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male prostitution, instead advocating that its economic causes be addressed. Female prostitution was legalized in 1927, and it was feared that cracking down on male prostitution would lead to police raids on gay bars and meeting places. The WhK worked with other sex reformers to produce a new draft of the penal code, largely written by Hiller and published in 1927, that eliminated
Paragraph 175 and also reformed provisions dealing with abortion, rape, seduction, incest, and child molestation. Only the KPD supported this proposal in its entirety. While Brand and the GdE disagreed with Hiller's proposal and instead preferred to abolish the age of consent, the BfM held the opposite position, opposing male prostitution and supporting a higher age of consent of eighteen years. Radszuweit endorsed homophobic ideas (namely that male adolescents could be seduced into homosexuality) in the hopes of placating conservatives.
807:
1294:) promoted a compromise position wherein consensual homosexual sex would be decriminalized, but the age of consent would be set higher and penalties for having sex with a younger man or prostitution would increase. The law's language would be changed to remove the restrictive standard of proof for Paragraph 175. Under the proposed law, men could be jailed for mutual masturbation or even kissing if their partner was younger than twenty-one. The repeal of Paragraph 175 passed the Reichstag's Criminal Law Committee by 15 to 13 votes on 16 October 1929. The increased criminal measures, Paragraph 297, passed the next day opposed only by the KPD. The supporters of Kahl's compromise hoped that it would put an end to the public visibility of homosexuals (as Radszuweit explicitly promised). Radszuweit's magazines celebrated the outcome, even though it would have worsened the situation of many BfM members. Historian
22:
743:
1018:. The ruling nevertheless was considered a victory for homosexual publications as the court set limits on what content could be considered obscene that expanded free expression compared to the prewar period. The court decision banned erotic material defined broadly (one passage deemed obscene discussed two men kissing). Adapting to this decision, homosexual publications tried to avoid any sexual content, including in their personal ads. Hirschfeld, one of the only sexologists in Germany who argued that homosexuality was exclusively innate, testified for the defense at many censorship trials. In the early 1920s, Brand also faced lawsuits over his publications, especially their personal ads.
864:
to members facing employment disputes, blackmail, or criminal charges as part of its membership fee. Radszuweit's leadership, perceived as domineering, led to conflicts. In 1925 some members seceded and reestablished the DFV. Although smaller than the BfM, the DFV helped increase the diversity of Weimar's homosexual publications. Despite its grassroots origins, the BfM relied on
Radszuweit's media empire for growth, but unity was difficult to achieve because regional groups wanted to run their own affairs according to local conditions. To keep better-educated homosexuals who might have been turned off by his more lowbrow publications, in 1925 Radszuweit purged
1338:
1407:
holds that Nazism rose to power as a backlash against the relative sexual freedoms of Weimar-era
Germany, Marhoefer argues that the rise of Nazism had little to do with sexual politics. Marhoefer argues that the achievements of the first homosexual movement "were more in keeping with a relatively narrow tradition of activism that shied away from radical claims to public space and, in addition, rejected a broader form of sexual freedom that would have included more people". As Germany became more accepting of LGBT people in the twenty-first century, the number of Germans taking pride in their country's role in the first homosexual movement increased. The
1162:
687:
488:. They believed that the roots of male same-sex desire were cultural rather than biological, that any man was potentially homosexual, and that it was equally or more masculine than heterosexuality. None of these arguments was remotely acceptable to contemporary bourgeois opinion, leading the masculinists to be marginalized. Despite the antagonism between the masculinists and the WhK, both groups published in each other's newspapers and cited the same classical figures for inspiration. Many homosexual men saw value in both visions of homosexuality or hybridized their ideas.
798:, a prominent homosexual activist in the Weimar era, got his start in activism after a cafĂŠ frequented by homosexuals in Munich was shut down and the authorities refused his request to register a local friendship association in 1921. The hard-won visibility of the homosexual movement was a double-edged sword as it made it easier for the police to target homosexuals, especially in Catholic parts of Germany. Paragraph 175 was not consistently enforced. Lesbian subcultures became much more visible and larger in the Weimar Republic than they had been previously.
573:, the leader of the SPD and one of the first supporters of the WhK's petition, brought up Paragraph 175 in parliament, possibly to show the hypocrisy of the proposed law. Bebel argued that homosexuality was so prevalent that if everyone breaking the law was arrested, Germany's prisons would overflow. The law could only function if applied arbitrarily, leading poorer men to be jailed for the same actions for which wealthier men went unpunished. Bebel and other social democrats were persuaded by the writings of Marxist journalist
284:, the homosexual movement was extremely radical because of the deep-seated prejudice against homosexuality among educated Germans, so that challenging Paragraph 175 "potentially called every other sexual taboo into question". By 1900 the homosexual scene in Berlin was increasing in size and visibility, which may have played a role in softening public attitudes towards homosexuality. The homosexual movement was one of many social and political movements that emerged around 1900 in Germany because of the expansion of the
1036:, which targeted publications considered immoral and aesthetically worthless; affected publications could not be publicly displayed or sold to minors. Almost all homosexual publications publicly sold between 1927 and 1933 ended up on the lists of restricted publications at some point. Faced with a listing, editors of homosexual publications had a difficult decision to make: publish under a different name, wait out the ban, or keep selling to subscribers only despite losing advertising revenue. Radszuweit implemented
448:
1003:
on these publications to exist and grow. While conservatives feared that a book or magazine would suddenly transform a person's sexuality, lesbians described reading as part of a process in which they discovered their sexuality. For homosexuals who were afraid to come out, lived in less tolerant parts of
Germany, or could not afford to participate in other aspects of the subculture, the magazines provided their only connection to like-minded people and fostered a sense of community and identity.
924:. Transvestites of both birth sexes frequently joined lesbian social groups, but this caused friction especially in the case of male-to-female transvestites. Radszuweit encouraged this grouping as he wanted to keep feminine men out of homosexual male groupings. Both the DFV and BfM set up dedicated groups for transvestites in 1927 and 1930; these groups struggled to attract and retain members. As it was considered "gross public indecency", transvestism was illegal and could lead to arrest.
1318:
also dried up due to economic deprivation. By the end of the year, Hirschfeld resigned from the WhK leadership after more than thirty years after losing the support of
Linsert and Hiller, who argued that the strategy of using science for reform was a dead end. Hirschfeld received the most criticism because his approach had not proven successful, but Radszuweit was equally ineffective at persuading stakeholders or German society at large that homosexuals were not a threat to youth.
933:
1118:, it portrayed a successful violinist who committed suicide after being blackmailed. The film was widely viewed and positively evaluated by critics, generating immense discussion. Some viewers perceived the violinist as embodying negative stereotypes of effeminate and limp-wristed homosexuals. His ambiguous relationship with his younger student fanned fears of homosexual seduction. Screenings of the film were disrupted by morality campaigners, nationalists, and
135:
1065:
prostitution were decried in homosexual publications. In the context of political organizing, neither
Hirschfeld's model of homosexualityâwhich assumed that homosexual men have some characteristics of womenânor that of the masculinists was satisfactory, because both effeminacy and pederasty were socially reviled. By the 1920s, many homosexual magazines had adopted the belief that homosexuality is innate, and that homosexual men are not effeminate.
1084:
transvestite respectability; accordingly, they were banned and described in the transvestite media as "scum of humanity". Lesbian and transvestite associations encouraged respectability in their publications, urged others to keep a low profile in public, and excluded prostitutes from their associations. Working-class lesbians, who often gathered in separate spaces, tended to have less interest in respectability and were more likely to support the
1235:; in 1924 it sent more than 200,000 pamphlets. Brand and his GdE continued to exist after World War I, but the masculinists were increasingly sidelined. They rejected the values of the German revolution, and their anti-feminist attitudes and refusal to make alliances with other groups calling for sex reform alienated others. Hirschfeld, Radszuweit, and others considered them a liability because of their conflation of homosexuality and pederasty.
318:
341:
improve public tolerance for homosexuality and lead to legal reform. In an 1893 pamphlet, he argued that sexuality could "neither be acquired through environmental factors or suggestions, nor extinguished through medical treatment or psychological conditioning", which in his view made criminalizing it legally and morally untenable. Hirschfeld initially borrowed heavily from
Ulrichs's arguments. Later, he developed the theory of
958:
homosexual rights to be compatible. By selling to as many readers as possible, Radszuweit wanted to both make money and promote the cause of homosexual equality. His publications used plain language and salacious images of naked young men to attract readers. Radszuweit combined entertainment and politics in his magazines. He used his magazines to promote the BfM and advertise its events as well as encourage
263:; he was also a friend of Ulrichs and, by the end of his life, came to the conclusion that homosexuality should not be criminalized and that it was not a disease or degeneration. By the late nineteenth century, the most influential works in psychiatry considered homosexual orientation an innate disease and disagreed with its criminalization. At the same time, a widespread belief among Germans that
505:(GdE), not intended as a competitor to the WhK. Brand's publications, which were not influential and never had a circulation above 150, often featured naked teenage boys and made allegations about high-profile figures. Brand joined the WhK because he shared its goal of decriminalizing homosexuality, but he increasingly criticized Hirschfeld's views on the third sex. He supported the
1231:
homosexuals of any political affiliation. Although the majority of its members supported either the SPD or KPDâwhich shared the SPD's commitment to repealing
Paragraph 175âothers, especially from the middle and upper classes, backed right-wing parties. The BfM also lobbied on behalf of its members, sending brochures to parliamentarians, ministers, judges, and even President
954:, appearing weekly with an initial print run of 20,000 copies. It aspired to be a "world parliament" for homosexual men and women, but its editors lacked the business acumen to make this possible and its personal ads led to a ban in 1923 and 1924. By the end of the 1920s, more than 20 publications for gay, lesbian, and gender divergent audiences were published in Germany.
