516:
1947:
was a 61-year-old woman, which led
Sherman LeRoy Wallace to conjecture that the tax was levied only until the age of 62, as was the regular
2005:
when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised.
3381:
1373:
3406:
2988:
2723:
1238:
1233:
679:
3348:
3177:
89:
2307:
1587:
1180:
406:
674:
2662:
2645:
2064:
and redefined
Judaism as a religion, furthering the distinction between Judaism and Christianity. This paved the way for the
2034:
1787:
973:
2694:
3338:
2716:
1662:
1864:
1727:
855:
367:
2438:
From One
Identity to Another: The Mother Church of Jerusalem Between the Two Jewish Revolts Against Rome (66–135/6 EC)
3411:
2619:
2599:
2574:
2558:
2507:
How Rome's administration of the Fiscus
Judaicus accelerated the parting of the ways between Judaism and Christianity
1188:
941:
108:
1893:
658:
2528:
3138:
840:
436:
1935:
While the tax paid for the Temple of
Jerusalem was payable only by adult men between the ages of 20 and 50, the
1932:
was responsible for the collection of the tax. Only those who had abandoned
Judaism were exempt from paying it.
3376:
3203:
2176:
2018:
1954:
The tax was continued even after the completion of the reconstruction of the
Capitoline temple for its upkeep.
1792:
1511:
20:
2047:
considered their religion to be separate from
Judaism. If anything they would have considered themselves as a
3023:
1797:
761:
230:
3401:
1913:
1495:
791:
3258:
2765:
1737:
1707:
2923:
2897:
2739:
2486:
2440:. Paris: Éditions du Cerf, collection Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitive (French), pp. 105–125.
1123:
595:
3283:
2849:
1978:
1170:
748:
705:
556:
411:
260:
116:
2780:
1917:
1757:
1175:
664:
3386:
3290:
3238:
2949:
2872:
2834:
2051:. Jewish and non-Jewish Christians would therefore be liable to the tax, Marius Heemstra argues.
2035:
List of events marking changes in the relations between
Christians and Jews in early Christianity
1772:
1712:
1223:
1218:
845:
726:
377:
93:
2678:
3416:
3003:
2939:
2775:
2423:, H.H. Ben-Sasson editor, page 322: "Domitian ordered the execution of Flavius Clemens ... for
1889:
1857:
1682:
1567:
1562:
1163:
742:
561:
2506:
2331:
3276:
3218:
2864:
2813:
2750:
2652:
2606:
2460:
2350:
2151:
2083:
1970:
1762:
1687:
1652:
1637:
1557:
1547:
796:
716:
711:
632:
124:
53:
2566:
Jew and
Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian
2102:
was abolished. Documentary evidence confirms the collection of the tax in the middle of the
1981:, which shows that during this period the tax was levied even on those above the age of 62.
3213:
3118:
3008:
2818:
2683:
2271:
2155:
2076:
1939:
was imposed on all Jews, including women, children, and elderly—and even Jewish slaves. In
1782:
1747:
1722:
1602:
1582:
754:
431:
292:
47:
2110:. It is not known when the tax was formally abolished. Some historians credit the emperor
1985:
argues that the increased harshness was caused by the success of the Jewish (and possibly
8:
3304:
3046:
2918:
2902:
2887:
2854:
2517:
2048:
1802:
1702:
1697:
1642:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1521:
1391:
1337:
1145:
653:
151:
introduced reforms that eased some of the tax's burdens but did not abolish it entirely.
104:
2086:
in connection with the Jewish tax", in reference to his reform of the harsh policies of
1973:, but also those who concealed the fact that they were Jews or observed Jewish customs.
