574:. Over a decade, she researched and composed her dissertation, completing her coursework in 1924. Cooper defended her thesis "The Attitude of France on the Question of Slavery Between 1789 and 1848" in 1925. Cooper's retirement from Washington Colored High School in 1930 was not the end of her political activism. The same year she retired, she accepted the position of president at Frelinghuysen University, a school founded to provide classes for DC residents lacking access to higher education. Cooper worked for Frelinghuysen for twenty years, first as president and then as registrar, and left the school only a decade before she died in 1964 at the age of 105. At the age of 65, she became the fourth black woman in American history to earn a Doctor of Philosophy degree. Her work was eventually published in an anthology of medieval French literature and was requested for classes and the bookstore at Harvard.
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trade-skill training." During her 14 years at St. Augustine's, she distinguished herself as a bright and ambitious student who showed equal promise in both liberal arts and analytical disciplines such as mathematics and science; her subjects included languages (Latin, French, Greek), English literature, math, and science. Although the school had a special track reserved for women – dubbed the "Ladies' Course" – and the administration actively discouraged women from pursuing higher-level courses, Cooper fought for her right to take a course reserved for men by demonstrating her academic ability. During this period, St. Augustine's pedagogical emphasis was on training young men for the ministry and preparing them for additional training at four-year universities. One of these men,
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and vocal and instrumental music; she is not listed as faculty in the 1884–1885 year, but in the 1885–1886 year she is listed as "Instructor in
Classic, Rhetoric, Etc." Her husband's early death may have contributed to her ability to continue teaching; if she had stayed married, she might have been encouraged or required to withdraw from the university to become a housewife.
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442:. This approach to the education of black students clashed with the backlash over Reconstruction gains in Black civil and political rights, and resulted in the D.C. School Board refusing to reappoint her in 1906. Later, she was recalled to M Street, and she fit her work on her doctoral thesis into "nooks and crannies of free time".
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A nation's greatness is not dependent upon the things it make and uses. Things without thots are mere vulgarities. America can boast her expanse of territory, her gilded domes, her paving stones of silver dollars; but the question of deepest moment in this nation today is its men and its women, the
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Cooper's academic excellence enabled her to work as a tutor for younger children, which also helped her pay for her educational expenses. After completing her studies, she remained at the institution as an instructor. In the 1883–1884 school year, she taught classics, modern history, higher
English,
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standing of the
African-American community. She says that men's violent natures often counter the goals of higher education, so it is essential to foster more female intellectuals because they will bring more elegance to education. This view was criticized by some as submissive to the 19th-century
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Cooper believed that the essential purpose for a "decolonizing" approach to adult education content was to assist her students in developing their abilities to question dominant thought ... Cooper's ultimate goal for her learning adults was their preparation for intellectual enlightenment as
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to train teachers to educate the formerly enslaved and their families. The
Reverend J. Brinton offered Cooper a scholarship to help pay for her expenses. According to Mark S. Giles, a Cooper biographer, "the educational levels offered at St. Augustine ranged from primary to high school, including
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is widely viewed as one of the first articulations of black feminism. The book advanced a vision of self-determination through education and social uplift for
African-American women. Its central thesis was that black women's educational, moral, and spiritual progress would improve the general
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in Ohio, where she continued to follow the study designated for men, graduating in 1884. Given her academic qualifications, she was admitted as a sophomore. She often attempted to take four classes, rather than three as was prescribed by the college; she also was attracted to
Oberlin by its
298:, but whose estate later was forced to repay missing funds. Either George, who enslaved her mother, or his brother, Dr. Fabius Haywood, who enslaved her older brother, Andrew, was probably Anna's father; Anna's mother refused to clarify paternity. George became state attorney for
568:. However, she was forced to interrupt her studies in 1915 when she adopted her late half-brother's five children upon their mother's death. Later, she transferred her credits to the University of Paris-Sorbonne, which did not accept her Columbia thesis, an edition of
586:, a post she assumed in 1930. Under Cooper's leadership in the 1930s, Frelinghuysen University focused on increasing literacy among the African American working poor and providing liberal arts and vocational education for unskilled workers. Karen A. Johnson writes in
1993:
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After the university found servicing its mortgage prohibitive, she moved the institution to her own house. Cooper retired from her position as president in 1940, but she continued her involvement with the university, taking a position as its registrar.