854:(League for Human Rights, BfM), and took control of it, establishing a centralized organization. By the end of the decade, membership had increased from 2,000 in 1922 to an estimated 48,000. The BfM's membership was mainly middle-class young men in their twenties and thirties, although it also appealed to some working-class men. Radszuweit also attempted to rescue the
581:. Although homophobia was also prevalent among working-class Germans and some SPD politicians continued to support criminalization, the SPD was the most consistent ally of the anti-175 movement. Hirschfeld considered it a victory that the Reichstag discussed Paragraph 175 in 1898 and again in 1905, by which point the SPD had adopted many of his own talking points.
1244:
175". These efforts fell through. Both
Hirschfeld and Hiller later blamed the movement's failures partly on the lack of solidarity and other qualities necessary for successful political organizing among homosexuals. The WhK continued to solicit the signatures of prominent Germans for its petition to abolish Paragraph 175, adding 6,000 in 1921 alone. President
1222:. Radszuweit also considered establishing a homosexual party, but eventually decided against the idea. Hiller also supported a mass self-denunciation of homosexuals, which Hirschfeld dismissed as impossible. Hiller, who gained increasing influence within the WhK and took over the leadership in 1929, emphasized human rights over science. From a
1218:, was skeptical of the strategy focusing on research and education. Hiller advocated for the creation of a homosexual political party modeled on ethnic minority parties, calculating that if homosexuals were one percent of Germany's population and voted together, they could elect several Reichstag deputies according to the new system of
1403:
compromising over claims to public space. The human rights discourse, the idea of homosexuals as a minority group, and the analogy of homophobic discrimination to racism have all been adopted by LGBT rights movements after 1945 and remain in use to this day. This model has proven effective in obtaining recognition of LGBT rights.
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initially celebrated the destruction of
Radszuweit's and Hirschfeld's organizations. To his chagrin, the police raided his house five times and stole all his photographs, six thousand magazine issues, and many books. Radszuweit's company was subjected to similar raids. Hirschfeld was abroad during the Nazi takeover on a
1203:), the first institution dedicated to the study of sexuality, to an audience of prominent Germans including politicians, medical professionals, and intellectuals. Conservatives condemned the institute as a symbol of everything they disliked about the Weimar Republic. The institute carried out some of the first
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political but providing social interaction and a sense of community for their members. The societies organized meetups, dinners, and parties, soon drawing thousands of Germans; by the mid-1920s there was at least one society in every German city. On 20 August 1920, several of these societies united under the
1406:
The Weimar Republic has held enduring interest for many LGBT people as a brief interlude in which gay men, lesbians, and transvestites took advantage of unprecedented freedoms. Nevertheless, popular views of the Weimar era as one of sexual licentiousness are not entirely accurate. Although one theory
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The repeal effort was also hampered by divisions within the movement: the WhK and the BfM did not agree on the issues of age of consent and male prostitution. The WhK held that the age of consent should be sixteen, the same as heterosexual relationships. Hirschfeld also opposed the criminalization of
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about sexualized media, which they perceived to be a threat to the German nation. Censorship advocates prioritized homosexual publications because they believed that the publications could turn male adolescents into homosexuals. Censorship was a major threat to the homosexual movement, which depended
758:
in 1929 further worsened the prospects of working-class men and led to an increase in homosexual prostitution. Hiring a prostitute put older homosexuals at risk of theft and blackmail. Conversely, homosexual men were seen by the opponents of the homosexual movement as preying on vulnerable youths and
753:
The homosexual scenes in different German cities, although already in development during the nineteenth century, increased in visibility during the Weimar era. By the mid-19th century, homosexuals were gathering in specific bars in Berlin, and in 1880 the first specifically gay-oriented establishment
547:
of homosexual and bisexual men who rejected conventional morality, which he saw as imposed by Christianity and women. Brand had unsuccessfully proposed mass self-outings in the WhK. Friedlander attracted many WhK donors at a time that homosexual activists were struggling, but his initiative collapsed
379:
to advocate for the repeal of Paragraph 175 and increase societal tolerance for homosexuals. The WhK's petition had more than 900 signatures by 1898, but found little support in parliament. By 1914, the petition had accumulated the signatures of more than 3,000 doctors, 750 university professors, and
1230:
After 1923, the BfM increasingly distanced itself from the WhK; Radszuweit was a critic of Hirschfeld's theory of intersexuality. The BfM encouraged its members to come out to friends, family, or coworkers to increase public acceptance of homosexuality. The BfM officially backed the SPD but welcomed
1064:
in conformity with bourgeois norms and a form of masculinity outwardly indistinguishable from broader society's. Effeminate men were unwelcome in the associations as they were seen as detrimental to the political goals of the movement, and male prostitutes were excluded entirely. Both effeminacy and
907:
and its associated organization. While political organizations for lesbian women were not successful, social clubs enjoyed greater success. Literature scholar Janin Afken argues that "lesbian clubs and their membership systems can be considered a first step toward an organized lesbian movement" but
298:
argues that a confluence of factors, including the criminalization of homosexuality, relatively loose censorship compared to other European countries, and the influence of psychiatry meant that Germany was the place where a sense of homosexual identity was developed since the mid-nineteenth century,
279:
The homosexual movement in Imperial Germany was numerically tiny but it had a high profile and powerful allies. Homosexuality among men was the subject of especially wide-ranging debate involving not just parliamentary and political discussions but also medical and sexological research. According to
1044:
sold only by subscription after 1927 to avoid censorship. Radszuweit's attempt to promote his publications as respectable backfired, as he was unable to persuade those charged with enforcing the censorship law. Part of the motivation for targeting homosexual publications with the law was to smother
957:
Among those taking advantage of new business opportunities was Radszuweit, who built a publishing house that catered to gay and lesbian readers. Unlike the nonprofit organizations that preceded him, Radszuweit ran his publishing house like a business, seeing the pursuit of profit and the pursuit of
863:
These friendship associations and eventually the BfM were the first mass organizations for homosexuals. Their operation was very similar to the "Urning Union" that Ulrichs had proposed decades earlier, combining politics, entertainment, and practical support. The organization offered legal services
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in the world. Traditional values seemed to have lost their hold on society during the era of revolutionary change. Many homosexuals believed that they too would be able to enjoy greater freedom as a result of the war and the revolution, and made bolder claims to public space. There was a shift from
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The homosexual movement waned after 1929. Despite its initial optimism in the aftermath of the German revolution, the main goalâdecriminalizationâwas not achieved, and the failure fueled infighting. The BfM's membership, hard-hit by the Great Depression, lost enthusiasm; funding for reform efforts
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perspective, he argued that the state had no justification for banning self-expression "unless the activity of the individual collides with the interests of another individual, or perhaps of the whole, the society". Unlike Hirschfeld, Hiller directly compared homosexuals and Jews, arguing that the
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by advising his readers to patronize businesses owned by homosexuals. Although critics decried the lowbrow nature of his publications, Radszuweit maintained that only by reaching a large audience could the cause of decriminalization be achieved. His awareness of different content preferences among
659:
after the outbreak of World War I. In April 1915, the WhK reported that more than half its membership was serving in the German Empire's military. There was little organizing during the war. Although some German servicemembers were charged with violating Paragraph 175, the military authorities did
501:("The Special One"), initially an anarchist-leaning literary journal that was refounded two years later as one of the first periodicals in the world oriented to a homosexual readership. It was published irregularly due to financial and legal obstacles. In 1903, he founded the literary organization
340:
was the most important spokesperson for homosexual rights in the early twentieth century, although he never publicly acknowledged his homosexuality. A trained physician, he became involved in activism after the death of one of his homosexual patients by suicide. Hirschfeld hoped that science could
1083:
The most-represented group in transvestite organizations were those who considered themselves cross-dressing heterosexual men, while homosexual cross-dressers were marginalized both in transvestite and homosexual associations. Cross-dressing male prostitutes and criminals were seen as a threat to
1333:
and started a crackdown on homosexual nightlife in Berlin, involving police raids and refusal to issue permits to homosexual events. Some but not all of the homosexual activists in the early 1930s understood that Nazism was an existential threat. Although he criticized the Nazis' anti-homosexual
1243:
In the aftermath of the German revolution, many homosexual activists expected that Paragraph 175 would soon be repealed. Initially, the WhK sought unity within the movement and in 1920 was cooperating with both the DFV and the GdE under the name "Action Committee for the Elimination of Paragraph
619:
and abuse of authority. A 1909 draft version of the penal code argued that homosexuality was a "danger to the state, since it is suited to damage men most severely in their character and in their civil existence, to wreck family life, and to corrupt male youth". This draft proposed criminalizing
438:
allowing people to cross-dress without fear of police harassment or arrest. Hirschfeld also spent much time fundraising for the WhK and setting up its organizational structure, including branches in other German cities. The WhK included women, some of whom identified as homosexual, and sponsored
949:
Mass media aimed at a homosexual audience had been impossible in Imperial Germany because of censorship, although scientific publications were generally allowed. The German revolution abolished censorship. Publishers took advantage of the opportunity to sell a plethora of new media dealing with
824:
Groups of friends who shared homosexual feelings were organizing in German cities into more formal associations. In the nineteenth century, such associations were rare, but their popularity increased exponentially in the Weimar years. Unlike the WhK, their primary purpose was not educational or
1349:
The first homosexual movement's infrastructure of bars, clubs, associations, and publications was shut down in March 1933, shortly after the Nazi seizure of power. The previous month, a Reich decree had ordered the closing of all homosexual establishments and seizure of all publications. Brand
5055:
Lill, Anna Katharina (2021). ""Es ist immer gut und richtig, so sein zu wollen, wie man von Natur aus ist!": Männlichkeitskonzepte und Emanzipationsstrategien in den Zeitschriftender Freundschaftsverbände der Weimarer Republik" ["It is always good and right to want to be the way one is by
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The WhK voted to dissolve itself on 8 June. Many homosexual organizations attempted to destroy membership lists and other information that the Nazis could use to target dissidents, and activists made agreements to keep quiet about their activities to protect their former members. Catholic and
611:
was homosexual. The affair was a disaster for the homosexual movement. Many German opinion makers began to believe that the affair harmed Germany's international image and blamed homosexuals for it. In the wake of the affair, the WhK's income dropped by two-thirds and its membership by half.