3396:
3391:
3143:
3113:
2944:
2839:
2135:
1986:
1925:
1777:
1767:
1752:
1742:
1717:
1667:
1632:
1622:
1592:
1577:
1572:
1427:
1342:
1135:
1099:
1020:
899:
617:
255:
181:
3172:
3095:
3036:
3031:
2658:
2641:
2615:
2595:
2570:
2554:
1850:
1692:
1677:
1672:
1647:
1597:
1397:
1113:
1065:
1005:
921:
862:
574:
541:
347:
1977:
relates that when he was young, an old man of 90 was examined to see whether he was
1948:
85:
3315:
3248:
3090:
3051:
3041:
3013:
2770:
2111:
1732:
1657:
1263:
1228:
1208:
1025:
993:
867:
721:
472:
3310:
3296:
3263:
3160:
3082:
3072:
2954:
2882:
2877:
2636:
2590:
2581:
2565:
2549:
2198:
2106:, and literary sources indicate that the tax was still in existence in the early
2044:
1826:
1300:
1295:
1035:
998:
909:
874:
776:
700:
536:
496:
462:
372:
362:
357:
352:
270:
3320:
3269:
2983:
2892:
2844:
2069:
1385:
1357:
1332:
1193:
1040:
835:
771:
669:
607:
511:
506:
489:
467:
169:
160:
81:
2043:
was originally imposed on Jews. At the time likely neither the Romans nor the
1900:) payable by Jews towards the upkeep of the Temple. The amount levied was two
3365:
3253:
3198:
3193:
2702:
2228:
2169:
2159:
1982:
1878:
1457:
1130:
1055:
946:
879:
813:
781:
648:
590:
551:
531:
501:
416:
337:
332:
307:
297:
239:
36:
2218:
28:
2975:
2213:
2129:
1885:
1838:
1352:
1140:
1109:
1080:
1060:
951:
936:
916:
830:
825:
627:
421:
112:
390:
3243:
2708:
2123:
2107:
2103:
1990:
1347:
1090:
1050:
968:
904:
850:
786:
612:
602:
546:
426:
327:
322:
280:
265:
202:
196:
120:
2436:
See: Bourgel, Jonathan, ″The Jewish Christians and the Jewish tax″, in:
2611:
1909:
1452:
1422:
1305:
1290:
1213:
1150:
1118:
1070:
1045:
1030:
931:
926:
894:
820:
526:
521:
342:
302:
248:
140:
100:
24:
3208:
3165:
3155:
2993:
2424:
2223:
2010:
1997:
1974:
1881:
1285:
1203:
1198:
889:
884:
695:
622:
312:
186:
135:
2550:
Religion & Power: Pagans, Jews, and Christians in the Greek East
3056:
2208:
2189:. This tax was at some places replaced by an overall communal tax.
2087:
1962:
1901:
1447:
1415:
1104:
1094:
1015:
1010:
983:
956:
766:
516:
457:
452:
285:
174:
131:
107:. The new tax redirected those funds to the reconstruction of the
3105:
1258:
1085:
988:
978:
317:
275:
19:"Jewish tax" redirects here. For other uses of "Jewish tax", see
103:
which had been paid annually by Jews for the maintenance of the
1905:
1821:
1467:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1075:
963:
2998:
2203:
2186:
2055:
2014:
1940:
1897:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1437:
1432:
1379:
1251:
148:
147:
indicate that even children were liable for this tax. Later,
144:
41:
2591:
Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World
2158:
which Jews paid to the Romans after the destruction of the
2028:
222:
159:
Modern knowledge of the fiscus Judaicus is found in four
99:
The fiscus Iudaicus replaced the traditional half-shekel
2701:
The fiscus Judaicus is depicted on the back side of the
2009:
Domitian's ruling opened the door to possibilities of
2585:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America
2392:
2068:
that began a few years later and continued until the
1182:
European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
94:
destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in AD 70
2334:: "This was an affront to Jewish religious feeling."
2072:in 313 AD. The coins of Nerva bear the legend
1996:
Domitian applied the tax even to those who merely "
1924:was a humiliation for the Jews. In Rome, a special
16:Tax imposed on Jews in the Roman Empire (70–96 CE)
2308:"The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways"
3363:
2637:The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways
1965:, who ruled between 81 and 96 AD, expanded the
1912:of Jerusalem. The tax was to go instead to the
134:, the enforcement of the tax became stringent.
