First Nagorno-Karabakh War

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fact was virtually irrelevant in the course of the entire conflict. Readers already aware of rising military Islamism in the Middle East were considered a perfect audience to be informed of a case of "Muslim oppressors victimising a Christian minority". Religion was unduly stressed more than political, territorial and ethnic factors, with very rare references to democratic and self-determination movements in both countries. It was not until the Khojaly Massacre in late February 1992, when hundreds of civilian Azeris were massacred by Armenian units, that references to religion largely disappeared, as being contrary to the neat journalistic scheme where "Christian Armenians" were shown as victims and "Muslim Azeris" as their victimisers. A study of the four largest Canadian newspapers covering the event showed that the journalists tended to present the massacre of Azeris as a secondary issue, as well as to rely on Armenian sources, to give priority to Armenian denials over Azerbaijani "allegations" (which were described as "grossly exaggerated"), to downplay the scale of death, not to publish images of the bodies and mourners, and not to mention the event in editorials and opinion columns.

2622:, documented and published by his brother, after Armenian forces captured Khojaly, they killed several hundred civilians evacuating from the town. Armenian forces had previously stated they would attack the city and leave a land corridor for them to escape through. When the attack began, the attacking Armenian force easily outnumbered and overwhelmed the defenders who along with the civilians attempted to retreat north to the Azerbaijani held city of Agdam. The airport's runway was found to have been intentionally destroyed, rendering it temporarily useless. The attacking forces then went on to pursue those fleeing through the corridor and opened fire upon them, killing scores of civilians. Facing charges of an intentional massacre of civilians by international groups, Armenian government officials denied the occurrence of a massacre and asserted an objective of silencing the artillery coming from Khojaly. 3924:, and the Karabakh conflict has remained primarily an issue of territory and the human rights of Armenians in Karabakh. Since 1995, the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group has been mediating with the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan for a new solution. Numerous proposals have been made which have primarily been based on both sides making several concessions. One such proposal stipulated that as Armenian forces withdrew from the seven regions surrounding Karabakh, Azerbaijan would share some of its economic assets including profits from an oil pipeline that would go from Baku through Armenia to Turkey. Other proposals also included that Azerbaijan would provide the broadest form of autonomy to Karabakh next to granting it full independence. Armenia has also been pressured by being excluded from major economic projects throughout the region, including the 1999: 456: 287: 3939:, by giving certain Karabakh territories to Azerbaijan, the Karabakh conflict would have been resolved in 1997. A peace agreement could have been concluded and a status for Nagorno-Karabakh would have been determined. Ter-Petrosyan noted years later that the Karabakh leadership approach was maximalist and "they thought they could get more." Most autonomy proposals have been rejected by the Armenians, who consider it as a matter that is not negotiable. Likewise, Azerbaijan warns the country is ready to free its territories by war, but still prefers to solve the problem by peaceful means. On 30 March 1998, Robert Kocharyan was elected president and continued to reject calls for making a deal to resolve the conflict. In 2001, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in 3208:. They were reported to have been paid a monthly salary of over 5,000 rubles and flew bombing campaigns from air force bases in Azerbaijan, often targeting Stepanakert. These pilots, like the men from the Soviet interior forces at the onset of the conflict, were also poor and took the jobs as a means of supporting their families. Several were shot down over the city by Armenian forces and according to one of the pilots' commanders, with assistance provided by the Russians. Many of these pilots risked the threat of execution by Armenian forces if they were shot down. The setup of the defence system severely hampered Azerbaijan's ability to carry out and launch more airstrikes. 2571: 2260:, who had fought against the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. According to a biographer of one of the men who served in these units, the detachments lacked organization at the outset of the war, often choosing to attack or defend certain targets and areas without much coordination. Insubordination was common, as many men simply chose not to show up, looted the belongings of dead soldiers, and sold supplies, such as diesel oil intended for armoured vehicles, on the black market. Some former troops in the Soviet military offered their services to both sides. One of the most prominent officers to serve on the Armenian side, for example, was General 2228: 3809: 2240: 228: 2781: 12181: 3757:

Mardakert in an attempt to recapture the northern section of the enclave. The offensive managed to advance and take back several parts of Karabakh in the north and to the south but soon petered out. In response, Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to stop the Azerbaijani advance in Karabakh. To bolster the ranks of its army, the Armenian government issued a decree that instituted a three-month call-up for men up to age 45 and resorted to press-gang raids to enlist recruits. Several active-duty Armenian Army soldiers were captured by the Azerbaijani forces.

535: 523: 511: 499: 487: 475: 463: 254: 3824:, Armenian and Azerbaijani diplomats met in the early part of 1994 to hammer out the details of the ceasefire. On 5 May, with Russia acting as a mediator, all parties agreed to cease hostilities and vowed to observe a ceasefire that would go into effect at 12:01 AM on 12 May. The agreement was signed by the respective defence ministers of the three principal warring parties (Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Artsakh). In Azerbaijan, many welcomed the end of hostilities. Sporadic fighting continued in some parts of the region but all sides vowed to abide by the terms of the ceasefire. 3768:). The two offensives that took place in the winter cost Azerbaijan as many as 5,000 lives (at the loss of several hundred Armenians). The main Azerbaijani offensive was aimed at recapturing the Kalbajar district, which would thus threaten the Lachin corridor. The attack initially met little resistance and was successful in capturing the vital Omar Pass. As the Armenian forces reacted, the bloodiest clashes of the war ensued and the Azerbaijani forces were soundly defeated. In a single clash, Azerbaijan lost about 1,500 of its soldiers after the failed offensive in Kalbajar. 374: 3951: 12159: 347: 193: 216: 1649: 12418: 2729:, then acting President of Azerbaijan, for Shusha's loss, and removed him from power. This cleared Mutalibov of any responsibility after the loss of Khojaly, and paved the way for reinstatement him as president on 15 May 1992. Many Azerbaijanis objected to this move, viewing as an attempt to forestall parliamentary elections due in June of that year. The Azerbaijani parliament at that time was made up of former leaders from the country's communist regime, and the losses of Khojaly and Shusha led to further agitation for free elections. 548: 323: 3859:

eager to give interviews following Azerbaijani offensives when they were able to criticise the other side for launching heavy artillery attacks that the "small-numbered but proud Armenians" had to fight off. Yet they were reluctant to speak out when Armenian troops seized a village outside Nagorno-Karabakh in order to avoid justifying such acts. Therefore, Armenian journalists felt the need to be creative enough to portray the event as "an Armenian counter-offensive" or as "a necessary military operation".

4058: 2129:, from which Azerbaijani forces regularly bombarded Stepanakert, were attacked by Armenians. Houses were burned and dozens of civilians were killed. Each side accused the other of using the villages for military purposes. On 19 December, interior ministry troops began to withdraw from Nagorno-Karabakh, completing their departure on 27 December. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the withdrawal of interior ministry troops from Nagorno-Karabakh, the situation in the region spiraled out of control. 4144: 335: 269: 12133: 11912: 2197:

Armenia and Azerbaijan from waging a full-scale war. One month prior, on 26 November, the Azerbaijani Parliament had rescinded Karabakh's status as an autonomous region and renamed Stepanakert "Xankandi." In response, on 10 December, a referendum was held in Karabakh by parliamentary leaders (the local Azerbaijani community boycotted the referendum), with the Armenians voting overwhelmingly in favour of independence. On 6 January 1992, the region declared its independence from Azerbaijan.

12487: 3083: 4045:, which criticized the "large-scale ethnic expulsion and the creation of mono-ethnic areas" and declared that Armenian forces were occupying Azerbaijan lands. The Assembly recalled that the occupation of a foreign country by a Member State was a serious violation of the obligations undertaken by that State as a member of the Council of Europe and once again reaffirmed the right of displaced persons to return to their homes safely. On 14 May 2008 thirty-nine countries from the 2264:, who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh for five years (1992–1997) and was involved in the planning and implementation of many operations of the Armenian forces. By the end of the war, he held the position of Chief of Staff of the Republic of Artsakh armed forces. Women were allowed to enlist in the Nagorno-Karabakh military, sometimes taking part in the fighting but mainly serving in auxiliary roles such as providing first-aid and evacuating wounded men from the battlefield. 311: 4745: 12823: 3798: 1923: 2358: 12068: 11840: 2656: 4973: 4971: 10636: 4968: 2777:

dozen villages in the Shahumian region originally held by Armenian forces. Another reason the front collapsed so effortlessly was because it was manned by the volunteer detachments from Armenia, having abandoned their positions to return to Armenia proper after the capture of Lachin. The offensive prompted the Armenian government to openly threaten Azerbaijan that it would overtly intervene and assist the separatists fighting in Karabakh.

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Armenia will not be able to sustain an arms race with Azerbaijan's oil-fueled economy. And this could lead to the destabilization of the frozen conflict between these two states", the journal wrote. Other analysts have made more cautious observations, noting that administrative and military deficiencies are obviously found in the Azerbaijani military and that the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army maintains a "constant state of readiness".

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new ceasefire by Boris Yeltsin and George H. W. Bush. Armenian forces launched a new round of attacks that overran villages in northern Karabakh that had been held by the Azerbaijanis since the previous year. After Armenian losses in 1992, Russia started massive armament shipments to Armenia in the following year. Russia supplied Armenia with arms with a total cost of US$ 1 billion in value in 1993. According to Russian general

12120: 11899: 63: 3721: 359: 4754:, p. 26: "Sporadic clashes became frequent by the first months of 1991, with an ever-increasing organization of paramilitary forces on the Armenian side, whereas Azerbaijan still relied on the support of Moscow. ... In response to this development, a joint Soviet and Azerbaijani military and police operation directed from Moscow was initiated in these areas during the Spring and Summer of 1991.". 3029: 2114:, at the same time, as a result of attacks by Armenian armed forces, several thousand residents of Azerbaijani villages in the former Shahumian, Hadrut, Martakert, Askeran and Martuni rayons of Azerbaijan left their homes. Some villages (e.g., Imereti and Gerevent) were burned by the militants. There were instances of violence against the civilian population (in particular, in the village 4980:, p. 226: "Turkey continued to provide military as well as economic aid to Azerbaijan. As further proof, the Turkish army and intelligence services launched undercover operations to supply Azerbaijan with arms and military personnel. According to Turkish sources, over 350 high-ranking officers and thousands of volunteers from Turkey participated in the warfare on the Azerbaijani side.". 4299:) premiered in Yerevan and Stepanakert. The film, written and starring Gor Vardanyan, is a fictional account of the events revolving around Operation Ring. It cost $ 3.8 million to make, the most expensive film ever made in the country, and was touted as the first film made about the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. In mid-2012, Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan released a video game entitled 2992:

well short of estimates. In 1965, the oil fields in Baku were producing 21.5 million tons of oil annually; by 1988, that number had dropped down to almost 3.3 million. Outdated Soviet refinery equipment and a reluctance by Western oil companies to invest in a war region where pipelines would routinely be destroyed prevented Azerbaijan from fully exploiting its oil wealth.

1517:(NKAO) in Azerbaijan voted to unite the region with Armenia on 20 February 1988. The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the culmination of a territorial conflict. As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave's government, the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan and in the process proclaimed the 1990:. Many Armenians took advantage of the unprecedented opening of political expression offered by his policies and brought the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh back into the limelight. Karabakh Armenian leaders complained that the region had neither Armenian language textbooks in schools nor in television broadcasting, and that Azerbaijan's Communist Party General Secretary 4540:, was reported by the US and French intelligence agencies to preparing Russian troop withdrawals from Armenia if the coup succeeded. An estimated 23,000 Russian soldiers were stationed in Armenia on the border with Turkey. Çiller was reported by the agencies to be in talks with Khasbulatov to approve a Turkish incursion into Armenia under the pretext of pursuing 2205:(CIS). While Azerbaijan abstained from joining, Armenia, fearing a possible invasion by Turkey, did, bringing the country under the organization's "collective security umbrella". In January 1992, CIS forces established their new headquarters at Stepanakert and took up an active role in peacekeeping. The CIS incorporated older Soviet formations, including the 3971:

Various other ethnic groups living in Karabakh were also forced to live in refugee camps built by both the Azerbaijani and Iranian governments. While Azerbaijan has repeatedly claimed that 20% of its territory has fallen under Armenian control, other sources have given figures as high 40% (the number comes down to 9% if Nagorno-Karabakh itself is excluded).

4084:, on 14 March 2008 and 18–20 May 2010, respectively. Both resolutions condemned alleged aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan and called for immediate implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions 822, 853, 874 and 884. As a response, Armenian leaders have stated Azerbaijan was "exploiting Islam to muster greater international support". 3064:, demanding the immediate cessation of all hostilities and the withdrawal of all occupying forces from Kalbajar. Human Rights Watch concluded that during the Kalbajar offensive Armenian forces committed numerous violations of the rules of war, including the forcible exodus of a civilian population, indiscriminate fire, and taking of hostages. 4275:

was the bartering of prisoners between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. Often, when contact was lost between family members and a soldier or a militiaman serving at the front, they took it upon themselves to organize an exchange by personally capturing a soldier from the battle lines and holding them in the confines of their own homes.

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unseating the president. Elchibey stepped down from office on 18 June and power was assumed by then parliamentary member Heydar Aliyev. On 1 July, Huseynov was appointed prime minister of Azerbaijan. As acting president, Aliyev disbanded 33 voluntary battalions of the Popular Front, which he deemed politically unreliable.

4658:В борьбе за свободу и независимость на помощь народу Арцаха пришли и волонтеры из Южной Осетии. Они скрепили нашу дружбу своей праведной кровью, пролитой на вашей благословенной земле. Мы высоко ценим, что вами увековечены их имена в памятниках, названиях улиц и учебных заведений ряда населенных пунктов Вашей республики. 4356:"Until the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet authorities sided, in general, with Azerbaijan. ... Soviet troops sent to the conflict area ... on numerous occasions, took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to 'punish' the Armenians for raising the NK issue." "Soviet troops have been in Nagorno-Karabakh for 3049:

Azerbaijani armor and troops entrenched near the Ganja-Kalbajar intersection. Azerbaijani forces were unable to halt the advances made by Armenian armor and were wiped out completely. The second attack toward Kalbajar also quickly overran the defenders. By 3 April, Armenian forces were in possession of Kalbajar.

4258:. Allegations from all three governments (including Nagorno-Karabakh's) regularly accused the other side of committing atrocities which were at times confirmed by third party media sources or human rights organizations. Khojaly Massacre, for example, was confirmed by both Human Rights Watch and Memorial. The 3014:

Political infighting and arguments about where to shift military units between the country's ministry of the interior Isgandar Hamidov and Gaziev led to the latter's resignation on 20 February. Armenia was similarly wracked by political turmoil and growing Armenian dissension against President Ter-Petrosyan.

5851: 10350: 2483:. Among Karabakh Armenians, about 60% had served in the Soviet amy. Most Azerbaijanis were often subject to discrimination during their service in the Soviet military and relegated to work in construction battalions rather than fighting corps. Despite the presence of two military academies, including a 3771:

While the political leadership changed hands several times in Azerbaijan, most Armenian soldiers in Karabakh claimed that the Azerbaijani youth and Azerbaijanis themselves, were demoralized and lacked a sense of purpose and commitment to fighting the war. Russian professor Georgiy I. Mirsky supported

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As winter approached, both sides largely abstained from launching full-scale offensives so as to preserve resources, such as gas and electricity, for domestic use. Despite the opening of an economic highway to the residents living in Karabakh, both Armenia and the enclave suffered a great deal due to

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international observers to Karabakh was once raised but talks broke down completely between Armenian and Azerbaijani leaders in July. Russia was especially opposed to allowing a multinational peacekeeping force from NATO to entering the Caucasus, seeing it as a move that encroached on its "backyard".

