Pan-African Congress

778: 944: 93: 1377: that "while previous Pan-African congresses had been controlled largely by black middle-class British and American intellectuals who had emphasized the amelioration of colonial conditions, the Manchester meeting was dominated by delegates from Africa and Africans working or studying in Britain." Adejumobi notes that "the new leadership attracted the support of workers, trade unionists, and a growing radical sector of the African student population. With fewer African American participants, delegates consisted mainly of an emerging crop of African intellectual and political leaders, who soon won fame, notoriety, and power in their various colonized countries." Among attendees were 398: 29: 996: 1250: 7513: 1035: 7490: 7480: 7501: 2478: 441:

intellectuals from Europe and America felt in being compared to the stereotypes of African people as primitive. It also placed significant value on Black people who had been "civilized" by colonizing powers. For Diagne, Germany should give up their colonies not because colonialism was bad, but because German governance was not good. After Diagne's speech, Portuguese representative

892:, to court for "having smeared and discredited the Pan-African Congress." The smear campaign made many in Brussels see the meeting as a "gathering of dangerous agitators who, like their leader Marcus Garvey, were bent on freeing Africa from European rule." However, Garvey saw the Congress as little more than a joke and sharply criticized it and Du Bois loudly and publicly. 1952:"Imperialism in North and West Africa". All present demanded independence for African nations; delegates were split on the issue of having political emancipation first or control of the economy. Kwame Nkrumah advocated for revolutionary methods of seizing power as essential to Independence. From this session onwards the chair was taken by Dr W. E. B. Du Bois. 804:

Portuguese St. Thomé, Angola and Mozambique; Liberia; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica and Grenada; French Martinique and Guadeloupe; British Guiana; the United States of America, Negroes resident in England, France, Belgium and Portugal, and fraternal visitors from India, Morocco, the Philippines and Annam." There was an Indian revolutionary who took part,

296:. Diagne served as the president of the Congress with Du Bois the secretary and Gibbs the assistant secretary. Du Bois created a list of groups he wanted to attend to the congress which included countries who had Black citizens, but he also wanted representatives from other countries as well. Du Bois wanted to petition the 1344:

had also called for a Pan African Congress to be held after WWII, but once he found out, he was interested in working with Padmore. Additional plans were made with the NAACP, and the congress was tentatively scheduled for Paris at the same time as the World Trade Union Conference. Plans changed again

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Although forming a part of a larger Pan-African movement at the beginning of the century, this event was organised by people in Manchester, and they brought in the people from all over the world." While the previous four congresses had involved predominantly members of the African diaspora, including

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If we are coming to recognize that the great modern problem is to correct maladjustment in the distribution of wealth, it must be remembered that the basic maladjustment is in the outrageously unjust distribution of world income between the dominant and suppressed peoples; in the rape of land and raw

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and Africans should take part in governing their countries as fast as their development permits until at some specified time in the future. Resolutions were sent to the press in France, Britain and the United States. The Congress recommended the creation of a multi-lingual, international publication,

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Black people from America, Britain and France "were far more advanced than indigenous and 'inherently backwards' Africans. In this capacity, he felt that African countries held by Germany should be transferred to a system similar to the colonial system of France. This speech touched on concerns Black

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cause. One of the group's major demands was to end colonial rule and racial discrimination. It stood against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a

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The Fifth Congress had a larger profile than the first four PACs. At the end of World War II, around 700 million people lived under imperial rule and were 'subject people', with no freedoms, no parliaments, no democracy, and no trade unions to protect workers. Many felt betrayed after being promised

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The Fourth Pan-African Congress was held in New York City adopted resolutions that were similar to the Third Pan-African Congress meetings. Resolutions called for the liberation of various colonized countries, including Haiti, China, and Egypt. A call for working class solidarity across racial lines

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around the world. Du Bois believed that he could "exert some positive political influence on the power-brokers and decision-makers during the Paris Peace Conference." However, Du Bois was one of many individuals representing various other advocacy groups who also wanted to have a voice at the Peace

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completely denounced the entire 1921 Congress. The Belgian press targeted Garvey and links to the UNIA and the Congress due to "fears of disruption in the Congo." This led to fears among businesses and the government in Brussels that the Congress would be a radical event that would advocate for the

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writer believed that the U.S. was worried it would be embarrassed by discussions of race relations at the Congress in Paris. Many of the delegates who attended did so on short notice, or by getting through on other types of credentials, such as being journalists. Others, like Gibbs, were already in

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This conference shifted the discussion about Pan-Africanism to focus more on African leaders and the people of Africa as "primary agents of change in the anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles." Du Bois attempted to enlist the NAACP into further support for Pan-Africanism and aid to Africa, but

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The congress eventually adopted several resolutions, especially related to people living under colonialism. They advocated for self-determination of African people except where "existing practices were directly contradictory to best established principles of civilization." It was felt that Africa

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moved to Dar es Salaam in 1973 where they served as the head of the International Secretariat for 6PAC. Planners had to decided whether 6PAC would pick up right where the 5th congress left off, which meant recommitting to opposing various forms of colonialism still present in Africa. Focusing on

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were going to be discussed at the Peace Conference. He hoped that having a conference of Black representatives from around the world would be heard by the European powers and the European public. He wanted to lobby the governments attending the Peace Conference to ensure better treatment for

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The opening meeting was held at St. Mark's Methodist Church and the Headquarters remained at the Grace Congregational Church. There were about 208 delegates from the United States and other countries. Low attendance from British and French colonies was due to government travel restrictions.

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in November that year, represented at this congress were "26 different groups of people of Negro descent: namely, British Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; the Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, former German East Africa; French Senegal, the French Congo and Madagascar; Belgian Congo;

541:, a white Virginian working for the U.S. State Department in Paris, expressed greater alarm at the "so-called Pan-African Congress": he reported that he had heard that "speeches of the American Negroes were highly inflammatory and condemnatory of the social conditions in the United States". 1021:

to imply that the French Committee had sent delegates. As long-time African-American residents of France, Hunt and Logan had traveled independently to the meeting, and Hunt and Béton were perturbed that Du Bois had implied they represented France. Black French people, including Béton and

808:, and a journalist from the Gold Coast named W. F. Hutchinson who spoke. This session of the Congress was the most focused for change of all the meetings thus far. At the London session, resolutions were adopted, later restated by Du Bois in his "Manifesto To the League of Nations": 158:

held in London in 1900. The conference, which brought together people who were against racism and colonialism, attracted international attention, though it did not lead to political action on these issues. Attendees of the Pan-African Conference discussed the need to preserve Black

2190:. Flewellen and Hill, who served on the international secretariat, conducted meetings to select delegates for 6PAC. Hill organized the North American delegates, focusing on ways that the Black community could work together to pool resources to aid in the Pan-African movement. 2082:"PAC@75". Manchester Metropolitan University held a four-day celebration in October 2020 to mark the 75th anniversary of the 5th Pan-African Congress. Curated by Professor of Architecture Ola Uduku, the anniversary celebrations involved both creative and academic events. 514:

under British rule barely reported on the event. However, European press did run information about the Congress in the weeks prior to the event. Black people in the United States "generally approved of the actions of Du Bois as reported in the newspapers."

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held in Paris at that time to make a case for African colonies to become self-ruling. The Pan-African Congress proposed that Germany should be required to turn over its colonies to an international organization rather than other colonial powers. Unlike the

2288:, Neville Parker, Don Coleman, and Fletcher Robinson, all worked towards the development of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology during the congress. However, there was not enough support for the plan and it didn't make the final resolution. 1389:

who would go on to be the first presidents of their newly independent countries. Commentators estimate that 87–90 delegates were in attendance at the Congress, representing some 50 organisations, with a total of 200 audience members present. While

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with white capital. Unconsciously and consciously, carelessly and deliberately, the vast power of the white labor vote in modern democracies has been cajoled and flattered into imperialistic schemes to enslave and debauch black, brown and yellow

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in New York City was held on January 19, 1919, by the NAACP on the future of Africa. At the event, there was wide support for Du Bois to discuss Pan African issues in Paris during the Peace Conference. Speakers at the New York meeting included

469:'s empire as the best current opportunity for the realization of black rights within their constituencies." Adherence to a "benevolent" nation was seen as a practical approach to helping improve the lives of Black people they represented. 2071:

hosted the first exhibition showcasing John Deakin's photographs from the Fifth Congress. The exhibition marked the 70th anniversary of the Congress in 2015 and included film screenings exploring Pan-African history and ideals curated by

305:, the Pan-African Congress was unable to send delegates to the Peace Conference, nor were members permitted to serve on commissions. Delegates to the Pan African Congress had no "official status" among world governments or organizations. 131:

and colonialism were built on negative attitudes towards people of African descent, which in turn, contributed to racism. African Americans were especially frustrated with their slow progress towards racial equality in the United States.

2413:, spoke at the opening of the congress, where he listed five criteria for defining who is an "African." The criteria, which included people of many backgrounds and nationalities, helped define "African" as something that was not just a 186:, African American soldiers fought bravely overseas and people like Du Bois felt that they should not face racial violence when they return to the United States. Black soldiers also faced discrimination in Europe at the hands of the 354:

There were 57 delegates representing 15 countries, a smaller number than originally intended because British and American governments refused to issue passports to their citizens who had planned on attending. Representatives of the

2079:"Pan African Congress 50 years on". The project interviewed attendees of the 1945 Pan African Congress who were still living in Manchester in 1995. The project was part of the 50th commemorative event held in Manchester in 1995. 445:, praised French democracy and its inclusion of Black people in government. Other representatives to the Pan-African Congress also praised France for having Black representation in politics and good relations with Black people 480:

gave a speech called "The Use of African Troops in Europe" which described many racist experiences Black soldiers fighting in WWI encountered in hospitals and other institutions. Curtis pleaded for the world to recognize that

476:, spoke about the importance of developing his country as a free state, emphasizing the importance of a shared African heritage. Because of American support, however, Liberia did not want to agitate against the United States. 507:. It was also expected that delegates would plan for the next Pan-African Congress and that this could be a continuing discussion. Du Bois also hoped for the creation of a world organization, the Pan-African Association. 1980:"The Problems in the Caribbean" This session was addressed by a number of trade union delegates from the Caribbean; some delegates demanded "complete independence", some "self-government" and others "dominion status". 2266:, attending the conference allowed them to express the solidarity of the Black activists in Britain with anti-colonialists activists in the rest of the world. A highlight of the conference was the resolution on 2237:

Hill served as the secretary general for North America. It was part of the original planning that groups working towards liberation have time to network and "build international solidarity." Activists such as

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from June 19 to June 27, 1974. Around 50 different sovereign governments and political organizations sent delegates to 6PAC. Delegates from liberation movements from several colonized countries also attended.