2724:
2477:, (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 105.
2250:, (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 105.
2054:However, in 96 AD, Domitian's successor
1858:
3186:
2654:Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2180:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2127:
2604:Stern, Menachem (1997). "Fiscus Judaicus".
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2073:
2059:
1951:paid by individuals throughout the Empire.
72:
69:
62:
2738:
2731:
2717:
1865:
1851:
2253:
2185:tax to be delivered to the archbishop of
1374:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
2689:"The 'New Cleopatra' and the Jewish Tax"
2344:
2342:
2340:
2290:
2150:) tax was introduced in 1342 by Emperor
2114:with its abolition in about 361 or 362.
35:
3178:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
2650:
2475:Jews and Christians: Graeco-Roman Views
2398:
2306:Cohen, Shaye J. D. (October 10, 2012).
2248:Jews and Christians: Graeco-Roman Views
2029:Schism between Judaism and Christianity
154:
3364:
115:, which had been destroyed during the
2712:
2337:
2305:
3372:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
3344:
2679:Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Judaicus
2582:The Jews among the Greeks and Romans
2332:Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Judaicus
2098:It remains unclear when exactly the
2697:The Cipherment of the Franks Casket
2117:
1930:procurator ad capitularia Iudaeorum
1908:that observant Jews had previously
13:
2610:(CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed.
2246:As translated by Molly Whittaker,
1969:to include not only born Jews and
1904:, equivalent to the one-half of a
1896:in AD 70 in place of the levy (or
56:in connection with the Jewish tax"
14:
3428:
3382:Latin political words and phrases
2672:
2362:Schäfer (1998), pp. 113–114
1910:paid for the upkeep of the Temple
1877:The tax was initially imposed by
1189:Global minimum corporate tax rate
109:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
3343:
3334:
3333:
2789:
2518:Julian and the Jews (361-363 CE)
2380:Heemstra, p. 14 (footnote n. 30)
2179:later ordered the income of the
1894:destruction of the Second Temple
1832:
1820:
659:Base erosion and profit shifting
229:
84:for 'Jewish tax') was a
3407:Disabilities (Jewish) in Europe
2522:
2511:
2500:
2480:
2473:Translated by Molly Whittaker,
2467:
2452:
2443:
2430:
2419:Dio Cassius 67.14.1–2, 68.1.2;
2413:
2404:
2066:Roman persecution of Christians
2058:reformed the administration of
437:Optimal capital income taxation
2569:. Princeton University Press.
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2325:
2240:
1512:List of countries by tax rates
21:Taxation of the Jews in Europe
1:
3139:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism
2541:
942:Natural resources consumption
209:
2691:Biblical Archaeology Society
2594:. Harvard University Press.
2547:Edwards, Douglas R. (1996).
2421:History of the Jewish People
2312:Biblical Archaeology Society
2093:
1914:Temple of Capitoline Jupiter
792:United States as a tax haven
7:
3259:First Jewish Revolt coinage
2766:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)
2684:Livius.org: Fiscus Judaicus
2553:. Oxford University Press.
2192:
2122:The tax was revived in the
1957:
10:
3433:
2640:. TĂĽbingen: Mohr Siebeck.
2631:Heemstra, Marius (2010). "
2614:. Keter Publishing House.
2563:Feldman, Louis H. (1993).
2126:in 1342 under the name of
2032:
706:Offshore financial centres
596:Repatriation tax avoidance
18:
3329:
3284:Siege of Jerusalem (poem)
3231:
3131:
3104:
3081:
3065:
3022:
2974:
2967:
2932:
2912:Judea coast and highlands
2911:
2863:
2827:
2806:
2798:
2787:
2758:
2746:
1171:Financial transaction tax
261:Property tax equalization
117:Year of the Four Emperors
3412:Taxation in ancient Rome
2968:Belligerents and leaders
2781:Jacob and Simon uprising
2651:Goodman, Martin (2007).