476:. Still, others label it as one of the most important arguments for black feminism in the 19th century. Cooper advanced the view that educated and successful black women must support their underprivileged peers in achieving their goals. The essays in
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Although the alumni magazine of Cooper's undergraduate alma mater, Oberlin
College, praised her in 1924, stating, "The class of '84 is honored in the achievement of this scholarly and colored alumna," when she tried to present her edition of
358:. At Oberlin, Cooper was part of the "LLS", "one of the two literary societies for women, whose regular programs featured lectures by distinguished speakers as well as singers and orchestras". After teaching briefly at
434:, becoming principal in 1901 or 1902. She later became entangled in a controversy involving the differing attitudes about black education, as she advocated for a model of classical education espoused by
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contain the following quotation: "The cause of freedom is not the cause of a race or a sect, a party or a class – it is the cause of humankind, the very birthright of humanity." – Anna Julia Cooper
244:, University of Paris. Cooper became the fourth African-American woman to earn a doctoral degree. She was also a prominent member of Washington, D.C.'s African-American community, and a member of
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in
Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African-American community. Helen Cook was elected president.
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Born into slavery in 1858, Cooper received a world-class education, which enabled her to claim sway and prestige in academic and social circles. In 1924, she received her PhD from the
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Cooper worked as a domestic servant in the
Haywood home and she had two older brothers, Andrew J. Haywood and Rufus Haywood. Andrew, enslaved by Fabius J. Haywood, later served in the
290:, in 1858. She and her mother, Hannah Stanley Haywood, were enslaved by George Washington Haywood (1802–1890), one of the sons of North Carolina's longest-serving state Treasurer
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1977:
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Moody-Turner, Shirley (Spring 2009). "A Voice beyond the South: Resituating the Locus of
Cultural Representation in the Later Writings of Anna Julia Cooper".
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among her examples, and demonstrated an interest in access to education which would inform much of her later career. In writing this essay, she preceded
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to see the Passion Play, thence to Munich and other German towns, and then to Italy through Rome, Naples, Venice, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, and Florence."
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467:, published in 1892, and delivered many speeches calling for civil rights and women's rights. Perhaps her most well-known volume of writing,
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reputation for music, but was unable to take as many classes in piano as she would have wished. Among her classmates were fellow black women
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The Anna Julia Cooper Center on Gender, Race, and Politics in the South at Wake Forest University was established in Anna Cooper's honor.
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Also in 2009, a tuition-free private middle school was opened and named in her honor – the Anna Julia Cooper Episcopal School on historic
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Uplifting the Women and the Race: The Educational Philosophies and Social Activism of Anna Julia Cooper and Nannie Helen Burroughs
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and reads paper titled "The Intellectual Progress of the Colored Women of the United States since the Emancipation Proclamation"
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Sulé, V. Thandi (2013). "Intellectual Activism: The Praxis of Dr. Anna Julia Cooper as a Blueprint for Equity-Based Pedagogy".
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Giles, Mark S. (Fall 2006). "Special Focus: Dr. Anna Julia Cooper, 1858–1964: Teacher, Scholar, and Timeless Womanist".
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Moody-Turner, Shirley; Stewart, James (Spring 2009). "Gendering Africana Studies: Insights from Anna Julia Cooper".
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Anna Julia Cooper is the only African American woman to be quoted in the U.S. Passport. Pages 24 and 25 of the 2016
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Harley, Sharon (1997). "Anna J. Cooper: A Voice for Black Women". In Harley, Sharon; Terborg-Penn, Rosslyn (eds.).
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During her years as a teacher and principal at M Street High School, Cooper also completed her first book, titled
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The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including a Voice from the South and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters
1154:""This Scholarly and Colored Alumna": Transcriptions of Anna Julia Cooper's Correspondence with Oberlin College"
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In 1868, when Cooper was nine years old, she received a scholarship and began her education at the newly opened
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1429:. Washington: Education Department, Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. p. 14.