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was an important planner of the Lisbon event, which was smaller than the others. The London Congress was held at Denison House. This meeting also repeated the demands such as self-rule, the problems in the

7690: 6666:. Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out 1071: 6455: 7326: 1998: 1644: 1576: 636: 2202: 838:. They soon abandoned the idea of Pan-Africanism because they advocated equal rights inside the French citizenship and thought the London Manifesto declaration too dangerously extreme. 422: 1638: 2001:, spoke about child welfare. Women also supported in behind-the-scenes roles, organising many of the social and other events outside the main sessions. Historians Marika Sherwood and 533:

that did not take place at the conference. Instead, he focused on "black solidarity" over reporting other content of the discussions. One conference attendee, the French Africanist

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and Du Bois wanted to avoid that connection. Of all groups that were trying to have a voice during the end of WWI, Du Bois believed he could have "positive political influence."

2210: 888: 410: 2334: 1288:, it was switched to August in Manchester. The Conference took place in a building decorated with the flags of the three black nations under self-governance at the time 1340:

on an idea for an "African Freedom Charter." This correspondence led to Du Bois calling for a fifth Pan African Congress to be held in London. Du Bois was unaware that

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introduced Du Bois to colonial leaders in Brussels. Imperial and colonial powers were worried about the American delegates supporting radical and revolutionary ideas.

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of the French Committee wrote a letter to Du Bois, telling him that the French group would not be sending delegates. However, in one of the reports he published in

179:" as one of the most important issues of the 20th century. Du Bois' inclusion at the 1900 conference marked him as a developing leader in the Pan-African movement. 7811: 7646: 7299: 2221:

colonialism and imperialism was an important decision because it was possible that it could alienate Caribbean governments and delegates from the United States.

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for slavery and racial violence. He also believed that ensuring a positive future for Africa would be key to helping all Black people around the world. Wilson's

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In 1920, Du Bois secured 3,000 dollars from the NAACP for the creation of a "Pan-African fund". He planned to have more African representatives at this event.

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new world context of international cooperation and the need to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent.

2119: 1902: 1366: 1083: 1067: 6188: 7314: 5301:

Johnson, W. Chris (2019). "7. 'The Spirit of Bandung' in 1970s Britain: The Black Liberation Front's Revolutionary Transnationalism". In Adi, Hakim (ed.).

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It was reported that there was little news coverage of the Congress in the French press, but one newspaper in Paris called Du Bois a "disciple of Garvey."

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Conference. Since he was not given permission to speak at the Peace Conference, he decided to create a separate meeting to take place at the same time.

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covered the 5th Pan African Congress in an article by war reporter Hilde Marchant titled "Africa Speaks in Manchester", published on 10 November 1945.

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Event planners also hoped that the Congress would support the creation of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology. Several men associated with

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Several North American activists from the 6PAC went on to Washington, D.C., in the fall of 1974 to lobby the United States to take action against

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the results were tepid. Du Bois continued to work towards the creation of a Pan-African movement in the United States throughout 1946. Due to the

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became alarmed. Beer, who was the chief colonial expert working for the U.S., believed that Black people could not govern themselves. A series of

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raised money through solicitations of prominent NAACP supporters. Despite the funding received, the conference took place on a very small budget.

6370:"'The Fighting Had Ceased But... Democracy Had Not Won': Helen Noble Curtis and the Rise of a Black International Feminism in World War I France" 2251: 2201:

about hosting the congress there. During the planning, the radical non-governmental delegation from the Caribbean, which included members of the

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employment practices. These topics were discussed at the first session of the Congress held on October 15, 1945, chaired by Amy Ashwood Garvey.

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Committees were formed during the event, including the creation of a resolution committee headed by Bellegarde, Cannady, Du Bois, Hunton, and

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and in his reports to the NAACP, he did not give a full view of actual nature of the speeches and implied criticism of the United States'

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had been restored to the throne; the United Nations not offering help to Ethiopia while Italy (which conquered Ethiopia in 1935 under a

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would lead to positive outcomes for them politically and socially. Du Bois wrote to President Wilson and asked to be a delegate for the

7550: 4875: 6510: 5814: 5672: 4414: 2417:. In addition, 7PAC brought together activists from different generations to work on modern problems together. Modern issues included 2213:(ASCRIA), chose not to attend 6PAC. In solidarity, James also boycotted the congress despite "appeals from Julius Nyerere to attend." 1394:

did not attend the conference, he is on the record saying how important it was for the momentum of independence movement at the time.

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were supposed to attend however along with several of his fellow South African delegates could not due to issues obtaining passports.

4496: 1966:; working conditions and wages for Africans reflected the same inequalities as South Africa. This session was open by Jomo Kenyatta. 6702: 229:

was taking place at the end of WWI. Many majority groups, including Black people in Europe and Africa, felt that the creation of a

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plan gave Du Bois hope that there would be greater opportunities for Black people politically in a future marked by democratic and

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in Europe during the fighting. Du Bois described the fighting done by Black Americans as a "debt of blood" and that they deserved

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There were 208 delegates from the United States and 10 different foreign countries. Africa was represented by delegates from the

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in 1921, where he enclosed the resolutions adopted at this first Congress in 1919. Du Bois also sent the resolutions to Beer and

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in August 1945, when Du Bois announced that the fifth PAC would be held in England, one week after the trade union conference.

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that the event be hosted in Liberia and not in Europe, however having originally been scheduled in Paris to coincide with the

7198: 6465: 6291: 5706: 5316: 4858: 2281:" at the congress because it is more important for all people to work together to free themselves from oppression in Africa. 351:

and American officials in Paris. The French government even later stated that Clemenceau had never approved of the Congress.

7578: 7279: 1521: 1055:, in 1925 did not pan out due to transportation and other issues. Instead, the Congress was held in New York City in 1927. 203: 7816: 2398: 866: 4197: 2409:

There were more than 2,000 participants at the event, which included a Women's Pre-Congress meeting. Ugandan president,

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from April 3 to April 8, 1994. The theme of the event was "Facing the Future in Unity, Social Progress and Democracy."

1955:"Oppression in South Africa". Including the social, economic, educational, health and employment inequalities faced by 1710: 1353:

There was a much greater representation of African delegates and attendees from Continental Africa at this conference.

2344:. Under Hill's leadership, this grew into the Southern Africa News Collective, and eventually in 1978 turned into the 525:

proposing that European powers return German colonies to African people. When Du Bois wrote about the Congress in the

7309: 6538: 6019: 5682: 2985: 2599: 2143: 1808: 1486: 1297: 1285: 437: 348: 20: 4316: 6549: 1870: 1847: 570: 873:. The Congress met on August 28 and 29 at the Central Hall with around 113 people in attendance and 41 delegates. 7859: 7754: 7698: 7588: 7583: 7573: 7389: 2653: 2459: 2345: 2314:

A General Political Statement was created at 6PAC which called for an end to all forms of colonialism, including

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Diagne was able to get official permission for the Congress to take place in Paris by persuading Prime Minister

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Race, Rights and Reform: Black Activism in the French Empire and the United States from World War I to Cold War

5729: 4474: 2098: 302: 5520: 1969:"Ethiopia and The Black Republics". Discussing the issue of Britain exercising control over Ethiopia although 7460: 7289: 7218: 2085:

Archive material relating to the 1945 and the subsequent celebratory events in 1982 and 1995 are held at the

1956: 1793: 1262: 1237: 187: 6327:"The Pan African Movement, 1900–1945: A Study in Leadership Conflicts Among the Disciples of Pan Africanism" 971:

The development of Africa should be for the benefit of Africans and not merely for the profits of Europeans.

7627: 7594: 7274: 7259: 6695: 6573: 2491: 2270:, which was the congress' formal recognition of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination. 2118:

in June 1974. This was the first time the event took place in Africa. The event was originally proposed by

1606: 678: 632: 414: 356: 289: 155: 135: 41: 4754:. Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. October 1945 7404: 6938: 6030: 5076: 2414: 2230: 1190: 882: 614: 530: 297: 7213: 6405:"Rien pour la révolution, tout par l'éducation": The Talented Tenth at the Second Pan-African Congress" 3417: 2090: 1820: 1736: 1663: 1632: 1617: 1450: 1423: 835: 120: 5639: 5378: 3162: 1962:"The East African Picture". Focusing on the issue of land, most of the best land had been occupied by 869:

and the Paris meeting happened at the Salles des Ingènieurs. The Brussels sessions were hosted at the

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Colored Girls' and Boy's Inspiring United States History and a Heart to Heart Talk about White Folks

995: 397: 28: 7852: 7806: 7425: 7174: 7079: 7003: 6843: 4071: 1866: 1748: 1091: 1059: 143: 139: 96:

Letter from W.E.B. Du Bois to the NAACP January 1919 about planning the First Pan African Congress.

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The Negro Association, Manchester – C. Peart, M.I. Faro, Frank Niles, Dr. P. Milliard, F.W. Blaine

724: 454: 7900: 7781: 7714: 7640: 7483: 7455: 7450: 7440: 7294: 7254: 6883: 6829: 6688: 4286: 4267: 4167: 4137: 4104: 2255: 2058: 1879: 1875: 1686: 1075: 760: 626: 4230: 696: 537:, wrote that the French government was largely tolerant of the ideas expressed at the Congress. 458: 7832: 7730: 7722: 7706: 7264: 6988: 6903: 6752: 1477: 1258: 742: 730: 364: 256: 238: 6663: 5440: 4747: 406: 7845: 7619: 7505: 7169: 6651: 6437: 6425: 5998: 5332: 4773: 4680: 3994: 2483: 2438: 1918: 1799: 1317: 1270: 466: 150:. The African Association published the discrimination and injustices faced by people in the 6528: 6123: 5495: 3115: 2974:

Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

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No Easy Victories: African Liberation and American Activists Over a Half Century, 1950-2000

5112: 3957: 2426: 2053:. It is suggested by commentators that Manchester community leader and political activist, 2050: 1570: 1150: 1087: 981:

The Abolition of the pretension of a white minority to dominate a black majority in Kenya,

654: 368: 329: 264: 1308:– only to have such promises later denied so a new militancy had emerged with demands for 1209: 1122: 489:

reminded delegates that it was important to include women in the Pan-African proceedings.

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of its importance. Dates were set for February 12 and 13 to coincide with the birthday of

127:. These ideas refuted the inferiority of Black people. Pan Africanists believed that both 8: 7668: 7394: 7368: 7089: 6732: 6100: 5466: 5436: 2147: 2094: 1963: 1959:. All present expressed support and sympathy which included a number of demands outlined. 1851: 1370: 1034: 975: 805: 748: 648: 486: 325: 176: 44:

held in London in 1900. The Pan-African Congress gained a reputation as a peacemaker for

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Augusto stayed in Dar es Salaam after 6PAC to edit the proceedings of the event for the

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movement towards self-government if they fought for European colonial powers during the

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who resigned from the congress, were worried the event would have "radical tendencies."