2495:Journal of Roman Studies
2234:
1517:Tax revenue to GDP ratio
1176:Currency transaction tax
762:Liechtenstein tax affair
143:. Tax receipts found in
90:Jews in the Roman Empire
2624:O'Quin, Chris (2009). "
2588:Schäfer, Peter (1998).
1224:Permanent establishment
1219:Exchange of Information
727:Financial Secrecy Index
378:Medical savings account
3204:Arch at Circus Maximus
3024:Provisional government
2776:Alexandrian riots (38)
2740:First Jewish–Roman War
2493:and Jewish Identity",
2464:; Rodin (1915), p. 334
2389:Feldman (1993), p. 100
2181:
2164:
2146:
2140:
2128:
2074:
2060:
2007:
1918:ancient Roman religion
1916:, the major center of
1890:First Roman-Jewish War
1124:Vehicle miles traveled
743:Ireland as a tax haven
557:Private tax collection
73:
70:
63:
57:
3277:Legend of Destruction
3219:Temple of Peace, Rome
2771:Judas uprising (6 CE)
2607:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2533:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2461:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2449:Edwards (1996), p. 69
2351:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2152:Louis IV the Bavarian
2084:malicious prosecution
2019:Titus Flavius Clemens
2002:
1886:measures against Jews
797:Panama as a tax haven
749:Ireland v. Commission
717:Conduit and sink OFCs
712:Offshore magic circle
633:Unreported employment
125:conversion to Judaism
54:malicious prosecution
39:
3214:Judaea Capta coinage
2799:Military engagements
2410:Rodin (1915), p. 333
1788:United Arab Emirates
1530:Individual Countries
1239:Foreign revenue rule
1036:Inheritance (estate)
755:Leprechaun economics
155:Contemporary sources
3402:History of taxation
3047:Eleazar ben Hanania
2626:The Fiscus Judaicus
2579:Radin, Max (1915).
2458:"Fiscus Judaicus",
2348:"Fiscus Judaicus",
2136:Holy Roman Emperors
2013:in Rome and in all
1971:converts to Judaism
1888:as a result of the
1827:Business portal
1522:Tax rates in Europe
1392:Tax Justice Network
1338:Dhammika Dharmapala
846:Airport improvement
654:Transfer mispricing
445:Distribution of Tax
217:Part of a series on
191:A passage from the
105:Temple in Jerusalem
3144:Yohanan ben Zakkai
3114:Menahem ben Yehuda
1428:Eight per thousand
1343:James R. Hines Jr.
1234:European Union FTT
256:Government revenue
182:The Twelve Caesars
58:
3377:Jewish–Roman wars
3359:
3358:
3227:
3226:
3173:Bar Kokhba revolt
3127:
3126:
3119:Eleazar ben Ya'ir
3096:Eleazar ben Simon
3066:Peasantry faction
3037:Joseph ben Gurion
3032:Ananus ben Ananus
2963:
2962:
2807:Early engagements
2751:Jewish–Roman wars
2664:978-90-04-15309-7
2646:978-3-16-150383-2
2272:"Fiscus Judaicus"
2168:was collected on
1875:
1874:
1810:
1809:
1406:
1405:
1398:Tax Policy Center
1146:Negative (income)
922:Environmental tax
804:
803:
722:Financial centres
542:Tax investigation
480:
479:
348:Tax harmonization
40:A coin issued by
3424:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3316:Josephus problem
3249:Herodian Quarter
3184:
3183:
3091:John of Gischala
3052:Niger the Perean
3042:Joshua ben Gamla
3014:Herod Agrippa II
2972:
2971:
2933:Last strongholds
2865:Galilee campaign
2828:Gallus' campaign
2819:Alexandria riots
2804:
2803:
2793:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2695:Austin Simmons,
2668:
2536:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2497:79 (1989) 40–44.
2484:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2346:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2278:. April 28, 2020
2268:
2251:
2244:
2184:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2133:
2118:Medieval revival
2081:
2063:
2025:under Domitian.