229:; August 10, 1858 – February 27, 1964) was an American author, educator, sociologist, speaker,
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326:
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Johnson, Karen A. (Spring 2009). "'In Service for the Common Good': Anna Julia Cooper and Adult Education".
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The Black Washingtonians: The Anacostia Museum Illustrated Chronology, 300 Years of African American History
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620:, in Raleigh, North Carolina, where her academic career began. She was buried alongside her husband at the
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484:, gender, the socioeconomic realities of black families, and the administration of the Episcopal Church.
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Moody-Turner, Shirley (Spring 2009). "Preface: Anna Julia Cooper: A Voice beyond the South (pp. 7-9)".
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2017:
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Cooper was an author, educator, and public speaker. In 1893, she delivered the opening address at the
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1949:"'This Scholarly and Colored Alumna': Anna Julia Cooper's Troubled Relationship with Oberlin College"
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May, Vivian M. (Spring 2009). "Writing the Self into Being: Anna Julia Cooper's Textual Politics".
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in Chicago. She was one of five African-American women invited to speak at this event, along with:
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757:(Doctoral thesis) (in French). Paris: Imprimerie de la Cour D'appel – via Howard University.
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in London. After visiting the cathedral towns of Scotland and England, she went to Paris for the
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in London, reads paper titled "The Negro Problem in America", and joins the executive committee.
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Personal Recollections of the Grimké family and the Life and Writings of Charlotte Forten Grimké
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Cooper made contributions to social science fields, particularly in sociology. Her first book,
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Guy-Sheftall, Beverly (Spring 2009). "Black Feminist Studies: The Case of Anna Julia Cooper".
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616:, at the age of 105 from a heart attack. Her memorial was held in a chapel on the campus of
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1940: Becomes registrar of Frelinghuysen University and hosts classes in her LeDroit home.
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in London, England, in 1900 and delivered a paper titled "The Negro Problem in America."
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1891: Participates in the weekly "Saturday Circle" or "Saturday Nighters" salon of
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2076:"Bio | Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Ph.D. Anna Julia Cooper Professor of Women's Studies"
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Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment
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From Slavery to the Sorbonne and Beyond: The Life and Writings of Anna J. Cooper
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elevation at which it receives its "vision" into the firmament of eternal truth.
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1453:. Raleigh (N.C.): St. Augustine's Normal School and Collegiate Institute. 1899
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1929: Becomes second president of Frelinghuysen University in Washington, D.C.
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1131:. Washington: Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.
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1964: February 27, Anna J. Cooper dies in Washington D.C. at the age of 105.
338:, would later become her husband. He died after only two years of marriage.
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2095:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005. pp. 271–272.
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1700:"A Voice From The South By a Black Woman of the South--The Venerable and."
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1888: Becomes one of the first black woman to earn a master's degree from
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313:. Rufus was also born enslaved and became the leader of the musical group
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1824:""In Service for the Common Good": Anna Julia Cooper and Adult Education"
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430:– Cooper began as a tenured teacher, teaching Latin, math and science at
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649:, about earning her doctorate from the Sorbonne, and a memoir about the
261:, giving Cooper the often-used title of "the Mother of Black Feminism".
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Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History & Culture
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2286:
Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide
2065:, Anna Julia Cooper Project on Gender, Race and Politics in the South.
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L'attitude de la France à l'égard de l'esclavage pendant la révolution
588:"In Service for the Common Good" Anna Julia Cooper and Adult Education
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Special section on Anna Julia Cooper in the Spring 2009 issue of the
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The Black Washingtonians: The Anacostia Museum Illustrated Chronology
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1901: Becomes second black female principal of M. Street High School.
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Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction
1667:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 163–164.
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In 1929, Cooper was elected to succeed Jesse Lawson as president of
302:, North Carolina, and together with a brother owned a plantation in
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1607:"Black female head of a top D.C. school was 'punished for leading'"
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363:
27:
African-American author, educator, speaker, and scholar (1858–1964)
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The Church Awakens: African Americans and the Struggle for Justice
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Black Women in the Ivory Tower, 1850–1954: An Intellectual History
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1925: Earns doctorate from University of Paris, purchases home in
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received significant praise from leaders in the black community.