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As a result of the conflict, approximately 724,000 Azerbaijanis were expelled from Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territories, while 300,000–500,000 Armenians living in Azerbaijan or Armenian border areas were displaced. After the end of the war and over a period of many years, regular

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when the worst clashes since the 1994 ceasefire erupted. The Armenian Defense Ministry alleged that Azerbaijan launched an offensive to seize territory in the region. Azerbaijan reported that 12 of its soldiers were killed in action and that an Mi-24 helicopter and tank were also destroyed. Armenian

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who spent a year at the front line and filmed many of the battles later wrote that both Armenian and Azerbaijani journalists were preoccupied with echoing the official stands of their respective governments and that "objectiveness was being sacrificed for ideology." Armenian military commanders were

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By early September, Azerbaijani forces were in a state of complete disarray. Many of the heavy weapons they had received and bought from the Russians were either taken out of action or abandoned during battles. Since the June 1992 offensive, Armenian forces had captured dozens of tanks, light armor,

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also distributed blankets to the Azerbaijanis and noted that by December, enough food was being allocated for the refugees. Azerbaijan also struggled to rehabilitate its petroleum industry, the country's chief export. Its oil refineries were not generating at full capacity and production quotas fell

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up to the age of 50 and women with previous military training. Many of the crew members of the armored units in the offensive belonged to the Russian 23rd Division of the 4th Army, based out of Ganja and, ironically, as were the units that eventually stopped them. According to an Armenian government

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On 8 May a force of several hundred Armenian troops accompanied by tanks and helicopters attacked Shusha. Fierce fighting took place in the town's streets and several hundred men were killed on both sides. Although the Armenians were outnumbered and outgunned by the Azerbaijani Army, they managed to

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On 26 January 1992, the Azerbaijani forces stationed in Shusha encircled and attacked the nearby Armenian village Karintak (located on the way from Shusha to Stepanakert) in an attempt to capture it. This operation was conducted by Azerbaijan's then-defence minister Tajedin Mekhtiev and was supposed

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Azerbaijan's military functioned in much the same manner. It was better organized during the first years of the war. The Azerbaijan government carried out conscription and many Azerbaijanis enthusiastically enlisted for combat in the first months after the Soviet collapse. Azerbaijan's national army

2162:(APCs). The unsecured weapons caches led both sides to accuse Gorbachev of allowing the region to slip into conflict. The Azerbaijanis purchased a large quantity of vehicles, with the Foreign Ministry of Azerbaijan reporting in November 1993 the acquisition of 286 tanks, 842 armored vehicles and 386 4522:

The sincerity of Armenian claims to establish security were called into question by observers at the time and it was said that Karabakh forces were wantonly seizing the territories surrounding the enclave, though it should be noted periodic fighting between the two sides in the region were reported

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In early 2008, tensions between Armenia, the NKR Karabakh and Azerbaijan grew. On the diplomatic front, President Ilham Aliyev repeated statements that Azerbaijan would resort to force, if necessary, to take the territories back; concurrently, shooting incidents along the line of contact increased.

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After six years of intense fighting, both sides were ready for a ceasefire. Azerbaijan, with its manpower exhausted and aware that Armenian forces had an unimpeded path to march on to Baku, counted on a new ceasefire proposal from either the OSCE or Russia. As the final battles of the conflict took

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correspondent who visited the region in 1994 noted that, "In Stepanakert, it is impossible to find an able-bodied man – whether volunteer from Armenia or local resident – out of uniform. Azerbaijan, draft-age men hang out in cafes." At the outset of the conflict, Andrei Sakharov famously remarked:

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On 4 July Armenian forces commenced an artillery bombardment on Agdam, destroying many parts of the town. Soldiers, along with civilians, began to evacuate Agdam. Facing military collapse, Aliyev resumed talks with the Karabakh government and Minsk Group officials. In mid-August, Armenians massed a

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Despite a brutal winter, both sides looked to the new year to break the inertia of the war. Azerbaijan's President Elchibey expressed optimism toward bringing solution to the conflict with Armenia's Ter-Petrosyan. Glimmers of such hope quickly began to fade in January 1993, despite the calls for a

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In late August 1992, Nagorno-Karabakh's government was in order disorder, and its members resigned on 17 August. Power was subsequently assumed by a council called the State Defense Committee and chaired by Robert Kocharyan. The committee would temporarily govern the enclave until war's end. At the

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was signed by Mammadov, Ter-Petrosian and Rafsanjani following the agreement of the parties to international legal norms, stability of borders and to deal with the refugee crisis. The peace efforts were disrupted on the next day when Armenian troops captured the town of Shusha and completely failed

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The loss of Lachin was the final blow to Mutalibov's regime. Demonstrations were held despite Mutalibov's ban and an armed coup was staged by Popular Front activists. Fighting between government forces and Popular Front supporters escalated as the political opposition seized the parliament building

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with Grad rocket launchers against Stepanakert. By April, the shelling had forced many of the 50,000 people living in Stepanakert to seek refuge in underground bunkers and basements. Facing ground incursions near the city's outlying areas, military leaders in Nagorno-Karabakh organized an offensive

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Sporadic battles between Armenians and Azerbaijanis intensified after Operation Ring. Thousands of volunteers joined the new armies Armenia and Azerbaijan were trying to build from the ground up. In addition to the formation of regular army units, in Armenia many men volunteered to join detachments

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had attempted to "Azerify" the region by increasing the influence and number of Azerbaijanis living in Nagorno-Karabakh while at the same time pressuring its Armenian population to emigrate (Aliyev himself moved to Moscow in 1982, when was promoted to the position of the first deputy prime minister

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Historians to this day debate the reason for the Kavburo's last-minute reversal. Early scholarship argued that the decision was driven by a Soviet nationality policy that sought to create divisions within different ethnic and national groups. In addition to Nagorno-Karabakh, the Soviets also turned

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Mutalibov stated in this regard, "Я помню, как мы в свое время с помощью русских смогли очистить от армян около 30 сел вокруг Гянджи... Мы были близки даже к освобождению всего Карабаха, но внутренние распри, разногласия, междоусобицы свели на нет наши старания" (I remember how we with the help of

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that allows the player to assume the role of an Azerbaijani soldier who takes part in the 1992 battle of Shusha. Commentators have noted that the game "is not for the faint of heart: there's lots of killing and computer-generated gore. To a great extent, it's a celebration of violence: to advance,

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As neither side was party to international military conventions, instances of ill-discipline and atrocity were rife. Looting and mutilation of body parts (brought back as war trophies) of dead soldiers were common. Another activity that was by regular civilians and not just soldiers during the war

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which called for "the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Almost one hundred countries abstained from voting while seven countries, including the three co-chairs of the Minsk Group, Russia, the United

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unable to put up much resistance in the face of Armenian advances and abandoned most of their positions with little resistance. In late June 1993, they were driven out from Mardakert, losing their final foothold of the enclave. By July, Armenian forces were seen preparing for to attack and capture

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in Helsinki which comprised eleven nations and was co-chaired by France, Russia and the United States with the purpose of mediating a peace deal with Armenia and Azerbaijan. In their annual summit in 1992, the organization failed to address and solve the many new problems that had arisen since the

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rockets were launched upon the civilian population of capital Stepanakert: On some days as many as 400 Grad rockets rained down on Armenian multi-story apartments. By late February, the Armenian forces reportedly warned about the upcoming attack and issued an ultimatum that unless the Azerbaijanis

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publicly denied any involvement in providing any weapons, fuel, food, or other logistics to the secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh. Ter-Petrosyan later did admit to supplying them with logistical supplies and paying the salaries of the separatists, but denied sending any of its own men into combat.

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In an overall military comparison, the number of men eligible for military service in Armenia, in the age group of 17–32, totalled 550,000, while in Azerbaijan it reached 1.3 million. Most men on both sides had served in the Soviet army and so had some form of military experience prior to the

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The HRW report quotes the testimony of an Azerbaijani woman: "According to A.H., an Azerbaijani woman interviewed by Helsinki Watch in Baku, 'After Armenians seized Malybeyli, they made an ultimatum to Khojaly ... and that Khojaly people had better leave with white flag. Alif Gajiev told us

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After the war ended, both sides accused their opponents of continuing to hold captives; Azerbaijan claimed Armenia was continuing to hold nearly 5,000 Azerbaijani prisoners while Armenians claimed Azerbaijan was holding 600 prisoners. The non-profit group, Helsinki Initiative 92, investigated two

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Due to lack of available information about the roots and causes of the conflict, foreign reporters filled the information vacuum with constant references to the religious factor, i.e. the fact that Armenians were predominantly Christian, whereas Azeris were predominantly Muslim; a factor which in

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The Armenian side took advantage of the turmoil in Baku, which had left the Karabakh front almost undefended. The following four months of political instability in Azerbaijan led to the loss of control over five districts, as well as the north of Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijani military forces were

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By late February, Khojaly had largely been cut off. On 26 February, Armenian forces, with the aid of some armored vehicles from the 366th, mounted an offensive to capture Khojaly. According to the Azerbaijani side and the affirmation of other sources including Human Rights Watch, the Moscow-based

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taking the principles of territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as a base of the agreement. The agreement was signed by Yeltsin, Nazarbayev, Mutalibov and Ter-Petrosyan. The peace talks came to an end, however, due to continuing

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nuclear power plant, Armenia's economic outlook appeared bleak: in Georgia, a new bout of civil wars against separatists in Abkhazia and Ossetia began, and supply convoys were raided and the only oil pipeline leading from Russia to Armenia was repeatedly destroyed. As in 1991–1992, the 1992–1993

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On 12 June 1992, the Azeri military, along with Huseynov's own brigade, used a large number of tanks, armored personnel carriers and attack helicopters to launch a three-day offensive from the relatively unguarded region of Shahumian, north of Nagorno-Karabakh, in the process taking back several

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Operation Ring was viewed by many Soviet and Armenian government officials as a heavy-handed attempt by Moscow to intimidate the Armenian populace and forced them to give up their demands for unification. In the end, the operation proved counter-productive, with the violence only reinforcing the

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opined that because of the rapid growth of Azerbaijani defence expenditures – which is driving the strong rearmament of the Azerbaijani armed forces – the military balance appeared to be now shifting in Azerbaijan's favour: "The overall trend is clearly in Azerbaijan's favour, and it seems that

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An estimated 400,000 Armenians living in Azerbaijan fled to Armenia or Russia and a further 30,000 came from Karabakh. Many of those who left Karabakh returned after the war ended. An estimated 655,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced from the fighting including those from both Armenia and Karabakh.

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fighters from Afghanistan. Azerbaijan's government refuted the claim at the time, although the Armenian side provided correspondence and photographs to support their presence in the region. A shady American petroleum company, MEGA OIL, was also alleged to have sent American military trainers to

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same time, Azerbaijan also launched attacks by fixed-wing aircraft, often bombing civilian targets. Kocharyan accused Azerbaijan of intentionally targeting civilians in the aerial campaign. He also blamed Russia for allowing its army's weapons stockpiles to be sold or transferred to Azerbaijan.

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Following Gorbachev's resignation as president of the USSR on 25 December 1991, the remaining republics, including Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia itself, declared their independence and the Soviet Union ceased to exist on 31 December 1991. This dissolution removed any barriers that were keeping

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member Turkey invaded from the west. Thus, there were only three military divisions stationed in the Armenian SSR, and the country had no airfields, while Azerbaijan had a total of five divisions and five military air bases. Furthermore, Armenia had approximately 500 railroad cars of ammunition

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In early January 1994, Azerbaijani forces and Afghan guerrillas recaptured part of the Fuzuli district, including the railway junction of Horadiz on the Iranian border, but failed to recapture the town of Fuzuli itself. On 10 January an offensive was launched by Azerbaijan toward the region of

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Scant military opposition by the Azerbaijanis allowed Melkonian's fighters to gain a foothold in the region and along the way capture several abandoned armored vehicles and tanks. At 2:45 pm, on 2 April, Armenian forces from two directions advanced toward Kalbajar in an attack that struck

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An exact body count was never ascertained but conservative estimates have placed the number to 485. The official death toll according to Azerbaijani authorities for casualties suffered during the events of 25–26 February is 613 civilians, of them 106 women and 83 children. On 3 March 1992, the

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As MVD forces began pulling out, they bequeathed the Armenians and Azerbaijanis a vast arsenal of ammunition and armored vehicles. The government forces initially sent by Gorbachev three years earlier were from other Soviet republics and many had no wish to stay too long. Most were poor, young

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and by the Vice-Speaker of the British Parliament's House of Lords, Caroline Cox, in 1992. Azerbaijan was condemned by HRW for its use of aerial bombing in densely populated civilian areas and both sides were criticized for indiscriminate fire, hostage-taking, and the forcible displacement of

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demanded that the Armenians withdraw and issued a warning to the Armenian government not to undertake any offensives in Nakhichevan. Thousands of Turkish troops were sent to the border between Turkey and Armenia in early September. Russian forces in Armenia, in turn, likewise mobilized in the

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The political repercussions were also felt in Azerbaijan when Huseynov embarked on his "march to Baku". Frustrated with what he felt was Elchibey's incompetence and demoted from his rank of colonel, his brigade advanced in early June from its base in Ganja toward Baku with the explicit aim of

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Frustration over these military defeats took a toll on the domestic front in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's military had grown more desperate and defence minister Gaziev and Huseynov's brigade turned to Russian help, a move which ran against Elchibey's policies and was construed as insubordination.

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region if the offensive was not halted. An estimated 30,000 Armenian refugees were also forced to flee to the capital as the assaulting forces had taken back nearly half of Nagorno-Karabakh. However, the offensive soon ground to a halt as helicopter gunships began picking away at the columns.

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During the winter of 1991–1992 Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh was blockaded by Azerbaijani forces and many civilian targets in the city were intentionally bombarded by artillery and aircraft. The bombardment of Stepanakert and adjacent Armenian-held towns and villages during the

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for the area of each rayon as well as the area of the Nagorno-Karabakh Oblast and the total area of Azerbaijan are (in km2): 1,936, Kalbajar; 1,835, Lachin; 802, Qubadlı; 1,050, Jabrayil; 707, Zangilan; 842, Aghdam; 462, Fuzuli; 75, exclaves; totaling 7,709 km (2,976 sq mi) or

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occurred in Mardakert when up to sixteen soldiers were killed. Both sides accused the other of starting the battle. Moreover, the use of artillery in the skirmishes marked a significant departure from previous clashes, which usually involved only sniper or machine-gun fire. Deadly skirmishes

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In late 1991, Armenian militia groups launched a number of operations to capture Armenian-populated villages seized by Azerbaijani OMON in May–July 1991. A number of Azerbaijani units burned these villages down as they withdrew from their positions. According to the Moscow-based Human Rights

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In October 1993, Aliyev was formally elected president of Azerbaijan and promised to bring social order to the country in addition to recapturing the lost regions. In October, Azerbaijan joined the CIS. The winter season was marked with similar conditions as in the previous year, both sides

1949:

after submitting Armenian grievances to Stalin, which included requests to return Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Armenia. The Armenians of the region frequently complained over the span of Soviet rule that their cultural and national rights were continually trampled upon by the Soviet

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to monitor ceasefires and protect shipments of humanitarian aid being sent to displaced refugees. Several ceasefires were put into effect after the June offensive, but the implementation of a European peacekeeping force, endorsed by Armenia, never came to fruition. The idea of sending 100

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in Mardakert were reported to have been coming under attack by the Azerbaijanis. After successfully defending the Martuni region, Melkonian's fighters were tasked to move to capture the region of Kalbajar, where the incursions and artillery shelling were said to have been coming from.

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The scale of the Azerbaijani offensive prompted the Armenian government to threaten Azerbaijan with directly intervening and assisting the separatists. The assault forced Armenian forces to retreat south towards Stepanakert, where Karabakh commanders contemplated destroying a vital

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said that he was under intense pressure by his people to have his country intervene and aid Azerbaijan. Demirel was opposed to such an intervention, saying that Turkey's entrance into the war would trigger an even greater Muslim-Christian conflict (Turkey is overwhelmingly Muslim).

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The capture of Shusha resonated loudly in neighbouring Turkey. Its relations with Armenia had grown better after it had declared its independence from the Soviet Union; they gradually worsened as a result of Armenia's gains in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Turkey's prime minister

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to prepare the ground for a future attack on Stepanakert. The operation failed as the villagers and the Armenian fighters strongly retaliated. Mekhtiev was ambushed and up to 70 Azeri soldiers died. After this debacle, Mekhtiev left Shusha and was fired as defence minister.

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in May 1992, the former Soviet republics were allocated a certain number of tanks, armored vehicles, and combat aircraft. The agreement allowed Armenia and Azerbaijan to have a total of 100 aircraft. In 1993 the Armenian Air Force possessed a fleet of 12 Mi-24s gunships, 9

2006:

In February 1988, Armenians began protesting and staging workers' strikes in Yerevan, demanding unification with the enclave. On 20 February 1988, the leaders of the regional Soviet of Karabakh voted in favour of unifying the autonomous region with Armenia in a resolution.