1402:
was founded on the model of the German WhK. The first homosexual movement invented the concept of biologically based homosexuality and developed tactics deployed by later activists, such as the assertion of respectable citizenship. Later activists had to deal with similar dilemmas such as
624:. Although a few women's activists supported the proposal as it would have equalized the legal situation of male and female homosexuality, most rejected it as the proposed law would have exposed many women who lived together for economic reasons to false accusations and blackmail. The
434:) to soften their opinion on homosexuality by introducing them to the homosexual scene in Berlin. He was also able to secure the acquittal or mitigation of the sentence of prosecuted homosexuals with his expert witness testimony. In 1909, he persuaded the Berlin authorities to accept
1059:
Both the DFV and BfM "were oriented toward integration rather than sexual liberation for its own sake", according to historian Marti Lybeck, and defined themselves in opposition to the libertine nightclub culture. Their publications, in both political and literary writings, promoted
997:
Censorship advocates, who ranged from pro-democracy moderates to the far right, believed that exposure to the wrong media would turn young people to promiscuity or homosexuality instead of heterosexual family relationships. In the aftermath of a devastating war, there was a
1144:
The homosexual movement was part of a broad coalition of sexual reformers along with feminists, and was generally backed by the SPD and the KPD, who supported an approach to sexuality that was based on rationality rather than religion. This coalition was opposed by the
388:(SPD) politicians. None of the WhK's petitions were successful. The WhK argued that homosexuality was natural and found in all human cultures, supporting its arguments by comparison with countries (such as France) where homosexuality was not illegal, scholarly works on
1298:
argues that the reform was "intended foremost as a crackdown on seduction and selling sex". Some in the WhK, including Hiller and Linsert, opposed the compromise. In the end, the proposed law reform was abandoned and Paragraph 175 was not changed before the
409:("What should the people know about the third sex?"), which had at least 50,000 copies printed by 1911. Many of these booklets were distributed free of charge; Hirschfeld claimed to have distributed 100,000 booklets by 1914. In 1911, amateur ethnographer
900:
in Berlin offered theater performances, dances, auto tours, fashion shows, and a moonlight cruise for its members; it also had a reading room and discussion groups. Other lesbians organized independently of both the DFV and BfM, for example the magazine
1153:(DVNP)âbacking the exclusive role of heterosexual marriage against "immorality", which included not just homosexual emancipation but also gender equality, female prostitution, extramarital sex, sexualized media, birth control, and abortion.
754:
was opened. Male prostitutes were noticeable in some German cities; most were under the age of 25 but above the age of consent, and many had migrated to cities looking for a job but lacked other economic opportunities. The beginning of the
1211:, he would be able to persuade Weimar politicians to change their stance on homosexuality. Hirschfeld was increasingly sidelined by the end of the 1920s because of antisemitism and the competing theory that homosexuality was communicable.
602:
subsequently sued Harden for libel, and court cases continued for more than two years. Hirschfeld testified as an expert witness in Moltke's trial, initially claiming that he was likely homosexual, although he changed his statement at the
967:
with multiple publications enabled Radszuweit to increase circulation. In 1926 he claimed a total circulation of 5,140,000 copies for all his titles. Radszuweit's magazines had subscribers outside Germany, some as far away as Brazil.
217:, a lawyer, began to publicly defend homosexuals ("Urnings" in the terminology he invented) under his own name in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1867, he attempted to argue for the decriminalization of homosexuality at a conference of the
1325:
closed the opportunity for legal and social change. By 1930, both Hirschfeld and Radszuweit believed that repealing Paragraph 175 was no longer possible. Hirschfeld focused his efforts on lecture tours abroad. In 1932, Chancellor
122:. The Weimar Republic has held enduring interest for many LGBT people as a brief interlude in which gay men, lesbians, and transvestites took advantage of unprecedented freedoms. The movement had a strong influence on later
915:
organizations and publications in the world. The term "transvestite" encompassed both those who liked to dress in the clothing of the opposite sex and those who wanted to live as the opposite sex, who would later be called
166:. It is unclear how much laws against homosexuality were enforced prior to the modern era. In some parts of Germany, homosexuality was decriminalized or punishment lessened from death to imprisonment as a result of the
415:
1390:
was taken up by younger men and women. The first homosexual movement, in particular Hirschfeld, did influence later movements for LGBT rights. In a reaction to the introduction of an anti-homosexual law in 1911, the
40:
was a socio-political movement which thrived in Germany from the late nineteenth century until 1933. The movement began in Germany because of a confluence of factors, including the criminalization of sex between men
1392:
607:. Hirschfeld hoped that exposing the fact that some prominent Germans were homosexual would show that Paragraph 175 was hypocritical. In a separate case, Brand was jailed for libel after claiming that Chancellor
232:, who developed from a rare variation in sexual development leaving them with the body of one sex but the soul of the other. Both Ulrichs and HĂśssli argued that homosexuals were a fixed minority comparable to an
892:. Although women were in the minority in the friendship associations, Radszuweit encouraged their participation. He set up a separate lesbian organization in the mid-1920s, and when this venture failed, put
236:âespecially the Jewsâand consequently deserving of legal protection. In contrast, Kertbeny was skeptical that homosexuality was innate, and instead argued for decriminalization based on liberal principles.
629:
251:
from heterosexuals; the exact nature of this purported physical difference became a sought-after target of medical research. At the same time, many psychiatrists believed that homosexuality was
1045:
the homosexual movement, which could not exist without them. The regulators recognized that the periodicals were not commercially viable without the content objected to by morals campaigners.
103:
homosexual men, who were considered harmful to the movement's public image. The homosexual movement had limited success with the general public, in part because many Germans believed that
1076:, but his respectable image was undercut by eroticized images of youths that he printed to increase sales. These images allowed his audience to fantasize about their own lives. Historian
615:
During the affair, the German government began to consider reforms to the penal code. Instead of abolishing Paragraph 175, the parliamentary committee proposed to increase penalties for
1031:
86:
762:
By 1923 there were nearly a hundred gay and lesbian establishments in Berlin, segregated by class and other factors. Although most establishments were rather sedate, Berlin drew in
868:
of advertisements and sent it without an additional cost to all members of the BfM. Radszuweit collected names to send them promotional material and encouraged people to leave the
1386:
Attempts to revive the pre-Nazi homosexual rights movements after World War II were unsuccessful. Many of the Weimar-era activists were no longer alive, and the task of advancing
1264:, wanted to rewrite the criminal code in "the spirit of modern criminological thinking" and proposed a new criminal code without Paragraph 175. Economic problems and the issue of
543:
led a split from the WhK, arguing that sexuality was not a medical or psychological issue. Instead, Friedlander believed that homosexual emancipation should be achieved by a mass
218:
371:. Initially the founders contributed their own money; later, they were supported by a few wealthy donors. The committee wanted to present a petition against Paragraph 175 to the
5172:
Pretzel, Andreas (2012). "Homosexuality in the Sexual Ethics of the 1930s: A Values Debate in the Culture Wars between Conservatism, Liberalism, and Moral-National Renewal".
1088:(KPD). Cross-dressing male prostitutes and other excluded groups may not have embraced respectability politics, but they have left little trace in the historical record.
92:
843:
794:
the police shut down any homosexual establishment that became known to the authorities, seized homosexual publications, and surveilled known homosexual meeting places.
114:, an increasingly hostile political climate, and the failure of the movement's main goal, the repeal of Paragraph 175. It effectively ended within a few months of the
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4970:
Crouthamel, Jason (2011). "'Comradeship' and 'Friendship': Masculinity and Militarisation in Germany's Homosexual Emancipation Movement after the First World War".
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and caused its defeat. Homosexual activists cited their participation in the war as evidence of their patriotism and right to exist as free and equal citizens.
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1408:
884:
By the second half of the 1920s, there were women's friendship associations (associated both with the BfM and DFV) in various cities throughout Germany and in
25:
634:
1370:
Protestant churches praised the Nazis' anti-gay crackdown. In twelve years, 50,000 men were convicted under Paragraph 175 and thousands were imprisoned in
1026:
81:
1068:
The military service of many homosexual and transvestite men during World War I was often cited in Weimar-era publications, and Radszuweit criticized the
460:
From the beginning of the movement, the majority of activists both inside and outside the WhK endorsed the idea that homosexual men belonged to a kind of
4896:
1397:
1169:
979:, 30 novels being available to German-speaking readers as well as the first lesbian guidebook. The most famous work of lesbian literature was the play
5281:
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1011:
806:
720:
5382:
5024:
Geissler, Christopher (2019). "'Eine Allerweltliebe': Critiquing European Ethnography from within the German Homosexual Emancipation Movement".
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357:
175:
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apart from the clubs and lesbian-oriented publications, there was no collective political mobilization among lesbians in the Weimar Republic.
5056:
nature!": Concepts of masculinity and strategies of emancipation in the journals of the friendship associations of the Weimar Republic].
1358:. The Institute for Sex Research was raided on 6 May by the SA in coordination with German students. Books from the institute's library were
271:
fueled the arguments of opponents of homosexual emancipation in interwar Germany and limited the potential of the first homosexual movement.
5151:
Marhoefer, Laurie (2019). "Was the Homosexual Made White? Race, Empire, and Analogy in Gay and Trans Thought in Twentieth-Century Germany".
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campaigned against the reform; their partnership lasted until 1933. More repressive versions of Paragraph 175 continued to be debated until
290:
628:
passed a resolution calling for the decriminalization of sexual acts that did not harm non-consenting parties. In 1911, the WhK and the
5888:
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1375:
1312:
119:
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621:
598:, and his associates of homosexual relationships and connected this to Eulenburg's advocacy of less antagonistic foreign relations.
