258:"In connection with the assembling of so many Negroes in London from different parts of the world, a very important movement has just been put upon foot. It is known as the Pan-African Conference. Representatives from Africa, the West Indian Islands and other parts of the world, asked me to meet them a few days ago with a view to making a preliminary program for this conference, and we had a most interesting meeting. It is surprising to see the strong intellectual mould which many of these Africans and West Indians possess. The object and character of the Pan-African Conference is best told in the words of the resolution, which was adopted at the meeting referred to, viz: 'In view of the widespread ignorance which is prevalent in England about the treatment of native races under European and American rule, the African Association, which consists of members of the race resident in England and which has been in existence for nearly two years, have resolved during the
210:
262:(which many representatives of the race may be visiting) to hold a conference in London in the month of May of the said year, in order to take steps to influence public opinion on existing proceedings and conditions affecting the welfare of the natives in various parts of Africa, the West Indies and the United States.' The resolution is signed by Mr H. Mason Joseph, President, and Mr H. Sylvester Williams as Honourable Secretary. The Honourable Secretary will be pleased to hear from representative natives who are desirous of attending at an early date. He may be addressed, Common Room, Grey's (sic) Inn, London, W.C."
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2101:
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333:, and the implementation of a unanimously adopted "Address to the Nations of the World", sent to various heads of state where people of African descent were living and suffering oppression. The address implored the United States and the imperial European nations to "acknowledge and protect the rights of people of African descent" and to respect the integrity and independence of "the free Negro States of
275:, Bishop Alexander Walters in his opening address, "The Trials and Tribulations of the Coloured Race in America", noted that "for the first time in history black people had gathered from all parts of the globe to discuss and improve the condition of their race, to assert their rights and organize so that they might take an equal place among nations." The Bishop of London,
476:, of London, said she was glad to come in contact with the class of Negroes that composed the Pan-African Conference, and wished that the best and most cultured would visit England and meet her citizens of noble birth, that the adverse opinion which had been created against them in some quarters of late by their enemies might be changed."
461:, which has been occupied by the Bishops of London since the fifteenth century. On our arrival at the palace we found his Lordship and one or two other Bishops, with their wives and daughters, waiting to greet us. After a magnificent repast had been served we were conducted through the extensive grounds which surround the palace....
518:) where he was a member of the Legislative Council from 1920 to 1940. Richard E. Phipps, the Trinidad barrister, returned home after the conference and emigrated to the Gold Coast in 1911. He remained there until his death around 1926. Williams himself lived in South Africa from 1903 to 1905, and died in Trinidad in 1911."
439:, which commented that it "marks the initiation of a remarkable movement in history: the negro is at last awake to the potentialities of his future" and quoted Williams as saying: "Our object now is to secure throughout the world the same facilities and privileges for the black as the white man enjoys."
345:, etc." Signed by Walters (President of the Pan-African Association), the Canadian Rev. Henry B. Brown (Vice-President), Williams (General Secretary) and Du Bois (Chairman of the Committee on the Address), the document contained the phrase "The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the
406:
to state that he has received the Queen's commands to inform you that the
Memorial of the Pan-African Conference requesting the situation of the native races in South Africa, has been laid before Her Majesty, and that she was graciously pleased to command him to return an answer to it on behalf of
410:
2. Mr. Chamberlain accordingly desires to assure the members of the Pan-African
Conference that, it settling the lines on which the administration of the conquered territories is to be conducted, Her Majesty's Government will not overlook the interests and welfare of the native races.
469:, which is considered quite an honor; indeed, the visit to the House of Parliament and tea on the Terrace was the crowning honor of the series. Great credit is due our genial secretary, Mr. H. Sylvester Williams, for these social functions.
454:, one of the most elegant in the city. Several members of Parliament and other notables were present. A splendid repast was served, and for two hours the delegates were delightfully entertained by the members and friends of the club.