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reported over 1,000 people had been slain over four years of conflict. It quoted the mayor of Khojaly, Elmar Mamedov, as also saying 200 more were missing, 300 were held hostage and 200 injured in the fighting. A report published in 1992 by the human rights organization

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Armenia and Azerbaijan quarreled over the prospective boundaries of the three regions. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh sought to unite the region with the Armenian republic. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, forces led by Armenian general

1864:, an Azerbaijani statesman, as provisional governor, but insisted that all sides await the decision made at the peace conference. Intermittent fighting broke out shortly after and accelerated following the British pull-out in early 1919. The violence culminated in 7481:

Expressing its serious concern that a continuation of the conflict in and around the Nagorny Karabakh region of the Azerbaijani Republic, and of the tensions between the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijani Republic, would endanger peace and security in the

7441:

1900:

Nakhichevan, a region with a large Armenian minority population, into an exclave of Azerbaijan, separated by Armenia's border. More recent research has pointed to geography, Soviet economic policy, and ensuring close relations with Turkish nationalist leader

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official, they were able to persuade Russian military units to bombard and effectively halt the advance within a few days; allowing the Armenian government to recuperate for the losses and mount a counteroffensive to restore the original lines of the front.

1855:

in December 1918 when they were stopped by newly arrived British troops. The British commander suggested Andranik desist from marching on to Shusha and allow Armenia's and Azerbaijan's territorial disputes be left to the diplomats meeting at the forthcoming

1485:, boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno-Karabakh, was held, in which a 99.89% voted in favor of independence with an 82.2% turnout. The demand to unify with Armenia began in a relatively peaceful manner in 1988; in the following months, as the 2049:

region and began to forcibly expel their Armenian inhabitants. The operation involved the use of ground troops, armored vehicles and artillery. The deportations of the Armenian civilians was accompanied by allegations of gross human rights violations.

2036:

As many Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Karabakh began acquiring arms located in caches throughout Karabakh, Mutalibov turned to Gorbachev for support in launching a joint military operation in order to disarm Armenian militants in the region. Codenamed

9264: 7247:"в 1993 году президент Гейдар Алиев расформировал 33 добровольческих батальона, состоявших в основном из сторонников оппозиции. Это стало во многом причиной кризиса на фронте и последовавшего захвата армянами семи районов вокруг Нагорного Карабаха." 4579:

As one Armenian fighter commented: "The difference is in what you do and what you do it for. You know a few miles back is your family, children, women and old people and therefore you're duty-bound to fight to the death so that those behind you will

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were elected into the parliament. The instigators lambasted Mutalibov as an undedicated and weak leader in the war in Karabakh. Elchibey was staunchly opposed to asking for help from Russians, preferring instead to build closer ties with Turkey.

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stated that their inquiry found that the Azerbaijani OMON and "the militia, still in uniform and some still carrying their guns, were interspersed with the masses of civilians" which may have been the reason why Armenian troops fired upon them.

4757: 2252:), units of about forty men, which, combined with several others, were placed under the command of a lieutenant colonel. Many styled themselves in the mold of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Armenian revolutionary figures, such as 5021: 5015:

The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former

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outside the enclave itself, threatening the involvement of other countries in the region. By the end of the war in 1994, the Armenians were in full control of the enclave, in addition to surrounding Azerbaijani territories, most notably the

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prisons in Shusha and Stepanakert after the war ended, but concluded there were no prisoners-of-war there. A similar investigation arrived at the same conclusion while searching for Armenians allegedly labouring in Azerbaijan's quarries.

7281: 3776:, writing that "Karabakh does not matter to Azerbaijanis as much as it does to Armenians. Probably, this is why young volunteers from Armenia proper have been much more eager to fight and die for Karabakh than the Azerbaijanis have." A 4882: 2959:

Grain had become difficult to procure. The Armenian Diaspora raised money and donated supplies to Armenia. In December, two shipments of 33,000 tons of grain and 150 tons of infant formula arrived from the United States via the

4646:"Леонид Тибилов поздравил Бако Саакяна с 25-й годовщиной образования Нагорно-Карабахской Республики [Leonid Tibilov congratulated Bako Sahakyan on the 25th anniversary of the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]" 4253:

Emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union as nascent states and due to the near-immediate fighting, it was not until mid-1993 that Armenia and Azerbaijan became signatories of international law agreements, including the

2475:, it had to divide some of its own forces for the defense of its western border with Turkey. For the duration of the war, most of the military personnel and equipment of the Republic of Armenia stayed in the country proper. 2736:, situated along a narrow corridor that separated Armenia proper from Nagorno-Karabakh. The town was poorly guarded, and the next day Armenian forces took control of the town and opened a humanitarian corridor known as the 6231: 5226: 4786: 4308:

players must handle a variety of tasks, including shooting lots of Armenian enemies, rescuing a wounded Azerbaijani soldier, retrieving a document, and blowing up a building in the town of Shusha." Another opus followed,

8468: 7878:, p. 2"Due to the conflict, there is a widespread negative sentiment toward Armenians in Azerbaijani society today." "In general, hate-speech and derogatory public statements against Armenians take place routinely." 3135:, 15 APCs and 25 heavy artillery pieces since the June 1992 Goranboy offensive. Serzh Sargsyan, the then-military leader of the Karabakh armed forces, calculated a total of 156 tanks captured over the course of the war. 12352: 5073: 4467:

signed a waiver that effectively repealed Section 907, thereby removing any restrictions that were barring the United States from sending military aid to Azerbaijan; military parity is maintained toward both sides. See

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that linked the Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia. The capture of Lachin allowed an overland route for supply convoys between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, thereby providing relief against the blockade imposed by Azerbaijan.

8508: 7714: 4819:, p. 616: "It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army." 2913: 2511:

multiple-launch rocket system during the bombardment. The indiscriminate shelling and aerial attacks, terrorized the civilian population and destroyed numerous civilian buildings, including homes, hospitals and other

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is noted for her coverage of Operation Ring. Some foreign journalists previously concerned with emphasizing the Soviets conceding in the Cold War, gradually shifted toward presenting the USSR as a country awash in

5134:, p. 616: "It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army.". 4704:

p. xiii "Slavic mercenaries also take part in the fighting. The Slavs on both sides ..."; p. 106 "Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian mercenaries or rogue units of the Soviet/Russian Army have fought on both

3947:

for peace talks sponsored by the OSCE. While several Western diplomats expressed optimism, failure to prepare the populations of either country for compromise reportedly thwarted hopes for a peaceful resolution.

4645: 2711:, issued a warning to Western nations, especially the United States, to not interfere with the conflict in the Caucasus, stating it would "place us on the verge of a third world war and that cannot be allowed". 9976: 4447:

Russians managed to cleanse from Armenians 30 villages around Gyandja... we were even close to the liberation of the whole Karabakh but our inner disagreements diminished our efforts). 1news.az 18 November 2008

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The withdrawal of Soviet interior troops from Nagorno-Karabakh did not necessarily lead to the complete drawdown of former Soviet military power. In February 1992, the former Soviet republics came to form the

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The second war ended with the victory of Azerbaijan, which took control of 4 Armenian-occupied districts, as well as towns of Shusha and Hadrut in Nagorno-Karabakh proper, and signing of a Russian-brokered

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Under pressure from the APF due to the mismanagement of the defence of Khojaly and the safety of its inhabitants, Mutalibov was forced to submit his resignation to the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

2523:

and Shusha. In February 1992, Khojaly was captured by a mixed force of ethnic Armenians and, according to international observers, the 366th CIS Regiment. After its capture, Khojaly became the site of

2315:, who refers to unidentified diplomats, the Afghans started arriving in August 1993 after Azerbaijani Deputy Interior Minister Roshan Jivadov had visited Afghanistan and the deployment was approved by 5068:

The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.

3219:

to Yerevan with 34 passengers and crew was attacked by an Azerbaijani Su-25. Though suffering engine failure and a fire in rear of the plane, it eventually made a safe landing in Armenian territory.

2594:, as well as pressure from neighbouring Turkey, which decided to side with Azerbaijan and build a closer relationship with it. In early February, the Azerbaijani villages of Malıbəyli, Karadagly and 1963:

After Stalin's death, Armenian discontent began to be voiced. In 1963, around 2,500 Karabakh Armenians signed a petition calling for Karabakh to be put under Armenian control or to be transferred to

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in Azerbaijan. Armenia and five other republics boycotted the referendum (Armenia declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 23 August 1990, whereas Azerbaijan voted in favor of joining).

8416: 10594:– a documentary film by Armenia's Vardan Hovhannisyan, who won the prize for best new documentary filmmaker at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival in New York, about the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. 9916: 4420: 4496:

The Armenian government denies that a deliberate massacre took place in Khojaly and maintains most of the civilians were killed in a crossfire shooting between Armenian and Azerbaijani troops.

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and were used extensively by both sides. The most widely used helicopter gunship by both sides was the Soviet-made Mi-24 Krokodil. Armenia's active air force at the time consisted of only two

1888:, the Kavburo was tasked with resolving a myriad of national-related issues in the Caucasus. On 4 July 1921 the committee voted 4–3 in favor of assigning Nagorno-Karabakh to the newly created 2177:

manufacture; although, some improvisation was also made by both sides. Azerbaijan received substantial military aid and provisions from Turkey, Israel and numerous Middle East countries. The

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belief among Armenians that armed resistance remained the only solution to the conflict. The initial Armenian resistance inspired volunteers to start forming irregular volunteer detachments.

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in the southeastern half of Karabakh. The attack force consisted of several dozen tanks and armored fighting vehicles along with a complement of several infantry companies massing along the

2507:

blockade caused widespread destruction and the Interior Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh claimed that 169 Armenians died between October 1991 and April 1992. Azerbaijan used weapons such as the

5930:"Доклад правозащитного центра «Мемориал» о массовых нарушениях прав человека, связанных с занятием населенного пункта Ходжалы в ночь с 25 на 26 февраля 1992 г. вооружёнными формированиями" 5146:, p. 6: "Different independent sources – expert, intelligence and official – estimated that the number of Afghan fighters during the period of 1993–1994 fluctuated between 1500–3000." 4890: 10048: 4235:, under which Armenia agreed to withdraw from another 3 occupied districts. The agreement also provided for deployment of Russian peacekeeping forces along the line of contact and the 8566: 2671:

from the village of Dzhangasan. During the afternoon of the next day, Azerbaijani units took up positions in close proximity to the city, but were quickly repulsed by the Armenians.

70:

Remnants of Azerbaijani APCs; internally displaced Azerbaijanis from the Armenian-occupied territories; Armenian T-72 tank memorial at the outskirts of Stepanakert; Armenian soldiers

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The final borders of the conflict after the 1994 ceasefire was signed. Armenian forces of Nagorno-Karabakh occupied 16% of Azerbaijan's territory, while Azerbaijani forces control

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accelerated in late 1991, both sides sought to acquire weaponry from military caches located throughout the region. The initial advantage tilted in Azerbaijan's favour. During the

5359: 2609:, a small town 7 kilometres (4 miles) north of Stepanakert and a population of somewhere between 6,000 and 10,000 people. Khojaly had been serving as an artillery base from which 2025:

called the Union Treaty which would decide if the Soviet republics would remain together. Newly elected non-communist leaders had come to power in the Soviet republics, including

724: 6221: 5236: 4776: 4766:, p. 25: "units of the 4th army stationed in Azerbaijan and Azeri OMONs were used in 'Operation Ring', to empty a number of Armenian villages in Nagorno-Karabakh in April 1991.". 12332: 12327: 11425: 10215:"On the Visit to the Armenian-Azerbaijani Border, May 25–29, 1991" Presented to the First International Sakharov Conference on Physics, Lebedev Institute, Moscow on 31 May 1991. 8971: 8476: 1276: 10012: 3040:, which bordered Armenia. With a population of about 60,000, the several dozen villages were made up of Azerbaijani and Kurds. In March 1993, the Armenian-held areas near the 2222: 8498: 7724: 2121:

Starting in late 1991, when the Azerbaijani side started its counter-offensive, the Armenian side began targeting Azerbaijani villages. According to Memorial, the villages

4619:"В карабахском селе открылся памятник погибшим в войне кубанским казакам [A monument to the Kuban Cossacks who died in the war was opened in the Karabakh village]" 1800: 8142: 6582: 5180: 4653: 922: 14548: 14156: 11688: 11466: 9214: 9187: 5538: 1536: 138: 5055: 3169:

The aerial warfare in Karabakh involved primarily fighter jets and attack helicopters. The primary transport helicopters of the war were the Mi-8 and its cousin, the

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The capture of these two towns had been deemed necessary by the "NKR" forces in order to stop Azerbaijani war crimes and open up a humanitarian corridor to Armenia.

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Contrary to media reports that nearly always mentioned the religions of the Armenians and Azerbaijanis, religious aspects never gained significance as an additional

1995:

of the USSR). Over the course of seventy years, the Armenian population of Karabakh had dwindled to nearly three-quarters of the total population by the late 1980s.

932: 8064: 4733:"Armenians Wage Hunger Strike in Regional Dispute: Soviet Union: Five threaten to starve themselves to death unless Moscow ends military rule in Azerbaijan enclave" 4673: 2853:

and were able to bring the new president of Azerbaijan Yaqub Mammadov and President of Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosian to Tehran for bilateral talks on 7 May 1992. The

1588:

The territorial ownership of Nagorno-Karabakh today is heavily contested between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. The current conflict has its roots in events following

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to Armenia. Iran also helped by providing power and electricity to Armenian. Elchibey's acrimonious stance toward Iran and provocative remarks about unifying with

4312:, which was released in 2013. This episode is very similar to the previous one, but this time it takes place in Agdam. In April 2018, a documentary film about an 13021: 5082:, p. 135: "Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia.". 10518: 10208: 8384: 6173: 12234: 7565: 6917: 4024: 7305: 4471: 4291:

The 1992–94 war figures heavily in popular Armenian and Azerbaijani media. It is a subject of many films and popular television shows. In June 2006, the film

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soldiers, were killed as they fled the town. The siege was finally lifted a few months later, in May 1992, when Armenian forces scored a decisive victory by

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years ... The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region ..." Soviet troops directly intervened during

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There were times when the fighting also spilled outside the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Nakhchivan, for example, was shelled by Armenian troops in May 1992.

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tried their first hand at mediation efforts. After peace talks in Baku, Ganja, Stepanakert, and Yerevan on 20–23 September, the sides agreed to sign the

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persisted, with occasional outbreaks of armed clashes. Armenian forces occupied approximately 9% of Azerbaijan's territory outside the enclave until the

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Nagorno-Karabakh War participant Imran Gurbanov, called Return was premiered in Baku. It was directed by Rufat Asadov and written by Orkhan Fikratoglu.

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of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks created a seven-member committee, the Caucasus Bureau (known as the Kavburo). Established under the auspices of the

13138: 13133: 13070: 13065: 10753: 10088: 7234: 6340: 4463:. Humanitarian aid was not explicitly banned but such supplies had to be routed through indirectly to aid organizations. On 25 January 2002, President 3855: 1532: 9926: 9457: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12322: 7887: 5273: 4081: 4050: 2527:

to occur during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Human Rights Watch estimates that at least 161 Azerbaijani civilians, as well as a number of unarmed

1608:, struggled to come to an agreement on the nature of political government in the region. An attempt at shared political authority in the form of the 4121:

Tensions escalated again in July–August 2014 with ceasefire breaches by Azerbaijan taking place and President Aliyev, threatening Armenia with war.

3760:

Azerbaijan's offensives grew more desperate as boys as young as 16, with little to no training, were recruited and sent to take part in ineffective

14376: 12476: 12407: 10002: 5103: 2935:. Martuni's regimental commander, Monte Melkonian, although lacking heavy armor, managed to beat back repeated assaults by the Azerbaijani forces. 1793: 8041: 4037:

In the years since the end of the war, a number of organizations have passed resolutions regarding the conflict. On 25 January 2005, for example,

1527:

Full-scale fighting erupted in early 1992. Turkey sent mercenaries to fight for Azerbaijan and assisted in blockading trade to Armenia, including

14012: 8071: 5932: 4895:Кроме чеченских боевиков, радикальных исламистов из Афганистана, „Серых волков" и других, отметились в Карабахе и украинские нацисты из УНА-УНСО. 4038: 2268:

consisted of roughly 30,000 men, as well as nearly 10,000 in its OMON paramilitary force and several thousand volunteers from the Popular Front.