1867:
1860:
1853:
1839:Money portal
1837:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1501:
1500:
1322:
1321:
1229:Transfer pricing
1209:Tax equalization
1183:
1131:Corporate profit
767:Luxembourg Leaks
701:Corporate havens
580:
579:
396:
395:
233:
214:
213:
79:
76:
66:
52:, "abolition of
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3325:
3311:Flight to Pella
3291:The Dovekeepers
3264:Flavian dynasty
3223:
3182:
3161:Diaspora revolt
3151:Fiscus Judaicus
3123:
3100:
3077:
3073:Simon bar Giora
3061:
3018:
3004:Lucilius Bassus
2959:
2928:
2907:
2859:
2823:
2814:Jerusalem riots
2800:
2794:
2785:
2754:
2742:
2737:
2675:
2665:
2544:
2539:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2491:Fiscus Judaicus
2485:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:Heemstra, p. 14
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2199:Jewish poll tax
2195:
2120:
2100:fiscus Iudaicus
2096:
2061:fiscus Iudaicus
2041:fiscus Iudaicus
2037:
2031:
2023:fiscus Judaicus
1998:lived like Jews
1967:fiscus Iudaicus
1960:
1945:fiscus Iudaicus
1937:fiscus Iudaicus
1922:fiscus Iudaicus
1871:
1833:
1831:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1498:
1488:
1487:
1443:Fiscus Judaicus
1418:
1408:
1407:
1366:Advocacy groups
1319:
1311:
1310:
1301:Trade agreement
1296:Free-trade zone
1254:
1244:
1243:
1181:
1166:
1156:
1155:
816:
806:
805:
777:Paradise Papers
618:Debtors' prison
577:
567:
566:
537:Tax preparation
497:Revenue service
492:
482:
481:
393:
383:
382:
363:Double taxation
358:Tax withholding
353:Tax competition
271:Non-tax revenue
251:
212:
179:A passage from
167:A passage from
161:primary sources
157:
74:fiscus Judaicus
64:fiscus Iudaicus
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3387:Personal taxes
3384:
3379:
3374:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3321:Temple menorah
3318:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3270:The Jewish War
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3232:Related topics
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Cestius Gallus
2986:
2984:Gessius Florus
2980:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2692:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2673:External links
2671:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2648:
2629:
2622:
2602:
2586:
2577:
2561:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2529:"Opferpfennig"
2521:
2510:
2499:
2489:, "Nerva, the
2487:Martin Goodman
2479:
2466:
2451:
2442:
2429:
2412:
2403:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2336:
2324:
2289:
2252:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2119:
2116:
2095:
2092:
2082:"abolition of
2075:fisci Iudaici
2070:Edict of Milan
2030:
2027:
1959:
1956:
1949:Roman poll tax
1884:as one of the
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:United Kingdom
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
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1680:
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1655:
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1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1386:Tax Foundation
1383:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:Gabriel Zucman
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1333:Mihir A. Desai
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Robin Hood tax
1191:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:Excess profits
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:Gross receipts
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
919:
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
872:
871:
870:
860:
859:
858:
853:
848:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
812:
811:
808:
807:
802:
801:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
772:Offshore Leaks
769:
764:
759:
758:
757:
752:
737:
736:
735:Major examples
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
698:
690:
689:
685:
684:
683:
682:
677:
672:
670:Dutch Sandwich
667:
662:
656:
651:
643:
642:
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
608:Tax resistance
605:
600:
599:
598:
585:
584:
578:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
512:Taxable income
509:
507:Tax assessment
504:
499:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
447:
446:
442:
441:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
401:
400:
399:General Theory
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
368:Representation
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
289:
288:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
247:
246:
243:
242:
235:
234:
226:
225:
219:
218:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:Roman Egyptian
199:
189:
177:
170:The Jewish War
156:
153:
46:fisci Judaici
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3429:
3418:
3417:Jupiter (god)
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:TV adaptation
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Corinth Canal
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Arch of Titus
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:Commemoration
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Flavius Silva
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Zealot Temple
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:2nd Sepphoris
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:1st Sepphoris
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2704:
2703:Franks Casket
2700:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:965-07-0665-8
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2600:0-674-48778-8
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2575:0-691-07416-X
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2559:0-19-508263-X
2556:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2401:, p. 27.