246:. The formation of the association marked an early stage in the development of the anti-colonialist movement, and was established to encourage the unity of Africans and people of African descent, particularly in territories of the
464:
Through the kindness of Mr. Clark, a member of
Parliament, we were invited to tea on Wednesday, at 5 o'clock, on the Terrace of Parliament. After the tea the male members of our party were admitted to the
419:, to write, which he did on 21 January — the day before the Queen died. Although the specific injustices in South Africa continued for some time, the conference brought them to the attention of the world.
306:) and "Africa, the Sphinx of History, in the Light of Unsolved Problems" (D. E. Tobias from the USA). Other topics included Richard Phipps' complaint of discrimination against black people in the
282:
Speakers over the three days addressed a variety of aspects of racial discrimination. Among the papers delivered were: "Conditions
Favouring a High Standard of African Humanity" (C. W. French of
235:
1937:
318:, led a discussion on the subject "Organized Plunder and Human Progress Have Made Our Race Their Battlefield", saying that in the past "Africans had been kidnapped from their land, and in
1092:
1064:
758:
identifies "three
Africans attending; fifteen West Indians and nine Africans temporarily in the UK mainly as students; five Black Britons and nineteen visiting African-Americans".
362:
through the
British government to look into the treatment of Africans in South Africa and Rhodesia, including specified acts of injustice perpetrated by whites there, namely:
685:
250:, concerning itself with injustices in Britain's African and Caribbean colonies. In March 1898, the association issued a circular calling for a pan-African conference.
387:
Local by-laws tending to segregate and degrade
Africans such as the curfew; the denial to Africans of the use of footpaths; and the use of separate public conveyances.
984:
2194:
1910:
1267:
614:
2174:
1925:
548:
A centenary commemorative event was held in London on 25 July 2000, attended by descendants of some of the delegates at the original conference (including
510:
noted, "At least three of the
Caribbean delegates later emigrated to Africa. George Christian of Dominica became a successful lawyer and legislator in the
1015:
1000:
1283:
1228:
1112:
314:, on pseudo-scientific racism. Discussions followed the presentation of the papers, and on the last day George James Christian, a law student from
198:
Du Bois played a leading role, drafting a letter ("Address to the
Nations of the World") to European leaders appealing to them to struggle against
1146:
279:, gave a speech of welcome "referring to 'the benefits of self-government' which Britain must confer on 'other races ... as soon as possible'."
2199:
891:
499:, in October 1901. Although plans for the association to meet every two years failed, the 1900 conference encouraged the development of the
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1855:
557:
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1313:
954:
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1931:
682:
1809:
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1890:
209:
775:
2046:
1860:
807:
329:
The conference culminated in the conversion of the
African Association (formed by Sylvester Williams in 1897) into the
457:
At 5 o'clock on Tuesday a tea was given in our honor by the late Dr. Creighton, Lord Bishop of London, at his stately
2179:
1920:
817:
1270:, Politics, University of Manchester, Centre for International Politics Working Paper Series No. 39, February 2008.
168:
96:
1209:
2000:
577:
346:
2189:
597:
938:(Paris: L. Boyer, 1901). See Tony Martin, "Benito Sylvain of Haiti on the Pan-African Conference of 1900", in
934:
Benito Sylvain's account of the conference, entitled "The Pan-African Association", was published in his book
254:, who had been travelling in the UK in the summer of 1899, wrote in a letter to African-American newspapers:
2071:
1900:
1829:
581:
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1049:
1870:
1306:
378:
The so-called indenture, i.e., legalized bondage of African men and women and children to white colonists.