345:, positing that there are no true men or women but rather every person has a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.
186:
that criminalized sex between men. The law was difficult to enforce because it required proof that the accused had participated in
5554:
975:
of homosexual literature and find historical figures who were claimed to be gay. Relaxation of censorship led to an explosion of
1080:
states, "This position may have been pragmatic, but it was nonetheless a flawed, conformist, and repressive demand for rights."
401:
259:
was one of the most influential advocates of the theory that various maladies, including homosexuality, could be blamed on the
5371:
5345:
5245:
5181:
5141:
5115:
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5069:
5014:
4911:
4891:
Afken, Janin (2021). "Myth of the Homosexual Subculture in Weimar Germany? Thoughts on Lesbian Circumstances in the 1920s".
5903:
759:
seducing them into becoming homosexual with monetary paymentsâa theory often cited by proponents of keeping Paragraph 175.
95:
and the League for Human Rights, were founded in the aftermath of the war. These organizations emphasized human rights and
5079:
Lybeck, Marti (2012). "Writing Love, Feeling Shame: Rethinking Respectability in the Weimar Homosexual Women's Movement".
21:
5507:
790:
also enjoyed thriving gay scenes during the Weimar era, although Catholic Southern Germany was much less hospitable. In
72:
Reduced censorship and the growth of homosexual subcultures in German cities helped the movement to flourish during the
5883:
665:
385:
252:
239:
The second half of the nineteenth century saw scientific research into homosexuality. Around 1850, French psychiatrist
5486:
5303:
Sutton, Katie (2012). "'We Too Deserve a Place in the Sun': The Politics of Transvestite Identity in Weimar Germany".
1342:
5491:
1150:
349:
322:
312:
54:
5898:
5643:
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in 1869 and anonymously published pamphlets advocating against the criminalization of homosexuality. By the 1880s,
1279:
opened another opportunity to repeal Paragraph 175, but within this coalition there was ambivalence on the issue.
742:
668:. After the war, it was a widespread belief that homosexuals, along with socialists, Jews, women, and others, had
389:
155:
57:, whose aim was to use science to improve public tolerance of homosexuality and repeal Paragraph 175. During the
5104:
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement
1330:
405:("The Yearbook for Sexual Intermediaries"). It also published booklets intended for a popular audience, such as
1411:, which had been proposed by LGBT groups since 2013, was inaugurated on the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer next to the
1355:
1322:
248:
734:... We, the ostracized, persecuted, and misjudged, are set aglow by a new age of equal respect and equality."
5621:
5421:
5191:
Ramsey, Glenn (2008). "The Rites of Artgenossen: Contesting Homosexual Political Culture in Weimar Germany".
4926:
661:
1149:, the conservative women's movement, Protestant morality campaigners, and right-wing conservatives from the
45:) and the country's relatively lax censorship. German writers in the mid-nineteenth century coined the word
5616:
1276:
1207:. Hirschfeld called the institute "a child of the revolution", hoping that through scientific research and
1194:
625:
595:
5058:
Unerlaubte Gleichheit: Homosexualität und mann-männliches Begehren in Kulturgeschichte und Kulturvergleich
848:
197:
ideas began to criticize the criminalization of consensual sexual conduct. In the 1830s, the Swiss writer
80:
readership were published, although they faced censorship lawsuits and bans on public sale after the 1926
76:. Between 1919 and 1933, the first publicly sold, mass-market periodicals intended for a gay, lesbian, or
5560:
5133:
1337:
1219:
1022:
465:
419:("The same-sex life of natural peoples") in which he collected all known examples of same-sex desire and
240:
228:
in Munich, but was shouted down. Ulrichs argued that homosexuality is inborn and Urnings were a kind of
5674:
5664:
5637:
5606:
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1085:
620:
homosexuality also for women, which was ridiculed even by conservatives and drew the opposition of the
439:
research into female homosexuality, although its main focus continued to be abolishing Paragraph 175.
5838:
5363:
5062:
Unauthorized equality: homosexuality and male-male desire in cultural history and cultural comparison
1253:
1102:
372:
5806:
5286:
4947:
Bruns, Claudia (2005). "The Politics of Masculinity in the (Homo-)Sexual Discourse (1880 to 1920)".
464:
with male bodies and female souls. Dissent came from an opposing faction that took inspiration from
368:
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5550:
5414:
1371:
1291:
1261:
1204:
1061:
502:
256:
223:
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science to human rights and citizenship in the discourse of the homosexual movement. The magazine
5443:
1265:
1073:
1054:
897:
889:
686:
96:
1161:
61:, the movement was restricted to an educated elite, but it greatly expanded in the aftermath of
5611:
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1387:
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423:
in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas to prove that homosexuality was innate and natural.
410:
264:
171:
104:
5824:
1014:, in 1921. The court convicted the defendants, and the conviction was upheld on appeal to the
5026:
771:
715:
was launched a year after the revolution and was the first homosexual publication to sell in
669:
214:
143:
985:
660:
not aggressively investigate homosexual incidents. In 1918, Germany lost the war and signed
608:
190:
with another man, although case law was inconsistent about exactly which acts were illegal.
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1257:
976:
838:
656:
652:
540:
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268:
244:
194:
163:
5799:
1111:
811:
8:
5385:["They are enemies of the state": The Nazi persecution of homosexuals 1933â1945]
5355:
4972:
1363:
1232:
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different aspects of sexuality. The first mass publication for a homosexual audience was
856:
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4989:
1359:
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for dismissing any soldier found to be homosexual. In editorials, Radszuweit promoted
375:
in 1898 with as many signatures as possible and in the longer term to use research in
198:
5738:
5394:
5367:
5341:
5312:
5255:
5241:
5224:
5208:
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5130:
Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis
5111:
5088:
5065:
5043:
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4993:
4985:
4907:
1165:
860:, a homosexual theater group, by folding it into the BfM, but this was unsuccessful.
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66:
50:
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in early 1933, and the relative tolerance of the Weimar era was followed by the
5539:
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5084:
4949:
1097:
972:
681:
469:
123:
5273:
5238:
Seduction of Youth: Print Culture and Homosexual Rights in the Weimar Republic
4962:
518:
302:
288:, urbanization, the rise of mass media, and other social changes. In his book
5877:
5523:
5398:
5316:
5212:
5047:
4921:
1416:
1412:
1366:. The WLSR and the Institute for Sex Research's offices were both destroyed.
1300:
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333:
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183:
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115:
58:
42:
29:
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5284:[Memorial to the first homosexual emancipation movement dedicated].
5164:
4865:
1334:
stance, Radszuweit wrote that the Nazis' primary dispute was with the Jews.
526:
427:
5845:
5458:
5228:
5174:
After The History of Sexuality: German Genealogies with and Beyond Foucault
5081:
After The History of Sexuality: German Genealogies with and Beyond Foucault
1351:
1180:
1115:
1107:
936:
912:
767:
570:
485:
481:
348:
In 1897, Hirschfeld founded the world's first homosexual organization, the
233:
77:
5204:
5039:
521:, known for his controversial theories relating all male relationships to
5860:
1223:
1215:
1106:, the first German feature film to cover homosexuality. Featuring actors
999:
932:
921:
917:
640:
590:
578:
507:
492:
62:
5324:
5220:
1378:
is considered the most severe persecution of homosexual men in history.
896:
in charge of a separate women's division within the BfM in 1927. Hahm's
513:
5831:
5684:
1069:
893:
873:
814:, which was a meeting place for gay and lesbian associations, postcard
766:
of gay, lesbian, and gender divergent Germans as well as international
566:
544:
497:
452:
431:
134:
100:
5785:
5282:"Denkmal fĂźr die erste homosexuelle Emanzipationsbewegung eingeweiht"
1120:
461:
353:
317:
201:
was one of the first to voice this sentiment. German-language writer
4939:
945:, were criticized by anti-vice campaigners as promoting immorality.
783:
477:
376:
5406:
5383:"'Das sind Staatsfeinde' Die NS-Homosexuellenverfolgung 1933â1945"
5258:(2008). "The Homosexual Theatre Movement in the Weimar Republic".
569:, a law that increased penalties for various sexual misdemeanors.
4893:
Queer Jewish Lives Between Central Europe and Mandatory Palestine
4079:
1575:
1040:
to get his publications off of the restricted list. In contrast,
903:
876:
or other public places to recruit more people into the movement.
787:
779:
604:
749:(pictured in 1932), the most famous gay establishment in Germany
5679:
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4310:
4286:
4226:
3827:
3349:
3347:
3161:
2871:
2188:
2186:
885:
791:
565:
At the end of the nineteenth century there was debate over the
5360:
Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880â1945
4715:
4616:
3656:
2278:
971:
In the Weimar years, there was the first attempt to compile a
651:
Many homosexuals, like other Germans, volunteered to join the
426:
Hirschfeld was able to persuade some psychiatrists (including
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4334:
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3470:
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The resurgence of conservative and far-right forces and the
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2201:
2064:
1922:
1886:
1755:
1753:
1529:
1527:
730:
proclaimed, "The hour of liberation is now or never, for us
303:
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
4744:
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2006:
2004:
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1987:
1985:
1716:
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829:(German Friendship Society, DFV). At this time, the word
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Memorial to gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism
4853:
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879:
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thousands of other Germans, including Krafft-Ebing, poet
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1587:
1551:
1524:
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1452:
1440:
704:
was founded with one of the most modern and progressive
299:
and ultimately catalyzed the first homosexual movement.