7420: 7399: 7124: 7074: 7049: 7039: 7024: 6978: 6963: 6633: 6598: 6590: 6451: 6390: 6355: 6347: 6268: 6260: 6225: 6148: 6080: 6072: 5990: 5905: 5897: 5862: 5854: 5800: 5754: 4829: 4729: 3604:"Black Women Organize for the Future of Pan-Africanism: the Sixth Pan-African Congress" 2624: 2425:. Other tensions to unravel in 7PAC and going forward include Black nationalism, Black 2418: 2362: 2267: 2243: 2206: 1990: 1942: 1584: 1563: 1529: 1333: 1221: 1142: 974:

There should be home rule and a responsible government for British West Africa and the

959: 947: 919: 913: 854: 842: 736: 712: 690: 672: 642: 600: 477: 473: 446: 360: 309: 211: 164: 6093: 6031:"W. E. B. Du Bois' Ambiguous Politics of Liberation: Race, Marxism and Pan Africanism" 5921: 4511:"Details on the Fifth Pan-African Congress and Pan-African Film Installation (London)" 4034:"DOCUMENT: Resolutions Passed by the Fourth Pan-African Congress, New York City, 1927" 1941:

fathered by black ex-servicemen and white British mothers; racial discrimination, the

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material, and the monopoly of technique and culture. And in this crime white labor is

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as a philosophy was created as early as the late 1700s, seen through the movements of

7357: 7044: 6816: 6757: 6737: 6637: 6602: 6534: 6461: 6394: 6359: 6287: 6272: 6196: 6108: 6084: 6015: 5994: 5909: 5866: 5725: 5702: 5678: 5312: 4854: 4833: 4821: 4721: 4470: 2981: 2298: 2285: 1937:"The Colour Problem in Britain", Including issues of unemployment among black youth; 1274: 1169: 1158: 766: 545: 534: 340: 230: 160: 6888: 6873: 6530:

Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era

5471:"Sylvia Hill: From the Sixth Pan-African Congress to the Free South Africa Movement" 5470: 7600: 7559: 7373: 7149: 7084: 7064: 7059: 6878: 6747: 6625: 6582: 6417: 6382: 6339: 6256: 6252: 6173: 6064: 5982: 5942: 5917: 5893: 5889: 5846: 5277:"Sixth Pan-African Congress: Planning, Preparation and Implementation, 1969 – 1974" 4811: 4389: 3990: 2061:

to place a red plaque commemorating the Congress on the wall of Chorlton Town Hall.

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and the African-European relationship. The following was addressed at the meeting:

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In February 1919, the first Pan-African Congress was organized quickly in Paris by

215: 172: 151: 6612: 7838: 7493: 7184: 7164: 7094: 6928: 6893: 6798: 6629: 6429: 6002: 5815:"David L. Horne: Biographical Reflections, A Living Pan African Scholar-Activist" 5717: 5696: 4848: 2410: 2198: 2110:

The sixth Pan-African Congress, also known as "Sixth-PAC or 6PAC," was hosted in

1974: 1922: 1690: 1552: 1536: 1354: 1305: 1154: 1113:

during the opening session. Other speakers at the opening session included Chief

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and moderate. Nevertheless, Du Bois was able to create the idea of a Pan African

336: 313: 243: 195: 112: 108: 6913: 5051: 4900: 2393:. This group, however, wanted to limit attendance only to "African people," not 2318:. The statement also called for a unification of African people to work towards 485:

is not separate: it should be the same for all people regardless of skin color.

7663: 7465: 7430: 7179: 7139: 7129: 6998: 6993: 6983: 6973: 6908: 6868: 6777: 6711: 6343: 6068: 5970:"Conflicts of Interest: The 1919 Pan-African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment" 5788:"Rebuilding the Pan African Movement: A Report on the 7th Pan African Congress" 5394: 5348: 4302: 4246: 4213: 4183: 4153: 4120: 4087: 4010: 3973: 3433: 3178: 3131: 2496: 2357: 2315: 2274: 2159: 2123: 1970: 1946: 1768: 1667: 1540: 1525: 1391: 1378: 1357:

notes that "There were also eleven listed 'fraternal delegates', from Cypriot,

1341: 1309: 1215: 1052: 1014: 901: 870: 660: 594: 285: 199: 100: 53: 6404: 6213:"The 1921 Pan-African Congress at Brussels: A Background to Belgian Pressures" 4816: 4799: 7879: 7788: 7517: 7363: 7239: 7159: 7154: 7134: 7114: 7099: 7054: 6968: 6953: 6933: 6918: 6898: 6613:"Towards an 8th Pan-African Congress: The Evolution of the Race-Class Debate" 6550:"The Sixth Pan African Congress: Black Unity: Coming of Age in Dar-es-Salaam" 6301: 6046: 4825: 4725: 2422: 2278: 2111: 2068: 1742: 1621: 1533: 1386: 1382: 1227: 1162: 1018: 925: 823: 706: 606: 579: 386: 372: 367:

were denied passports. It was reported by the U.S. State Department that the

293: 260: 207: 73: 5969: 4593:"100 years of Nana Dr JS Annan, a life of service and social responsibility" 1261:(PAF) in Manchester in 1945, the Fifth Pan-African Congress was held at the 793:

and Paris, during August (28, 29, and 31) and September (2, 3, 5 and 6). As

789:

In 1921, the Second Pan-African Congress met in several sessions in London,

210:

on any potential proceedings. The U.S. saw Garvy and the UNIA as linked to "

7762: 7144: 7069: 6858: 6742: 6386: 4714:

African Journal of Political Science / Revue Africaine de Science Politique

2463: 2385:

The seventh Pan African Congress was called by the Pan-African Movement of

2247: 2073: 2015: 1938: 1694: 1513: 1337: 1202: 1063: 666: 426: 251: 168: 104: 81: 7691:

The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America

6809: 6193:

African Diasporas in the New and Old Worlds: Consciousness and Imagination

6178: 5986: 4876:"'Mak': Ras T Makonnen, the unrecognized hero of the Pan-African Movement" 1518:

Coloured Worker' Association – Ernest P. Marke, E.A. Aki-Emi, James Nortey

886:

overthrow of colonial rule. Panda Farnana even tried suing the newspaper,

830:, French politicians of African and Guadeloupean descent, who represented 124: 107:

in both the United States and Britain. British writers and former slaves,

7331: 7019: 6943: 6803: 6671:"The 'Key Link' – some London notes towards the 7th Pan-African Congress" 2327: 2259: 2239: 2024: 1914: 1861: 1471: 1313: 1048: 718: 511: 183: 49: 40:(PAC) was a series of eight meetings which took place on the back of the 6264: 6239: 6229: 6212: 6152: 6135: 5901: 5876: 5804: 5787: 5758: 5741: 5640:"8th Pan-African Congress Calls for Council on African National Affairs" 4733: 4709: 1569:

United Committee of Coloured and Colonial People Association, Cardiff –

1038:

Delegates from Oregon for the 4th Pan African Congress in New York 1927.

237:

to speak on behalf of Black people. Du Bois knew that the fate of some

7611: 7119: 7029: 6594: 6567: 6351: 6326: 5954: 5929: 5858: 5833: 5302: 2323: 2263: 2054: 1580: 1321: 1277:." the fifth included more representatives from the African continent. 1110: 1009: 799: 700: 516: 344: 321: 175:

was one of thirty attendees at this conference where he described "the

69: 7327:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

6421: 6369: 6076: 6051: 2162:

played a role influencing the congress. Other key organizers included

2005:

have specifically written about women involved in the Fifth-Congress.

1645:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

1434:

Workers' League – H.T. Weir, M. Dawson, Gilbert Cargill, Horace Dawson

1253:

The commemorating plaque at Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall, Manchester.

1181:

was also included, but no plans for how to accomplish this were made.

1047:

According to Du Bois, an earlier plan to hold the 4th Congress in the

405:

Eventually, the Congress took place between February 19 and 21 at the

7738: 7109: 7104: 6948: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6478:

W.E.B. Du Bois and Pan-Africanism: His Place in its Early Development

5692: 5668: 5308: 3899:"Rayford W. Logan: The Evolution of a Pan-African Protege, 1921–1927" 2341: 2319: 2127: 2037: 2002: 1501: 1362: 845:

acted as the sole representative for Liberia during this conference.

782: 499: 382: 6586: 6136:"Sixth Pan African Congress: Progress Report on Congress Organizing" 5922:"A Session of the Pan-African Congress, Paris, February 19–22, 1919" 5850: 5774:

Critical Arts: A South-North Journal of Cultural & Media Studies

4800:"Breaking the 'colour bar': Len Johnson, Manchester and anti-racism" 4072:"4th Annual Pan African Congress to be Held in N.Y. August 21,22,23" 1373:

and Independent Labour Party". Historian Saheed Adejumobi writes in

772: 335:

Once the event had permission, American officials in Paris, such as

221:

In December 1918, Du Bois went to France as a representative of the

7528: 7500: 6863: 6457:

Standing at Armageddon: A Grassroots History of the Progressive Era

5379:"Pan-African Congress Failed to Fulfill Promise of Earlier Session" 4644:"E J Du Plau, a welfare worker from Liverpool attends the Fifth..." 2477: 2303: 2115: 1289: 988: 982: 790: 371:

did not believe the timing was right for a Pan-African Congress. A

347:

described as "urgent" and "confidential" began to pass between the

61: 4363:"It began in Manchester — Manchester and The Pan-African Movement" 1265:, Manchester, United Kingdom, between the 15 and 21 October 1945. 1161:. The final speeches of the congress were given by H. H. Philips, 954:

In 1923, the Third Pan-African Congress was held in London and in

950:– Agreement to hold the third Pan-African Congress in Lisbon, 1921 413:

at the First Pan-African Congress than there had been at the 1900

115:

created the foundations for Pan Africanism in English literature.

7445: 6680: 2446: 2386: 2374: 1358: 1293: 1198: 1194: 831: 610: 482: 430: 418: 128: 77: 6306:"The Historical Aspects of Pan-Africanism: A Personal Chronicle" 5137: 5135: 5133: 4963: 4961: 1603:

African Development Association – W. Meighan, Dr. Peter Milliard

6823: 6782: 5435:

Minter, William (February 2005). Minter, William; Hovey, Gail;

4138:"Negro Experts Attend Pan-African Congress Opening in New York" 1483:

Gold Coast Farmers' Association – Ashie Nikoi, W.J. Kwesi Mould

955: 65: 5769:"C.L.R. James, Pan-Africanism and the Black Radical Tradition" 5033: 2211:

African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa

2013:

The British press scarcely mentioned the conference. However,

1545:

League of African Peoples, Birmingham – Dr. Clarence J. Piliso

1074:

of New York City was also one of the sponsors of the 4th PAC.