915: 710: 7233:[War, social changes and "neither war nor peace" syndromes in Azerbaijani and Armenian societies] (in Russian). Conciliation Resources. 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14443: 14289: 14149: 13620: 12987: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 11608: 10624: 9289: 5879: 3750: 3746: 3057: 2272:, a wealthy Azerbaijani, improvised by creating his own military brigade, the 709th, and purchased weapons and vehicles from the former Soviet 2145:, Soviet military doctrine for the defense of the Caucasus had outlined a strategy where Armenia would become a combat zone in the event that 1978:

came to power as the new general secretary of the Soviet Union and began implementing plans to reform the Soviet Union through his policies of

1967:. The same year saw violent clashes in Stepanakert, leading to the death of 18 Armenians. In 1965 and 1977, there were large demonstrations in 1938:

officials attempted to persuade Moscow to reconsider the question, to little avail. In 1936, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia

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But Turkey backs the Azerbaijanis, and has sealed its border with Armenia. Turkey will not allow even relief aid across its land to Armenia.

3753:, in October and November. Reemphasizing the same points as the previous two, they acknowledged Nagorno-Karabakh as a region of Azerbaijan. 12860: 12717: 11379: 11092: 10602: 9841: 8558: 7344: 1964: 1814: 1335: 10069: 8611: 8013: 2193:

magazine confirmed that "the Azerbaijani fighters in the region far better equipped with Soviet military weaponry than their opponents."

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Over the following decades of Soviet rule, the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians retained a strong desire to reunite with Armenia. A number of

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In the ensuing months after the capture of Khojaly, Azerbaijani commanders holding out in the region's last bastion of Shusha began a

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to ban American military aid to Azerbaijan in 1992. While Azerbaijan charged the Russians with helping the Armenians, a reporter from

1998: 14488: 14142: 13128: 13060: 12286: 12244: 11872: 10485:

Beginning of Winter: The George H.W. Bush Administration, the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, and the Emergence of the Post–Cold War World

9302: 4513:, several captured Russian and Ukrainian pilots hired to fly for Azerbaija confess that they were ordered to attack civilian targets. 4232: 4159: 1935: 1774: 1413: 1376: 1044: 8261: 8180: 6238: 2948:

the economic blockades imposed by Azerbaijan. While not completely shut off, material aid sent through Turkey arrived sporadically.

14493: 13811: 11097: 8752: 8206: 10240: 7368: 5860:(in Russian). Translated by Ter-Harutyunyan, Aram. 19 April 2012. Armenian Bulletin No. 18-19 (32–33) from 1991–11. Archived from 5177: 2519:

Human Rights Watch reported that main bases used by Azerbaijani armed forces for the bombardment of Stepanakert were the towns of

2101:. The helicopter contained a peace mediating team made up of Russian and Kazakh observers and Azerbaijani high-ranking officials. 30:

This article is about the armed conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region between 1988 and 1994. For the 2020 armed conflict, see

13732: 13207: 12805: 11185: 11050: 10568: 10176: 8679: 7780: 4011:, Nakhichevan. This destruction was temporarily halted when first revealed in 1998, but then continued on to completion in 2005. 3783:"For Azerbaijan, the issue of Karabakh is a matter of ambition, for the Armenians of Karabakh, it is a matter of life or death." 3127:

and artillery from Azerbaijan. According to Monte Melkonian, his forces in Martuni alone had captured or destroyed a total of 55

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Because Armenia did not have any secure treaty guarantees like those it would conclude with Russia (in 1997 and 2010) and the

1616:. In May 1918, separate Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian national republics declared their formal independence from Russia. 12969: 12257: 11412: 11384: 11136: 10126: 10042: 9592: 9573: 9312: 9123: 8965: 8880: 7983: 4883:"Армянский эксперт: В Первую Карабахскую войну украинские неонацисты служили в армии Азербайджана летчиками и артиллеристами" 4533: 4449:Аяз Муталибов: "Если мы с Москвой будем говорить четко, я думаю, мы сможем завоевать ее расположение по Карабахской проблеме" 4423:, passed in 1993, called on withdrawal of Armenian forces from the regions falling outside of the borders of the former NKAO. 3979: 1357: 1341: 1131: 8446: 6300: 5856:[The report of J. Thomas Bertrand on a trip to the village of Aterk in the Mardakert district of Nagorno-Karabakh]. 5528: 4953: 14306: 13953: 13744: 13599: 13555: 13397: 12981: 12469: 12400: 11618: 11571: 7839: 6671: 6330: 5045: 5002: 3868: 3010:, Russians supplied Armenians with such massive arms shipment in return for "money, personal contacts and lots of vodkas". 2987:

and international refugees were forced to live in makeshift camps provided by both the Azerbaijan government and Iran. The

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Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy

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mercenaries from the former Soviet military. They flew mission sorties over Karabakh with such sophisticated jets as the

3164: 2090: 1513:(1992) directed against Azerbaijanis. Inter-ethnic clashes between the two broke out shortly after the parliament of the 799: 14361: 8733: 7914: 7454: 7414: 2292:, in winter 1990 Azerbaijani nationalist militias even attempted to secure or prevent the Soviet military from removing 14563: 14543: 14244: 13550: 13462: 12798: 11208: 11043: 10617: 5231:[The number of Azerbaijani servicemen killed during the First Karabakh War has been named] (in Russian). Baku: 4344: 4332: 3998: 3842: 3160: 2202: 1908: 1754: 1514: 1209: 1199: 1181: 11294: 10513: 8374: 5752: 5336: 2956:

winter was especially cold, as many families throughout Armenia and Karabakh were left without heating and hot water.

14553: 14448: 14229: 14017: 13984: 13778: 13472: 13420: 13335: 12826: 12277: 11389: 10978: 10948: 10696: 10467: 10448: 10380: 10303: 10205: 10189: 10158: 9803: 9778: 9691: 9647: 9624: 9523: 9500: 9470: 9384: 9361: 9342: 9236: 9172: 9146: 9081: 9055: 9028: 9006: 8932: 8902: 8845: 8826: 8804: 8163: 7664: 7555: 6295: 6163: 4844: 4690: 2206: 1346: 197: 10983: 10327:"Paradigms of Political Mythologies and Perspectives of Reconciliation in the Case of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" 6921: 4469: 14483: 13920: 13849: 13821: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13290: 13285: 13160: 11528: 11280: 11141: 10722: 7313: 6199: 4590: 4192: 4103: 2907: 2311:

by commander Fazle Haq Mujahid and several groups were dispatched to Azerbaijan for different duties. According to

2273: 1049: 852: 10532:

Articles and Photography on Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh – War and its Legacy, from Russell Pollard UK Photojournalist

7747:"Ter-Petrosyan on the BBC: Karabakh conflict could have been resolved by giving certain territories to Azerbaijan" 5319: 4451:(Ayaz Mutalibov: "If we speak clearly with Moscow, I think we will be able to win its favor on the Karabakh issue) 3982:. The ramifications of the war were said to have played a part in the February 2004 murder of Armenian Lieutenant 2812:

was announced throughout the NKR. On 15 August, the Committee for State Defense of the NKR was created, headed by

1535:(CSCE) failed to bring an end resolution that both sides could work with. In early 1993, Armenian forces captured 14558: 14538: 14397: 14234: 13722: 13148: 13080: 12866: 12462: 12393: 11561: 11503: 11102: 11014: 10738: 10707: 10537:

Information Site about Nagorno-Karabakh, history and background of the present-day conflict, maps and resolutions

8227: 8060: 5095: 4618: 4046: 3847: 3053: 2484: 2138: 1486: 1005: 995: 54: 10008:

Human rights and democratization in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Volume 4; Volume 85

8313: 6016:

Petrosian, David. "What Are the Reasons for Armenians' Success in the Military Phase of the Karabakh Conflict?"

3997:

Presumably trying to erase any traces of Armenian heritage, the Azerbaijani government ordered its military the

2299:

The Azerbaijani government sought foreign support as well, flush with money from oil revenues, it hired foreign

1556:

but failed to result in a peace treaty. This left the Nagorno-Karabakh area in a state of legal limbo, with the

14195: 13866: 13756: 13678: 13573: 13478: 13191: 13092: 12963: 12772: 12436: 12312: 11623: 11397: 10943: 10717: 6609: 4566:, and 13 Mi-8s transport helicopters. Azerbaijan's air force had a near-similar fleet of 15 Mi-24s, 7 Mi-2, 15 4487:

this on 15 February, but this didn't frighten me or other people. We never believed they could occupy Khojaly'"

4263: 3892: 3032:

An Armenian engineer repairing a captured Azerbaijani tank. Note the crescent emblem on the turret of the tank.

2750: 1828: 1824: 1352: 961: 7979: 7069: 3192:

Azerbaijan's air force was composed of 45 combat aircraft which were often piloted by experienced Russian and

2667:

On 28 March, Azerbaijani troops deployed to attack Stepanakert, attacked Armenian positions above the village

13087: 12648: 11369: 11004: 10763: 10610: 8109:"Resolutionresolutions on political affairs adopted by the eleventh session of the Islamic summit conference" 6454: 4125: 2158:

and many simply sold their weapons for cash or even vodka to either side, some even trying to sell tanks and

1911:(NKAO) in 1923 left the region with a 94% Armenian population. The region's capital was moved from Shusha to 1463: 1325: 585: 10632: 8714: 7228: 6583:"Letter from the Charge d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Azerbaijan to the United Nations Office" 5853:Отчет Дж. Томаса Бертранда о поездке в село Атерк Мардакертского района Нагорного Карабаха – KarabakhRecords 14366: 14334: 14038: 13739: 12957: 12909: 12903: 12307: 12164: 11603: 10428: 9476: 8748: 8239: 5453: 5449: 4028: 3925: 3888: 2570: 2022: 1857: 1521: 1489:, it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, resulting in 1397: 1029: 1000: 351: 5269: 4589:

For more detailed statistics on the status of refugees and the number of internally displaced persons see

2659:

The road leading up to Shusha was the scene of a battle between Armenian and Azerbaijani armored vehicles.

2181:

donated a significant amount of aid to Armenia through the course of the war and even managed to push for

14299: 14200: 14169: 14007: 14002: 13826: 13683: 13102: 13097: 12975: 12778: 12694: 12666: 12632: 12442: 11499: 11447: 11085: 10933: 10773: 9683: 7389: 4541: 4138: 3851: 3623: 3227:

Below is a table listing the number of aircraft that were used by Armenia and Azerbaijan during the war.

2984: 2042: 1764: 1676: 1659: 1629: 1583: 1571: 1518: 1369: 1229: 966: 591: 479: 31: 12224: 11405: 10062:

Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Indiscriminate Bombing and Shelling by Azerbaijani Forces in Nagorno Karabakh

9489: 7142: 5107: 2077: 2063: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14351: 14264: 14108: 13794: 13717: 13308: 13244: 11491: 11487: 10938: 10712: 10591: 8037: 7626:"Журналисты на войне в Карабахе: Писаренко Дмитрий (Journalists in the Karabakh War: Dmitri Pisarenko)" 4732: 3447:

initially Azerbaijani had 3–4 Su-24s, then an additional 16 Su-24MRs were taken over from Russian base

2513: 2281: 579: 339: 10555: 10059:

Denber, Rachel; Petrov, Alexander; Derry, Christina (July 1993). Whitman, Lois; Dailey, Erika (eds.).

7205: 5929: 2912: 2029:

in Russia (Gorbachev remained the President of the Soviet Union), Levon Ter-Petrosyan in Armenia, and

14185: 13668: 13446: 13441: 13415: 13155: 13034: 12502: 11430: 11066: 11009: 10897: 9156: 7108: 6848: 4115: 4110: 3929: 3808: 2598:

were conquered and their population evicted, leading to at least 99 civilian deaths and 140 wounded.

2585:

On 2 January 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov assumed the presidency of Azerbaijan. Officially, the newly created

2159: 1820: 1609: 1567: 1287: 1114: 1109: 951: 50: 9934:

Yamskov, A.N. (October 1991). "Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh".

5875: 4868: 3036:

Situated west of northern Karabakh, outside the official boundaries of the region, was the rayon of

2845:

in the first half of 1992, after the events in Khojaly and the resignation of Azerbaijani President

1738: 14239: 14058: 13935: 13930: 13859: 12729: 12517: 11337: 11327: 10988: 9883: 8864: 8115: 6663: 4400: 4008: 2842: 2699:

to Azerbaijan and also contributed substantial military aid and advisers. In addition, Turkey also

2668: 2487:, the lack of such military experience was one factor that left Azerbaijan unprepared for the war. 2293: 2239: 2086: 1877: 1156: 1024: 9850:"State at War, State in War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and State-Making in Armenia, 1991–1995" 9736:"Covering the South Caucasus and Bosnian Conflicts: Or How the Jihad Model Appears and Disappears" 7754: 7230:Война, социальные изменения и синдромы 'ни войны, ни мира' в азербайджанском и армянском обществах 6044: 3103:

that would keep towns and villages and their positions out of the range of Azerbaijani artillery.

2288:) Brigade was another privately funded military outfit. According to Mariana Budjeryn's 2022 book 14033: 13799: 12676: 11523: 11267: 11180: 11131: 11119: 10597: 10579: 10184:. Report by Human Rights Watch/Helsinki and Inter-Republic Memorial Society. Human Rights Watch. 5034:: "Armenia is de facto united with Nagorno-Karabakh, an unrecognized state, in a single entity.". 3821: 3352:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 flown by Yuri Belichenko was shot down near Cherban on 20 August 1992 using

3332: 3311: 3260: 2988: 2675: 2210: 2098: 1707: 1089: 327: 11953: 9815: 9225: 9070: 7674: 7336: 4271:

in Baku was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

4207:, and declared partial mobilization the day after. Engagements were characterised by the use of 4064: 2126: 14311: 14254: 14048: 13727: 13701: 13594: 12891: 12682: 11613: 11598: 11374: 11358: 11342: 11309: 10541: 10404: 10251: 10060: 8607: 8021: 8009: 7393: 6772: 4248: 3394: 3077: 2973: 2829: 2591: 2186: 1330: 1320: 1239: 1061: 1010: 874: 793: 12385: 10373:

Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic

9735: 7715:"By Giving Karabakh Lands to Azerbaijan, Conflict Would Have Ended in '97, Says Ter-Petrosian" 6788:

On May 18, the Karabakh Army entered Lachin (Kashatagh), thus ending the three-year blockade.

5778: 4836: 4830: 2923:

In late June, a new, smaller Azerbaijani offensive was planned, this time against the town of

14371: 14344: 14279: 14212: 13904: 13899: 13615: 13361: 13181: 12926: 12508: 12302: 12041: 11994: 11507: 11252: 9922: 9816:"No War, No Peace in the Caucasus: Contested Sovereignty in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and Karabakh" 9790: 9758: 9298: 6251: 5119: 5050: 3896: 3884: 3837: 3562: 3156: 2780: 2480: 2227: 2115: 1892:, but a day later the Kavburo reversed its decision and voted to leave the region within the 1723: 1224: 1194: 1084: 805: 9511: 9096: 6464: 4861:"Украинские националисты УНАО-УНСО признали, что воевали на стороне Азербайджана в Карабахе" 4076:(OIC) and the session of its Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, member states adopted 13186: 12317: 11481: 11234: 10953: 10758: 10640: 9697: 9538: 8608:"Survivors of Maraghar massacre: It was truly like a contemporary Golgotha many times over" 7803: 6335: 5411: 5389: 4383: 4304: 4129:

President Serzh Sargsyan stated that 18 Armenian soldiers were killed and 35 were wounded.