2015:
1549:
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466:
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1245:
521:
Under the Pan-African Congress banner, a series of gatherings subsequently took place — in 1919 in
368:
259:
243:
231:
227:
140:
135:"in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events"). Organized primarily by the
132:
446:"On Monday, the 23d of July, the conference was invited to a five o'clock tea given by the Reform
147:) and was attended by 37 delegates and about 10 other participants and observers from Africa, the
2164:
2154:
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81:
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755:
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100:
51:
1962:
1915:
1645:
1569:
1534:
587:
500:
486:
311:
307:
251:
20:
294:), "The Necessary Concord to be Established between Native Races and European Colonists" (
8:
2005:
1979:
1700:
1343:
1088:
909:
451:
435:
239:
136:
951:
2031:
2010:
1735:
1685:
1660:
1650:
1635:
1589:
1574:
876:
The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the African Diaspora
851:"African-American History Month: First Pan-African Congress | Library of Congress Blog"
720:
643:
491:
After the conference ended, Williams set up branches of the Pan-African Association in
403:
19:"Pan-African Conference" redirects here. For the series of events held from 1919, see
1968:
1655:
1427:
1368:
1348:
971:
813:
654:
Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa, and the African Diaspora
276:
188:
180:
116:
1499:
1484:
1274:"Pages From History: DuBois Submission to the 1900 Pan-African Conference in London"
701:
1984:
1760:
1695:
1675:
1670:
1489:
1358:
1116:
1096:
630:
The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa
415:
Days later, Victoria responded more personally, instructing her private secretary,
184:
164:
104:
92:
398:
The response eventually received by Sylvester Williams on 17 January 1901 stated:
298:, Haitian aide-de-camp to the Ethiopian emperor), "The Negro Problem in America" (
271:
When the First Pan-African Conference opened on Monday, 23 July 1900, in London's
2104:
1795:
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1705:
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1504:
1409:
1232:
1068:
958:
752:
689:
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473:
203:
192:
1524:
692:, Article #461, Origins of the movement for global black unity, Global Mappings.
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2041:
1790:
1750:
1740:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1519:
1479:
1388:
1322:
1150:
1033:
985:"Nelson Mandela, Dominica and the Caribbean Contribution to African Liberation"
803:
771:
741:
Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869-1911
592:
561:
549:
359:
299:
295:
247:
160:
108:
88:
349:", which Du Bois would use three years later in the "Forethought" of his book
2143:
2128:
1974:
1850:
1770:
1765:
1745:
1725:
1710:
1665:
1579:
1564:
1544:
1529:
1509:
887:
767:
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534:
526:
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287:
176:
156:
112:
84:
1755:
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1469:
1353:
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553:
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319:
1420:
1942:
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1554:
1414:
1279:
996:
732:
619:
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447:
148:
144:
756:
in "Pan-African Conferences, 1900-1953: What Did ‘Pan-Africanism’ Mean?"
1730:
1640:
530:
236:
Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa
1938:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
1720:
1715:
1559:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1268:"Du Bois and Garvey: Foreign Affairs and Two Roads to Pan-Africanism"
1020:, Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2nd printing 1989, p. 140.
739:(Pluto Press, 1984) quotes these figures from Owen Charles Mathurin,
657:
429:
303:
302:, from Washington), "The Progress of our People" (John E. Quinlan of
283:
2111:
1474:
427:
The conference was reported in major British newspapers, including
372:
334:
323:
315:
310:
civil service and an attack by William Meyer, a medical student at
2056:
1291:
552:, granddaughter of George Christian, and his great-granddaughter
538:
492:
338:
495:, Trinidad and the USA. He also launched a short-lived journal,
450:
of London in honor of the delegates, at its headquarters in the
367:
The degrading and illegal compound system of labour in vogue in
206:
and demanding political and other rights for African Americans.
1434:
1393:
202:, to grant colonies in Africa and the West Indies the right to
199:
128:
61:
541:— to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European
1155:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present
940:
The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond
907:
Quoted by J. R. Hooker in "The Pan-African Conference 1900",
896:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism
809:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present
522:
515:
342:
1017:
The Ties that Bind: African-American Consciousness of Africa
942:, Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing, 1983, pp. 201–16.
874:"African Association", in E. L. Bute and H. J. P. Harmer,
143:, the conference took place in Westminster Town Hall (now
792:
Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond
640:
Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond
326:
slavery was being revived in the form of forced labour."
1911:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
1288:, revised edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965.
1113:"1900 Pan African Conference Petition to Queen Victoria"
1226:"Centenary Pan African Conference a Resounding Success"
974:, Thedominican.net, Vol. 1, Issue 32, 27 November 2002.