436:

The first speech of the Congress was by Diagne, who said that

425:

and 16 delegates from the U.S. Delegates to the Congress were

7605: 5130: 5056:

Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre Archives Hub

4958: 2394: 2390: 2146:(TANU) were involved in organizing and hosting the congress. 2040:, the NAACP stepped back from its support of Pan Africanism. 1884: 1647:– Alma La Badie, L.A. Thoywell-Henry, V.G. Hamilton, K. Boxer 317: 222: 202:. In addition, Du Bois wanted to oppose the influence of the 5034:"PAC@75: PAN AFRICAN CONGRESS 75TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS" 4618: 2704:"African-American History Month: First Pan-African Congress" 2625:"Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of Pan-Africanism" 1837:

Fraternal delegates, observers and other attendees include:

32:

Members of the Second Pan African Conference, Brussels, 1921

6189:"Du Bois, The Crisis and Images of Africa and the Diaspora" 4978: 4976: 4901:"Pan-African Congress 1945 and 1995 Archive – Archives Hub" 4562: 4560: 3518: 2302:

reported that the Congress was very divided and often too "

6237:

Levy, La TaSha; Hill, Sylvia; Claude, Judy (Winter 2008).

6162:"The Elusive History of the Pan-African Congress, 1919–27" 5834:"Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919" 4918: 3938: 3506: 3296: 3267: 2899: 2158:, who were involved with the SNCC, helped plan the event. 1885:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

938: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5544: 5542: 5212: 5210: 5159: 4774:"Pan-African Congress press release 11, ca. October 1945" 4681:"Pan-African Congress press release 11, ca. October 1945" 3850: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3472: 3470: 3457: 3455: 3376: 3374: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2858: 2778: 1857:

Federation of Indian Associations - Nagendranath Gangulee

146:

in 1897 to encourage a sense of Pan African unity in the

7812:

W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award

7647:

W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture

7300:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

5559: 5557: 5406: 5404: 5234: 4988: 4973: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4369: 3789: 3787: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3243: 3011: 3009: 2953: 2931: 2929: 2676: 2674: 2654:"Henry Sylvester Williams: The Father of Pan-Africanism" 6568:"The Worley Report on the Pan-African Congress of 1919" 5183: 4572: 3799: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3494: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2795: 2793: 1332:

Planning began in 1944 after Du Bois corresponded with

1029: 60:

Congresses took place in order: 1919 in Paris; 1921 in

7865:

African American founding fathers of the United States

5569: 5539: 5207: 5008:"Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan-African Congress" 4661: 4499:. Leeds University Centre for African Studies (LUCAS). 3926: 3747: 3745: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3530: 3467: 3452: 3371: 3308: 3279: 3255: 3093: 3021: 2941: 2538: 2536: 2453: 2429:

and the historical baggage that surrounds both ideas.

2105: 1989:

Women played an important role in the Fifth Congress.

5742:"Some Questions About the Sixth Pan-African Congress" 5620: 5608: 5596: 5554: 5401: 5360: 5358: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5222: 5195: 4425: 3914: 3840: 3838: 3784: 3762: 3760: 3696: 3633: 3359: 3231: 3081: 3069: 3006: 2994: 2926: 2805: 2671: 2273:

The opening address was given by Tanzanian President

7315:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

6492:"The Radical Evolution of Du Boisian Pan-Africanism" 3725: 3621: 3482: 3398: 3386: 3347: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3197: 3138: 3044: 2916: 2914: 2882: 2870: 2817: 2790: 2766: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2473: 2065:

Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan African Congress

5171: 4321:

The Story of Africa: Between World Wars (1914–1945)

4052: 3874: 3811: 3742: 3645: 3551: 3440: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2326:. It explicitly called out all kinds of racism and 1933:Among the issues addressed at the conference were: 1573:, J.S. Andrew, Jim Nurse, H. Hassan, Basil Roderick 1244: 999:

Delegates of the 1923 Pan-African Congress, Lisbon.

401:

Pan-African Congress in Paris, February 19–22, 1919

6611: 6566: 6509: 6490: 6403: 6368: 6325: 6238: 6211: 6134: 6050: 5968: 5875: 5832: 5813: 5786: 5767: 5740: 5416: 5355: 5246: 5147: 4938: 4340: 4338: 3897: 3835: 3823: 3757: 2368: 1727:Seamen's and Waterfront Workers' Union – J.M. King 1090:were all active in planning for the 4th PAC. The 1068:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1058:Women played a significant role in this congress. 16:Series of meetings to address issues facing Africa 4390:"The 1945 Pan-African Congress and its Aftermath" 4365:. BBC News; Black History Month. 14 October 2005. 3862: 3772: 3214: 3185: 2911: 2733: 2229:Hundreds to thousands of participants met at the 2101:has records and documents from the 1945 Congress. 1805:Negro Welfare and Cultural Association – C. Lynch 1655:Progressive Society – J. Tobie, Robert Broadhurst 773:1921 Brussels, London and Paris Congress (Second) 7877: 6240:"Rethinking Pan-Africanism for the 21st Century" 6107:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. 4387: 2721: 2458:The eighth Pan-African Congress was held at the 2087:Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre 1860:Federation of Indian Organisations in Britain - 519:, a Belgian peace activist, wrote an article in 5465:Minter, William. Minter, William; Hovey, Gail; 4335: 4268:"Negro Congress Wants U.S. Navy to Leave Haiti" 4231:"Representative Delegation at Pan-African Meet" 3676: 2254:all attended 6PAC. For Black British activists 1412:R. Johnson, J. McCaskie, R.D. Watson, J.M. King 6442:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 6236: 5141: 4967: 2197:James traveled to Tanzania to talk to Cox and 2194:organized delegates from southern California. 1442:Workers' Association: G.R. Tucker, E. Richards 1397:Delegates Fifth Pan-African Congress include: 417:. Africa had twelve delegates with three from 270: 7544: 6696: 6191:. In Benesch, Klaus; Geneviève Fabre (eds.). 6121: 5521:"A Brief History of the Pan African Movement" 4940:"The Pan-African Congress in black and white" 4798:Hirsch, Shirin; Brown, Geoff (January 2023). 4460: 4105:"4th Pan-African Congress Plans Nearly Ready" 3524: 2373:The seventh Pan-African Congress was held in 1559:, Edwin J. DuPlan, C.D. Hyde, E. Asuquo Cowan 1459:National Council of Gambia – J. Downes-Thomas 465:political consciousness because they saw the 6564: 5052:"Pan-African Congress 1945 and 1995 Archive" 4497:"Remembering the Fifth Pan-African Congress" 4467:Manchester and the 1945 Pan-African Congress 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 3512: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 552:who served as advisors to President Wilson. 154:. The African Association's work led to the 6652:1921 Pan-African Congress, London Manifesto 6094:"The 1980s: The Anti-Apartheid Convergence" 5715: 4924: 4797: 4375: 3958:"French Desert DuBois' Pan-African Meeting" 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2138:Activists involved in the Washington, D.C. 1717:St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union 1365:(Sri Lankan) organisations, as well as the 991:and mob law in the US should be suppressed. 68:and London; 1927 in New York City; 1945 in 7551: 7537: 6703: 6689: 3910:(8): 31 – via Gale Academic OneFile. 3116:"Pan-African Congress Will Not Be Allowed" 1500:African Progressive Association, London – 1070:were key fundraisers for the meeting. The 7285:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 6565:Worley, H.F.; Contee, C.G. (April 1970). 6177: 5811: 5674:George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary 5189: 4850:Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah 4815: 4494: 4437: 4415:"1945 Pan-African Congress in Manchester" 3163:"Pan-African Congress Placed Under a Ban" 2597: 2140:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1681:National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons 1512:Association of African Descent, Dublin – 822:The only dissenting voices were these of 613:, and French Commissioner General of the 7245:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 6507: 6488: 6319:(1): 90–104 – via Freedom Archive. 6186: 6014:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5784: 5722:The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress 5578: 5548: 4994: 4982: 4667: 4566: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4464: 4287:"Negro Congress to Ask U.S. Leave Haiti" 4198:"Pickens Addresses Pan-African Congress" 3805: 2548: 2462:from January 14 to January 16, 2014, in 1984: 1841:Committee of Cyprus Affairs – L. Joannou 1677:Calabar Improvement League – Eyo B. Ndem 1404:Workers' Union – R.G. Small, W.R. Austin 1248: 1033: 994: 942: 776: 409:. There was greater representation from 396: 91: 52:. It made a significant advance for the 27: 7004:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 6526: 6460:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 6450: 6323: 6091: 6009: 5966: 5941: 5916: 5304:Black British History: New Perspectives 5300: 4846: 4578: 3989: 3944: 3932: 3707: 3562: 3545: 3476: 3461: 3418:"Colored Officers and the Regular Army" 3380: 3329: 3302: 3290: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3099: 3038: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2905: 2680: 2652:Kentake, Meserette (19 February 2018). 2651: 2600:"The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945" 1999:Universal Negro Improvement Association 1562:The Young African Progressive League – 1506:African Students' Union of Edinburgh – 1369:and two British political parties, the 1165:, and Y. Hikada on politics in Africa. 939:1923 Lisbon and London Congress (Third) 881:The press in the British colony of the 637:Universal Negro Improvement Association 461:all felt that there was "no room for a 421:. There were 21 delegates representing 19:For South African political party, see 7878: 7747:Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil 6159: 6028: 5830: 5765: 5738: 5434: 5410: 5275:Hill, Sylvia I. B. (27 October 2020). 5270: 5268: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5201: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 4936: 4710:"Caribbean Women & Pan Africanism" 4707: 4703: 4701: 4495:Høgsbjerg, Christian (12 April 2016). 4490: 4488: 4486: 4388:Katzenellenbogen, Simon (2 May 1995). 4357: 4355: 4353: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4225: 4223: 4099: 4097: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 3985: 3983: 3920: 3856: 3793: 3639: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3500: 3488: 3404: 3392: 3365: 3237: 3208: 3149: 3110: 3108: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3015: 3000: 2893: 2864: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2772: 1719:– J.A. Linton, Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga 1551:The Negro Welfare Centre, Liverpool – 1420:Progressive League – E. de L. Yearwood 1072:Circle for Peace and Foreign Relations 316:. Funding for the event came from the 7532: 6684: 6664:SNCC Digital Gateway: Organizing 6PAC 6609: 6484:(Thesis thesis). McMaster University. 6474: 6366: 6300: 6279: 6122:Harrison, Jr., William Henry (1921). 6045: 5967:Dunstan, Sarah Claire (Winter 2016). 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5563: 5376: 5165: 4590: 4431: 4132: 4130: 4058: 3891: 3889: 3817: 3751: 3736: 3719: 3627: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3446: 3353: 3341: 2876: 2838: 2784: 2760: 2542: 2527: 2515: 1817:Trade Union Congress – Rupert Gittens 1476:Friends of African Freedom Society – 1468:Aborigines' Rights Protection Society 1375:The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945 576:Matthew Virgil Boutte, United States. 381:Europe. Du Bois did not invite Black 7579:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems 7558: 7280:International African Service Bureau 6547: 6410:European Journal of American Studies 6401: 6209: 6132: 5947:"Manifesto to the League of Nations" 5831:Contee, Clarence G. (January 1972). 5793:African Journal of Political Science 5739:Baraka, Imamu Amira (October 1974). 5422: 5364: 5274: 5259: 5177: 3895: 3880: 3868: 3844: 3829: 3778: 3766: 3651: 3191: 2965: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2647: 2645: 1566:, E. Brown, George Nelson, Raz Finni 1522:International African Service Bureau 1030:1927 New York City Congress (Fourth) 204:United Negro Improvement Association 7891:Anti-racist organizations in Africa 7817:W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute 7321:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 6503:(9): 151–170 – via EBSCOhost. 6489:Ratcliff, Anthony J. (March 2013). 6099:. In Minter, William; Hovey, Gail; 5873: 5780:(4): 484–499 – via EBSCOhost. 5691: 5667: 5265: 5153: 5094: 4698: 4483: 4350: 4344: 4253: 4220: 4094: 4017: 3980: 3410: 3225: 3105: 2971: 2920: 2829: 2748: 2727: 2454:2014 Johannesburg Congress (Eighth) 2277:. His speech focused on promoting " 2106:1974 Dar es Salaam Congress (Sixth) 1928: 1896:– Miss Levy, R.B. Rose, A.B. Blaine 1109:gave a speech on the importance of 1003:Before the Congress met in London, 867:Methodist Central Hall, Westminster 13: 7250:All-African Trade Union Federation 6710: 6508:Rathbone, Richard (October 1995). 5464: 5333:"Nyerere Appeals for Black Accord" 5038:Manchester Metropolitan University 4937:Mensah, Nana Yaa (5 August 2015). 4873: 4127: 3886: 3568: 2978:University of North Carolina Press 2598:Adejumobi, Saheed (30 July 2008). 2203:Afro-Caribbean Liberation movement 1013:, Du Bois drew on words spoken by 14: 7912: 7649:(home, burial site, and memorial) 7310:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 6645: 6548:Said, Abdulkadir N. (June 1974). 6324:Mboukou, Alexandre (March 1983). 5812:Claybrook, M. Keith (June 2018). 5766:Bogues, Anthony (December 2011). 5496:"Southern Africa Support Project" 4616: 2841:"W E B Du Bois: Letter to London" 2686: 2642: 2144:Tanganyika African National Union 2023:was also responsible for sending 1286:1945 World Trade Union Conference 1094:served as planning headquarters. 865:The London meeting took place in 349:United States Department of State 21:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 7511: 7499: 7489: 7488: 7479: 7478: 6533:. University of Virginia Press. 6035:Columbia Journal of Race and Law 5826:(8): 1–15 – via EBSCOhost. 5632: 5513: 5488: 5458: 5428: 5370: 5325: 5294: 5069: 5044: 5026: 5000: 4930: 4893: 4867: 4840: 4791: 4766: 4752:W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312) 4740: 4673: 4636: 4610: 4591:Annan, Citizen (23 March 2014). 4584: 4503: 4407: 4381: 2839:Singh, Iqbal (29 October 2020). 2476: 2043: 1993:chaired the opening session and 1848:Communist Party of Great Britain 1257:Following the foundation of the 1245:1945 Manchester Congress (Fifth) 7860:W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America 7755:Black Reconstruction in America 7699:The Study of the Negro Problems 7589:The Exhibit of American Negroes 7584:Atlanta Sociological Laboratory 7574:W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite 7436:All-African Peoples' Conference 6618:Journal of Political Ideologies 6527:Roberts, Brian Russell (2013). 6218:Transafrican Journal of History 6057:Journal of Contemporary History 4309: 4190: 4160: 4064: 3950: 3670: 3657: 3155: 2702:Reft, Ryan (19 February 2019). 2460:University of the Witwatersrand 2389:who hoped to hold the event in 2369:1994 Kampala Congress (Seventh) 2346:Southern Africa Support Project 1137:. Later speeches were given by 633:M. Edmund Fitzgerald Fredericks 6657:Journal of Pan African Studies 6497:Journal of Pan African Studies 6402:Nidi, Emanuele (Summer 2023). 6280:Lewis, David Levering (2009). 6257:10.1080/00064246.2008.11413420 6128:– via Project Gutenberg. 5894:10.1080/00064246.1974.11431403 5820:Journal of Pan African Studies 5785:Campbell, Horace (June 1996). 5081:Working Class Movement Library 4419:Working Class Movement Library 3995:"The Negro Faces Modern World" 3904:Journal of Pan African Studies 3677:W. E. B. Dubois (April 1919). 3602:Farmer, Ashley (3 July 2016). 2617: 2432: 2351: 2291: 2099:Working Class Movement Library 1899:Somali Society – Ismail Dorbeh 1809:Oilfields Workers' Trade Union 1683:– Magnus Williams, F.B. Joseph 1184: 895: 651:, Minister of Haiti in France. 