4089: 4077: 4042: 3912: 2977: 2732:

To add to the turmoil, on 18 May Armenian forces launched an offensive to take the town of

2708: 2501: 2073: 1861: 1840: 1728: 1435: 834: 12219: 9757:(2002). "The Irony of Nagorno-Karabakh: Formal Institutions versus Informal Politics". In 9252:Турция и Карабахский конфликт в конце XX – начале XXI веков. Историко-сравнительный анализ 4652:(in Russian). President of the Republic of South Ossetia. 2 September 2016. Archived from 3211:

Azerbaijani fighter jets attacked civilian airplanes too. An Armenian civil aviation

2854: 8: 14284: 13254: 13217: 13165: 12723: 12579: 12573: 12191: 12026: 11989: 11828: 11793: 11761: 11024: 9410: 8912: 8379: 8253: 8177: 7909: 7592: 7189: 6394: 6226: 4781: 3936: 3900: 3833: 3216: 2696: 2586: 2350: 2316: 2312: 2304: 1881: 1769: 1557: 1206: 552: 406: 166: 129: 8203: 1880:

invaded the Caucasus and within two years, the Caucasian republics were formed into the

14402: 14269: 14259: 14224: 13467: 13356: 13212: 12897: 12529: 12137: 11823: 11676: 11666: 11661: 11583: 11322: 11299: 11275: 10847: 10797: 10437: 10263: 10142: 9987: 9951: 9903: 9837: 9659: 9636: 9613: 9604:

Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918

9549: 9459:

The Karabagh File: Documents and Facts on the Region of Mountainous Karabagh, 1918–1988

9433: 9373: 9331: 9283: 9201: 9112: 9040: 8917: 8793: 7560: 7365: 6668:"Нам сказали, что азербайджанцы придут и перебьют нас. А мы им ответили: "Пусть придут" 5761: 5533: 4948: 4943: 4682: 4622: 4537: 4347:(Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence). 4279:

journalist Yo'av Karny noted this practice was as "old as the people occupying land".

4255: 3863: 3832:

Coverage of the war was provided by a number of journalists from both sides, including

3487: 3471:

1 Azerbaijani Su-25 flown by Kurbanov was shot down over Mkhrdag on 13 June 1992 using

3152: 3023: 2969: 2809: 2771: 2601:

The only land connection Armenia had with Karabakh was through the narrow, mountainous

2111: 2046: 1702: 1638: 1151: 1071: 1039: 1015: 990: 886: 863: 844: 10241:"The limits of leadership: Elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process" 10195: 8869: 7776: 2618:

human rights organization Memorial and the biography of a leading Armenian commander,

14249: 14207: 14123: 14043: 13392: 13249: 12915: 12885: 12848: 12842: 12711: 12549: 12239: 12056: 12051: 12036: 12004: 11916: 11808: 11730: 11708: 11703: 11476: 11317: 11124: 11107: 10963: 10958: 10792: 10463: 10444: 10376: 10326: 10299: 10255: 10185: 10154: 10147: 10099: 10038: 9955: 9907: 9867: 9821:

Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia

9799: 9774: 9687: 9643: 9620: 9588: 9569: 9519: 9512: 9496: 9466: 9465:. New York: Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research & Documentation. 9453: 9380: 9357: 9338: 9308: 9232: 9168: 9161: 9142: 9135: 9119: 9077: 9051: 9047: 9024: 9002: 8961: 8928: 8898: 8876: 8841: 8838:

Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia

8822: 8800: 7036: 6168: 4840: 4737: 4686: 4391: 4057: 4020: 3765: 3537: 3099:, another district that fell outside of Nagorno-Karabakh, with the aim of widening a 3041: 2951:

Experiencing both food shortages and power shortages, after the shutting down of the

2850: 2650: 2534: 2231:

Armenian soldiers in Karabakh, 1994, wearing Soviet Army combat helmets and wielding

2178: 1975: 1692: 1612:

in the spring of 1918 came to naught in the face of an invasion by the forces of the

1605: 1066: 1034: 879: 839: 14134: 12417: 10011:. Implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. 8944:

Inheriting the Bomb: The Collapse of the USSR and the Nuclear Disarmament of Ukraine

8084: 7948: 6944: 6895: 5748:

Anon. "Кто на стыке интересов? США, Россия и новая реальность на границе с Ираном" (

3903:. Karabakh remains under the jurisdiction of the government of the unrecognized but 3481:

Armenians had 3 additional Su-25s, but they were inactive and never used in combat.

2890:

were all top agenda issues that involved various ethnic groups fighting each other.

2882:, the secessionist movement in Chechnya and Georgia's renewed disputes with Russia, 2307:, a veteran of the Afghan war against the Soviets. Recruitment took place mostly in 1648: 14217: 14087: 13979: 13894: 13766: 13641: 13636: 13589: 13493: 13377: 13123: 13055: 12636: 12229: 12214: 12098: 12078: 11887: 11855: 11813: 11803: 11766: 11725: 11671: 11651: 11518: 11513: 11304: 11257: 11190: 11080: 10973: 10902: 10842: 10827: 10807: 10802: 10484: 10342: 10338: 10122: 9943: 9895: 9857: 9754: 9533: 9016: 8990: 8343: 5750:

Who is at the turn of interests? US, Russia and new reality on the border with Iran

5228:Названо число азербайджанских военнослужащих, погибших во время I Карабахской войны 4227:, banned by most of the international community, but not by Armenia or Azerbaijan. 4224: 4212: 4169: 3983: 3975: 3792: 3733: 3570: 3253: 3118:

In the wake of the Armenian offensive in these two regions, Turkish prime minister

2924: 2866: 2813: 2746: 2704: 2688: 2551: 2524: 2277: 2261: 2253: 1848: 1733: 1553: 1545: 1528: 1510: 1490: 1467: 1443: 1309: 1174: 1169: 1104: 868: 858: 810: 778: 527: 503: 430: 93: 12999: 11203: 10296:

Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus

9661:

Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame

8675: 14407: 14321: 13925: 13854: 13525: 13387: 13275: 12790: 12596: 12103: 12093: 12046: 11999: 11984: 11882: 11850: 11798: 11776: 11718: 11713: 11698: 11693: 11681: 11656: 11262: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10852: 10748: 10733: 10559: 10548: 10522: 10409: 10227: 10212: 10006: 9899: 9762: 9743: 8994: 8788: 8683: 8615: 8438: 8411: 8234: 8228:

4 killed in Nagorno-Karabakh region in skirmishes between Azerbaijanis, Armenians

8210: 8184: 8146: 8092: 8068: 8045: 8017: 7863: 7843: 7804:"Armenia/Azerbaijan: International Mediators Report Progress On Karabakh Dispute" 7372: 7209: 7034:

Dahlburg, John-Thor (24 August 1992). "Azerbaijan Accused of Bombing Civilians".

6983: 6903: 6675: 6288: 5936: 5756: 5277: 5184: 4475: 4259: 4236: 4179: 3371:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down near Srkhavend and Gazanchi on 15 January 1993 by

3212: 3108: 2846: 2737: 2720: 2619: 2602: 2030: 1946: 1939: 1865: 1836: 1541: 1431: 1094: 815: 467: 442: 9918:

The Mujahedin in Nagorno-Karabakh: A Case Study in the Evolution of Global Jihad

9710:

The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus

9257:

Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict in the 1990s: a Comparative Historical Analysis

8919:

Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis

7835: 6667: 6344: 4990: 3741:

scavenging for wood and harvesting foodstuffs months in advance. Two subsequent

3119: 14177: 13958: 13806: 13749: 13382: 13351: 12854: 12670: 12625: 12169: 12147: 12108: 12088: 12031: 12009: 11926: 11877: 11771: 11213: 11170: 10892: 10872: 10837: 10817: 10812: 10685: 10654: 10416:

Hovannisian, Richard G. "Mountainous Karabagh in 1920: An Unresolved Contest".

10393: 10291: 10031:

Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh

9972: 9514:

Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation

9394: 9196: 9182: 9107: 9091: 8814: 7394:"The CIA World Factbook: Transnational Issues in Country Profile of Azerbaijan" 6293:[On the Caucasian fronts, the situation is a stalemate. Meanwhile...]. 5363: 4640: 4464: 4433: 4371: 4124:

Rather than receding, the tension in the area increased in April 2016 with the

3963: 3959: 3778: 3693: 3630: 3096: 2825: 2817: 2726: 2634: 2606: 2529: 2520: 2269: 2257: 2122: 2038: 2016: 1613: 1601: 1593: 1494: 827: 761: 539: 418: 220: 12454: 11948: 10585: 9849: 9819:. In Bertsch, Gary K.; Craft, Cassady; Jones, Scott A.; Beck, Michael (eds.). 6988: 6743: 3422:

1 Azerbaijani Su-22 was shot down on 19 February 1994 over Verdenisskiy using

14432: 14412: 14294: 14103: 14053: 13485: 12688: 12642: 12619: 12602: 12142: 12083: 11921: 11860: 11818: 11175: 11165: 10882: 10867: 10832: 10659: 10346: 10313: 10259: 9871: 9670: 8718: 7902: 6000:[The withdrawal of troops from Nagorno-Karabakh has been completed]. 3987: 3672: 3651: 3178: 2932: 2916: 2871: 2797: 2605:

which could only be reached by helicopters. The region's only airport was in

2081: 2026: 1991: 1901: 1832: 1506: 1219: 788: 766: 756: 702: 692:

724,000 Azerbaijanis from Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding areas

515: 11035: 4946:[Turkish nationalists intend to participate in a new Karabakh war]. 4143: 3477:

1 Azerbaijani Su-25 shot down near Malibeili on 10 October 1992 using MANPAD

1254: 14417: 12920: 12749: 11865: 10368: 10028:

Denber, Rachel; Goldman, Robert Kogod (September 1992). Laber, Jeri (ed.).

9375:'Tis Some Poor Fellow's Skull: Post-Soviet Warfare in the Southern Caucasus 9246: 8924: 8603: 8439:"Armenia and Azerbaijan erupt into fighting over disputed Nagorno-Karabakh" 8048:(The PACE Resolution on Karabakh: What Next?) BBC Russian. 5 February 2005. 7213: 6243: 6241: 5749: 4313: 4220: 4200: 3955: 3452: 3430: 3405: 3401: 3301:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down over Verdenisskiy on 17 February 1994 using

3201: 3138:

Azerbaijan was so desperate for manpower that Aliyev recruited 1,000–1,500

3082: 2928: 2894: 2879: 2628: 2174: 2167: 1470:

in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the

315: 274: 12486: 10425:

Gha-Ra-Bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia

9884:"Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918–1925" 9566:

Under the banner of democracy: Wars and conflicts on the ruins of the USSR

8499:"Azerbaijan's parliament approves martial law, curfews – president's aide" 7652: 7192:. A total of four UNSC resolutions were passed in regards to the conflict. 5122:

Table of conflict locations with at least one major armed conflict in 1993

695:

300,000–500,000 Armenians from Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan

14339: 14329: 14118: 14113: 12209: 12186: 11646: 11198: 10565:

A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh

9794:. In Wright, John F. R.; Goldenberg, Suzanne; Schofield, Richard (eds.). 9065: 8284:"President of Azerbaijan declares 'state of war' with Armenia on Twitter" 4460: 4268: 4196: 3920: 3802: 3007: 2300: 1980: 1916: 1589: 1498: 783: 9551:

On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union

9042:

Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993–1994

6981:[An important document on Karabakh or one of no significance?]. 6724: 6195: 3797: 3764:

attacks (a tactic often compared to the one employed by Iran during the

3298:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down between Agdam and Martuni on 22 July 1993

2745:

in Baku as well as the airport and presidential office. On 16 June 1992

900: 14356: 14274: 13143: 13075: 12822: 12073: 11845: 11593: 10887: 10536: 9947: 9862: 9767:

Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict

8751:[Captain Gurbanov's "return" – presentation] (in Azerbaijani). 8710: 6002: 5382:"The Referendum on Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic | NKR" 4558: 4536:, one of the coup's leaders against Russian President Yeltsin, Chechen 3761: 3283: 3139: 2610: 2508: 2363: 2069: 1885: 1597: 1544:– a mountain pass that links Nagorno-Karabakh with mainland Armenia. A 1447: 1189: 491: 258: 101: 9333:

Conflict and Security in the Former Soviet Union: The Role of the OSCE

7190:

United Nations Security Council Resolution 822 passed on 30 April 1993

6198:. Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. 23 May 1994. 5437: 4944:"Турецкие националисты намерены участвовать в новой карабахской войне" 4626: 3720: 3028: 2749:

was elected leader of Azerbaijan with many political leaders from the

2655: 2595: 1922: 9770: 9304:

Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention

8161:

Giragosian, Richard. "Armenia and Karabakh: One Nation, Two States".

7556:"Armenians Suffer Painfully in War, But With Pride and Determination" 6699: 5995: 4208: 4003: 3729: 3725: 3602: 3544: 3515: 3494: 3376: 3289:

1 or 2 Azerbaijani MiG-21s shot down over Argadzar on 30 October 1992

3170: 2961: 2801: 2163: 2155: 1912: 1471: 1451: 378: 232: 9227:

UN Peacekeeping, American Politics and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s

8085:"Azerbaijan Criticizes France, Russia, U.S Over Karabakh Resolution" 7337:"ASN Aircraft accident Yakovlev 40 registration unknown Stepanakert" 7306:"Ex-Soviet 'Top Guns' Shot Down, Face Possible Death as Mercenaries" 6617: 6601: 5595: 3986:

who was hacked to death with an axe by his Azerbaijani counterpart,

3282:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down near Shokhiy on 31 August 1992 using

2322:

The estimated manpower and equipment of each side in 1993–1994 was:

14166: 13816: 13031: 10877: 10822: 10690: 10574:

A chronology of the events of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to Present

10478:

The Sumgait Tragedy: Pogroms Against Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan

8999:

The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh

8954:

Sponsored To Kill: Mercenaries and Terrorist Networks in Azerbaijan

5281: 4567: 4563: 4523:

to have taken place in the months before the offensives took place.

4191:

The second war began on the morning of 27 September 2020 along the

4183: 3991: 3940: 3598: 3577: 3143:

Azerbaijan in order to acquire oil drilling rights in the country.

3112: 3061: 3037: 2952: 2883: 2821: 2789: 2700: 2308: 2142: 2094: 1986: 1927: 1697: 1562: 363: 124: 10515:

Dr. Laurence BROERS: "There won't be Armenian-Azerbaijani Dayton*"

9405:] (in Armenian). Yerevan-Stepanakert: Heghinakayin Publishing. 8254:"President of Azerbaijan fires provocative tweets during conflict" 6413: 3362:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down over Shushimsky on 11 November 1992

3189:; these ageing craft took a backseat for the duration of the war. 2561: 2085:

bombardment and atrocities by Azerbaijani OMON in Stepanakert and

2041:, Soviet forces, acting in conjunction with the local Azerbaijani 11979: 11756: 11112: 11019: 10665: 10635: 10460:

EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts: Stealth Intervention

8503: 8472: 8189: 7719: 5337:"Civil War: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1992–1994)" 4810: 4195:. In response to initial clashes, Armenia and Artsakh introduced 3944: 3279:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 was shot down near Shokhiy on 20 August 1992

3193: 2887: 2875: 2707:. In May 1992, the military commander of the CIS forces, Marshal 2683:

capture the town and force the Azerbaijanis to retreat on 9 May.

2338: 1968: 1455: 1439: 181: 97: 8756: 7051: 7049: 7047: 5900:

Nuykin, Andrey. "Karabkhsky dnevnik". Izvestia. 19 October 1991,

4991:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia" 4544:

guerrillas, something it had done earlier that year in northern

3359:

1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down over Srkharend on 30 October 1992

1552:

peace talks between Armenia and Azerbaijan were mediated by the

62: 12415: 12125: 11943: 11904: 10702: 10407:. "The Armeno-Azerbaijani Conflict Over Mountainous Karabagh". 10318:

Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus

8469:"Nagorno-Karabakh announces martial law and total mobilization" 8140:"Organization of the Islamic Conference Again Condemns Armenia" 8095: 7808: 7226: 7077: 6949: 6632: 6538: 6536: 5903: 4925: 4510: 4216: 4204: 3472: 3365:

1 (or 3) Azerbaijani MiG-25s reported as shot down in late 1992

3205: 3197: 3087: 2965: 2841:

New efforts at peace talks were initiated by Iranian President

2828:

in the NKR, NKR men available for military service aged 18–40,

2785: 2733: 1852: 1502: 1459: 573: 139:

Armenian occupation of territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh

9562:Под знаменами демократии: Войны и конфликты на развалинах СССР 9491:

Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe

9167:. Area handbook series. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress. 6945:"Caucasus: Iran Offers To Mediate In Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute" 6092:

Michael P. Croissant, "Tensions Renewed in Nagorno-Karabakh,"

4832:

Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam

3532:

Azerbaijanis lost at least 1 L-39 on 24 June 1992 near Lachin

3222: 3204:

and with older-generation Soviet fighter bombers, such as the

2223:

Armenian volunteer units during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War

10862: 10531: 9098:

Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism

8686:

Armenia Information. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2007.