2400:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2229:Tolerance tax
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:Christmas Day
2166:
2161:
2160:Second Temple
2157:
2153:
2148:
2147:Guldenpfennig
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Louis Feldman
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:Roman emperor
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:United States
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:All Countries
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Tolerance tax
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:International
1160:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Resource rent
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
863:Capital gains
861:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
810:
809:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
782:Panama Papers
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
756:
753:
751:
750:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
734:
733:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
691:
687:
686:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:Tax inversion
647:
646:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
597:
594:
593:
592:
591:Tax avoidance
589:
588:
587:
586:
582:
581:
576:
575:Noncompliance
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
552:Tax collector
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:Tax residence
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
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502:Revenue stamp
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293:Tax threshold
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238:An aspect of
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3349:
3303:
3289:
3282:
3275:
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3150:
2976:Roman Empire
2749:Part of the
2748:
2696:
2653:
2635:
2605:
2589:
2580:
2564:
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2532:
2524:
2513:
2502:
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2427:tendencies".
2420:
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2399:Goodman 2007
2394:
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2376:
2367:
2358:
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2327:
2317:December 31,
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2282:December 31,
2280:. Retrieved
2275:
2247:
2242:
2214:Opferpfennig
2182:Opferpfennig
2174:
2165:Opferpfennig
2144:(originally
2141:Opferpfennig
2130:Opferpfennig
2121:
2099:
2097:
2053:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1876:
1758:South Africa
1442:
1353:Joel Slemrod
1026:Hypothecated
994:Sugary drink
868:Expatriation
747:
665:Double Irish
628:Black market
473:Proportional
422:Laffer curve
407:Price effect
205:tax receipts
201:Seventy-one
192:
180:
168:
158:
129:
98:
71:
61:
59:
45:
33:
3244:Burnt House
2898:Mount Tabor
2124:Middle Ages
2108:3rd century
2104:2nd century
2049:Jewish sect
1991:proselytism
1979:circumcised
1773:Switzerland
1738:Philippines
1713:New Zealand
1708:Netherlands
1348:Ronen Palan
1091:User charge
910:Value-added
875:Consumption
787:Swiss Leaks
675:Single Malt
613:Tax shelter
603:Tax evasion
562:Tax farming
547:Tax shelter
463:Progressive
427:Optimal tax
328:Tax amnesty
323:Tax holiday
281:Tax bracket
266:Tax revenue
197:Cassius Dio
141:circumcised
121:proselytism
88:imposed on
3366:Categories
3194:Tisha B'Av
2850:Beth–Horon
2612:Cecil Roth
2542:References
2177:Charles IV
2156:Temple tax
2045:Christians
2033:See also:
1926:procurator
1683:Kazakhstan
1568:Bangladesh
1563:Azerbaijan
1496:By country
1453:Temple tax
1423:Church tax
1306:ATA Carnet
1291:Free trade
1286:Tariff war
1214:Tax treaty
1100:Congestion
1041:Land value
932:Eco-tariff
900:Television
856:Solidarity
836:Ad valorem
696:Tax havens
527:Tax shield
522:Tax refund
490:Collection
468:Regressive
343:Tax reform
210:Imposition
101:Temple tax
92:after the
29:Rav akçesi
25:Kosher tax
3397:Vespasian
3392:Roman law
3209:Colosseum
3166:Kitos War
3156:Sicaricon
3132:Aftermath
2994:Vespasian
2945:Machaerus
2924:Jerusalem
2888:Tarichaea
2840:1st Jaffa
2657:. BRILL.
