506:. They possibly could have wiped them out entirely, but perhaps fearing repercussions if they struck too great an insult to Germany, withdrew and allowed the Germans to retreat back to their ship as well. 16 men died and 40 were wounded. In 1889, German fortunes continued to decline; commander Brandeis left the island, Tamasese lost support; and the Germans unwisely arrested an English citizen after a declaration of martial law. Chancellor Bismarck, upon learning of this, replied with emphatic orders not to cause an international incident with Germany's trading partner in the British Empire over what he considered an unimportant sideshow in German affairs. The Americans, hearing of the unrest and eager to support their own commercial interests, sent further ships into Apia harbor.
222:
115:
536:
480:(something nearly impossible to prevent, nor a major concern) and a supposed insult to the German Kaiser at a bar by a Samoan. Laupepa attempted to delay, but soon fled along with his advisors; 700 German soldiers landed and seized the government buildings. Tamasese was declared king by the Germans. The Germans threatened to exact "great sorrows" upon the country if Laupepa did not give himself up. Against the wishes of his followers, he did so, hoping to prevent a war. Laupepa was forced into exile in Germany. Tamasese took the title of Malietoa and became a puppet king at Mulinu'u, and Brandeis was appointed premier.
434:
Godeffroy & Sohn. Stuebel increased pressure on
Laupepa, complaining of routine theft of food from the plantations, and demanding the right to imprison Samoans caught stealing in German-operated private jails. Laupepa eventually conceded to Stuebel's demands, but quietly contacted the British seeking aid to foil the new German demands. The Germans quickly got wind of this and soured on Laupepa; rumors of a German annexation flew through Samoa in 1885. The Germans attempted to convince vice-king Tamasese to act against Laupepa and provided him with arms; Tamasese declared his kingship at
373:
527:
struggle against German influence would hold up. The
Western consuls were unanimous in standing by Laupepa, however. In early 1892, the government apparently attacked villages known for supporting Mata'afa, forcing their inhabitants into exile in Maile, damaging their buildings, and killing their livestock. The Mata'afa supporting parts of Samoa stopped paying taxes, causing fiscal problems for the government. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court established by the Berlin General Act was expected to resolve the disputes, but he was apparently unable, and left Samoa for Europe in 1893.
297:
198:
143:
1007:
283:
269:
254:
241:
182:
162:
131:
99:
210:
1263:
552:, but was warned that they would attack if he did, so he stayed on Manono. Fearful of bloodshed if Laupepa's forces attacked the islands, the British and Germans intervened; a British ship and a German ship headed to Manono and accepted an honorable surrender from Mata'afa without a fight. Mata'afa and a few of his supporters were exiled, eventually coming to
498:, a naval standoff between the German, American, and British ships. After years of inaction, the Americans now appeared ready to support the Samoans directly, and informed the Germans that if they aided Tamasese by bombarding Mata'afa's troops, they would open fire on the German ships. The Germans backed down, neutralizing the advantage of the navies.
388:. However, this role was weaker than European monarchies of the era: those who granted the chieftainships could revoke it at any time. This would be a source of tension and misunderstandings between the Western powers interested in Samoa and the Samoan leadership, as the Westerners assumed that the King held more power than they actually did.
442:, and built a fort there. The Americans weakly supported Laupepa, but counseled patience and largely waited on replies from their distant home governments. The British were largely passive, and weakly favored the German position to the extent they opined at all. A new wild card entered the fray in January 1887: the prime minister of the
518:. Many German and American ships were damaged and others sunk entirely; 145 men on warships were lost, and 5 merchant sailors died. The three Western powers met and finally agreed to a deal on June 14, 1889, "The Final Act of The Berlin Conference on Samoan Affairs" or "The Berlin General Act" for short. It was agreed that
433:
Captain
Zembsch, the Imperial German Consul who had acquired a good reputation with the Samoans as someone willing to advocate for them even against his fellow countrymen running the plantations, was recalled in 1883. His replacement, Stuebel, was more directly loyal to the German trading firm J. C.