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In 1900, she made her first trip to Europe to participate in the
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She became the seventh principal at M Street High School in 1902
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In 1914, at 56, Cooper began courses for her doctoral degree at
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1893: Becomes only woman elected to the American Negro Academy.
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1887: Begins teaching math and Latin at the Preparatory School.
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activist, Black feminist leader, and one of the most prominent
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The Portable Nineteenth-Century African American Women Writers
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well as to equip them to battle for a better society at large.
257:, is widely acknowledged as one of the first articulations of
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Cooper's other writings include her autobiographical booklet
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30:"Anna Cooper" redirects here. For the Liberian educator, see
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and Center for African American History and Culture (2005).
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Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution
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neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The home is located beside
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2085:
969:, begins hosting monthly "Les Amis de la Langue Francaise".
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1879: Husband dies, and Anna is widowed at 21 years of age.
1720:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 121.
1639:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xxvii–liv.
1505:. Northampton, Massachusetts: Smith College. p. 19.
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She later moved to Washington, DC. In 1892, Anna Cooper,
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1296:. The Archives of the Episcopal Church DFMS/PECUSA. 2008
762:—— (1988). Frances Richardson Keller (ed.).
730:——; Koschwitz, Eduard; Klein, FĂ©lix (1925).
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Saint Augustine's Normal School and Collegiate Institute
374:' similar arguments in "Of the Training of Black Men" (
1907:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
1574:"Anna Julia Cooper: Educator, Writer and Intellectual"
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Smith, Jessie Carney (1992). "Josephine Beall Bruce".
1797:"Anna Julia Cooper's Bio - Anna Julia Cooper Project"
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In 2009, the United States Postal Service released a
559:"The Ethics of the Negro Question", September 5, 1902
254:
A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South
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Available Means: An Anthology of Women's Rhetoric(s)
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729:
282:
Anna "Annie" Julia Haywood was born into slavery in
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St. Augustine's University (North Carolina) faculty
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1450:
Catalogue of St. Augustine's Normal School, 1882–99
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1858: Born into slavery in Raleigh, North Carolina.
2834:St. Augustine's University (North Carolina) alumni
2789:Burials at City Cemetery (Raleigh, North Carolina)
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1146:
1880:"Decennial Catalogue of Frelinghuysen University"
786:Translation of the author's 1925 doctoral thesis.
764:Slavery and the French revolutionists (1788–1805)
480:also touched on various topics, such as race and
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1530:(v1 ed.). Gale Research Inc. p. 123.
1427:A Woman of Courage: The Story of Anna J. Cooper
1342:North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
1143:
1099:(Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 1921),
802:and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters
642:to the college the next year, it was rejected.
391:. "After a week at the Exposition, she went to
158:Fourth African American woman to receive a PhD
2306:The Afro-American woman: struggles and images
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1687:"Late Publications, Books, Magazines, Etc.."
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1421:
1072:List of people on stamps of the United States
426:Cooper would develop a close friendship with
2695:Works by Anna J. Cooper at Project Gutenberg
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2435:
2035:. Church Publishing, Inc. December 1, 2019.
1744:The World's Congress of Representative Women
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1211:
2899:20th-century African-American women writers
1902:"Women and Black Education: Three Profiles"
1277:African American Contributions to Sociology
1253:"Foundations of African-American Sociology"
1103:(German, University of Chicago, 1921), and
871:There is an Anna Julia Cooper Professor of
705:—— (2016). Neary, Janet (ed.).
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1758:Sylvester Williams, Spartacus Educational.
1747:. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 711–715.
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1257:Hampton University Department of Sociology
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798:The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including
345:After her husband's death, Cooper entered
49:
1600:
1598:
1568:
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1406:
1275:Melvin Barber; Leslie Innis; Emmit Hunt,
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2723:- Digitized personal papers held by the
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1776:Cooper, Anna Julia (September 5, 1902),
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1605:Moody-Turner, Shirley (March 19, 2024).