2425:Judaizing
2224:Sicaricon
2219:Rabbi tax
2094:Abolition
2011:blackmail
1987:Christian
1975:Suetonius
1928:known as
1882:Vespasian
1763:Sri Lanka
1728:Palestine
1688:Lithuania
1653:Indonesia
1638:Hong Kong
1558:Australia
1548:Argentina
1416:Religious
1204:Spahn tax
1199:Tobin tax
1056:Pigouvian
974:Cigarette
947:Severance
880:Departure
688:Locations
641:Corporate
623:Smuggling
391:Economics
313:Tax shift
308:Deduction
298:Exemption
187:Suetonius
136:Suetonius
3339:Category
3057:Josephus
2940:Herodium
2903:Gischala
2855:Ein Gedi
2209:Leibzoll
2193:See also
2175:Emperor
2088:Domitian
2077:calumnia
1963:Domitian
1958:Domitian
1783:Tanzania
1748:Portugal
1723:Pakistan
1603:Colombia
1583:Bulgaria
1448:Leibzoll
1325:Academic
1318:Research
1141:Windfall
1081:Turnover
1061:Property
1011:Georgist
957:Stumpage
952:Steering
937:Landfill
917:Dividend
841:Aviation
831:Per unit
826:Indirect
517:Tax lien
453:Tax rate
432:Theories
286:Flat tax
249:Policies
223:Taxation
175:Josephus
132:Domitian
48:calumnia
3350:Commons
3106:Sicarii
3083:Zealots
2759:Origins
2535:. 2008.
2134:by the
2079:sublata
1902:denarii
1803:Uruguay
1703:Namibia
1698:Morocco
1663:Ireland
1643:Iceland
1628:Germany
1618:Finland
1613:Denmark
1608:Croatia
1553:Armenia
1543:Algeria
1538:Albania
1185:(CCCTB)
1051:Payroll
1006:General
999:Tobacco
969:Alcohol
905:Tourist
851:Landing
583:General
318:Tax cut
276:Tax law
50:sublata
3305:Masada
3239:Judaea
2955:Masada
2950:Jardes
2883:Yodfat
2878:Gabara
2661:
2644:
2618:
2598:
2573:
2557:
2276:Livius
2162:. The
2138:. The
2112:Julian
1920:. The
1906:shekel
1778:Taiwan
1768:Sweden
1753:Russia
1743:Poland
1718:Norway
1668:Israel
1633:Greece
1623:France
1593:Canada
1578:Brazil
1573:Bhutan
1468:Kharaj
1376:(ITEP)
1279:Export
1274:Import
1269:Tariff
1259:Custom
1151:Wealth
1076:Surtax
1071:Single
1046:Luxury
1031:Income
964:Excise
927:Carbon
821:Direct
708:(OFCs)
661:(BEPS)
373:Unions
303:Credit
130:Under
44:reads
27:, and
2999:Titus
2893:Gamla
2699:(PDF)
2235:Notes
2204:Jizya
2187:Trier
2056:Nerva
2015:Italy
1941:Egypt
1898:tithe
1693:Malta
1678:Japan
1673:Italy
1648:India
1598:China
1483:Zakat
1478:Nisab
1473:Khums
1463:Jizya
1438:Tithe
1433:Teind
1394:(TJN)
1380:Oxfam
1252:Trade
895:Stamp
890:Sales
885:Hotel
814:Types
149:Nerva
145:Egypt
82:Latin
42:Nerva
2845:Geva
2659:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2319:2020
2284:2020
2039:The
1733:Peru
1658:Iran
1400:(US)
1388:(US)
1382:(UK)
1264:Duty
1119:Toll
1114:GNSS
1110:Road
1105:Fuel
1016:Gift
984:Meat
680:CAIA
458:Flat
123:and
113:Rome
60:The
2634:".
2000:":
1588:BVI
1095:fee
1086:Use
989:Sin
979:Fat
195:by
185:by
173:by
111:in
86:tax
68:or
3368::
2628:".
2531:.
2339:^
2310:.
2292:^
2274:.
2255:^
2172:.
2090:.
1993:.
1989:)
163::
127:.
96:.
23:,
2732:e
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2718:v
2705:.
2667:.
2321:.
2286:.
1866:e
1859:t
1852:v
1112:/
1093:/
80:(
31:.
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