543:
On April 26, 1893, Mata'afa claimed the kingship of Samoa for himself from his stronghold of Maile. On July 8, a government force of around 1,000 warriors attacked a smaller group of Mata'afa supporters at
Vailele, and crushingly defeated them. The rout was sufficiently severe that Mata'afa, his
522:
would be returned from exile and restored as King of Samoa, and Samoan independence would be guaranteed. It also created a
Supreme Court that could adjudicate disputes between Western Powers and the Samoans, and also regulate land sales to Westerners. The government stipulated by this act would
559:
A new challenger to
Laupepa arose in March 1894, with Tamasese Lealofi rebelling from Aʻana, the traditional seat of Tamasese power. Laupepa's government easily defeated Tamasese and a peace deal was made. Unrest seemed to have continued, however, and British and German warships bombarded some
479:
On August 19, 1887, four German ships arrived at Apia Harbor, looking to expand
Germany's new empire. Germany then issued an ultimatum to the nearly powerless Laupepa on August 23, accusing him of responsibility for trivial incidents such as the continuing occasional food theft from plantations
526:
Tamasese
Titimaea died in April 1891. On May 31, 1891, Mata'afa left Apia for Maile. While he soon returned to Apia, he advocated for his right to stand in an election for leadership as provided by the terms of the Berlin General Act, perhaps believing his popularity from his victories in the
456:
on a friendship tour across the South
Pacific looking for an alliance against colonial powers. The Hawaiian embassy was greeted warmly and a treaty of confederation signed with Tamasese, much to Germany's displeasure. However, after German threats, the Hawaiians sailed away. Gibson would be
493:
crowned himself king, the only remaining power source not controlled by the
Germans. His forces moved on Tamasese's and drove them back, penning them into the Mulinu'u peninsula to a position near Laulii. The Germans sent a threatening letter to Mata'afa, which he promptly forwarded to the
363:
destroyed six of the German and American ships stationed at Samoa, the three Western countries decided that the counterproductive fighting should cease, and that Laupepa would be restored to the kingship. The struggle resumed in 1893–1894. Laupepa maintained his position against the
501:
Eager to break the stalemate, the Germans embarked upon a plan to land at a plantation on Vailele on December 18. They hoped for support from Tamasese's forces, but none came. The troops attempted the landing regardless, and Mata'afa's warriors, armed with British guns,
358:
collapsed in 1885–1886, and the Germans arranged his exile from the Samoan Islands in 1887. In Laupepa's absence, the Germans supported Tamasese's claim to leadership while Mata'afa formed a rival government weakly supported by the United States. After the
399:; some skirmishes seem to have occurred from 1880–1881 as Laupepa attempted to secure his power. In March 1881, Laupepa was recognized as Tafa'ifa by the Western powers most commercially invested in Samoa: the
465:
to strengthen their fortifications in Mulinu'u and drill troops in early 1887. By August 1887, Samoa was virtually in the possession of Germany. Both Tamasese and Laupepa were largely powerless to stop this.
665:. The book includes his own experiences and a history of the turbulent decade based on direct interviews with Laupepa and others, and is considered one of the key primary sources chronicling the events.
628:
On August 22, 1898, Malietoa Laupepa died. Mata'afa returned from exile in September to contest the throne. The Supreme Court decided in December 1898 that the succession should go to Laupepa's son
1725:
430:, either imposed or negotiated a peace treaty, with the approval of the Western consuls. Under it Laupepa continued as king, and Tamasese as vice-king. This peace lasted four years.
1680:
523:
last ten years. Laupepa returned to Apia on August 11, 1889, and affairs were quiet at first, with all sides agreeing to go about in peace from August 1889–1891.