303:International Council of Women 1: 7461:United States of Latin Africa 7290:Organisation of African Unity 7219:African Leadership University 6511:"Pan-Africanism: 50 Years On" 6286:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 6283:W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography 5874:Cox, Courtland (April 1974). 5441:"Interview with Geri Augusto" 3964:. 10 November 1923. p. 1 2502: 2380: 2309: 2133: 2030: 1939:abandoned mixed-race children 1794:Federated Workers Trade Union 1327: 1269:those in the United Kingdom, 1263:Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall 1238:American Negro Labor Congress 1175: 1042: 876: 848: 188:American Expeditionary Forces 87: 7595:First Pan-African Conference 7275:First Pan-African Conference 6630:10.1080/13569317.2011.575682 6610:Young, Kurt B. (June 2011). 6574:The Journal of Negro History 6522:: 6–9 – via EBSCOhost. 6367:Moore, Laura (Winter 2018). 6182:– via Oxford Academic. 6160:Hodder, Jake (Spring 2021). 5877:"Sixth Pan African Congress" 5839:The Journal of Negro History 5724:. London: New Beacon Books. 5377:Ofari, Earl (26 July 1974). 5142:Levy, Hill & Claude 2008 4968:Levy, Hill & Claude 2008 4394:H-NET List for World History 3169:. 2 February 1919. p. 5 3122:. 1 February 1919. p. 3 2492:First Pan-African Conference 2008: 1903:Women's International League 1577:West African Students' Union 1367:Women's International League 1348: 1282:West African Students' Union 555: 357:National Equal Rights League 156:First Pan-African Conference 64:, London and Paris; 1923 in 7: 6424:(inactive 27 August 2024). 6133:Hill, Sylvia (April 1974). 4293:. 25 August 1927. p. 2 4274:. 25 August 1927. p. 1 4237:. 27 August 1927. p. 3 4204:. 23 August 1927. p. 6 4174:. 23 August 1927. p. 4 4144:. 22 August 1927. p. 3 2629:UCLA African Studies Center 2469: 2231:University of Dar es Salaam 1997:, a Jamaican member of the 1831:The Young Baganda – I. Yatu 1595:Labour Party – S.J. Andrews 1553:E. E. Kwesi Kurankyi-Taylor 1092:Grace Congregational Church 757:, Belgian Peace Commission. 721:, South Africa. (Possibly.) 492: 298:Versailles Peace Conference 275: 271:1919 Paris Congress (First) 10: 7917: 7214:African Leadership Academy 6375:Journal of Women's History 6344:10.1177/002193478301300302 6302:Logan, Rayford Whittingham 6069:10.1177/002200946900400113 5661: 5113:"6th Pan-African Congress" 4469:. London: Savannah Press. 4111:. 6 August 1927. p. 3 3679:"The Pan-African Congress" 2845:The National Archives blog 2404: 2224: 2091:Manchester Central Library 1854:, Wilf Charles, Pat Devine 1844:Common Wealth – Miss Leeds 1821:West Indian National Party 1664:Nyasaland African Congress 1618:Kikuyu Central Association 1097: 860: 836:French Chamber of Deputies 681:, United States and Congo. 560:Among the delegates were: 18: 7896:Pan-African organizations 7886:International conferences 7825: 7799: 7773: 7682: 7656: 7566: 7506:Pan-Africanism portal 7474: 7413: 7382: 7344: 7270:Economic Freedom Fighters 7260:Convention People's Party 7235:African Unification Front 7227: 7206: 7197: 7012: 6851: 6842: 6791: 6725: 6718: 6397:– via Project MUSE. 6010:Dunstan, Sarah C (2021). 6005:– via Project MUSE. 5698:Pan-Africanism: A History 5677:. Ian Randle Publishers. 5644:ITUC-AFRICA / CSI-AFRIQUE 5339:. 20 June 1974. p. 2 4817:10.1177/03063968221139993 4465:Sherwood, Marika (1995). 4078:. 23 June 1927. p. 2 2342:apartheid in South Africa 2335:Tanzania Publishing House 2322:throughout Africa to end 2027:to photograph the event. 1909:Other Attendees include: 1894:Negro Welfare Association 1802:– Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga 1775:Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu 1765:African National Congress 1754:West African Youth League 1711:St. Kitts Workers' League 591:Louise Chapoteau, France. 544:Du Bois sent a letter to 389:leaders to the Congress. 7807:W. E. B. Du Bois Library 7426:African-American leftism 7175:Henry Sylvester Williams 6939:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 6332:Journal of Black Studies 6166:History Workshop Journal 5500:African Activist Archive 4317:"The Pan-African Vision" 4168:"For the Unity of Labor" 3991:Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt 3665:The Pan-African Movement 3513:Worley & Contee 1970 3424:. 17 May 1919. p. 1 3167:The Atlanta Constitution 1977:) was receiving UN help. 1867:Independent Labour Party 1756:– I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson 1060:Addie Whiteman Dickerson 392: 140:Henry Sylvester Williams 46:decolonization in Africa 7715:The Souls of Black Folk 7641:Fisk University protest 7484:Pan-Africanism category 7456:United States of Africa 7451:Union of African States 7441:East African Federation 7390:Ethnic groups of Africa 7295:Pan African Association 6884:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 6830:United States of Africa 6092:Goodman, David (2007). 5701:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4925:Adi & Sherwood 1995 4847:Nkrumah, Kwame (2002). 4778:credo.library.umass.edu 4708:Harris, Bonita (1996). 4685:credo.library.umass.edu 4376:Adi & Sherwood 1995 2708:The Library of Congress 2059:Manchester City Council 1880:Tikiri Banda Subasinghe 1876:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1771:, Makumalo (Mako) Hlubi 1747:Trade Union Congress – 1707:Saint Kitts and Nevis: 1687:Nigerian Youth Movement 1633:People's National Party 1280:It was the wish of the 1076:Beatrice Morrow Cannady 889:L'Avenir Colonial Belge 761:William English Walling 627:Henry Franklin-Bouillon 322:fraternal organizations 7833:Shirley Graham Du Bois 7723:The Negro in the South 7707:The Philadelphia Negro 7265:East African Community 6904:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 6753:Anti-Western sentiment 6640:– via EBSCOhost. 6387:10.1353/jowh.2018.0044 6187:Kirschke, Amy (2004). 5281:Black Power Chronicles 4905:archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk 2972:Gao, Yunxiang (2021). 2421:, women's rights, and 1971:Emperor Haile Selassie 1749:I.T.A. Wallace Johnson 1487:Railway Workers' Union 1478:Bankole Awoonor Renner 1312:as well as condemning 1259:Pan-African Federation 1254: 1039: 1000: 951: 834:and Guadeloupe in the 820: 786: 743:Roscoe Conklin Simmons 731:Charles Edward Russell 415:Pan-African Conference 402: 365:William Monroe Trotter 257:William Henry Sheppard 227:Paris Peace Conference 163:and for the rights of 123:, created the idea of 97: 42:Pan-African Conference 33: 7846:Encyclopedia Africana 7170:Frances Cress Welsing 6432:– via ProQuest. 6029:Gearey, Adam (2012). 5987:10.1353/cal.2016.0017 5383:The Los Angeles Times 2484:Pan-Africanism portal 2439:Ronald Muwenda Mutabi 1985:Women's contributions 1919:Cecil Belfield Clarke 1790:Trinidad and Tobago: 1741:The People's Forum – 1635:– L.A. Thoywell-Henry 1318:racial discrimination 1252: 1127:James Francis Jenkins 1037: 998: 946: 810: 780: 755:Cyrille Van Overbergh 725:Achille René-Boisneuf 512:West African colonies 467:French Third Republic 455:Achille René-Boisneuf 400: 225:at the same time the 121:Léopold Sédar Senghor 95: 31: 7674:Double consciousness 7636:Pan-African Congress 7352:Black Star of Africa 7305:Pan-African Congress 7255:Conseil de l'Entente 7035:Edward Wilmot Blyden 6959:Abdias do Nascimento 6924:Toussaint Louverture 6475:Pardy, H.G. (1966). 5525:Pan African Congress 5311:. pp. 125–143. 5117:SNCC Digital Gateway 3896:Reed, David (2014). 2262:, Ron Phillips, and 2051:Commemorative plaque 1957:Black South Africans 1700:Trade Union Congress 1639:Trade Union Congress 1607:Trades Union Council 1571:Aaron Albert Mossell 1151:Leslie Pinckney Hill 1147:Leo William Hansbury 697:Joseph Lagrosillière 615:Ministry of Colonies 459:Joseph Lagrosillière 330:James Weldon Johnson 265:James Weldon Johnson 200:anti-colonial values 167:to be recognized by 38:Pan-African Congress 7405:Conflicts in Africa 7395:Languages of Africa 7369:Pan-African colours 7090:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 6733:African nationalism 6452:Painter, Nell Irvin 6210:Kodi, M.W. (1984). 6179:10.1093/hwj/dbaa032 5981:(1): 133–150, 234. 4874:Bowman, Jack A. W. 4038:Black Agenda Report 3859:, pp. 119–120. 3722:, pp. 414–415. 3344:, p. 123, 124. 2976:. Chapel Hill, NC: 2787:, p. 119, 123. 2120:Pauulu Kamarakafego 1823:– Claude Lushington 1587:, F.R. Kankam-Boadu 1508:J.C deGraft Johnson 1451:Gambia Labour Union 1371:Common Wealth Party 1084:Dorothy R. Peterson 976:British West Indies 806:Shapurji Saklatvala 749:Joel Elias Spingarn 649:Tertullien Guilbaud 487:Addie Waites Hunton 472:Liberian delegate, 449:. Andrade, Diagne, 423:Caribbean countries 326:Mary White Ovington 144:African Association 7621:The Brownies' Book 7421:African philosophy 7400:Religion in Africa 7125:Zephania Mothopeng 7075:Amy Ashwood Garvey 7050:John Henrik Clarke 7040:Stokely Carmichael 7025:Molefi Kete Asante 6979:John Nyathi Pokela 6964:Gamal Abdel Nasser 6605:– via JSTOR. 6362:– via JSTOR. 6275:– via JSTOR. 6232:– via JSTOR. 6155:– via JSTOR. 6141:African Liberation 6101:Cobb, Jr., Charles 6087:– via JSTOR. 5912:– via JSTOR. 5807:– via JSTOR. 5761:– via JSTOR. 5593:, p. 145-146. 5527:. 14 February 2020 5467:Cobb, Jr., Charles 5437:Cobb, Jr., Charles 5168:, p. 155-156. 4076:The Black Dispatch 3993:(26 August 1927). 3947:, p. 125-126. 3525:Harrison, Jr. 1921 3305:, p. 142-143. 3276:, p. 141-142. 2908:, p. 121-122. 2867:, p. 116-117. 2419:HIV/AIDS in Africa 2363:Amy Jacques Garvey 2244:Queen Mother Moore 2207:New Jewel Movement 2164:Geri Stark Augusto 1991:Amy Ashwood Garvey 1735:Teachers' Union – 1668:Dr. Hastings Banda 1564:Adeniran Ogunsanya 1557:James Eggay Taylor 1530:Amy Ashwood Garvey 1455:I.M. Garba-Jahumpa 1334:Amy Jacques Garvey 1255: 1222:Amy Jacques Garvey 1143:Helen Noble Curtis 1119:Reginald G. Barrow 1040: 1001: 960:Helen Noble Curtis 952: 948:Helen Noble Curtis 920:George Rubin Hutto 914:Amy Jacques Garvey 855:Paul Panda Farnana 843:Helen Noble Curtis 815:particeps criminis 787: 737:Benjamin F. Seldon 713:Robert Russa Moton 691:Charles D. B. King 673:George Rubin Hutto 643:Amy Jacques Garvey 601:Helen Noble Curtis 498:should be granted 478:Helen Noble Curtis 474:Charles D. B. King 433:during the event. 403: 361:Madam C. J. Walker 310:Georges Clemenceau 98: 34: 7873: 7872: 7853:The Negro Problem 7526: 7525: 7518:Africa portal 7358:Le Marron Inconnu 7340: 7339: 7193: 7192: 6989:Ahmed Sékou Touré 6838: 6837: 6758:Black nationalism 6738:African socialism 6467:978-0-393-33192-9 6422:10.4000/ejas.2034 6293:978-0-8050-8805-2 6245:The Black Scholar 5945:(November 1921). 5943:Du Bois, W. E. B. 5918:Du Bois, W. E. B. 5882:The Black Scholar 5708:978-1-4742-5430-4 5475:No Easy Victories 5445:No Easy Victories 5318:978-1-78699-427-1 4860:978-0-901787-60-6 4649:. 28 October 2003 2299:Los Angeles Times 2286:Howard University 2180:Sylvia I. B. Hill 1702:– A. Soyemi Coker 1583:, F.O.B. Blaize, 1298:Republic of Haiti 1210:Dantès Bellegarde 1170:Reverdy C. Ransom 1159:Charles H. Wesley 1135:T. Augustus Toote 1123:Dantès Bellegarde 1111:worker solidarity 985:and South Africa. 767:Richard R. Wright 623:, NAACP delegate. 546:Winston Churchill 535:Maurice Delafosse 411:African countries 369:French government 341:George Louis Beer 290:Edmund Fredericks 231:League of Nations 165:indigenous people 161:cultural identity 7908: 7601:Niagara Movement 7560:W. E. B. Du Bois 7553: 7546: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7374:Pan-African flag 7204: 7203: 7150:Randall Robinson 7085:Leonard Jeffries 7065:W. E. B. Du Bois 7060:Cheikh Anta Diop 7055:Martin R. Delany 6879:David Comissiong 6849: 6848: 6748:Anti-imperialism 6723: 6722: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6682: 6681: 6641: 6615: 6606: 6570: 6561: 6544: 6523: 6513: 6504: 6494: 6485: 6483: 6471: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6407: 6398: 6372: 6363: 6329: 6320: 6310: 6297: 6276: 6242: 6233: 6215: 6206: 6183: 6181: 6156: 6138: 6129: 6118: 6098: 6088: 6054: 6052:"Pan-Africanism" 6049:(January 1969). 6042: 6025: 6006: 5972: 5963: 5951: 5938: 5926: 5913: 5879: 5870: 5836: 5827: 5817: 5808: 5790: 5781: 5771: 5762: 5744: 5735: 5718:Sherwood, Marika 5712: 5688: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5263: 5257: 5244: 5243:, p. 43-45. 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5109: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5012:Contemporary And 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4971: 4965: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4819: 4804:Race & Class 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4617:James, Finding. 