936:
Du Sort des Indigènes dans les Colonies d'Exploitation
833:"(1900) W. E. B. Du Bois, 'To the Nations of the World
384:
The "pass" or docket system used for people of colour.
131:, England, from 23 to 25 July 1900 (just prior to the
1170:(London), 24 July 1900, and "PanAfrican Conference",
1002:
Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain
737:
Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain
716:
714:
615:
Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain
422:
1926:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
1028:
1026:
1095:, in Janice A. Radway, Kevin Gaines, Barry Shank,
711:
16:International conference held in London, July 1900
1132:J. R. Hooker, "The Pan-African Conference 1900",
1123:, New York & London: Routledge, 2007, p. 260.
878:, London & Washington: Cassell, 1997, p. 111.
266:
2141:
1023:
381:The system of compulsory labour in public works.
230:had been instrumental in founding in London the
2195:International conferences in the United Kingdom
556:), as well as descendants of those at the 1945
1216:, Unesco, 1996, Vol. 5, Chapter 6, pp. 259–60.
1195:"Pan-African Conference", in Bute and Harmer,
1307:
1038:The Oxford Companion to Black British History
1032:Shivani Sivagurunathan, "Pan-Africanism", in
898:, Volume 1, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, p. 908.
107:, George James Christian, Richard E. Phipps,
1040:, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 259–60.
772:"Do we really know Samuel Coleridge-Taylor?"
213:Invitation to the Pan-African Conference at
2175:African and Black nationalist organizations
1182:
1180:
972:"George James Christian: Pioneer in Africa"
921:
919:
1314:
1300:
721:"The First Pan African Conference of 1900"
525:, 1921 in London, 1923 in London, 1927 in
286:), "The Preservation of Racial Equality" (
1896:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
1276:. Pan-African News Wire, 17 October 2009.
828:
826:
812:(Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 246.
677:
675:
673:
1856:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
1177:
1073:Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa
987:, Dominica News Online, 8 December 2013.
916:
393:Difficulties in obtaining the franchise.
390:Difficulties in acquiring real property.
208:
1615:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
1285:Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide
1157:, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 43.
848:
358:In September, the delegates petitioned
2142:
1248:, RaceandHistory.com, 23 January 2001.
1062:1900 Pan-African Conference Resolution
849:Maloney, Wendi A. (19 February 2019).
823:
794:(Dover: Majority Press, 1985), p. 207.
670:
1295:
1261:The Pan-African Congresses, 1900-1945
1050:The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945
80:47+ delegates and participants, inc.
2200:Pan-Africanism in the United Kingdom
1891:International African Service Bureau
1036:, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds),
1005:, London: Pluto Press, 1984, p. 284.
632:, Africana Publishing Company, 1974.
402:"Sir. I am directed by Mr Secretary
1932:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
913:, No. 46 (1974), pp. 20–24 (p. 20).
776:Black and Asian Studies Association
13:
1861:All-African Trade Union Federation
1321:
892:"The First Pan-African Conference"
603:
423:Press coverage and local reception
14:
2216:
1921:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
1254:
778:Conference, London, 27 June 2009.
442:Du Bois recorded in his report,
2170:1900s in the City of Westminster
2122:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2089:
1246:"Pan Africans on the Rise Again"
1214:General History of the Caribbean
1147:"Pan-African Conference, London"
683:"Pan-African Conference in 1900"
125:The First Pan-African Conference
2185:Black British culture in London
2160:1900 in international relations
2047:All-African Peoples' Conference
1238:
1219:
1202:
1189:
1160:
1139:
1126:
1106:
1103:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 33.
1082:
1055:
1043:
1008:
990:
977:
964:
945:
928:
901:
881:
868:
842:
743:, Greenwood Press, 1976, p. 62.
578:The Exhibit of American Negroes
564:'s daughter Blyden Cowart, and
238:), in response to the European
151:, the US and the UK, including
1101:American Studies: An Anthology
797:
781:
761:
746:
726:
723:. Global Pan African Movement.