258:
384:(interpreted as equivalent to "King of Samoa" by Europeans of the era) was contested. In general, a Tafa'ifa was expected to control the four or five most important
438:
in Aʻana in January 1885, but did not immediately act against Laupepa, however. In late 1885, the Germans forced Laupepa out of his home, raised the German flag at
411:. But Laupepa's control was still incomplete: he held only two of the most important chieftain titles, not all four. Tupua Tamasese Titimaea was recognized as Tui-
273:
136:
483:
The situation worsened in 1888. Disorder in Apia in August was quelled by Tamsese and Brandeis's troops. The island of Manono was bombarded by the German gunboat
661:
930:
364:
challengers of Mata'afa and the new Tamasese heir. Mata'afa was exiled and Tamasese's rebellion was quashed, restoring peace, albeit temporarily.
335:
dynasty would be King of Samoa. While largely a political struggle, there were also armed skirmishes between the factions. The military of the
1765:
489:, angering both Samoans and Americans who had property there. German fortifications were extended from Apia into Matautu. On September 9,
1760:
1745:
1740:
1288:
348:
1715:
1720:
1705:
1121:
1750:
1685:
923:
659:
lived the final years of his life in Samoa, from 1889–1894. He would go on to document the struggle directly in the book
1660:
1159:
17:
867:
1755:
1107:
1212:
1114:
458:
1422:
916:
1308:
1252:
1247:
843:
725:
1730:
1318:
1710:
1655:
1024:
392:
1690:
1432:
1402:
1665:
1417:
323:. The political struggle lasted roughly between 1886 and 1894, primarily between Samoans contesting whether
1298:
641:
1476:
1006:
640:. The Western powers eventually intervened. The result was the partitioning of the island chain at the
1387:
1237:
1227:
1152:
1100:
1502:
1591:
982:
1675:
1670:
1427:
1323:
1303:
1207:
1078:
633:
623:
503:
1735:
1539:
939:
853:
656:
372:
535:
1695:
1544:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1367:
1283:
1217:
1145:
629:
424:
461:, removing the Hawaiians as a concern. The Germans brought in the engineer and artillerist
1576:
1466:
1392:
1185:
354:
Malietoa Laupepa ascended to the kingship in 1881. However, relations between him and the
904:. Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin New Zealand: Whitcomb and Tombs Limited.
8:
1700:
972:
592:
569:
967:
1488:
1372:
1293:
1271:
954:
576:
490:
416:
328:
245:
167:
104:
857:
652:. The office of King of Samoa was abolished, and Samoan autonomy officially ended.
380:
The structure of Samoan leadership in the late 19th century was one where the role of
1596:
1571:
1407:
1397:
1350:
1200:
1047:
873:
863:
839:
515:
443:
360:
1625:
1458:
1446:
1362:
1232:
1177:
1055:
899:
519:
447:
396:
324:
311:
The turbulent decades of the late 19th century saw several conflicts between rival
287:
187:
67:
1606:
1586:
1566:
1555:
1524:
1037:
962:
831:
420:
385:
726:"Mormon Beginnings in Samoa: Kimo Belio, Samuela Manoa and Walter Murray Gibson"
1634:
1601:
1581:
1534:
1328:
649:
582:
462:
408:
332:
316:
301:
215:
1649:
1561:
1313:
1262:
1195:
1073:
1032:
877:
674:
637:
545:
495:
404:
400:
355:
340:
336:
296:
226:
221:
203:
148:
119:
114:
908:
636:, with the returned Mata'afa quickly and easily defeating Tanumafili at the
1242:
1222:
1065:
645:
553:
1377:
423:. Hostilities might have commenced in 1881, but an American warship, the
990:
439:
381:
544:
supporting chieftains, and a small remnant of his forces fled Maile for
836:
The Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German-American Relations 1878–1900
586:
435:
549:
376:
Hawaiian envoys and Malietoa Laupepa on board of the Kaimiloa in 1887.
606:
485:
1333:
600:
452:
412:
1549:
1137:
344:
320:
887:
Askari und Fitafita. "Farbige" Söldner in den deutschen Kolonien
632:
rather than Mata'afa, however. Hostilities soon resumed in the
890:
339:
intervened on several occasions. A naval standoff between the
1168:
312:
76:
Challenges to Laupepa's authority in 1893–1894 defeated
54:
591:. The British Empire sent a ship to protect its interests,
1726:
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
1481:
568:
American warships during the Samoan crisis included the
33:
Samoan conflicts of 1887–1889 and 1893–1894
1681:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania
859:
A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa
662:
A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa
687:
556:, which was then controlled by the German Empire.