5690:
German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research
4739:
4274:
4166:
4007:
3878:
3854:
3767:
2591:
2589:
2562:
2547:
2532:
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1999:
1982:
1777:
1707:
255:
such as bad habits or seduction. Austrian psychiatrist
53:
founded the world's first homosexual organization, the
5757:
Memorial to the first homosexual emancipation movement
5003:
Sex, Freedom, and Power in Imperial Germany, 1880â1914
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4628:
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1867:
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1409:
Memorial to the First Homosexual Emancipation Movement
26:
Memorial to the First Homosexual Emancipation Movement
4781:
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4130:
3995:
3980:
3791:
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3272:
3245:
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2966:
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2700:
2664:
1970:
1958:
1910:
1898:
1852:
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1488:
1464:
1428:
810:
Interior views of the Nationalhof at BĂźlowstraĂe 37,
3566:
2712:
2676:
2586:
2016:
1500:
120:
most severe persecution of homosexual men in history
91:. The first mass organizations for homosexuals, the
4703:
2117:
1683:
939:in homosexual publications, such as this one from
696:, 1919, calling for the abolition of Paragraph 175
4924:(2010). "The German Invention of Homosexuality".
643:, which ended the plan to reform the penal code.
16:German social movement, late 19th century to 1933
5875:
1393:Nederlandsch Wetenschappelijk Humanitair Komitee
841:persuaded the organization to rename itself the
407:Was soll das Volk vom dritten Geschlecht wissen?
5745:Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism
5334:Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex
416:Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der NaturvĂślker
517:nudist associations. Another masculinist was
399:In 1899, the WhK began to publish the journal
150:Homosexuals have faced persecution throughout
5422:
162:, called for the execution of homosexuals by
49:and criticized its criminalization. In 1897,
5064:]. transcript Verlag. pp. 233â263.
1198:
525:and his promotion of all-male associations (
110:The movement began to wane in 1929 with the
5280:
4871:
1248:pledged his support for the repeal effort.
247:independently suggested that homosexuality
5572:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
5429:
5415:
4969:
4622:
4073:
3662:
2865:
2802:
2472:
2431:
2141:
1376:persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
1313:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
911:The Weimar Republic saw some of the first
5150:
5124:
5000:
4859:
4847:
4823:
4811:
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2010:
1993:
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1010:for violating the anti-obscenity statue,
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1861:
1238:
1156:
963:German homosexuals and exploitation of
630:League for the Protection of Motherhood
275:Organized activism in the German Empire
5894:19th-century establishments in Germany
5876:
5302:
5235:
5190:
5078:
4920:
4763:
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4634:
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1976:
1964:
1916:
1904:
1795:
1689:
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1506:
1482:
1458:
1193:On 1 July 1919, Hirschfeld opened the
1096:In 1919, Hirschfeld collaborated with
880:Lesbian and transvestite organizations
5410:
5331:
4946:
4890:
4799:
4787:
4001:
3020:
2718:
2082:
2046:
2022:
1732:
1593:
1581:
1139:
837:. In 1923, Berlin-based businessman
5380:
5176:. Berghahn Books. pp. 202â215.
5054:
4709:
3635:
3572:
737:
468:in combination with modern ideas of
402:Jahrbuch fĂźr sexuelle Zwischenstufen
99:, and they excluded prostitutes and
5436:
5193:Journal of the History of Sexuality
774:. The bars were known for throwing
577:, who condemned the prosecution of
554:
249:was caused by a physical difference
138:The single issue of the periodical
13:
5391:Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts
675:
253:a product of environmental factors
14:
5915:
5889:1933 disestablishments in Germany
5492:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
1136:in 1920 and the film was banned.
1048:
778:. Other German cities, including
350:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
323:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
313:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
55:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
5567:The Malicious Practices Act 1933
5338:University of Pennsylvania Press
5236:Samper Vendrell, Javier (2020).
4986:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2010.01626.x
983:, later made into the 1931 film
5487:Institut fĂźr Sexualwissenschaft
5240:. University of Toronto Press.
5001:Dickinson, Edward Ross (2014).
1331:deposed the Prussian government
1200:Institut fĂźr Sexualwissenschaft
801:
719:to a mass audience. Its editor
442:
390:homosexuality in ancient Greece
156:Constitutio Criminalis Carolina
5617:Recognition of same-sex unions
1356:World League for Sexual Reform
1151:German National People's Party
927:
827:Deutsche Freundschafts-Verband
690:Heading of the first issue of
666:German Revolution of 1918â1919
646:
588:published several articles in
219:Association for German Jurists
158:, the first penal code of the
1:
5290:(in German). 7 September 2017
4927:The Journal of Modern History
1422:
1275:The left-wing victory in the
1184:
1168:(center), with collaborators
992:
815:
265:homosexuality could be spread
129:
105:homosexuality could be spread
1584:, pp. 89, 230â231, 233.
1323:waning of Weimar's democracy
1277:1928 German federal election
1195:Institute for Sexual Science
626:Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine
596:Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg
7:
5904:Social movements in Germany
5332:Tobin, Robert Deam (2015).
5134:University of Toronto Press
1220:proportional representation
1214:Hirschfeld's collaborator,
833:was a common euphemism for
670:stabbed Germany in the back
466:pederasty in ancient Greece
193:Some authors influenced by
107:as a communicable disease.
10:
5920:
5675:Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation
5665:Centrum Schwule Geschichte
5007:Cambridge University Press
4883:
1343:Institute for Sex Research
1310:
1205:sex reassignment surgeries
1086:Communist Party of Germany
1052:
700:After the revolution, the
679:
558:
306:
213:was in broad circulation.
5884:First homosexual movement
5855:
5839:Different from the Others
5816:
5777:
5770:
5731:
5705:
5698:
5657:
5630:
5599:
5589:
5532:
5516:
5500:
5479:
5471:First homosexual movement
5451:
5442:
5364:Columbia University Press
5274:10.1017/S0040557408000021
4963:10.1191/0266355405gh342oa
1381:
1126:Different from the Others
1103:Different from the Others
870:Blätter fßr Menschenrecht
866:Blätter fßr Menschenrecht
548:after his death in 1908.
396:of non-Western cultures.
261:degeneracy of modern life
93:German Friendship Society
38:first homosexual movement
5577:Lesbians in Nazi Germany
5551:Night of the Long Knives
5381:Zinn, Alexander (2020).
4565:, pp. 102, 108â109.
4319:, pp. 132â133, 136.
4295:, pp. 132â133, 146.
4235:, pp. 131â132, 145.
4088:, pp. 156, 193â194.
3170:, pp. 820â821, 825.
1372:Nazi concentration camps
1124:. Partly in response to
1062:monogamous relationships
503:Gemeinschaft der Eigenen
257:Richard von Krafft-Ebing
5899:LGBT history in Germany
5561:BlombergâFritsch affair
5480:Historical institutions
5165:10.1111/1468-0424.12411
5102:Mancini, Elena (2010).
1266:World War I reparations
1091:
1074:respectability politics
1055:Respectability politics
97:respectability politics
5644:Self-Determination Act
3479:, pp. 90â91, 102.
2880:, pp. 12, 23, 27.
2287:, pp. 54, 56, 58.
1388:LGBT rights in Germany
1346:
1199:
1190:
1078:Javier Samper Vendrell
946:
844:Bund fĂźr Menschenrecht
821:
750:
697:
457:
411:Ferdinand Karsch-Haack
369:Franz Joseph von BĂźlow
329:
241:Claude-François MichÊa
172:unification of Germany
147:
33:
5305:German Studies Review
5205:10.1353/sex.2008.0009
5040:10.1353/gsr.2019.0043
5027:German Studies Review
3836:, pp. 14, 24â25.
3737:, pp. 3â4, 9â10.
2697:, pp. 92â94, 96.
2347:, pp. 65, 67â68.
1340:
1307:Decline and aftermath
1227:former had it worse.
1164:
1006:There was a trial of
935:
809:
772:Christopher Isherwood
745:
689:
559:Further information:
491:In 1896, 21-year-old
450:
343:sexual intermediaries
320:
282:Edward Ross Dickinson
243:and German physician
215:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
144:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
137:
24:
5533:Sexuality and Nazism
5356:Whisnant, Clayton J.
5153:Gender & History
5087:. pp. 156â168.
4973:Gender & History
4724:, pp. 155, 173.
4553:, pp. 209, 212.
3626:, pp. 155, 193.
3083:, pp. 339, 344.
1239:Paragraph 175 reform
1157:Different strategies
977:lesbian pulp fiction
839:Friedrich Radszuweit
594:in which he accused
541:Benedict Friedlander
484:, and in many cases
421:gender nonconformity
325:'s petition against
269:communicable disease
245:Johann Ludwig Casper
164:burning at the stake
5825:Tabu Homosexualität
4906:. pp. 97â110.
4802:, pp. 235â236.
4736:, pp. 246â247.
4700:, pp. 175â176.
4676:, pp. 174â175.
4664:, pp. 209â210.
4649:, pp. 160â161.
4625:, pp. 124â125.
4613:, pp. 170â171.
4589:, pp. 211â212.
4577:, pp. 210â211.
4541:, pp. 154â155.
4529:, pp. 197â198.
4493:, pp. 97, 108.
4391:, pp. 150â151.
4343:, pp. 120â121.
4331:, pp. 148â149.
4307:, pp. 100â101.
4259:, pp. 122â123.
4223:, pp. 130â131.
4211:, pp. 117â118.
4199:, pp. 183â184.
4112:, pp. 165â166.
4064:, pp. 194â195.
4028:, pp. 192â193.
3701:, pp. 341â342.
3689:, pp. 344â345.
3665:, pp. 120â121.
3638:, pp. 237â238.
3551:, pp. 109â111.
3143:, pp. 106â108.
3071:, pp. 345â346.
2934:, pp. 101â102.
2829:, pp. 108â109.
2817:, pp. 107â108.
2745:, pp. 101â102.
2661:, pp. 135â136.
2649:, pp. 133â135.
2475:, pp. 111â112.
2359:, pp. 172â173.
2258:, pp. 165â166.
2195:, pp. 168â169.
2085:, pp. 231â232.
2073:, pp. 156â157.