8600: 8375:"A Dozen Dead in Heavy Fighting Reported in Nagorno-Karabakh" 7044: 5607: 5316:"Investigation: Karabakh: Missing in Action – Alive or Dead?" 5149: 3423: 3302: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3132: 2870:

Soviet Union collapsed, much less the Karabakh conflict. The

2614:

stopped the shelling from Khojaly they would seize the town.

2232: 1462:. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former 10232:

The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule

9840:). The Teaching of History in Azerbaijan and Nationalism // 8989: 7658: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7580: 6712: 6553: 6551: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6442: 6247: 5583: 5468: 5115: 3883:

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict remains one of several frozen

2213:

the longtime Ground Forces garrison in the Azerbaijani SSR.

2089:

in late September. with the final blow brought about by the

10178:

Conflict in the Soviet Union: Black January in Azerbaidzhan

10123:"Human Rights Watch World Report – The Former Soviet Union" 9539:

My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia

7387: 7201: 7015: 6401: 5727: 5571: 5429: 4545: 3813: 3353: 3128: 2472: 2146: 1943: 9854:

The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies

9215:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

9188:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

9021:

The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh: From Secession to Republic

7262: 7100: 6868: 6866: 6840: 5820: 5137: 3820:

place near Shahumyan, in a series of brief engagements in

1531:. International mediation by several groups including the 84:(6 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) 10284:

War and Peace in the Caucasus: Russia's Troubled Frontier

9615:

Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power

9435:

Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory

8657: 7635: 7487: 7123: 6548: 6518: 6482: 6064: 6062: 5691: 5631: 5561: 5559: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5313: 5196: 5194: 5046:"Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan" 1868:

partial destruction by Azerbaijani forces in April 1920.

11230:

Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

9426:. Vol. 3. Berkeley: University of California Press. 9417:. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. 9307:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9137:

The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications

8676:"First Armenian Action Film Released About Karabakh War" 6805: 6470: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 5784: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 4557:

Under the protocols of the Tashkent Agreement signed in

4390:, referred to in Armenia as the Artsakh Liberation War ( 3974:

The First Nagorno-Karabakh War has given rise to strong

3878: 669:

4,000 Armenian civilians (including citizens of Armenia)

12262: 10552: 10149:

Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh

8795:

Irredentism: ethnic conflict and international politics

8645: 8581: 8407:"Azerbaijan says 12 of its soldiers killed in fighting" 7697: 7695: 7680: 7523: 7511: 7250: 6863: 6817: 6644: 6563: 6096:, July 1997: p. 309, as cited in Emmanuel Karagiannis, 6074: 5808: 5318:. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from 4800: 4798: 4796: 4675:

Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh

4041:(PACE) adopted a controversial non-binding resolution, 2170:

helped facilitate the import of Western-made weaponry.

2068:

In September 1991, Russian president Boris Yeltsin and

2002:

Ethnic situation in Nagorno-Karabakh in the early 1980s

1942:

was murdered by the deputy head (and soon head) of the

1438:

that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the

8711:"Azerbaijan: Video Game Revisits Nagorno-Karabakh War" 8621: 7949:"Nagorno-Karabakh: Timeline Of The Long Road To Peace" 6841:"Azerbaijan Troops Launch Karabakh Offensive Conflict" 6793: 6506: 6140: 6103: 6059: 5966:

The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Adelaide, South Australia)

5703: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5619: 5556: 5251: 5206: 5191: 4405: 3840:'s prize for a best new documentary filmmaker for his 3071: 2703:

supplies from being transferred to Armenia, including

1851:

entered Karabakh and made for the regional capital of

14164: 9249:(2006). "Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict: Summary". 7535: 7170: 7168: 6942: 6115: 5715: 5480: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 4082:

OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution No. 10/37

3177:

ground support bombers, one of which was lost due to

2820:. Partial mobilization was called for, which covered 2765: 8633: 8314:"Members of Congress Condemn Azerbaijani Aggression" 7980:"Murder Case Judgement Reverberates Around Caucasus" 7977: 7692: 7604: 6494: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 5796: 4793: 2863:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

1904:

as factoring heavily in the Soviet decision-making.

13029: 11642:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh

10598:

BBC News, Regions and Territories- Nagorno-Karabakh

9446:

Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War

9072:

Eurasia in Balance: US and the Regional Power Shift

8531:"Azerbaijan declares partial military mobilization" 7499: 7383: 7381: 7003: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6374: 5643: 5314:Ohanyan, Karine; Zarema Velikhanova (12 May 2004). 3911:), which maintains its own uniformed military, the 3871:, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict being one of them. 3384:

4 Azerbaijani MiG-25s shot down on 22 July 1993 (?)

2104: 1458:, and the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from 12820: 10754:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 10436: 10146: 10089:European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 9984:Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies 9814: 9789: 9658: 9635: 9612: 9568:] (in Russian). "Издательский дом ""Питер""". 9548: 9488: 9432: 9372: 9330: 9224: 9200: 9160: 9134: 9111: 9095: 9069: 9039: 8916: 8911: 8868: 8792: 7929: 7869: 7165: 6978:Важный документ по Карабаху или ничего особенного? 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6364: 6362: 6341:Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies 6030: 6028: 6026: 5993: 5832: 5300: 5131: 4926:""В случае войны мы окажем Баку посильную помощь"" 4908:""В случае войны мы окажем баку посильную помощь"" 4816: 4152: Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war. 4025:Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations) 4001:of unique medieval Armenian gravestones, known as 3907:independent Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh (now the 3715: 3388:By the end of the war AzAF was down to 10 MiG-25s 3381:1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down in January 1993 (?) 1533:Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe 14549:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union 10435:Miller, Donald E.; Miller, Lorna Touryan (2003). 10058: 9296: 9263:(in Russian and English). Yerevan. Archived from 8895:The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict 8204:Azeris, Armenians spar after major Karabakh clash 8178:Azerbaijan may use force in Karabakh after Kosovo 7978:Grigorian, Mariana; Rauf Orujev (20 April 2006). 6834: 6832: 6680: 6607: 6419: 6331:"Nagorno-Karabakh: Shift in the Military Balance" 6315: 6290:На кавказских фронтах – ситуация патовая. Пока... 5909: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5331: 5329: 5288: 4835:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 3743:UNSC resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 3368:2 Azerbaijani MiG-25s shot down on 1 January 1993 2590:Armenia faced a debilitating blockade by the now 2166:pieces during the power vacuum. The emergence of 1860:. The British in the meantime decided to appoint 1481:had voted in favor of uniting with Armenia and a 1466:, entangled themselves in protracted, undeclared 14430: 13779:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) 13362:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) 10003:Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe 9163:Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: Country Studies 9037: 7855:The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 7553: 7378: 7055: 6425: 6282: 6280: 6222:"AFGHAN FIGHTERS AIDING AZERBAIJAN IN CIVIL WAR" 5529:"War, Blockade and Poverty 'Strangling' Armenia" 5104:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4777:"AFGHAN FIGHTERS AIDING AZERBAIJAN IN CIVIL WAR" 4223:, as well as by emerging accounts of the use of 2303:. The military further retained the services of 1958: 14307:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) 13954:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 13745:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 13161:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) 12484: 9791:"The Armenian presence in mountainous Karabakh" 6920:. Center for Strategic Research. Archived from 6878: 6359: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6023: 4867:(in Russian). 17 September 2010. Archived from 4262:was testified to by British-based organization 4203:; Azerbaijan also introduced martial law and a 4039:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 3349:20 MiG-25RBs were taken over from Russian base 2980:alienated relations between the two countries. 2057: 10312: 7070:"Winter Brings Misery to Azerbaijani Refugees" 6829: 6704:[Spring revival in Nagorno Karabakh]. 5949:"14 Killed as Azerbaijanis Disrupt Election". 5347: 5326: 4507:The Russian Mercenaries Who Fought in Karabakh 4147:Situation after the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh War 4132: 3295:1 Armenian MiG-21 shot down on 15 January 1993 3292:1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down in January 1993 3161:Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army § Air Force 2173:Most weaponry was of either Russian or former 1566:independent but internationally unrecognized. 732: 14150: 13015: 12806: 12743:Soviet Social Republic of Armenia (1920–1991) 12470: 12401: 11065: 11051: 10618: 10027: 9509: 8950: 8056: 8054: 7268: 6638: 6542: 6448: 6407: 6287:Khramchikin, Alexander A. (15 January 2010). 6164:"Azerbaijanis Rebuild Army with Foreign Help" 5826: 5774: 5155: 5143: 4186:monastery where Russian peacekeepers operate. 1794: 1596:in November 1917 and seizure of power by the 1284: 1270: 916: 718: 682:749 according to Azerbaijani State Commission 639:25,000–30,000 (Western and Russian estimates) 14362:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 13139:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) 13134:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) 13088:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) 12613:Armenian Principality of Cilicia (1080–1198) 12514:Pacorus I сampaigns against Rome (51–38 BCE) 10443:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10434: 9610: 8946:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 8857:Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry 7630:Biblioteka Centra Ekstremalnoy Zhurnalistiki 6718: 6257: 6100:(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002), pp. 36, 40. 5951:The Courier Mail/The Sunday Mail (Australia) 5412:"Nagorno-Karabakh: between vote and reality" 5090: 5088: 3850:, who was posthumously awarded the title of 2540: 13149:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 13081:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 10587:A Story of People in War and Peace: Preview 10324: 10175:Kushen, Robert (1991). Neier, Aryeh (ed.). 9611:Rubin, Barry; Kirişci, Kemal, eds. (2001). 9585:Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict 9510:Lobell, Steven E.; Mauceri, Philip (2004). 9421: 9409: 8724:. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. 8431: 7753:. ArmeniaNow. 19 April 2011. Archived from 7299: 7297: 7295: 6286: 6157: 6155: 6086: 5613: 5601: 5589: 4158: Areas returned to Azerbaijan per the 3223:Armenian and Azerbaijani aircraft equipment 2861:In mid-1992, the CSCE (later to become the 2858:following the capture of Lachin on 18 May. 2695:Turkey sent mercenary infantry composed of 1619: 14157: 14143: 13621:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) 13071:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 13066:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 13022: 13008: 12813: 12799: 12477: 12463: 12408: 12394: 11058: 11044: 10769:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide 10625: 10611: 9452: 9288:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9015: 8366: 8051: 7659:Chorbajian, Donabedian & Mutafian 1994 7586: 7366:Air War over Nagorniy-Kharabakh, 1988–1994 7098: 6987:(in Russian). 11 June 2008. Archived from 6909: 6248:Chorbajian, Donabedian & Mutafian 1994 5997:Завершен вывод войск из Нагорного Карабаха 5964:"Shelling kills 14 people in Azerbaijan". 5697: 5224: 5116:Chorbajian, Donabedian & Mutafian 1994 4668: 4666: 4374:in April–May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side. 2893:The CSCE proposed the use of NATO and CIS 2495: 2021:In early 1991, President Gorbachev held a 1801: 1787: 1277: 1263: 923: 909: 725: 711: 679:400 according to Karabakh State Commission 13421:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 13336:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 13093:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 12988:Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh 11873:Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 11557:Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas 10580:Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh 10281: 9861: 9753: 9532: 9486: 9132: 8243:. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008. 8202:Yevgrashina, Lada and Hasmik Mkrtchyan. " 8038:"Резолюция ПАСЕ по Карабаху: что дальше?" 6915: 6557: 6134: 6037:"Former Soviet Union Carnage in Karabakh" 5814: 5522: 5520: 5511: 5474: 5085: 4889:(in Russian). 5 July 2016. Archived from 4714: 4643:, President of South Ossetia in 2012-17. 3935:According to Armenia's former president, 2243:Azerbaijani soldiers during the war, 1992 930: 14335:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 13740:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 13473:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present) 13416:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 13156:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) 11380:2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 11098:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia 10392: 10226: 9847: 9606:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9601: 9393: 8941: 8859:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 8787: 8749:"Kapitan Qurbanovun "Dönüş"ü – TƏQDİMAT" 8217:. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008. 8193:. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008. 7802:Peuch, Jean-Christophe (10 April 2001). 7598: 7292: 7202:"Rebel troops push toward Azeri capital" 7101:"Despite Appeals, Karabakh Battles Rage" 7067: 7033: 6838: 6744:"CASE OF CHIRAGOV AND OTHERS v. ARMENIA" 6476: 6196:"Hekmatyar sending troops to Azerbaijan" 6161: 6152: 6146: 5987: 5981:The Mercury/Sunday Tasmanian (Australia) 5577: 5043: 4763: 4731:Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). 4548:. Russian armed forces crushed the coup. 4142: 4056: 3950: 3807: 3796: 3719: 3146: 3081: 3027: 2911: 2779: 2654: 2238: 2226: 1997: 1971:calling to unify Karabakh with Armenia. 1921: 14377:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012) 12659:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375) 10569:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 10502:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 10497: 10457: 10439:Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope 10290: 10054:from the original on 21 September 2013. 9971: 9933: 9914: 9881: 9721:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 9707: 9656: 9582: 9443: 9245: 9211: 9195: 9181: 9106: 8835: 8651: 8587: 7686: 7601:, pp. 506–08, Appendix Documents 38–39. 7529: 7256: 7021: 6872: 6823: 6811: 6650: 6569: 6512: 6500: 6109: 6068: 5994:Dmitrii Faydengold (30 December 1991). 5922: 5920: 5918: 5844: 5790: 5709: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5565: 5257: 5212: 5200: 5079: 4977: 4828: 4822: 4804: 4751: 4730: 4663: 2479:conflict, including men who had served 1886:People's Commissariat for Nationalities 14: 14431: 13521:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 13119:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 12421:Wars involving the Republic of Artsakh 12249:2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping 11472:Allegations of third-party involvement 11421:July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 11366:September 2009 Agdam military incident 11333:1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 10286:. New York: Columbia University Press. 10238: 10174: 9823:. London: Routledge. pp. 152–187. 9812: 9798:. London: UCL Press. pp. 89–112. 9787: 9719:Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union 9712:. New York: New York University Press. 9669: 9546: 9328: 9218:. New York: New York University Press. 9191:. New York: New York University Press. 9090: 9038:Chrysanthopoulos, Leonidas T. (2002). 8889: 8863: 8854: 8639: 8511:from the original on 28 September 2020 8449:from the original on 28 September 2020 8344:"Nagorno-Karabakh clashes kill dozens" 8167:. No. 1, Vol. 19, May 2009, pp. 12–13. 7541: 7493: 7185: 7183: 7099:Bourdreaux, Richard (5 January 1993). 7009: 6943:Jean-Christophe Peuch (25 July 2001). 6799: 6748:HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights 6730: 6701:Весеннее оживление в Нагорном Карабахе 6610:"Armenians killed 1000, Azeris charge" 6527: 6392:"Azeri jets bomb capital of enclave," 6176:from the original on 30 September 2012 6034: 5838: 5733: 5721: 5526: 5517: 5225:Suleymanov, Rashad (13 January 2014). 5168: 5166: 5164: 5027: 4461:Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act 4074:Organisation of the Islamic Conference 4033:Landmine situation in Nagorno-Karabakh 4007:, at a massive historical cemetery in 3812:The graves of Azerbaijani soldiers in 3054:United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 2878:'s war with the breakaway republic of 2836: 1600:, the three main ethnic groups of the 14479:1994 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 14474:1993 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 14469:1992 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 14464:1991 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 14459:1990 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 14454:1989 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 14444:1988 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 14186:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 14138: 13669:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 13208:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) 13129:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 13061:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 13003: 12794: 12705:First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) 12458: 12389: 11137:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan 11039: 10606: 10356:from the original on 18 February 2017 10234:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 10129:from the original on 18 February 2015 9716: 9633: 9559: 9430: 9351: 9222: 9064: 8977:from the original on 29 November 2014 8663: 8461: 8372: 8354:from the original on 7 September 2018 8155: 7984:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 7935: 7801: 7701: 7670: 7646: 7303: 7227:Laura Baghdasaryan and Arif Yunusov. 7153:from the original on 14 February 2017 7129: 6957:from the original on 18 February 2009 6770: 6488: 6328: 6234:from the original on 21 January 2022. 6080: 5802: 5435: 5270:"Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh" 4789:from the original on 21 January 2022. 4534:Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 4111:a significant breach of the ceasefire 4061:Ethnic groups of the region in 1995. 4054:States and France, voted against it. 3980:anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia 3887:, alongside Georgia's conflicts with 3879:Post-ceasefire violence and mediation 3000: 2919:with Azerbaijani soldiers in a trench 2901: 1258: 904: 706: 14330:Slovenian War of Independence (1991) 14245:Russian constitutional crisis (1993) 14213:Transnistria conflict (1990–present) 13812:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) 13600:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 12735:Battle of Mountainous Armenia (1921) 12603:The invasion of the Byzantine Empire 12496:Kingdom of Armenia (570 BC – 428 AD) 11619:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians 11363:January 2009 Agdam military incident 11093:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 10087: 10001: 9746:in Abbas Malek, Anandam P. Kavoori. 9587:. London: Troubador Publishing Ltd. 9370: 8813: 7907:[The first and unsolvable]. 7875: 7610: 7568:from the original on 4 February 2009 7347:from the original on 12 January 2018 7237:from the original on 11 January 2011 7068:Sammakia, Nejla (23 December 1992). 6936: 6686: 6380: 5915: 4014: 3115:, two regions in Azerbaijan proper. 2644: 2296:stationed on Azerbaijani territory. 1890:Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia 1819:Fighting soon broke out between the 1537:seven Azerbaijani-majority districts 1505:directed against Armenians, and the 14290:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) 13900:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) 13733:Western Iran clashes (2016–present) 11248:Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli 11243:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 11225:1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 10476:Shahmuratian, Samvel (ed.) (1990). 10141: 10121: 10075:from the original on 5 January 2017 10015:from the original on 3 January 2017 9448:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 9439:. New York: Douglas & McIntyre. 9155: 8875:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8821:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8627: 8475:. 27 September 2020. Archived from 8324:from the original on 10 August 2014 7836:"Azeris criticised on human rights" 7517: 7505: 7180: 7174: 7143:"Armenians Rally to Protest Leader" 6918:"Mediation in the Karabakh Dispute" 6460: 6436: 6368: 6202:from the original on 13 August 2013 6162:Gurdelik, Rasit (30 January 1994). 6098:Energy and Security in the Caucasus 5294: 5161: 5058:from the original on 3 January 2017 4999:Minority Rights Group International 4303:(Under Occupation: Shusha), a free 4172:where Russian peacekeepers operate. 3801:The graves of Armenian soldiers in 3165:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown 3072:Agdam, Fuzuli, Jabrail and Zangilan 2931:and Jardar fronts near Martuni and 2091:shooting down of an Mi-8 helicopter 24: 14285:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) 13921:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 13890:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) 13850:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) 13800:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 13795:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) 13166:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) 12760:Republic of Armenia (1991–present) 10576:by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 10220: 10206:Report by Professor Richard Wilson 9750:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000 9207:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8559:"United Nations Treaty Collection" 8264:from the original on 9 August 2014 7990:from the original on 10 March 2007 7959:from the original on 29 March 2014 7783:from the original on 17 April 2005 7777:"Azerbaijan threatens renewed war" 7334: 6608:Quinn-Judge, Paul (3 March 1992). 6303:from the original on 30 April 2011 5360:"Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"" 5178:Нагорный Карабах: факты против лжи 5106:. 1994. p. 88. Archived from 5005:from the original on 22 April 2016 4345:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 4333:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 4286: 4264:Christian Solidarity International 3843:A Story of People in War and Peace 2968:, Georgia. In February 1993, the 2766:Azerbaijani offensive in June 1992 2725:The Azerbaijani parliament blamed 2714: 2216: 2203:Commonwealth of Independent States 1909:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 1871: 1515:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 25: 14575: 13616:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) 13437:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) 13250:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present) 12567:Principality of Armenia (645–884) 11413:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 11390:2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 11385:2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 11195:Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) 10979:Turkish consulate attack in Paris 10697:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 10691:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party 10582:Overview of the region by the BBC 10507: 10153:. New York : Human Rights Watch. 9403:Green and Black: An Artsakh Diary 9159:(1995) . Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). 8819:Peace Agreements and Human Rights 8569:from the original on 18 June 2020 8387:from the original on 2 April 2016 7917:from the original on 22 June 2014 7897:, Editor-in-Chief of the journal 7816:from the original on 27 July 2006 7554:Specter, Michael (15 July 1994). 7111:from the original on 30 July 2013 6851:from the original on 30 July 2013 6733:, pp. 167–171, 172–173, 297. 6296:Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye 5541:from the original on 6 March 2016 5527:Bonner, Raymond (16 April 1994). 5456:from the original on 20 July 2008 4956:from the original on 14 July 2012 3827: 3786: 3772:this contention in his 1997 book 3571:Transport and utility helicopters 2676:large-scale artillery bombardment 2579:Azerbaijani refugees from Khojaly 2207:366th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment 2150:compared to Azerbaijan's 10,000. 2132: 2010: 1950:Azerbaijani authorities in Baku. 1915:, which was subsequently renamed 1835:(today the Armenian provinces of 198:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 13936:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) 13286:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 13187:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) 13103:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) 12982:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis 12821: 12485: 12416: 12179: 12157: 12131: 12118: 12066: 12019: 11972: 11936: 11910: 11897: 11838: 11786: 11749: 11281:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives 10723:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party 10634: 10542:Crisis Briefing Nagorno-Karabakh 9555:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 9518:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 9422:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996). 9379:. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. 9356:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 9231:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 9023:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 8915:; Sullivan, Paige, eds. (1997). 8741: 8727: 8703: 8689: 8669: 8593: 8551: 8523: 8491: 8399: 8336: 8306: 8294:from the original on 5 July 2017 8276: 8246: 8220: 8196: 8170: 8133: 8101: 8077: 8028: 8002: 7971: 7941: 7881: 7849: 7828: 7795: 7769: 7739: 7707: 7616: 7547: 7471:from the original on 15 May 2017 7447: 7431:from the original on 15 May 2017 7407: 7359: 7328: 7304:Loiko, Sergei L (19 July 1993). 7274: 7220: 7195: 7135: 7092: 7061: 7027: 6969: 6839:Goldberg, Carey (14 June 1992). 6764: 6736: 6692: 6656: 6575: 5882:from the original on 5 July 2010 5366:. 2 January 2013. Archived from 4591:human rights in Nagorno-Karabakh 4583: 4573: 4570:and 13 Mi-8 utility helicopters. 4551: 4526: 4516: 4505:In a Russian documentary titled 4499: 4490: 4480: 4193:Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact 4104:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh skirmishes 2908:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives 2569: 2560: 2356: 2343: 2331: 2105:Implosion and Soviet dissolution 1827:in three regions in particular: 1647: 546: 533: 521: 509: 497: 485: 473: 461: 454: 436: 424: 412: 400: 372: 357: 345: 333: 321: 309: 285: 267: 252: 226: 214: 191: 174: 159: 61: 27:1988–1994 Armenia-Azerbaijan war 14398:List of ongoing armed conflicts 14240:East Prigorodny conflict (1992) 14088:Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 13980:Syrian Civil War (2011–present) 13963:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021) 13378:Myanmar conflict (1948–present) 13124:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 13056:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 12867:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 12843:Caucasus Campaign (World War I) 12712:Caucasus Campaign (World War I) 12535:Armenian–Sasanian War (363–372) 11402:2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 11103:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 11015:Republic of Mountainous Armenia 10398:Karabakh Diary: Green and Black 10316:; Parrott, Bruce, eds. (1997). 10068:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. 10037:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. 9977:"The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" 9788:Walker, Christopher J. (1996). 9676:Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story 9223:Durch, William J., ed. (1996). 9076:. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. 8951:Charalampidis, Ioannis (2013). 8755:. 17 April 2018. Archived from 7723:. 19 April 2011. Archived from 7375:. Air Combat Information Group. 6420:Denber, Petrov & Derry 1993 6386: 6214: 6188: 6035:Carney, James (13 April 1992). 6010: 5972: 5957: 5942: 5894: 5868: 5739: 5404: 5374: 5263: 5218: 5044:Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). 