73:
Berlin General Act creates new government structure
1647:
560:villages claimed to be in rebellion in August.
1153:
938:
924:
804:
802:
800:
494:Americans and British. This triggered the
1160:
1146:
931:
917:
781:
779:
530:
852:
811:
797:
474:
788:
534:
371:
27:1886–1894 conflict in the Samoan Islands
884:
830:
776:
693:
450:, had deployed a "homemade battleship"
14:
1648:
897:
717:
504:defeated the badly outnumbered Germans
1141:
912:
514:The struggle came to a halt with the
172:Supporters of Tamasese Lealofi (1894)
1101:South-West Africa Campaign (1914–15)
395:died. His successor was his nephew
1746:1890s in the German colonial empire
1741:1880s in the German colonial empire
723:
24:
1167:
838:. Dublin: Irish University Press.
539:A photograph of Mata'afa from 1896
25:
1777:
1716:Wars involving the United Kingdom
898:Watson, Robert Mackenzie (1918).
563:
457:overthrown and jailed during the
1766:Germany–United Kingdom relations
1721:Wars involving the United States
1706:Wars involving the German Empire
1261:
1005:
295:
281:
267:
252:
239:
220:
208:
196:
180:
160:
141:
129:
113:
97:
1761:Germany–United States relations
1115:East African Campaign (1914–18)
824:
1751:German colonisation in Oceania
1686:Civil wars of the 19th century
1108:West Africa Campaign (1914–16)
862:. University of Hawaii Press.
767:
758:
749:
740:
708:
699:
13:
1:
1661:History of the Samoan Islands
817:Watson 1918, p. 106–119
808:Watson 1918, p. 102–105
680:
642:Tripartite Convention of 1899
531:Second phase: 1893–1894
367:
794:Watson 1918, p. 98–102
509:
475:First phase: 1887–1889
393:Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipeʻa
7:
785:Watson 1918, p. 85–98
773:Watson 1918, p. 81–84
764:Watson 1918, p. 78–81
755:Watson 1918, p. 75–78
746:Watson 1918, p. 67–74
714:Watson 1918, p. 64–66
668:
548:. He considered moving to
469:
10:
1782:
1289:Cities, towns and villages
1253:2021 constitutional crisis
1122:Pacific Campaign (1914–19)
728:. Brigham Young University
621:
459:Hawaiian rebellion of 1887
1619:
1510:
1501:
1454:
1445:
1358:
1349:
1279:
1270:
1259:
1176:
1095:
1091:
1064:
1046:
1023:
1016:
1001:
981:
953:
946:
940:German colonial conflicts
617:
232:
86:
70:restored to power in 1889
37:
32:
983:German South West Africa
885:Morlang, Thomas (2008).
386:paramount chieftainships
1756:Germany–Samoa relations
1731:1890s in American Samoa
854:Stevenson, Robert Louis
634:Second Samoan Civil War
624:Second Samoan Civil War
1711:Wars involving Germany
1656:First Samoan Civil War
1228:New Zealand occupation
657:Robert Louis Stevenson
540:
377:
233:Commanders and leaders
18:First Samoan Civil War
1691:Coup-based civil wars
1433:Deputy Prime Minister
1218:Tripartite Convention
705:Kennedy, p. 2–5
630:Malietoa Tanumafili I
538:
375:
1666:Wars involving Samoa
1467:Western Samoan pound
973:Maji Maji rebellion
893:: Ch. Links Verlag.
598:. The Germans had
331:or a member of the
1477:Telecommunications
1309:Samoan plant names
1213:Colonial governors
1025:Shantung Peninsula
1017:Asia & Pacific
955:German East Africa
724:McBride, Spencer.