2049:, pp. 230â231.
1931:, pp. 240â242.
1895:, pp. 239â240.
1798:, pp. 804â805.
1735:, pp. 306â307.
1668:, pp. 816â819.
1596:, pp. 124â125.
1572:, pp. 152â153.
1485:, pp. 808â809.
1461:, pp. 807â808.
1419:in September 2017.
1268:prevented reforms.
1233:Paul von Hindenburg
965:market segmentation
436:transvestite passes
203:Karl Maria Kertbeny
178:was adopted by the
5723:St. Georg, Hamburg
5256:Senelick, Laurence
5108:Palgrave Macmillan
3356:, pp. 41, 43.
3119:, pp. 61, 70.
2583:, pp. 21, 41.
1347:
1191:
1140:Political activism
1027:Trash and Smut Law
986:Mädchen in Uniform
947:
898:Damenklub Violetta
822:
786:, DĂźsseldorf, and
764:internal migration
751:
698:
609:Bernhard von BĂźlow
474:anti-modernization
458:
382:Rainer Maria Rilke
330:
148:
82:Trash and Smut Law
34:
32:, unveiled in 2017
5871:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5766:
5765:
5739:Frankfurter Engel
5653:
5652:
5585:
5584:
5373:978-1-939594-10-5
5347:978-0-8122-4742-8
5247:978-1-4875-2503-3
5183:978-0-85745-374-7
5143:978-1-4426-1957-9
5126:Marhoefer, Laurie
5117:978-0-230-10426-6
5094:978-0-85745-374-7
5071:978-3-8394-5356-8
5016:978-1-107-04071-7
4913:978-3-8394-5332-2
4897:transcript Verlag
4052:, pp. 55â56.
4040:, pp. 53â54.
3812:, pp. 11â12.
3764:, pp. 90â91.
3725:, pp. 64â65.
3713:, pp. 63â64.
3677:, pp. 13â14.
3590:, pp. 59â60.
3443:, pp. 45â46.
3419:, pp. 46â47.
3392:, pp. 69â70.
3380:, pp. 67â69.
3341:, pp. 91â92.
3329:, pp. 33â34.
3317:, pp. 55â56.
3293:, pp. 48â49.
3230:, pp. 45â46.
3194:, pp. 93â94.
3182:, pp. 31â32.
3095:, pp. 62â63.
3047:, pp. 60â61.
3011:, pp. 57â58.
2999:, pp. 30â31.
2987:, pp. 56â57.
2963:, pp. 47â48.
2793:, pp. 60â61.
2781:, pp. 20â21.
2769:, pp. 49â50.
2733:, pp. 97â98.
2625:, pp. 84â85.
2571:, pp. 56â57.
2529:, pp. 83â84.
2422:, pp. 78â79.
2395:, pp. 69â70.
2383:, pp. 68â69.
2246:, pp. 32â33.
2222:, pp. 58â59.
2168:, pp. 33â34.
2156:, pp. 76â78.
2061:, pp. 38â39.
1837:, pp. 27â28.
1825:, pp. 15â16.
1774:, pp. 30â31.
1704:, pp. 43â44.
1656:, pp. 25â26.
1608:, pp. 21â22.
1536:, pp. 20â21.
1449:, pp. 18â19.
1258:from 1921 to 1922
1170:Bernhard Schapiro
1166:Magnus Hirschfeld
1112:Reinhold SchĂźnzel
981:Gestern und heute
812:Berlin-SchĂśneberg
738:Homosexual scenes
617:male prostitution
586:Maximilian Harden
511:youth groups and
386:Social Democratic
338:Magnus Hirschfeld
309:Magnus Hirschfeld
160:Holy Roman Empire
67:German Revolution
51:Magnus Hirschfeld
5911:
5775:
5774:
5703:
5702:
5638:Third gender law
5597:
5596:
5465:Eulenburg affair
5449:
5448:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5388:
5377:
5351:
5328:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5277:
5251:
5232:
5187:
5168:
5147:
5121:
5098:
5075:
5051:
5020:
4997:
4966:
4943:
4917:
4905:
4878:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4746:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4467:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3776:, pp. 9â11.
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1401:
1296:Laurie Marhoefer
1289:
1254:justice minister
1252:, who served as
1209:public education
1202:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1042:Die Freundschaft
1035:
1008:Die Freundschaft
952:Die Freundschaft
942:Die Freundschaft
857:Theater des Eros
852:
820:
817:
756:Great Depression
733:
729:
712:Die Freundschaft
693:Die Freundschaft
638:
622:women's movement
575:Eduard Bernstein
561:Eulenburg affair
555:Political debate
535:
384:, and prominent
366:
227:
205:coined the word
112:Great Depression
90:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5863:
5851:
5812:
5762:
5727:
5718:Nollendorfplatz
5694:
5670:Schwules Museum
5649:
5626:
5581:
5528:
5512:
5496:
5475:
5438:
5437:LGBT in Germany
5435:
5405:
5386:
5374:
5348:
5293:
5291:
5248:
5184:
5144:
5118:
5095:
5072:
5017:
4914:
4899:
4886:
4881:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4826:, pp. 5â6.
4822:
4818:
4814:, pp. 4â5.
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:, pp. 7â9.
4774:
4770:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4623:Crouthamel 2011
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4470:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4074:Crouthamel 2011
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3954:
3950:, pp. 6â7.
3946:
3942:
3938:, pp. 6â7.
3934:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3663:Crouthamel 2011
3661:
3657:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:, pp. 4â5.
2906:
2899:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2866:Crouthamel 2011
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2803:Crouthamel 2011
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2473:Crouthamel 2011
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2438:
2432:Crouthamel 2011
2430:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2142:Crouthamel 2011
2140:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1395:
1384:
1360:publicly burned
1328:Franz von Papen
1315:
1309:
1283:
1250:Gustav Radbruch
1246:Friedrich Ebert
1241:
1187:
1172:
1159:
1142:
1130:film censorship
1094:
1057:
1051:
1038:self-censorship
1029:
995:
960:pink capitalism
930:
882:
846:
818:
804:
796:Richard Linsert
776:elaborate balls
740:
731:
723:
702:Weimar Republic
684:
678:
676:Weimar Republic
664:, sparking the
649:
632:
600:Kuno von Moltke
563:
557:
551:
529:
456:cover from 1924
445:
360:
315:
307:Main articles:
305:
277:
221:
199:Heinrich HĂśssli
188:penetrative sex
168:Napoleonic wars
132:
84:
74:Weimar Republic
17:
12:
11:
5:
5917:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5781:
5779:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5548:
5542:
5540:Gay Nazis myth
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5411:
5404:
5403:
5378:
5372:
5352:
5346:
5329:
5311:(2): 335â354.
5300:
5278:
5261:Theatre Survey
5252:
5246:
5233:
5188:
5182:
5169:
5148:
5142:
5122:
5116:
5099:
5093:
5085:Berghahn Books
5076:
5070:
5052:
5034:(2): 239â258.
5021:
5015:
4998:
4980:(1): 111â129.
4967:
4957:(3): 306â320.
4950:German History
4944:
4940:10.1086/656077
4934:(4): 801â838.
4922:Beachy, Robert
4918:
4912:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4864:
4862:, p. 214.
4860:Marhoefer 2015
4852:
4850:, p. 217.
4848:Marhoefer 2015
4840:
4838:, p. 200.
4828:
4824:Marhoefer 2015
4816:
4812:Marhoefer 2015
4804:
4792:
4790:, p. 230.
4780:
4776:Marhoefer 2019
4768:
4766:, p. 836.
4753:
4749:Marhoefer 2015
4738:
4726:
4722:Marhoefer 2015
4714:
4702:
4698:Marhoefer 2015
4690:
4688:, p. 210.
4678:
4674:Marhoefer 2015
4666:
4651:
4639:
4637:, p. 160.
4627:
4615:
4611:Marhoefer 2015
4603:
4601:, p. 201.
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4517:, p. 156.
4507:
4505:, p. 159.
4495:
4483:
4481:, p. 109.
4468:
4466:, p. 154.
4453:
4451:, p. 199.
4441:
4439:, p. 151.
4429:
4427:, p. 197.
4417:
4415:, p. 143.
4413:Marhoefer 2015
4405:
4403:, p. 121.
4401:Marhoefer 2015
4393:
4381:
4379:, p. 146.
4369:
4367:, p. 196.
4357:
4355:, p. 150.
4345:
4341:Marhoefer 2015
4333:
4321:
4309:
4297:
4285:
4283:, p. 123.
4273:
4271:, p. 107.
4261:
4249:
4247:, p. 185.
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4175:, p. 117.
4165:
4163:, p. 195.
4153:
4141:
4129:
4127:, p. 130.
4114:
4102:
4098:Marhoefer 2015
4090:
4078:
4076:, p. 112.
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4014:Marhoefer 2019
4006:
4004:, p. 100.
3994:
3979:
3977:, p. 184.
3967:
3965:, p. 194.
3952:
3948:Marhoefer 2019
3940:
3936:Marhoefer 2015
3925:
3923:, p. 179.
3913:
3911:, p. 132.
3901:
3899:, p. 239.
3889:
3885:Marhoefer 2015
3877:
3875:, p. 347.
3865:
3863:, p. 118.
3853:
3849:Marhoefer 2015
3838:
3834:Marhoefer 2015
3826:
3822:Marhoefer 2015
3814:
3802:
3790:
3786:Marhoefer 2015
3778:
3766:
3754:
3752:, p. 175.
3739:
3727:
3723:Marhoefer 2015
3715:
3711:Marhoefer 2015
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3653:, p. 341.
3640:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3602:, p. 156.
3592:
3577:
3575:, p. 259.
3565:
3563:, p. 158.
3553:
3541:
3539:, p. 105.
3529:
3527:, p. 111.
3517:
3515:, p. 118.
3505:
3503:, p. 119.
3493:
3491:, p. 103.