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950:World's Congress of Representative Women
914:1892: Publishes "A Voice From The South
521:World's Congress of Representative Women
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268:
2934:20th-century African-American academics
2759:19th-century African-American academics
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1982:, Rowman and Littlefield, 1998, p. 306.
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1810:
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181: 1877; died 1879)
14:
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2257:Anna J. Cooper, A Voice From the South
1998:N.C. Government & Heritage Library
1992:Davis, Sarajanee (December 10, 2019).
1976:Lemert, Charles, and Esme Bhan (eds),
1899:
1877:
1775:
1740:
1595:
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1129:Anna J. Cooper, A Voice From the South
931:1893: Co-hosts anti-lynching activist
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761:
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398:
2909:20th-century African-American writers
2764:19th-century American women academics
2686:Works by Anna J. Cooper in eBook form
2020:, Anna Julia Cooper Episcopal School.
1991:
1560:, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, p. 136
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1107:(Literature, Radcliffe College, 1921)
755:Published Materials by Anna J. Cooper
673:. Xenia, Ohio: Aldine Printing House.
612:On February 27, 1964, Cooper died in
507:Former home of Anna J. Cooper in the
221:
2804:Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
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1691:, vol. 5, no. 9, March 4, 1893, p. .
1637:A Voice from the South: Introduction
1259:. Hampton University. Archived from
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1178:
1176:
1174:
2904:20th-century American women writers
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2377:
1965:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1308:
237:scholars in United States history.
192:Lula Love Lawson (foster daughter)
24:
2244:
1778:"The Ethics of the Negro Question"
1663:Ritchie, Joy; Kate Ronald (2001).
1580:. The Smithsonian. August 10, 2023
1483:
1223:. New York: Penguin. p. 414.
1127:Hutchinson, Louise Daniel (1981).
891:1877: Marries George A. C. Cooper.
25:
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2944:People enslaved in North Carolina
2679:
1171:
1062:List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters
2939:African-American women academics
2914:20th-century American historians
2884:African-American women educators
2707:
2260:. Washington: Published for the
1741:Sewall, May Wright, ed. (1894).
1057:List of African-American writers
1031:
1017:
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989:
2924:20th-century American essayists
2919:20th-century American academics
2879:Educators from Washington, D.C.
2769:19th-century American academics
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1635:Washington, Mary Helen (1988).
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1191:. University Press of Florida.
916:By a Black Woman of the South".
657:(privately published in 1951).
542:Cooper was also present at the
465:: By a Black Woman of the South
178:
2829:African-American Episcopalians
1716:Hairston, Eric Ashley (2013).
1382:The Journal of Negro Education
1334:
1290:"Anna Julia Cooper, 1858-1964"
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1097:Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander
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13:
1:
2864:Academics from North Carolina
2854:African-American centenarians
2849:Activists from North Carolina
2819:Writers from Washington, D.C.
2266:Smithsonian Institution Press
1461:– via Internet Archive.
1114:
1077:List of feminist rhetoricians
419:, and Evelyn Shaw formed the
56:
2869:19th-century American slaves
2664:10.5406/femteacher.23.3.0211
2283:Shockley, Ann Allen (1989).
2032:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018
1528:Notable Black American women
1185:Evans, Stephanie Y. (2008).
957:First Pan-African Conference
732:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
640:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
571:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
549:In a 1902 speech, she said:
544:first Pan-African Conference
487:
385:First Pan-African Conference
380:, 1903) by almost a decade.
320:
296:University of North Carolina
277:
264:
115:City Cemetery in Raleigh, NC
7:
2874:African-American historians
2859:American women centenarians
2844:American women medievalists
2706:(public domain audiobooks)
2289:. New Haven, CT: Meridian.
2061:September 10, 2015, at the
1900:Chitty, Arthur Ben (1983).
1052:African-American literature
982:
882:
667:Cooper, Anna Julia (1892).
632:
627:
594:pedagogy", further saying:
331:the local Episcopal diocese
10:
2960:
2814:College of Sorbonne alumni
2794:Columbia University alumni
2784:African-American feminists
2330:Johnson, Karen A. (2000).