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4481: 4480: 4462: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4291:The Daily Worker 4283: 4281: 4279: 4272:The Daily Worker 4264: 4251: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4235:The New York Age 4227: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4202:The Daily Worker 4194: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4172:The Daily Worker 4164: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4142:The Daily Worker 4134: 4125: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4109:The New York Age 4101: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4006: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3901: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3734: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3566: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3503:, p. 24-25. 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3252:, p. 23-24. 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3042: 3036: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2969: 2963: 2962:, p. 23-28. 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2699: 2684: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2595: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2427:Marxism-Leninism 1929:Issues addressed 1911:Raphael Armattoe 1889:W. E. B. Du Bois 1796:– George Padmore 1234:Richard B. Moore 1129:, H. K. Rakhit, 1080:Dora Cole Norman 932:Albert Marryshow 928:, United States. 922:, United States. 908:Addie E. Dillard 795:W. E. B. Du Bois 785:, Brussels, 1921 763:, United States. 751:, United States. 745:, United States. 739:, United States. 733:, United States. 715:, United States. 709:, United States. 687:, United States. 685:William Jernagin 675:, United States. 669:, United States. 663:, United States. 657:, United States. 639:(UNIA) delegate. 621:W. E. B. Du Bois 603:, United States. 282:W. E. B. Du Bois 239:African colonies 235:Peace Conference 216:Black separatism 173:W. E. B. Du Bois 152:African diaspora 148:British Colonies 7916: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7839:Yolande Du Bois 7821: 7795: 7769: 7678: 7652: 7562: 7557: 7527: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7498: 7494:Africa category 7470: 7409: 7378: 7336: 7223: 7189: 7185:Omali Yeshitela 7165:Issa Laye Thiaw 7095:Maulana Karenga 7080:John G. Jackson 7008: 6929:Patrice Lumumba 6894:Muammar Gaddafi 6834: 6799:African century 6787: 6714: 6709: 6648: 6587:10.2307/2716447 6541: 6481: 6468: 6435: 6434: 6308: 6304:(Summer 1965). 6294: 6203: 6115: 6096: 6022: 5949: 5924: 5851:10.2307/2717070 5732: 5709: 5685: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5402: 5388: 5386: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5356: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5110: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4748:"Africa Speaks" 4746: 4745: 4741: 4706: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4619:"Finding James" 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4517:. 15 July 2005. 4509: 4508: 4504: 4493: 4484: 4477: 4463: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4421:. October 2013. 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4351: 4343: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4254: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4177: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4018: 4004: 4002: 3988: 3981: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3894: 3887: 3883:, pp. 7–8. 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3697: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3600: 3569: 3561: 3552: 3544: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3215: 3207: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3139: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3045: 3037: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2687: 2679: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2650: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2596: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2456: 2435: 2415:racial category 2411:Yoweri Museveni 2407: 2383: 2375:Kampala, Uganda 2371: 2354: 2312: 2294: 2227: 2199:Mwalimu Nyerere 2176:Kathy Flewellen 2142:(SNCC) and the 2136: 2108: 2046: 2033: 2011: 1987: 1931: 1923:Dudley Thompson 1813:John F.F. Rojas 1691:Obafemi Awolowo 1537:Ras T. Makonnen 1497:Great Britain: 1355:Marika Sherwood 1351: 1330: 1306:First World War 1271:Afro-Caribbeans 1247: 1187: 1178: 1155:Georges Sylvain 1107:William Pickens 1100: 1051:, specifically 1045: 1032: 1024:Gratien Candace 941: 898: 879: 863: 851: 828:Gratien Candace 781:Session in the 775: 586:Gratien Candace 565:Alfredo Andrade 558: 550:Edward M. House 539:Harry F. Worley 531:racial problems 522:La Patrie Belge 495: 451:Gratien Candace 443:Alfredo Andrade 395: 337:Tasker H. Bliss 314:Abraham Lincoln 278: 273: 244:people of color 196:Fourteen Points 117:French speakers 113:Olaudah Equiano 109:Ottobah Cugoano 90: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7914: 7904: 7903: 7901:Pan-Africanism 7898: 7893: 7888: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7849: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7664:Talented Tenth 7660: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7633: 7625: 7617: 7609: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7533: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7486: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7466:Year of Africa 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7431:Africanization 7428: 7423: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7180:Amos N. Wilson 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7140:Runoko Rashidi 7137: 7132: 7130:George Padmore 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6999:Robert Sobukwe 6996: 6994:Haile Selassie 6991: 6986: 6984:Thomas Sankara 6981: 6976: 6974:Julius Nyerere 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6909:Kenneth Kaunda 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6889:Anténor Firmin 6886: 6881: 6876: 6874:Amílcar Cabral 6871: 6869:Nnamdi Azikiwe 6866: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6778:Uhuru Movement 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6712:Pan-Africanism 6708: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6669:B. F. Bankie, 6667: 6661: 6647: 6646:External links 6644: 6643: 6642: 6624:(2): 145–167. 6607: 6581:(2): 140–143. 6562: 6554:New Directions 6545: 6539: 6524: 6505: 6486: 6472: 6466: 6448: 6399: 6381:(4): 109–133. 6364: 6338:(3): 275–288. 6321: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6234: 6207: 6201: 6184: 6172:(1): 113–131. 6157: 6130: 6119: 6114:978-1592215751 6113: 6089: 6063:(1): 187–200. 6047:Geiss, Imanuel 6043: 6026: 6020: 6007: 5964: 5939: 5914: 5871: 5828: 5809: 5782: 5763: 5747:Black Politics 5736: 5730: 5713: 5707: 5689: 5683: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5631: 5629:, p. 164. 5619: 5617:, p. 147. 5607: 5605:, p. 146. 5595: 5583: 5568: 5566:, p. 161. 5553: 5538: 5512: 5487: 5457: 5427: 5415: 5400: 5395:Newspapers.com 5369: 5354: 5349:Newspapers.com 5324: 5317: 5293: 5264: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5219:, p. 495. 5206: 5194: 5190:Claybrook 2018 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5129: 5093: 5068: 5043: 5025: 4999: 4997:, p. 160. 4987: 4985:, p. 158. 4972: 4957: 4929: 4917: 4892: 4866: 4859: 4839: 4790: 4765: 4739: 4697: 4672: 4660: 4635: 4609: 4583: 4581:, p. 280. 4571: 4569:, p. 157. 4556: 4554:, p. 156. 4544: 4542:, p. 155. 4532: 4530:, p. 154. 4520: 4515:Shadow and Act 4502: 4482: 4475: 4436: 4434:, p. 192. 4424: 4406: 4380: 4368: 4349: 4334: 4308: 4303:Newspapers.com 4252: 4247:Newspapers.com 4219: 4214:Newspapers.com 4189: 4184:Newspapers.com 4159: 4154:Newspapers.com 4126: 4121:Newspapers.com 4093: 4088:Newspapers.com 4063: 4051: 4016: 4011:Newspapers.com 3979: 3974:Newspapers.com 3949: 3937: 3935:, p. 276. 3925: 3923:, p. 488. 3913: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3808:, p. 246. 3798: 3796:, p. 121. 3783: 3771: 3756: 3741: 3739:, p. 125. 3724: 3712: 3695: 3669: 3656: 3654:, p. 7-8. 3644: 3642:, p. 119. 3632: 3630:, p. 114. 3620: 3567: 3550: 3548:, p. 141. 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3479:, p. 140. 3466: 3464:, p. 279. 3451: 3439: 3434:Newspapers.com 3409: 3397: 3385: 3383:, p. 144. 3370: 3368:, p. 124. 3358: 3356:, p. 124. 3346: 3334: 3332:, p. 143. 3307: 3295: 3293:, p. 142. 3278: 3266: 3264:, p. 138. 3254: 3242: 3240:, p. 270. 3230: 3213: 3196: 3184: 3179:Newspapers.com 3154: 3137: 3132:Newspapers.com 3120:The Macon News 3104: 3102:, p. 355. 3092: 3090:, p. 114. 3080: 3078:, p. 113. 3068: 3043: 3041:, p. 136. 3020: 3018:, p. 120. 3005: 3003:, p. 117. 2993: 2986: 2964: 2952: 2950:, p. 139. 2940: 2925: 2910: 2898: 2881: 2879:, p. 119. 2869: 2857: 2828: 2816: 2814:, p. 115. 2804: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2763:, p. 113. 2753: 2732: 2720: 2685: 2683:, p. 135. 2670: 2641: 2616: 2547: 2545:, p. 189. 2532: 2530:, p. 188. 2520: 2518:, p. 187. 2507: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2497:Pan-Africanism 2494: 2488: 2487: 2471: 2468: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2434: 2431: 2406: 2403: 2399:white Africans 2382: 2379: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2358:Anna J. Cooper 2353: 2350: 2316:neocolonialism 2311: 2308: 2293: 2290: 2275:Julius Nyerere 2226: 2223: 2192:David L. Horne 2172:Julian Ellison 2160:C. L. R. James 2135: 2132: 2124:neocolonialism 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097:papers at the 2083: 2080: 2077: 2062: 2045: 2042: 2032: 2029: 2010: 2007: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975:fascist regime 1967: 1964:White settlers 1960: 1953: 1950: 1947:discriminatory 1930: 1927: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1845: 1842: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1769:Peter Abrahams 1761:South Africa: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1732:Sierra Leone: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541:George Padmore 1526:Peter Abrahams 1519: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1484: 1481: 1474: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1424:Workers' Union 1421: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1392:Nnamdi Azikiwe 1379:Hastings Banda 1350: 1347: 1342:George Padmore 1329: 1326: 1310:decolonization 1275:Afro-Americans 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1216:Anna J. Cooper 1213: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1099: 1096: 1053:Port-au-Prince 1044: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1015:Ida Gibbs Hunt 993: 992: 986: 979: 972: 940: 937: 936: 935: 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 902:Anna J. Cooper 897: 894: 878: 875: 871:Palais Mondial 862: 859: 850: 847: 783:Palais Mondial 774: 771: 770: 769: 764: 758: 752: 746: 740: 734: 728: 722: 716: 710: 704: 694: 688: 682: 679:George Jackson 676: 670: 664: 661:Ida Gibbs Hunt 658: 652: 646: 640: 630: 624: 618: 604: 598: 595:Anna J. Cooper 592: 589: 583: 577: 574: 568: 557: 554: 494: 491: 394: 391: 286:Ida Gibbs Hunt 277: 274: 272: 269: 101:Pan Africanism 89: 86: 80:; and 2014 in 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7913: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7835:(second wife) 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7790: 7789:Dark Princess 7786: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7547: 7542: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7485: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7364:Lion of Judah 7362: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7240:African Union 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7199:Organizations 7196: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160:Burning Spear 7158: 7156: 7155:Walter Rodney 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7135:Motsoko Pheko 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Archie Mafeje 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7100:Alice Kinloch 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969:Kwame Nkrumah 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6954:Robert Mugabe 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6934:Samora Machel 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6919:Jomo Kenyatta 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6899:Marcus Garvey 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6540:9780813933696 6536: 6532: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6516:History Today 6512: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6480: 6479: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6313:African Forum 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6041:(3): 265–272. 