695:
598:First Universal Races Congress
568:, daughter of Kwame Nkrumah).
267:Conference concerns and issues
1:
2072:United States of Latin Africa
1901:Organisation of African Unity
1830:African Leadership University
702:"A history of Pan-Africanism"
664:
582:Exposition Universelle (1900)
234:(not to be confused with the
221:
1886:First Pan-African Conference
72:Anti-racism, self-government
27:First Pan-African Conference
7:
1071:. Source: Ayodele Langley,
571:
10:
2221:
1825:African Leadership Academy
1235:, Pan-African Perspective.
1093:"The Practice of Diaspora"
484:
18:
2117:Pan-Africanism portal
2085:
2024:
1993:
1955:
1881:Economic Freedom Fighters
1871:Convention People's Party
1846:African Unification Front
1838:
1817:
1808:
1623:
1462:
1453:
1402:
1336:
1329:
1166:"PanAfrican Conference",
957:October 22, 2012, at the
480:
244:1884-5 Congress of Berlin
155:(the youngest delegate),
76:
68:
57:
47:
39:
31:
2180:African diaspora history
2037:African-American leftism
1786:Henry Sylvester Williams
1550:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
961:, Spartacus Educational.
622:, 1984, pp. 284–86.
558:5th Pan-African Congress
260:Paris Exposition of 1900
228:Henry Sylvester Williams
141:Henry Sylvester Williams
133:Paris Exhibition of 1900
2095:Pan-Africanism category
2067:United States of Africa
2062:Union of African States
2052:East African Federation
2001:Ethnic groups of Africa
1906:Pan African Association
1495:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
1441:United States of Africa
1210:"African consciousness"
1174:(London), 25 July 1900.
1136:, No. 46 (1974), p. 24.
560:in Manchester (such as
352:The Souls of Black Folk
331:Pan-African Association
153:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
82:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
1876:East African Community
1515:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
1364:Anti-Western sentiment
983:Gabriel J. Christian,
478:
413:
396:
264:
226:On 24 September 1897,
218:
2190:Conferences in London
1781:Frances Cress Welsing
1121:The History of Africa
925:Fryer (1984), p. 283.
444:
400:
364:
292:Kansas City, Missouri
273:Westminster Town Hall
256:
215:Westminster Town Hall
212:
173:Henry Francis Downing
101:Henry Francis Downing
52:Westminster Town Hall
1963:Black Star of Africa
1916:Pan-African Congress
1866:Conseil de l'Entente
1646:Edward Wilmot Blyden
1570:Abdias do Nascimento
1535:Toussaint Louverture
1079:, 1979, pp. 738–739.
1067:4 March 2016 at the
952:"Sylvester Williams"
890:and Zak Cope (eds),
706:New Internationalist
588:Pan-African Congress
501:Pan-African Congress
487:Pan-African Congress
312:Edinburgh University
252:Booker T. Washington
21:Pan-African Congress
2016:Conflicts in Africa
2006:Languages of Africa
1980:Pan-African colours
1701:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
1344:African nationalism
1266:Dr. Mark Ledwidge,
1145:Frank A. Salamone,
1089:Brent Hayes Edwards
910:Transition Magazine
708:, 326, August 2000.
436:Westminster Gazette
240:partition of Africa
232:African Association
28:
2032:African philosophy
2011:Religion in Africa
1736:Zephania Mothopeng
1686:Amy Ashwood Garvey
1661:John Henrik Clarke
1651:Stokely Carmichael
1636:Molefi Kete Asante
1590:John Nyathi Pokela
1575:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1231:2014-02-21 at the
1197:The Black Handbook
1014:Bernard Magubane,
970:Thomson Fontaine,
688:2013-09-22 at the
644:The Majority Press
242:that followed the
219:
195:taking the chair.