1822:Johnson, Karen A. (2009).
1346:"Anna J. Cooper 1858-1964"
1316:"George Washington Cooper"
868:is the founding director.
855:the Episcopal Church (USA)
29:
2779:American feminist writers
2252:Hutchinson, Louise Daniel
2133:. 2005. pp. 349–350.
1763:October 22, 2012, at the
849:Cooper is honored on the
823:
618:Saint Augustine's College
590:that Cooper practiced a "
204:
196:
188:
162:
154:
119:
111:
92:
66:
48:
41:
2894:Literate American slaves
2715:Essays by Anna J. Cooper
2235:The Black Washingtonians
2221:The Black Washingtonians
2204:The Black Washingtonians
2190:The Black Washingtonians
2176:The Black Washingtonians
2162:The Black Washingtonians
2145:The Black Washingtonians
2131:The Black Washingtonians
2117:The Black Washingtonians
1951:, Oberlin College, 2003.
1878:Cooper, Anna J. (1939).
1475:Dyson, Zita E. (2017) .
1082:
1047:African-American history
806:Rowman & Littlefield
766:. Translated by Keller.
660:
607:
584:Frelinghuysen University
578:Frelinghuysen University
529:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
2700:Works by Anna J. Cooper
2610:African American Review
2571:African American Review
2532:African American Review
2501:African American Review
2462:African American Review
2439:African American Review
2429:African American Review
2378:May, Vivian M. (2007).
2359:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
1829:African American Review
846:in Richmond, Virginia.
792:—— (1998).
747:—— (1925).
688:Oxford University Press
678:—— (1990).
525:Fannie Barrier Williams
469:A Voice from the South,
428:Charlotte Forten Grimké
413:Charlotte Forten Grimké
377:The Souls of Black Folk
329:in Raleigh, founded by
294:, who helped found the
85:Raleigh, North Carolina
2799:Oberlin College alumni
2774:American Episcopalians
2402:Collins, Patricia Hill
1409:A Voice from the South
1217:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
922:Colored Women's League
830:United States passport
800:A Voice From the South
707:A Voice From the South
684:A Voice From the South
680:Washington, Mary Helen
670:A Voice From the South
601:
562:
516:
493:A Voice from the South
478:A Voice from the South
474:cult of true womanhood
463:A Voice from the South
455:A Voice from the South
450:
421:Colored Women's League
415:, Mary Jane Peterson,
304:Greene County, Alabama
274:
200:Hannah Stanley Haywood
2929:American women slaves
2839:American medievalists
2361:John Wiley & Sons
2324:First published 1978.
1703:The Cleveland Gazette
1501:Gabel, Leona (1982).
1477:"Mrs. Anna J. Cooper"
596:
551:
513:Anna J. Cooper Circle
506:
448:
272:
2119:. 2005. p. 118.
1994:"Cooper, Anna Julia"
1947:Shilton, Katherine,
1706:, May 6, 1893, p. 2.
1554:, "Anna J. Cooper",
1352:on December 29, 2018
1067:List of centenarians
1011:United States portal
909:Black Washingtonians
866:Melissa Harris-Perry
734:. Paris: A. Lahure.
537:Fanny Jackson Coppin
440:Booker T. Washington
432:M Street High School
311:Spanish–American War
2310:Black Classic Press
2237:. pp. 271–272.
2164:. pp. 349–350.
1961:"Anna Julia Cooper"
1784:, Howard University
1611:The Washington Post
1557:Daughters of Africa
1423:Martin-Felton, Zora
851:liturgical calendar
839:in Cooper's honor.
837:commemorative stamp
566:Columbia University
417:Mary Church Terrell
399:Washington DC years
360:Wilberforce College
356:Mary Church Terrell
336:George A. C. Cooper
168:George A. C. Cooper
141:University of Paris
2623:10.1353/afa.0.0034
2584:10.1353/afa.0.0023
2545:10.1353/afa.0.0008
2514:10.1353/afa.0.0013
2475:10.1353/afa.0.0019
2312:. pp. 87–96.
1842:10.1353/afa.0.0023
1407:Hutchison (1981).