3481:
3469:
3465:Marhoefer 2015
3457:
3455:, p. 188.
3445:
3441:Marhoefer 2015
3433:
3429:Marhoefer 2015
3421:
3417:Marhoefer 2015
3409:
3394:
3390:Marhoefer 2015
3382:
3378:Marhoefer 2015
3370:
3366:Marhoefer 2015
3358:
3354:Marhoefer 2015
3343:
3331:
3327:Marhoefer 2015
3319:
3315:Marhoefer 2015
3307:
3305:, p. 152.
3295:
3283:
3271:
3267:Marhoefer 2015
3259:
3244:
3240:Marhoefer 2015
3232:
3220:
3218:, p. 114.
3208:
3204:Marhoefer 2015
3196:
3184:
3180:Marhoefer 2015
3172:
3160:
3158:, p. 112.
3145:
3133:
3131:, p. 337.
3121:
3117:Marhoefer 2015
3109:
3107:, p. 339.
3097:
3093:Marhoefer 2015
3085:
3073:
3061:
3059:, p. 157.
3049:
3045:Marhoefer 2015
3037:
3033:Marhoefer 2015
3025:
3023:, p. 108.
3013:
3009:Marhoefer 2015
3001:
2989:
2985:Marhoefer 2015
2977:
2965:
2953:
2951:, p. 111.
2936:
2924:
2912:
2897:
2893:Marhoefer 2015
2882:
2870:
2868:, p. 111.
2858:
2856:, p. 153.
2846:
2844:, p. 109.
2831:
2819:
2807:
2805:, p. 120.
2795:
2783:
2779:Marhoefer 2015
2771:
2767:Marhoefer 2015
2759:
2757:, p. 103.
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2673:, p. 145.
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2600:
2585:
2581:Marhoefer 2015
2573:
2561:
2559:, p. 166.
2546:
2542:Marhoefer 2015
2531:
2519:
2515:Marhoefer 2015
2507:
2503:Marhoefer 2015
2492:
2488:Marhoefer 2015
2477:
2465:
2453:
2436:
2434:, p. 113.
2424:
2409:
2407:, p. 174.
2405:Dickinson 2014
2397:
2385:
2373:
2371:, p. 173.
2369:Dickinson 2014
2361:
2357:Dickinson 2014
2349:
2337:
2335:, p. 172.
2333:Dickinson 2014
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2275:, p. 171.
2273:Dickinson 2014
2260:
2256:Dickinson 2014
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2210:, p. 170.
2208:Dickinson 2014
2197:
2193:Dickinson 2014
2182:
2180:, p. 167.
2178:Dickinson 2014
2170:
2158:
2146:
2144:, p. 115.
2131:
2116:
2104:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2025:, p. 308.
2015:
2011:Marhoefer 2015
1998:
1994:Marhoefer 2015
1981:
1979:, p. 100.
1969:
1967:, p. 810.
1957:
1955:, p. 166.
1953:Dickinson 2014
1945:
1943:, p. 165.
1941:Dickinson 2014
1933:
1921:
1919:, p. 825.
1909:
1907:, p. 824.
1897:
1885:
1866:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1800:
1788:
1786:, p. 180.
1776:
1764:
1762:, p. 157.
1760:Dickinson 2014
1749:
1747:, p. 152.
1745:Dickinson 2014
1737:
1725:
1721:Marhoefer 2015
1706:
1702:Marhoefer 2015
1694:
1682:
1680:, p. 153.
1678:Dickinson 2014
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1570:Dickinson 2014
1562:
1560:, p. 213.
1558:Marhoefer 2015
1550:
1538:
1523:
1511:
1509:, p. 804.
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1383:
1380:
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1240:
1237:
1158:
1155:
1141:
1138:
1098:Richard Oswald
1093:
1090:
1050:
1049:Respectability
1047:
994:
991:
929:
926:
881:
878:
803:
800:
739:
736:
682:Weimar culture
677:
674:
648:
645:
584:In late 1906,
556:
553:
470:Nietzscheanism
444:
441:
304:
301:
276:
273:
152:German history
131:
128:
124:LGBT movements
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5916:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:Organizations
5656:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5524:Paragraph 175
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:Historic laws
5515:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5199:(1): 85â109.
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5159:(1): 91â114.
5158:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4836:Whisnant 2016
4832:
4825:
4820:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4734:Whisnant 2016
4730:
4723:
4718:
4712:, p. 13.
4711:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4686:Whisnant 2016
4682:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4662:Whisnant 2016
4658:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4599:Whisnant 2016
4595:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4527:Whisnant 2016
4523:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4449:Whisnant 2016
4445:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4425:Whisnant 2016
4421:
4414:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4365:Whisnant 2016
4361:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4245:Whisnant 2016
4241:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4197:Whisnant 2016
4193:
4187:, p. 90.
4186:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4161:Whisnant 2016
4157:
4151:, p. 95.
4150:
4145:
4139:, p. 94.
4138:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4110:Whisnant 2016
4106:
4100:, p. 30.
4099:
4094:
4087:
4086:Whisnant 2016
4082:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4062:Whisnant 2016
4058:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4026:Whisnant 2016
4022:
4015:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3992:, p. 57.
3991:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3975:Whisnant 2016
3971:
3964:
3963:Whisnant 2016
3959:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3921:Whisnant 2016
3917:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3897:Geissler 2019
3893:
3886:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3851:, p. 14.
3850:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3824:, p. 35.
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3800:, p. 91.
3799:
3794:
3788:, p. 33.
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3750:Whisnant 2016
3746:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3624:Whisnant 2016
3620:
3614:, p. 99.
3613:
3608:
3601:
3600:Whisnant 2016
3596:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3513:Whisnant 2016
3509:
3502:
3501:Whisnant 2016
3497:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3467:, p. 36.
3466:
3461:
3454:
3453:Whisnant 2016
3449:
3442:
3437:
3431:, p. 48.
3430:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3407:, p. 55.
3406:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3368:, p. 54.
3367:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3303:Whisnant 2016
3299:
3292:
3287:
3281:, p. 46.
3280:
3275:
3269:, p. 47.
3268:
3263:
3257:, p. 39.
3256:
3251:
3249:
3242:, p. 41.
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3216:Whisnant 2016
3212:
3206:, p. 32.
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3156:Whisnant 2016
3152:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3057:Whisnant 2016
3053:
3046:
3041:
3035:, p. 59.
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2997:Senelick 2008
2993:
2986:
2981:
2975:, p. 56.
2974:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2949:Whisnant 2016
2945:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2922:, p. 52.
2921:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2895:, p. 40.
2894:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:Senelick 2008
2874:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2854:Whisnant 2016
2850:
2843:
2842:Whisnant 2016
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:Whisnant 2016
2823:
2816:
2815:Whisnant 2016
2811:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2755:Whisnant 2016
2751:
2744:
2743:Whisnant 2016
2739:
2732:
2731:Whisnant 2016
2727:
2721:, p. 97.
2720:
2715:
2709:, p. 40.
2708:
2703:
2696:
2695:Whisnant 2016
2691:
2685:, p. 38.
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2637:, p. 88.
2636:
2635:Whisnant 2016
2631:
2624:
2623:Whisnant 2016
2619:
2613:, p. 92.
2612:
2611:Whisnant 2016
2607:
2605:
2598:, p. 43.
2597:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2557:Whisnant 2016
2553:
2551:
2544:, p. 21.
2543:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:Whisnant 2016
2523:
2517:, p. 31.
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2490:, p. 39.
2489:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2463:, p. 83.
2462:
2461:Whisnant 2016
2457:
2451:, p. 79.
2450:
2449:Whisnant 2016
2445:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2420:Whisnant 2016
2416:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2393:Whisnant 2016
2389:
2382:
2381:Whisnant 2016
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2345:Whisnant 2016
2341:
2334:
2329:
2323:, p. 58.
2322:
2321:Whisnant 2016
2317:
2311:, p. 56.
2310:
2309:Whisnant 2016
2305:
2299:, p. 54.
2298:
2297:Whisnant 2016
2293:
2286:
2285:Whisnant 2016
2281:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2244:Whisnant 2016
2240:
2234:, p. 32.
2233:
2232:Whisnant 2016
2228:
2221:
2220:Whisnant 2016
2216:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2154:Whisnant 2016
2150:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2114:, p. 38.
2113:
2112:Whisnant 2016
2108:
2102:, p. 36.
2101:
2100:Whisnant 2016
2096:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2071:Whisnant 2016
2067:
2060:
2059:Whisnant 2016
2055:
2048:
2043:
2037:, p. 34.
2036:
2035:Whisnant 2016
2031:
2024:
2019:
2013:, p. 56.
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1996:, p. 61.
1995:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:Geissler 2019
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1893:Geissler 2019
1889:
1883:, p. 30.
1882:
1881:Whisnant 2016
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1864:, p. 91.
1863:
1858:
1856:
1849:, p. 17.
1848:
1847:Whisnant 2016
1843:
1836:
1835:Whisnant 2016
1831:
1824:
1823:Whisnant 2016
1819:
1813:, p. 14.
1812:
1811:Whisnant 2016
1807:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1784:Whisnant 2016
1780:
1773:
1772:Whisnant 2016
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1723:, p. 24.
1722:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1654:Whisnant 2016
1650:
1644:, p. 24.
1643:
1642:Whisnant 2016
1638:
1632:, p. 23.
1631:
1630:Whisnant 2016
1626:
1620:, p. 22.
1619:
1618:Whisnant 2016
1614:
1607:
1606:Whisnant 2016
1602:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1548:, p. 21.
1547:
1546:Whisnant 2016
1542:
1535:
1534:Whisnant 2016
1530:
1528:
1521:, p. 20.
1520:
1519:Whisnant 2016
1515:
1508:
1503:
1497:, p. 19.
1496:
1495:Whisnant 2016
1491:
1484:
1479:
1473:, p. 67.