655:The famous author
541:
378:
1643:
1642:
1615:
1614:
1497:
1496:
1441:
1440:
1423:Political parties
1409:O le Ao o le Malo
1388:Foreign relations
1345:
1344:
1201:1889 Apia cyclone
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1087:
1086:
1048:German New Guinea
999:
998:
869:978-0-8248-1857-9
644:into the western
516:1889 Apia cyclone
446:, the adventurer
444:Kingdom of Hawaii
361:1889 Apia cyclone
309:
308:
248:(1886–1893)
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
1773:
1628:
1508:
1507:
1471:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1413:
1383:
1382:(chiefly system)
1356:
1355:
1337:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1208:Second Civil War
1162:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1093:
1092:
1079:Samoan Civil War
1056:Sokehs rebellion
1021:
1020:
1009:
951:
950:
933:
926:
919:
910:
909:
905:
901:History of Samoa
894:
881:
849:
832:Kennedy, Paul M.
818:
815:
809:
806:
795:
792:
786:
783:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:
737:
735:
733:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
697:
691:
648:and the eastern
520:Malietoa Laupepa
448:Walter M. Gibson
397:Malietoa Laupepa
325:Malietoa Laupepa
315:factions in the
305:
300:
299:
291:
286:
285:
284:
277:
272:
271:
270:
262:
257:
256:
255:
244:
243:
242:
225:
224:
214:
212:
211:
202:
200:
199:
185:
184:
183:
165:
164:
163:
147:
145:
144:
134:
133:
132:
118:
117:
102:
101:
100:
68:Malietoa Laupepa
39:
38:
30:
29:
21:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1611:
1592:Public holidays
1493:
1469:
1460:
1437:
1412:(head of state)
1411:
1393:Law enforcement
1381:
1341:
1335:
1319:Protected areas
1266:
1257:
1248:2009 earthquake
1238:Trust Territory
1191:First Civil War
1172:
1166:
1136:
1127:
1083:
1060:
1042:
1038:Jietou incident
1012:
995:
977:
963:Abushiri revolt
942:
937:
870:
846:
827:
822:
821:
816:
812:
807:
798:
793:
789:
784:
777:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
741:
731:
729:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
700:
692:
688:
683:
671:
626:
620:
566:
533:
512:
491:Mata'afa Iosefo
477:
472:
417:Mata'afa Iosefo
370:
329:Mata'afa Iosefo
294:
293:
292:
282:
280:
279:
278:
268:
266:
265:
253:
251:
250:
249:
246:Mata'afa Iosefo
240:
238:
219:
218:
209:
207:
206:
197:
195:
194:
190:
181:
179:
178:
171:
161:
159:
158:
142:
140:
139:
130:
128:
127:
112:
111:
107:
98:
96:
95:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:1890s in Samoa
1673:
1671:1880s in Samoa
1668:
1663:
1658:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:Prime Minister
1425:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1329:Samoan Islands
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171: articles
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
993:
987:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
968:HeHe rebellion
965:
959:
957:
948:
944:
943:
936:
935:
928:
921:
913:
907:
906:
895:
882:
868:
850:
844:
826:
823:
820:
819:
810:
796:
787:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
716:
707:
698:
696:, p. 128.
694:Morlang (2008)
685:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
670:
667:
650:American Samoa
622:Main article:
619:
616:
583:Lewis Kimberly
581:(captained by
565:
564:Involved ships
562:
532:
529:
511:
508:
476:
473:
471:
468:
463:Eugen Brandeis
409:British Empire
391:In 1880, King
369:
366:
349:United Kingdom
333:Tupua Tamasese
317:Samoan Islands
307:
306:
302:Eugen Brandeis
263:
235:
234:
230:
229:
216:British Empire
186:Supporters of
173:
166:Supporters of
152:
151:
135:Supporters of
122:
103:Supporters of
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
74:
71:
63:
59:
58:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:1886 in Samoa
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1607:ʻAva ceremony
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Samoan Crisis
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Juye incident
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1003:
992:
989:
988:
986:
984:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
911:
903:
902:
896:
892:
889:(in German).