1105:Eva Beatrice Dykes
955:1900: Attends the
948:1893: Attends the
937:Frederick Douglass
920:1892: Founded the
772:Edwin Mellen Press
768:Lewiston, New York
711:Dover Publications
533:Hallie Quinn Brown
517:
451:
275:
71:Anna Julia Haywood
2725:Howard University
2721:Anna Julia Cooper
2717:at Quotidiana.org
2078:. April 27, 2014.
2042:978-1-64065-234-7
1967:, March 31, 2015.
1727:978-1-57233-984-2
1674:978-0-8229-5753-9
1646:978-0-19-506323-3
1411:. pp. 26–27.
1198:978-0-8130-4520-7
1101:Georgiana Simpson
354:(later Hunt) and
246:Alpha Kappa Alpha
218:Anna Julia Cooper
215:
214:
96:February 27, 1964
18:Anna Julia Cooper
16:(Redirected from
2951:
2711:
2710:
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2651:Feminist Teacher
2642:
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2494:
2455:
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2408:(2nd ed.).
2397:
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2353:Anacostia Museum
2351:The Smithsonian
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1348:. Archived from
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1263:on March 6, 2017
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1158:www2.oberlin.edu
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614:Washington, D.C.
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436:W. E. B. Du Bois
389:World Exposition
372:W. E. B. Du Bois
235:African-American
231:Black liberation
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2690:Standard Ebooks
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2018:School History"
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873:Women's Studies
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2680:External links
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1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
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1326:December 27,
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393:Oberammergau
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292:John Haywood
281:
252:
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209:John Haywood
112:Burial place
98:(1964-02-27)
36:
2754:1964 deaths
2749:1858 births
1933:January 12,
1863:January 11,
859:February 28
844:Church Hill
499:Later years
300:Wake County
60: 1902
2743:Categories
2446:(1): 7–9.
2056:"Director"
1300:August 26,
1115:References
248:sorority.
77:1858-08-10
2672:145683841
2639:161969279
2600:142854036
2561:142631545
2491:161293124
2410:Routledge
2384:Routledge
1920:0018-2486
1858:142854036
1850:1945-6182
1802:April 18,
1617:March 20,
1584:March 20,
1457:March 23,
1239:951070652
1163:April 18,
740:578022221
488:Reception
352:Ida Gibbs
321:Education
278:Childhood
265:Biography
205:Relatives
120:Education
2704:LibriVox
2631:27802559
2592:27802558
2553:27802557
2522:27802556
2483:27802555
2452:27802554
2404:(2008).
2254:(1981).
2059:Archived
1928:42973958
1761:Archived
1536:34106990
1435:53457649
1425:(2000).
1394:40034662
1267:March 5,
1137:07462546
983:See also
883:Timeline
633:Writings
628:Artistry
557:—
364:Socrates
242:Sorbonne
189:Children
2264:by the
1689:Freeman
796:(ed.).
682:(ed.).
284:Raleigh
227:Haywood
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824:Legacy
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535:, and
482:racism
368:Sappho
197:Mother
163:Spouse
2668:S2CID
2635:S2CID
2627:JSTOR
2596:S2CID
2588:JSTOR
2557:S2CID
2549:JSTOR
2518:JSTOR
2487:S2CID
2479:JSTOR
2448:JSTOR
1924:JSTOR
1854:S2CID
1390:JSTOR
1273:From
1083:Notes
935:with
924:with
661:Works
608:Death
177:(
173:
2414:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2338:ISBN
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2270:ISBN
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2005:2024
1935:2023
1916:ISSN
1887:2018
1865:2023
1846:ISSN
1804:2019
1722:ISBN
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1641:ISBN
1619:2024
1586:2024
1532:OCLC
1507:ISBN
1459:2016
1431:OCLC
1358:2018
1328:2018
1320:Geni
1302:2016
1269:2017
1235:OCLC
1225:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1165:2019
1133:OCLC
939:and
810:ISBN
776:ISBN
736:OCLC
715:ISBN
692:ISBN
366:and
106:, US
93:Died
87:, US
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2732:at
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2688:at
2660:doi
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