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6021:9781108764971 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5684:9789766373504 5680: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5579:Campbell 1996 5575: 5573: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5549:Campbell 1996 5545: 5543: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5413:, p. 46. 5412: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5350: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5237: 5231:, p. 43. 5230: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5204:, p. 42. 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5180:, p. 36. 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5156:, p. 33. 5155: 5150: 5144:, p. 40. 5143: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5077:"Len Johnson" 5072: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4995:Ratcliff 2013 4991: 4984: 4983:Ratcliff 2013 4979: 4977: 4970:, p. 39. 4969: 4964: 4962: 4946: 4945:New Statesman 4941: 4933: 4927:, p. 11. 4926: 4921: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4668:Rathbone 1995 4664: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4624: 4623:Finding James 4620: 4613: 4598: 4597:Citizen Annan 4594: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4567:Ratcliff 2013 4563: 4561: 4553: 4552:Ratcliff 2013 4548: 4541: 4540:Ratcliff 2013 4536: 4529: 4528:Ratcliff 2013 4524: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4304: 4292: 4288: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4155: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4061:, p. 99. 4060: 4055: 4040:. 1 June 2022 4039: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3847:, p. 68. 3846: 3841: 3839: 3832:, p. 48. 3831: 3826: 3820:, p. 68. 3819: 3814: 3807: 3806:Kirschke 2004 3802: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3775: 3769:, p. 49. 3768: 3763: 3761: 3754:, p. 67. 3753: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3716: 3710:, p. 18. 3709: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3527:, p. 84. 3526: 3521: 3515:, p. 25. 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3491:, p. 18. 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3449:, p. 52. 3448: 3443: 3435: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3407:, p. 27. 3406: 3401: 3395:, p. 22. 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3228:, p. 46. 3227: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3211:, p. 24. 3210: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3180: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3152:, p. 19. 3151: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3133: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3066:, p. 23. 3065: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2989: 2987:9781469664606 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2938:, p. 23. 2937: 2932: 2930: 2923:, p. 45. 2922: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2896:, p. 20. 2895: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2826:, p. 16. 2825: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2802:, p. 14. 2801: 2796: 2794: 2786: 2781: 2775:, p. 13. 2774: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2751:, p. 44. 2750: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2730:, p. 43. 2729: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2646: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423:globalization 2420: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Florence Tate 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:Loretta Hobbs 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:James Garrett 2153: 2152:Courtland Cox 2149: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2122:to challenge 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:Dar es Salaam 2100: 2096: 2095:Len Johnson's 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2069:Autograph ABP 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2044:Commemoration 2041: 2039: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995:Alma La Badie 1992: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 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Harper 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1534:Kwame Nkrumah 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1387:Jomo Kenyatta 1384: 1383:Kwame Nkrumah 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361:, Indian and 1360: 1356: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228:Rayford Logan 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1163:Rayford Logan 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1088:Jessie Redmon 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1019:Rayford Logan 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 997: 990: 987: 984: 980: 977: 973: 970: 969: 968: 966: 961: 957: 949: 945: 933: 930: 927: 926:Rayford Logan 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899: 893: 891: 890: 884: 874: 872: 868: 858: 856: 846: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 824:Blaise Diagne 819: 816: 809: 807: 802: 801: 796: 792: 784: 779: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 727:, Martinique. 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 707:Rayford Logan 705: 702: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 612: 608: 607:Blaise Diagne 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 580:Eliezer Cadet 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562: 561: 553: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 506: 501: 490: 488: 484: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 399: 390: 388: 387:working class 384: 379: 378: 375: 370: 366: 362: 358: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 323: 320:and American 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 299: 295: 294:Blaise Diagne 291: 287: 283: 268: 266: 262: 261:Horace Kallen 258: 253: 248: 245: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 217: 213: 209: 208:Marcus Garvey 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 94: 85: 83: 79: 75: 74:Dar es Salaam 71: 67: 63: 58: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 30: 26: 22: 7851: 7844: 7787: 7763:Dusk of Dawn 7761: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7713: 7705: 7697: 7689: 7635: 7628: 7620: 7612: 7608:(co-founder) 7356: 7319: 7304: 7145:Paul Robeson 7070:Frantz Fanon 7045:Aimé Césaire 6914:Modibo Keïta 6859:Dennis Akumu 6822: 6815: 6808: 6743:Afrocentrism 6674: 6655: 6621: 6617: 6578: 6572: 6557: 6553: 6529: 6519: 6515: 6500: 6496: 6477: 6456: 6438:cite journal 6413: 6409: 6378: 6374: 6335: 6331: 6316: 6312: 6282: 6251:(4): 39–47. 6248: 6244: 6221: 6217: 6192: 6169: 6165: 6147:(7): 35–39. 6144: 6140: 6124: 6104: 6060: 6056: 6038: 6034: 6011: 5978: 5974: 5959: 5953: 5934: 5928: 5920:(May 1919). 5888:(7): 32–34. 5885: 5881: 5845:(1): 13–28. 5842: 5838: 5823: 5819: 5796: 5792: 5777: 5773: 5753:(2): 42–46. 5750: 5746: 5721: 5716:Adi, Hakim; 5697: 5673: 5647:. 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From the 6416:(2): 1–20. 5411:Baraka 1974 5241:Baraka 1974 5229:Baraka 1974 5217:Bogues 2011 5202:Baraka 1974 5014:(in German) 4001:. p. 6 3921:Bogues 2011 3857:Hodder 2021 3794:Hodder 2021 3640:Hodder 2021 3501:Contee 1972 3489:Contee 1972 3422:The Monitor 3405:Contee 1972 3393:Contee 1972 3366:Hodder 2021 3238:Gearey 2012 3209:Contee 1972 3150:Contee 1972 3088:Hodder 2021 3076:Hodder 2021 3064:Contee 1972 3016:Hodder 2021 3001:Hodder 2021 2894:Contee 1972 2865:Hodder 2021 2824:Contee 1972 2812:Hodder 2021 2800:Contee 1972 2773:Contee 1972 2328:nationalism 2260:Gerlin Bean 2240:Mae Mallory 2218:Edie Wilson 2168:Judy Claude 2025:John Deakin 1915:Kojo Botsio 1905:– N. Burton 1871:John McNair 1862:Surat Alley 1852:Len Johnson 1695:H.O. Davies 1579:, London – 1472:Ashie Nikoi 1426:– A. Mosley 1314:imperialism 1145:, Du Bois, 1049:West Indies 1005:Isaac Béton 719:Sol Plaatje 571:John Archer 567:, Portugal. 447:anecdotally 438:assimilated 407:Grand Hotel 206:(UNIA) and 192:reparations 184:World War I 136:Trinidadian 54:Pan-African 50:West Indies 48:and in the 7880:Categories 7841:(daughter) 7731:John Brown 7669:Color line 7613:The Crisis 7120:Ali Mazrui 7030:Steve Biko 6844:Proponents 6675:Ghana Nsem 6430:3060797706 6202:9042008806 6195:. Rodopi. 6003:1790184012 5955:The Crisis 5930:The Crisis 5799:(1): 1–8. 5731:1873201125 5693:Adi, Hakim 5669:Adi, Hakim 5627:Young 2011 5615:Young 2011 5603:Young 2011 5591:Young 2011 5564:Young 2011 5307:. London: 5166:Young 2011 4476:0951972022 4432:Geiss 1969 4323:. BBC News 4059:Logan 1965 3962:The Appeal 3818:Pardy 1966 3752:Pardy 1966 3737:Moore 2018 3720:Lewis 2009 3686:The Crisis 3628:Moore 2018 3447:Pardy 1966 3354:Moore 2018 3342:Moore 2018 2877:Moore 2018 2785:Moore 2018 2761:Moore 2018 2604:Black Past 2543:Geiss 1969 2528:Geiss 1969 2516:Geiss 1969 2503:References 2324:oppression 2264:Ansel Wong 2209:, and the 2055:Kath Locke 1943:colour bar 1785:S. Rahinda 1782:Tanzania: 1641:– Ken Hill 1581:Joe Appiah 1491:J.S. Annan 1417:Barbados: 1322:capitalism 1191:Gold Coast 1115:Nana Amoah 1010:The Crisis 934:, Grenada. 883:Gold Coast 800:The Crisis 701:Gaudeloupe 693:, Liberia. 573:, Britain. 517:Paul Otlet 383:socialists 359:including 177:color line 169:colonizers 88:Background 76:; 1994 in 72:; 1974 in 70:Manchester 7782:The Comet 7739:The Negro 7631:newspaper 7228:Political 7110:Malcolm X 7105:Fela Kuti 6949:Tom Mboya 6810:Négritude 6773:Sankarism 6768:Nkrumaism 6763:Garveyism 6638:145750311 6603:149559631 6560:(4): 1–6. 6395:149526534 6360:144410438 6273:146626722 6224:: 48–73. 6085:220873954 5995:159668506 5910:147619284 5867:150226798 5423:Said 1974 5365:Said 1974 5309:Zed Books 5260:Said 1974 5178:Hill 1974 5086:27 August 5061:27 August 4853:. Panaf. 4834:254910173 4826:0306-3968 4726:1027-0353 3881:Nidi 2023 3869:Nidi 2023 3845:Kodi 1984 3830:Kodi 1984 3779:Nidi 2023 3767:Kodi 1984 3652:Nidi 2023 3192:Nidi 2023 2433:Delegates 2352:Attendees 2320:socialism 2292:Reception 2268:Palestine 2128:apartheid 2038:Red Scare 2009:Reception 2003:Hakim Adi 1674:Nigeria: 1652:Liberia: 1629:Jamaica: 1592:Grenada: 1502:Koi Larbi 1439:Bermuda: 1409:Bahamas: 1401:Antigua: 1363:Ceylonese 1349:Attendees 1185:Delegates 896:Delegates 841:American 655:John Hope 629:, France. 556:Delegates 500:home rule 463:diasporan 345:telegrams 125:Négritude 105:abolition 7784:" (1920) 7657:Concepts 7623:magazine 7615:magazine 7383:Dynamics 6864:Idi Amin 6792:Concepts 6726:Variants 6719:Ideology 6454:(2008). 6426:ProQuest 6265:41069282 6230:24328489 6153:41066330 6103:(eds.). 5999:ProQuest 5975:Callaloo 5937:(1): 32. 5902:41066329 5805:23489739 5759:41065763 5720:(1995). 5695:(2018). 5671:(2009). 5469:(eds.). 5439:(eds.). 5154:Cox 1974 4734:23489741 4345:Adi 2009 4327:16 April 3667:, p.238. 3226:Adi 2018 2921:Adi 2018 2749:Adi 2018 2728:Adi 2018 2470:See also 2381:Planning 2348:(SASP). 2310:Outcomes 2304:militant 2134:Planning 2116:Tanzania 2031:Outcomes 1828:Uganda: 1660:Malawi: 1600:Guyana: 1447:Gambia: 1431:Belize: 1328:Planning 1296:and the 1290:Ethiopia 1212:, Haiti. 1176:Outcomes 1066:and the 1043:Planning 989:Lynching 983:Rhodesia 965:Diaspora 877:Outcomes 849:Planning 791:Brussels 493:Outcomes 374:New York 276:Planning 138:lawyer, 62:Brussels 7826:Related 7774:Fiction 7629:Freedom 7446:Kwanzaa 7414:Related 7345:Symbols 7332:ZANU–PF 6677:, 2001. 6595:2716447 6352:2784289 5859:2717070 5662:Sources 5505:16 June 5480:16 June 3663:Geiss, 3428:4 April 3173:5 April 3126:4 April 2850:4 April 2713:4 April 2663:4 April 2634:4 April 2609:4 April 2447:Buganda 2387:Nigeria 1614:Kenya: 1464:Ghana: 1294:Liberia 1199:Nigeria 1195:Liberia 832:Senegal 611:Senegal 582:, Haiti 483:justice 431:Marxism 419:Liberia 182:During 129:slavery 119:, like 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