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
845:0-7165-2150-4
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
814:
805:
803:
801:
791:
782:
780:
770:
761:
752:
743:
727:
720:
711:
702:
695:
690:
686:
676:
675:Samoan crisis
673:
672:
666:
664:
663:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:Siege of Apia
635:
631:
625:
615:
613:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
596:
590:
589:
584:
580:
579:
574:
573:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:Manono Island
537:
528:
524:
521:
517:
507:
505:
499:
497:
496:Samoan crisis
492:
488:
487:
481:
467:
464:
460:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
431:
429:
428:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:United States
402:
401:German Empire
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
374:
365:
362:
357:
356:German Empire
352:
350:
346:
342:
341:United States
338:
337:German Empire
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:South Pacific
318:
314:
303:
298:
289:
275:
264:
260:
259:TT. Lealofi I
247:
237:
236:
231:
228:
227:United States
223:
217:
205:
204:German Empire
193:
192:Supported by:
189:
177:
174:
169:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:German Empire
138:
126:
123:
121:
120:United States
116:
110:
109:Supported by:
106:
94:
91:
90:
85:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1696:German Samoa
1554:
1545:Demographics
1530:Coat of arms
1520:Architecture
1408:
1378:
1368:Constitution
1243:Independence
1233:World War II
1223:German Samoa
1190:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1066:German Samoa
900:
886:
858:
835:
825:Bibliography
813:
790:
769:
760:
751:
742:
730:. Retrieved
719:
710:
701:
689:
660:
654:
646:German Samoa
627:
611:
605:
599:
594:
587:
577:
571:
567:
558:
554:Jaluit Atoll
542:
525:
513:
500:
484:
482:
478:
451:
432:
426:
390:
379:
353:
310:
274:TT. Titimaea
191:
175:
155:
124:
108:
92:
87:Belligerents
1577:LGBT rights
1299:Earthquakes
1186:Archaeology
991:Herero Wars
304:(1887–1889)
290:(1889–1894)
276:(1886–1889)
1701:Proxy wars
1650:Categories
1572:Literature
1556:Faʻa Sāmoa
1470:(historic)
1461:(currency)
1418:Parliament
1403:Ministries
1336:(mountain)
681:References
436:Leulumoega
427:Lackawanna
407:, and the
368:Background
347:, and the
188:M. Laupepa
1550:Ethnicity
1489:Transport
1379:Faʻamatai
1373:Elections
1334:Silisili
1294:Districts
1272:Geography
878:227258432
856:(1912) .
510:Interlude
176:1893–1894
156:1893–1894
125:1887–1889
93:1887–1889
45:1886–1894
1635:Category
1597:Religion
1587:Proverbs
1567:Language
1398:Military
1351:Politics
834:(1974).
669:See also
595:Calliope
572:Vandalia
470:Conflict
453:Kaimiloa
440:Mulinu'u
419:was Tui-
382:Tafa'ifa
351:ensued.
168:Mata'afa
137:Tamasese
105:Mata'afa
50:Location
1626:Outline
1535:Culture
1503:Society
1447:Economy
1363:Cabinet
1314:Hotspot
1178:History
585:), and
578:Trenton
550:Savaiʻi
345:Germany
319:of the
288:Laupepa
1602:Sports
1525:Cinema
1515:Anthem
1324:Rivers
1196:Crisis
947:Africa
891:Berlin
876:
866:
842:
732:24 May
618:Legacy
610:, and
588:Nipsic
415:, and
403:, the
313:Samoan
261:(1894)
213:
201:
170:(1893)
146:
62:Result
1582:Music
1540:Dance
1459:Tālā
1304:Fauna
1169:Samoa
607:Adler
486:Adler
413:Aʻana
55:Samoa
1562:Flag
1284:Bays
874:OCLC
864:ISBN
840:ISBN
734:2020
612:Eber
601:Olga
593:HMS
570:USS
425:USS
421:Atua
42:Date
1482:.ws
1652::
872:.
799:^
778:^
614:.
604:,
575:,
343:,
327:,
1161:e
1154:t
1147:v
932:e
925:t
918:v
880:.
848:.
736:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