26:
2205:Politics and race
2137:
2136:
2129:Africa portal
1969:Le Marron Inconnu
1951:
1950:
1804:
1803:
1600:Ahmed Sékou Touré
1449:
1448:
1369:Black nationalism
1349:African socialism
277:Mandell Creighton
189:Alexander Walters
181:Anna Julia Cooper
122:
121:
117:Alexander Walters
2212:
2150:1900 conferences
2127:
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2115:
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2093:
2092:
1985:Pan-African flag
1815:
1814:
1761:Randall Robinson
1696:Leonard Jeffries
1676:W. E. B. Du Bois
1671:Cheikh Anta Diop
1666:Martin R. Delany
1490:David Comissiong
1460:
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1359:Anti-imperialism
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1117:Molefi K. Asante
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1097:Penny Von Eschen
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1052:, BlackPast.org.
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467:House of Commons
459:palace at Fulham
407:her government.
185:W. E. B. Du Bois
165:Dadabhai Naoroji
105:W. E. B. Du Bois
93:Dadabhai Naoroji
29:
25:
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2105:Africa category
2081:
2020:
1989:
1947:
1834:
1800:
1796:Omali Yeshitela
1776:Issa Laye Thiaw
1706:Maulana Karenga
1691:John G. Jackson
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1540:Patrice Lumumba
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604:Further reading
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497:The Pan-African
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157:John Alcindor
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30:
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1967:
1930:
1885:
1756:Paul Robeson
1681:Frantz Fanon
1656:Aimé Césaire
1525:Modibo Keïta
1470:Dennis Akumu
1433:
1426:
1419:
1354:Afrocentrism
1284:
1240:
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1077:Rex Collings
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895:
883:
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858:. Retrieved
854:
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783:
763:
748:
740:
736:
728:
705:
697:
653:
639:
629:
613:
554:Moira Stuart
547:
543:colonization
537:and 1994 in
520:
505:
496:
490:
471:
463:
456:
445:
441:
434:
428:
426:
417:Arthur Bigge
414:
409:
401:
397:
357:
350:
328:
320:South Africa
281:
270:
257:
225:
197:
127:was held in
124:
123:
77:Participants
1818:Educational
1631:Marimba Ani
1555:Thabo Mbeki
1463:Politicians
1415:Black power
1280:Colin Legum
997:Peter Fryer
788:Tony Martin
733:Peter Fryer
636:Tony Martin
620:Pluto Press
610:Peter Fryer
508:Tony Martin
448:Cobden Club
404:Chamberlain
347:colour-line
308:Trinidadian
217:, July 1900
169:John Archer
149:West Indies
145:Caxton Hall
137:Trinidadian
97:John Archer
2144:Categories
1731:Ali Mazrui
1641:Steve Biko
1455:Proponents
1134:Transition
1115:. Source:
1075:, London:
860:3 November
665:References
618:, London:
533:, 1974 in
531:Manchester
529:, 1945 in
512:Gold Coast
222:Background
139:barrister
43:Three days
1839:Political
1721:Malcolm X
1716:Fela Kuti
1560:Tom Mboya
1421:Négritude
1384:Sankarism
1379:Nkrumaism
1374:Garveyism
1172:The Times
1168:The Times
658:Routledge
430:The Times
369:Kimberley
335:Abyssinia
304:St. Lucia
284:St. Kitts
115:, Bishop
64:, England
1994:Dynamics
1475:Idi Amin
1403:Concepts
1337:Variants
1330:Ideology
1229:Archived
1065:Archived
955:Archived
686:Archived
584:in Paris
572:See also
433:and the
373:Rhodesia
355:(1903).
324:Rhodesia
316:Dominica
58:Location
40:Duration
2057:Kwanzaa
2025:Related
1956:Symbols
1943:ZANU–PF
1099:(eds),
806:, ed.,
660:, 2011.
646:, 1985.
580:at the
539:Kampala
493:Jamaica
339:Liberia
290:, from
191:of the
1624:Others
1435:Ujamaa
1428:Ubuntu
1394:Zikism
816:
481:Legacy
200:racism
183:, and
129:London
62:London
1212:, in
1149:, in
523:Paris
516:Ghana
472:Miss
343:Haiti
69:Theme
48:Venue
862:2021
814:ISBN
371:and
322:and
32:Date
735:in
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