1472:
1471:Whisnant 2016
1467:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1447:Whisnant 2016
1443:
1437:, p. 18.
1436:
1435:Whisnant 2016
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1417:Berlin-Moabit
1414:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1362:on 10 May in
1361:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1301:Nazi takeover
1297:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1281:Wilhelm Kahl
1278:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1021:In 1926, the
1019:
1017:
1016:supreme court
1013:
1012:Paragraph 184
1009:
1004:
1001:
990:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
969:
966:
961:
955:
953:
944:
943:
938:
934:
925:
923:
919:
914:
909:
906:
905:
899:
895:
891:
887:
877:
875:
871:
867:
861:
859:
858:
853:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
813:
808:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
748:
744:
735:
727:
722:
721:Max Danielsen
718:
714:
713:
707:
706:constitutions
703:
695:
694:
688:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
657:Imperial Navy
654:
644:
642:
636:
631:
627:
623:
618:
613:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
552:
549:
546:
542:
537:
533:
528:
524:
523:homoeroticism
520:
516:
515:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
454:
449:
440:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
403:
397:
395:
394:ethnographies
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
364:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
339:
335:
334:German-Jewish
328:
327:Paragraph 175
324:
319:
314:
310:
300:
297:
296:Robert Beachy
293:
292:
287:
286:right to vote
283:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
230:hermaphrodite
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Enlightenment
191:
189:
185:
184:Paragraph 175
181:
180:German Empire
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
142:published by
141:
136:
127:
125:
121:
117:
116:Nazi takeover
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
59:German Empire
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:Paragraph 175
39:
31:
30:Berlin-Moabit
27:
23:
19:
5846:Die Freundin
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5778:Publications
5706:Gay villages
5545:RĂśhm scandal
5470:
5459:Krupp affair
5390:
5359:
5333:
5308:
5304:
5292:. Retrieved
5285:
5265:
5259:
5237:
5196:
5192:
5173:
5156:
5152:
5129:
5103:
5080:
5061:
5057:
5031:
5025:
5002:
4977:
4971:
4954:
4948:
4931:
4925:
4892:
4872:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4751:, p. 7.
4729:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4587:Pretzel 2012
4582:
4575:Pretzel 2012
4570:
4558:
4551:Pretzel 2012
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4281:Mancini 2010
4276:
4264:
4257:Mancini 2010
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4209:Mancini 2010
4204:
4192:
4180:
4173:Mancini 2010
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4016:, p. 7.
4009:
3997:
3970:
3943:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3887:, p. 6.
3880:
3868:
3861:Mancini 2010
3856:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2927:
2915:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2576:
2564:
2522:
2510:
2505:, p. 3.
2468:
2456:
2427:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2129:, p. 5.
2107:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1862:Mancini 2010
1842:
1830:
1818:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1740:
1728:
1697:
1692:, p. 4.
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1405:
1385:
1368:
1352:lecture tour
1348:
1345:, 6 May 1933
1341:Raid on the
1320:
1316:
1274:
1270:
1256:for the SPD
1242:
1229:
1213:
1192:
1181:Li Shiu Tong
1147:Center Party
1143:
1125:
1119:
1116:Anita Berber
1108:Conrad Veidt
1101:
1100:on the film
1095:
1082:
1067:
1058:
1041:
1020:
1007:
1005:
996:
984:
980:
970:
956:
951:
948:
940:
937:Personal ads
913:transvestite
910:
902:
883:
869:
865:
862:
855:
842:
834:
830:
826:
823:
802:Associations
768:sex tourists
761:
752:
710:
699:
691:
662:an armistice
650:
614:
589:
583:
571:August Bebel
564:
550:
538:
512:
506:
496:
490:
486:antisemitism
482:illiberalism
459:
451:
443:Masculinists
425:
414:
406:
400:
398:
358:Eduard Oberg
352:(WhK), with
347:
331:
294:, historian
289:
278:
238:
234:ethnic group
210:
206:
192:
182:, including
176:Prussian law
170:. After the
149:
139:
109:
78:transvestite
71:
46:
37:
35:
18:
5861:PlanetRomeo
5807:Siegessäule
5741:(Frankfurt)
5622:Transgender
5547:(1931â1932)
5508:Politicians
5294:28 December
5287:Siegessäule
5268:(1): 5â35.
4900: [
4873:Siegessäule
4764:Beachy 2010
4647:Samper 2020
4635:Samper 2020
4563:Ramsey 2008
4539:Samper 2020
4515:Samper 2020
4503:Samper 2020
4491:Ramsey 2008
4479:Ramsey 2008
4464:Samper 2020
4437:Samper 2020
4389:Samper 2020
4377:Samper 2020
4353:Samper 2020
4329:Samper 2020
4317:Samper 2020
4305:Ramsey 2008
4293:Samper 2020
4269:Ramsey 2008
4233:Samper 2020
4221:Samper 2020
4185:Ramsey 2008
4149:Ramsey 2008
4137:Ramsey 2008
4125:Samper 2020
4050:Samper 2020
4038:Samper 2020
3990:Samper 2020
3909:Samper 2020
3873:Sutton 2012
3810:Samper 2020
3798:Ramsey 2008
3774:Samper 2020
3762:Ramsey 2008
3735:Samper 2020
3699:Sutton 2012
3687:Sutton 2012
3675:Samper 2020
3651:Sutton 2012
3612:Ramsey 2008
3588:Samper 2020
3561:Lybeck 2012
3549:Samper 2020
3537:Samper 2020
3525:Samper 2020
3489:Samper 2020
3477:Samper 2020
3405:Samper 2020
3339:Samper 2020
3291:Samper 2020
3279:Samper 2020
3255:Samper 2020
3228:Samper 2020
3192:Samper 2020
3168:Beachy 2010
3141:Samper 2020
3129:Sutton 2012
3105:Sutton 2012
3081:Sutton 2012
3069:Sutton 2012
2973:Samper 2020
2961:Samper 2020
2932:Ramsey 2008
2920:Samper 2020
2908:Samper 2020
2791:Samper 2020
2707:Samper 2020
2683:Samper 2020
2671:Samper 2020
2659:Samper 2020
2647:Samper 2020
2596:Samper 2020
2569:Samper 2020
2166:Samper 2020
2127:Samper 2020
1977:Ramsey 2008
1965:Beachy 2010
1917:Beachy 2010
1905:Beachy 2010
1796:Beachy 2010
1690:Samper 2020
1666:Beachy 2010
1507:Beachy 2010
1483:Beachy 2010
1459:Beachy 2010
1396: [
1284: [
1224:neo-Kantian
1216:Kurt Hiller
1188: 1930
1179:(left) and
1173: [
1030: [
1025:passed the
1000:moral panic
928:Print media
922:transgender
918:transsexual
847: [
819: 1900
724: [
653:German Army
647:World War I
641:World War I
633: [
591:Die Zukunft
579:Oscar Wilde
530: [
519:Hans BlĂźher
508:Wandervogel
493:Adolf Brand
361: [
336:sexologist
222: [
154:. The 1532
85: [
63:World War I
5878:Categories
5832:Der Eigene
5786:DU&ICH
5713:MotzstraĂe
5685:Lesbenring
4800:Tobin 2015
4788:Tobin 2015
4002:Tobin 2015
3021:Afken 2021
2719:Afken 2021
2083:Tobin 2015
2047:Tobin 2015
2023:Bruns 2005
1733:Bruns 2005
1594:Tobin 2015
1582:Tobin 2015
1423:References
1364:Opernplatz
1260:and again
1134:reinstated
1070:Reichswehr
1053:See also:
993:Censorship
894:Lotte Hahm
874:streetcars
835:homosexual
680:See also:
567:Lex Heinze
545:coming out
527:Männerbund
498:Der Eigene
453:Der Eigene
432:Iwan Bloch
428:Paul Näcke
413:published
291:Gay Berlin
280:historian
211:homosexual
207:homosexual
130:Background
101:effeminate
47:homosexual
5753:(Cologne)
5732:Monuments
5699:Locations
5399:1868-4211
5317:0149-7952
5213:1043-4070
5048:2164-8646
4994:143240617
4710:Zinn 2020
3636:Lill 2021
3573:Lill 2021
1303:in 1933.
1121:Freikorps
1023:Reichstag
539:In 1906,
495:launched
462:third sex
373:Reichstag
354:Max Spohr
174:in 1871,
5759:(Berlin)
5747:(Berlin)
5607:Intersex
5393:: 6â13.
5358:(2016).
5325:23269669
5229:19260158
5221:30114370
5128:(2015).
1354:for the
784:Hannover
770:such as
747:Eldorado
514:vĂślkisch
478:misogyny
377:sexology
65:and the
5793:Hinnerk
5593:and law
5555:victims
5444:History
4884:Sources
1262:in 1923
904:Die BIF
890:Austria
788:Cologne
780:Hamburg
605:retrial
146:in 1870
5800:Männer
5646:(2024)
5640:(2018)
5600:Rights
5591:Rights
5563:(1938)
5501:People
5467:(1908)
5461:(1902)
5452:Events
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1374:. The
1114:, and
886:Vienna
831:friend
792:Munich
732:
717:kiosks
392:, and
367:, and
140:Uranus
5856:Other
5817:Works
5771:Media
5387:(PDF)
5321:JSTOR
5217:JSTOR
5060:[
4990:S2CID
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1413:Spree
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1177:]
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973:canon
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267:as a
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5680:LSVD
5612:LGBT
5395:ISSN
5368:ISBN
5342:ISBN
5313:ISSN
5296:2021
5242:ISBN
5225:PMID
5209:ISSN
5178:ISBN
5138:ISBN
5112:ISBN
5089:ISBN
5066:ISBN
5044:ISSN
5011:ISBN
4908:ISBN
4875:2017
1132:was
1092:Film
655:and
430:and
332:The
321:The
311:and
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5631:Law
5270:doi
5201:doi
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