5037: 4983: 4936: 4918: 4900: 4875: 4853: 4769: 4454: 4440: 4432:Numbers provided by journalist 4426: 4421:UN Security Council resolutions 4413: 4377: 4350: 4047:United Nations General Assembly 3716:1993–1994, exhaustion and peace 2983:Azerbaijanis were displaced as 2139:dissolution of the Soviet Union 55:dissolution of the Soviet Union 14367:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) 14260:Second Chechen War (1999–2009) 14225:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) 13832:ISIL insurgency (2017–present) 13728:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) 13468:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 13463:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 13357:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) 13213:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 12834:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 12313:NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration 11624:Berkadzor fuel depot explosion 11398:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 11209:1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing 11186:Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms 10984:Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack 10944:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank 10745:Defunct militant organizations 10718:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party 9642:. New York: Harper Perennial. 9619:. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner. 9212:——— (2013). 8775: 8415:. 2 April 2016. Archived from 8373:Hodge, Nathan (2 April 2016). 7857:2001 Country Report of Armenia 5132:Brzezinski & Sullivan 1997 4817:Brzezinski & Sullivan 1997 4724: 4633: 4611: 4338: 4326: 3990:at a NATO training seminar in 3854:. Armenian-Russian journalist 2942: 2849:. Iranian diplomats conducted 2751:Azerbaijan Popular Front Party 2023:special countrywide referendum 1825:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1724:Khamsa / Melikdoms of Karabakh 1604:, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and 1592:. Amid the dissolution of the 1474:movement in Nagorno-Karabakh. 1454:of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by 1450:, between the majority ethnic 1136:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 751:Civilian clashes and massacres 82:20 February 1988 – 12 May 1994 13: 1: 14393:List of Post-Soviet conflicts 14345:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) 14312:Wagner Group rebellion (2023) 14250:First Chechen War (1994–1996) 14208:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) 13352:Papua conflict (1969–present) 12590:Kingdom of Armenia (885–1045) 11689:Armenian-occupied territories 11370:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 10764:New Armenian Resistance Group 10500:Gorbachev: His Life and Times 10480:. New York: Zoryan Institute. 10320:. Cambridge University Press. 9371:Gore, Patrick Wilson (2008). 9329:Freire, Maria Raquel (2003). 9203:The Caucasus. An Introduction 9114:Azerbaijan Since Independence 7913:(in Russian). 2 August 2011. 6896:"Авиация в Нагорном Карабахе" 6771:Green, Anna (20 March 2017). 5910:Eichensehr & Reisman 1998 4625:. 30 May 2011. Archived from 4599: 4242: 4126:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 3913:Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army 3060:, co-sponsored by Turkey and 2760: 1959:Revival of the Karabakh issue 1577: 14489:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations 14280:Revolution of Dignity (2014) 14265:Tuzla Island conflict (2003) 14218:Transnistria War (1990–1992) 14054:Yemeni crisis (2011–present) 13822:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 13494:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) 13192:JVP insurrection (1987–1989) 12910:Red Army invasion of Georgia 12904:Red Army invasion of Armenia 12543:Marzpanate Armenia (428–646) 12308:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration 12165:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 11604:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 11295:1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état 11142:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations 10949:Yıldız assassination attempt 10429:Wayne State University Press 9900:10.1080/09668136.2011.642583 9487:Lieberman, Benjamin (2006). 9399:Կանաչ ու Սև: Արցախյան օրագիր 8960:. Moscow: "MIA" Publishers. 8240:International Herald Tribune 7953:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 5450:Council on Foreign Relations 4952:(in Russian). 14 July 2012. 4604: 4509:, produced and broadcast by 4029:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration 3926:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline 3123:country's northwest border. 2481:tours of duty in Afghanistan 2058:Early reconciliation efforts 1522:Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh 1398:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 666:16,000 Azerbaijani civilians 7: 14494:Azerbaijan–Turkey relations 14300:Russian invasion of Ukraine 14235:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 14230:South Ossetia War (1991–92) 14059:Houthi takeover (2014–2015) 13926:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 13872:Syrian arena (2012–present) 13855:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 13772:Syrian arena (2012–present) 13723:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 13309:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 13245:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 13098:Religious violence in India 12976:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 12779:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 12695:Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar 12667:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 12633:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 12443:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 11562:2020–2021 Armenian protests 11529:Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 11005:Provisional Republic of Van 10934:Armenian national awakening 10774:Armenian Revolutionary Army 10713:National Revival of Artsakh 10489:Journal of Cold War Studies 10483:Stocker, James R. (2024). " 10325:Gahramanova, Aytan (2010). 10143:Human Rights Watch/Helsinki 9748:The Global Dynamics of News 9708:Zürcher, Christoph (2007). 9684:Brookings Institution Press 9547:Mirsky, Georgiy I. (1997). 9354:The Politics of Caspian Oil 9337:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 9133:Croissant, Michael (1998). 7390:Central Intelligence Agency 6708:(in Russian). 6 April 1992. 6585:. Unhchr.ch. Archived from 5876:"Zheleznovodsk Declaration" 4914:(in Russian). 5 March 2014. 4406: 4139:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 4133:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 3852:National Hero of Azerbaijan 3017: 2995: 2978:Iran's Azerbaijani minority 2514:legitimate military targets 2416:Armored personnel carriers 2209:and elements of the Soviet 1765:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 1584:History of Nagorno-Karabakh 1572:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 1370:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 32:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 10: 14580: 14534:Grey Wolves (organization) 14439:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 14109:Operation Inherent Resolve 13931:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 13867:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 13860:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 13757:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 13718:Kurdish separatism in Iran 12946:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 12767:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 12431:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 11609:2023 Azerbaijani offensive 11567:Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher 11539:Treatment of Armenian POWs 10969:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 10939:Armenian national movement 10385:Geukjian, Ohannes (2016). 10282:Cheterian, Vicken (2011). 9602:Reynolds, Michael (2011). 8942:Budjeryn, Mariana (2022). 8618:Accessed 10 February 2007. 6094:Jane's Intelligence Review 5436:Rieff, David (June 1997). 5175:Melik-Shahnazarov, Arsen. 4829:Griffin, Nicholas (2004). 4388:Birinci Qarabağ müharibəsi 4246: 4136: 4101: 4097: 4018: 3790: 3565:had only six Mi-24s left. 3181:. There were also several 3150: 3075: 3021: 2905: 2769: 2718: 2648: 2549: 2545: 2499: 2485:naval school in Azerbaijan 2220: 2160:armored personnel carriers 2061: 2045:, entered villages in the 2014: 1953: 1926:Administrative map of the 1876:In April 1920, the Soviet 1812: 1760:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1581: 1546:Russian-brokered ceasefire 1487:Soviet Union disintegrated 1428:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1303:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 737:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 44:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 29: 18:First Nagorno-Karabakh war 14564:Wars involving Azerbaijan 14544:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 14385: 14352:Albanian Civil War (1997) 14320: 14270:Russo-Georgian War (2008) 14176: 14096: 14078: 14026: 13995: 13972: 13946: 13913: 13882: 13842: 13787: 13762:South Lebanon (1985–2000) 13710: 13694: 13661: 13654: 13629: 13608: 13582: 13566: 13513: 13506: 13455: 13429: 13408: 13370: 13344: 13328: 13321: 13301: 13281:Maritime border incidents 13263: 13237: 13230: 13200: 13174: 13111: 13048: 13041: 12936: 12876: 12833: 12827:Wars involving Azerbaijan 12773:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 12759: 12742: 12704: 12658: 12612: 12589: 12566: 12542: 12495: 12426: 12295: 12202: 11964: 11741: 11634: 11577:September 2022 escalation 11549: 11446: 11351: 11150: 11073: 11067:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 11010:First Republic of Armenia 10997: 10926: 10782: 10675: 10647: 10498:Taubman, William (2017). 10331:International Negotiation 10239:Broers, Laurence (2005). 10211:21 September 2013 at the 9915:Taarnby, Michael (2008). 9848:Papazian, Taline (2008). 9796:Transcaucasian Boundaries 9717:Zubok, Vladislav (2021). 9157:Federal Research Division 9118:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. 8855:Broers, Laurence (2019). 7779:. BBC News. 12 May 2004. 6639:Denber & Goldman 1992 6543:Denber & Goldman 1992 6449:Denber & Goldman 1992 6408:Denber & Goldman 1992 5827:Denber & Goldman 1992 5775:Lobell & Mauceri 2004 5604:, pp. 65–92, 156–96. 4395: 4118:during mid-2010 as well. 4072:During the summit of the 3930:Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway 3728:and the eastern parts of 3622: 3569: 3536: 3486: 3393: 3252: 2541:Early Armenian offensives 2432:Armored fighting vehicles 2274:23rd Motor Rifle Division 1821:First Republic of Armenia 1610:Transcaucasian Federation 1347:2014 helicopter shootdown 1298: 1289:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1050:North Caucasus insurgency 942: 746: 658: 601: 558: 390: 148: 136:unification with Armenia 130:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic 74: 60: 51:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 48: 43: 14554:Separatism in Azerbaijan 14449:1988 in the Soviet Union 14408:List of frozen conflicts 14064:Civil War (2014–present) 14013:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 13702:Bahraini uprising (2011) 13398:Civil war (2021–present) 12952:OPON coup d'état attempt 12861:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 12718:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 12437:Four-Day War / April War 12287:2023 ceasefire agreement 12245:2020 ceasefire agreement 12225:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué 11496:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 11338:1994 Bagratashen bombing 11328:1994 Baku Metro bombings 10989:1983 Orly Airport attack 10859:Militants and commanders 10682:Active political parties 10547:9 September 2009 at the 10423:Malkasian, Mark (1996). 10375:. New York: M.E. Sharpe 10347:10.1163/157180610X488218 9882:Saporov, Arsène (2012). 9657:Tishkov, Valery (1997). 9583:Notholt, Stuart (2008). 9561: 9560:Norin, Yevgeny (2017). 9495:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. 9444:Kaufman, Stuart (2001). 9398: 9141:. Westport, CT: Prager. 8897:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 8698:Under Occupation: Shusha 8067:28 November 2010 at the 8061:"Resolution 1416 (2005)" 8016:21 November 2006 at the 7903: 7899:Russia in Global Affairs 7229: 6977: 6719:Rubin & Kirişci 2001 6700: 6289: 5996: 5852: 5755:24 November 2012 at the 5227: 5183:29 November 2010 at the 4319: 4078:OIC Resolution No. 10/11 3999:destruction of thousands 2843:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2294:tactical nuclear weapons 2078:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué 2064:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué 1936:Armenian Communist Party 1815:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1620:Armenian–Azerbaijani war 1548:was signed in May 1994. 14484:20th century in Armenia 14372:Unrest in Kosovo (2004) 14340:Bosnian War (1992–1995) 14049:South Yemen (2009–2015) 13905:Lebanon conflict (2008) 13827:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 13642:Andijan massacre (2005) 13637:Fergana massacre (1989) 13182:JVP insurrection (1971) 12296:International documents 12273:EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 11467:International reactions 11417:2019 clash near Chinari 11181:Zvartnots Airport clash 11132:Azerbaijanis in Armenia 11120:Armenians in Azerbaijan 9813:Walker, Edward (1999). 9634:Smith, Hedrick (1991). 9542:. London: I. B. Tauris. 9424:The Republic of Armenia 9415:The Republic of Armenia 9411:Hovannisian, Richard G. 8993:; Donabedian, Patrick; 8799:. Bloomsbury Academic. 8736:Under Occupation: Agdam 8010:"Tragedy on the Araxes" 7846:BBC News. 28 June 2007. 7282:"Real Instituto Elcano" 7217:. 21 June 1993, p. A12. 7074:San Francisco Chronicle 6674:8 February 2017 at the 5438:"Without Rules or Pity" 5276:6 December 2011 at the 4474:31 October 2011 at the 2989:International Red Cross 2496:Stepanakert under siege 2080:in the Russian city of 1843:) and Karabakh itself. 1708:Principality of Khachen 1388:2021−2023 border crisis 564:30,000—40,000 (1993–94) 14559:Wars involving Armenia 14539:History of Stepanakert 14357:Kosovo War (1998–1999) 14275:Maidan Uprising (2013) 14255:War in Abkhazia (1998) 13595:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 12937:Republic of Azerbaijan 12490:Wars involving Armenia 12348:UNGA Resolution 62/243 12343:UNGA Resolution 60/285 12338:UNGA Resolution 48/114 11599:2022 Armenian protests 11431:Protests in Azerbaijan 11375:2010 Mardakert clashes 11359:2008 Mardakert clashes 11343:Refugees in Azerbaijan 11310:1993 Summer Offensives 10458:Popescu, Nicu (2010). 10405:Hovannisian, Richard G 10252:Conciliation Resources 10125:. Human Rights Watch. 10093:"Report on Azerbaijan" 9352:Gokay, Bulent (2003). 9102:. London: Pluto Press. 8836:Bertsch, Gary (1999). 8145:5 October 2010 at the 7862:7 January 2008 at the 7455:"UN SC Resolution 884" 7415:"UN SC Resolution 874" 7208:6 October 2016 at the 6906:2009-02-17 artofwar.ru 6018:Noyan Tapan Highlights 4387: 4249:Refugees in Azerbaijan 4188: 4069: 3967: 3816: 3805: 3737: 3561:By the end of the war 3395:Ground attack aircraft 3215: plane traveling 3091: 3078:1993 Summer Offensives 3033: 2972:sent 4.5 million 2920: 2792: 2660: 2592:Republic of Azerbaijan 2490: 2244: 2236: 2187:United States Congress 2003: 1931: 1930:in the USSR, 1957–1991 1858:Paris Peace Conference 1393:September 2022 clashes 1331:2010 Mardakert clashes 1321:2008 Mardakert clashes 1240:Wagner Group rebellion 391:Commanders and leaders 13556:Republican insurgency 13255:Tibetan unrest (2008) 12509:Third Mithridatic War 12503:Armenian–Parthian War 12303:Astrakhan Declaration 12278:EUMA Feb 2023–present 12042:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan 11995:Norat Ter-Grigoryants 11550:Post-ceasefire events 11272:Capture of Artsvashen 11253:Capture of Garadaghly 10739:National United Party 10708:National Agenda Party 10558:11 March 2009 at the 9923:Real Instituto Elcano 9836:Yasemin Kilit Aklar ( 9742:19 April 2016 at the 9431:Karny, Yo'av (2000). 9297:Eichensehr, Kristen; 9001:. London: Zed Books. 8840:. London: Routledge. 8507:. 27 September 2020. 8445:. 27 September 2020. 8233:14 March 2008 at the 8091:8 August 2009 at the 8044:25 March 2012 at the 7904:Первый и неразрешимый 7056:Chrysanthopoulos 2002 6902:28 April 2010 at the 5878:. 23 September 1991. 5736:, pp. 27–28, 81. 5096:"SIPRI Yearbook 1994" 5051:The National Interest 4146: 4102:Further information: 4060: 4019:Further information: 3954: 3897:Transnistria conflict 3885:post-Soviet conflicts 3862:Bulgarian journalist 3838:Tribeca Film Festival 3811: 3800: 3723: 3157:Azerbaijani Air Force 3147:Air war over Karabakh 3085: 3031: 2915: 2783: 2658: 2242: 2230: 2221:Further information: 2001: 1925: 1407:Azerbaijani offensive 1195:Revolution of Dignity 1132:Dungan–Kazakh clashes 934:Post-Soviet conflicts 602:Casualties and losses 14039:al-Qaeda (1998–2015) 14018:Turkey–ISIL conflict 13817:Iraq War (2003–2011) 12730:Turkish–Armenian War 12518:Iberian–Armenian War 12333:PACE Resolution 2085 12328:PACE Resolution 1416 12323:OIC Resolution 10/37 12318:OIC Resolution 10/11 11954:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 11482:Aras Valley campaign 11394:2016 Odundağ clashes 11314:Operation Geghamasar 11235:Siege of Stepanakert 10954:Battle of Sardarabad 10759:Army of Independence 10641:Armenian nationalism 10521:27 July 2020 at the 10389:. London: Routledge. 10201:on 14 December 2021. 10109:on 21 September 2013 9482:on 15 December 2020. 9270:on 21 September 2013 8923:. Washington, D.C.: 8913:Brzezinski, Zbigniew 8871:The Gorbachev Factor 8682:26 July 2006 at the 8614:4 March 2007 at the 8258:stream.aljazeera.com 8209:7 March 2008 at the 8183:6 March 2008 at the 8176:Yevgrashina, Lada. " 8152:. 27 September 2010. 7842:11 July 2007 at the 6773:"Spotlight Karabakh" 6336:Moscow Defense Brief 6329:Barabanov, Mikhail. 5935:31 July 2010 at the 5858:karabakhrecords.info 4407:Artsakhyan azatamart 4310:İşğal Altında: Ağdam 4305:first-person shooter 4090:Moscow Defense Brief 2709:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 2697:Turkish nationalists 2525:the largest massacre 2502:Siege of Stepanakert 2093:near the village of 2074:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1907:The creation of the 1862:Khosrov bey Sultanov 1729:Province of Karabakh 1479:enclave's parliament 1436:territorial conflict 1382:Ceasefire violations 1315:Ceasefire violations 1215:annexation of Crimea 800:Gushchular−Malibeyli 687:Civilians displaced: 14170:conflicts in Europe 13218:Operation All Clear 12724:Armeno-Georgian War 12580:Battle of Bagrevand 12574:Battle of Varnakert 12268:EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 12192:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 12027:Republic of Artsakh 11990:Gurgen Dalibaltayan 11829:Samvel Shahramanyan 11794:Republic of Artsakh 11762:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 11614:Protests in Armenia 11406:Shelling of Alxanlı 11285:Operation Həsənqaya 11025:Republic of Artsakh 11020:Republic of Armenia 10269:on 18 February 2017 10228:Altstadt, Audrey L. 9888:Europe-Asia Studies 9299:Reisman, W. Michael 8738:video game website. 8709:Gojiashvili, Nino. 8700:video game website. 8666:, pp. 405–406. 8539:. 28 September 2020 8380:Wall Street Journal 7955:. 2 February 2012. 7649:, pp. 180–185. 7520:, pp. 122–123. 7371:4 June 2013 at the 7341:aviation-safety.net 7149:. 6 February 1993. 7132:, pp. 162–163. 7024:, pp. 196–197. 6662:Adibekyan, Armine. 6589:on 17 February 2012 6491:, pp. 189–190. 6395:The Daily Telegraph 6227:The Washington Post 5983:. 30 December 1991. 5968:. 30 December 1991. 5953:. 30 December 1991. 5580:, pp. 191–218. 5477:, pp. 284–292. 5392:on 10 December 2021 5370:on 11 January 2013. 5322:on 3 November 2010. 5285:. 28 November 2009. 4782:The Washington Post 4656:on 29 August 2020. 4301:İşğal Altında: Şuşa 4269:pogrom of Armenians 4233:ceasefire agreement 4160:ceasefire agreement 3937:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 3909:Republic of Artsakh 3901:Russo-Ukrainian War 3836:, who won the 2007 3834:Vardan Hovhannisyan 3245:Azerbaijani losses 3217:Stepanakert Airport 2837:Renewed peace talks 2808:On 18 June 1992, a 2587:Republic of Armenia 2317:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 2305:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 2290:Inheriting the Bomb 1882:Transcaucasian SFSR 1558:Republic of Artsakh 1101:Kyrgyz revolutions 553:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 407:Levon Ter-Petrosyan 68:Clockwise from top: 14403:List of proxy wars 14124:Colour revolutions 14044:Houthi (2004–2015) 13985:Regional spillover 13895:Lebanon War (2006) 13767:Lebanon War (2006) 12898:Lankaran Uprisings 12557:episode 2: 481–484 12554:episode 1: 450–451 12530:Battle of Rhandeia 12524:Roman–Parthian War 12138:Viktor Polyanichko 11824:Arayik Harutyunyan 11677:Shahumyan Province 11667:Martakert Province 11662:Kashatagh Province 11323:Operation Kalbajar 11300:Battle of Kalbajar 11276:Operation Goranboy 11239:Operation Dashalty 10998:Political entities 10848:Rafayel Ishkhanian 10798:Mikayel Nalbandian 10292:Cornell, Svante E. 9988:Uppsala University 9973:Cornell, Svante E. 9948:10.1007/BF00232663 9936:Theory and Society 9863:10.4000/pipss.1623 9838:Kocaeli University 9454:Libaridian, Gerard 9108:Cornell, Svante E. 8536:Azeri Press Agency 8479:on 11 October 2020 8074:. 25 January 2005. 7561:The New York Times 7496:, pp. 150–51. 7316:on 3 February 2009 7269:Charalampidis 2013 6620:on 8 February 2007 6530:, pp. 89–111. 6083:, pp. 344–45. 5640:, pp. 311–12. 5616:, pp. 140–52. 5534:The New York Times 5156:Charalampidis 2013 5144:Charalampidis 2013 5113:on 26 August 2020. 4683:Human Rights Watch 4629:on 17 August 2020. 4623:REGNUM News Agency 4538:Ruslan Khasbulatov 4396:Արցախյան ազատամարտ 4335:(NKAO) until 1991. 4256:Geneva Conventions 4189: 4070: 3978:in Azerbaijan and 3968: 3864:Tsvetana Paskaleva 3848:Chingiz Mustafayev 3817: 3806: 3774:On Ruins of Empire 3738: 3624:Transport aircraft 3538:Attack helicopters 3153:Armenian Air Force 3092: 3034: 3024:Battle of Kalbajar 3001:The northern front 2970:European Community 2921: 2902:The southern front 2872:wars in Yugoslavia 2810:state of emergency 2793: 2772:Operation Goranboy 2679:to take the town. 2661: 2371:Military personnel 2245: 2237: 2004: 1932: 1703:Kingdom of Artsakh 1693:Satrapy of Albania 1200:pro-Russian unrest 773:Stepanakert−Shusha 674:Civilians missing: 592:Chechen volunteers 379:Turkish volunteers 368:Slavic mercenaries 352:Chechen volunteers 238:Slavic mercenaries 14529:Conflicts in 1994 14524:Conflicts in 1993 14519:Conflicts in 1992 14514:Conflicts in 1991 14509:Conflicts in 1990 14504:Conflicts in 1989 14499:Conflicts in 1988 14426: 14425: 14132: 14131: 14079:Inter-continental 14074: 14073: 14008:DHKP/C insurgency 14003:Maoist insurgency 13650: 13649: 13502: 13501: 13393:Rohingya conflict 13317: 13316: 13226: 13225: 13144:Kargil War (1999) 13076:Kargil War (1999) 13035:conflicts in Asia 12997: 12996: 12970:Operation Gyunnut 12927:Soviet–Afghan War 12916:February Uprising 12877:Soviet Azerbaijan 12849:Russian Civil War 12788: 12787: 12452: 12451: 12383: 12382: 12240:Madrid Principles 12220:Tehran Communiqué 12057:Mikael Arzumanyan 12052:Jalal Harutyunyan 12037:Kristapor Ivanyan 12005:Tiran Khachatryan 11917:Mikhail Gorbachev 11809:Leonard Petrosyan 11742:Political leaders 11731:Zangilan District 11709:Kalbajar District 11704:Jabrayil District 11477:Madagiz offensive 11318:Operation Horadiz 11291:Operation Qazançı 11268:Capture of Shusha 11218:Voskepar massacre 11125:Armenians in Baku 11108:Karabakh movement 11033: 11032: 10964:Karabakh movement 10959:February Uprising 10793:Khachatur Abovian 10527:Caucasian Journal 10413:24 (Summer 1971). 10100:Council of Europe 10091:(15 April 2003). 10044:978-1-56432-081-0 9755:Panossian, Razmik 9703:on 24 March 2022. 9671:Trenin, Dmitri V. 9594:978-1-906510-47-3 9575:978-5-4461-0561-8 9534:Melkonian, Markar 9314:978-90-04-17855-7 9125:978-0-7656-3004-9 9048:Gomidas Institute 9017:Chorbajian, Levon 8991:Chorbajian, Levon 8967:978-5-9986-0115-6 8891:Brown, Michael E. 8882:978-0-19-288052-9 8717:14 April 2013 at 8630:, p. passim. 8320:. 7 August 2014. 7834:Collin, Matthew. 7727:on 1 October 2012 7589:, pp. 1, 16. 7310:Los Angeles Times 7147:Los Angeles Times 7105:Los Angeles Times 7080:on 11 August 2006 7037:Chicago Sun-Times 6894:Zhirokhov, M. A. 6845:Los Angeles Times 6641:, pp. 19–21. 6422:, pp. 5, 11. 6398:, 23 August 1992. 6347:on 26 August 2009 6169:The Seattle Times 5793:, pp. 11–12. 5592:, pp. 65–92. 4893:on 31 July 2020. 4738:Los Angeles Times 4404: 4225:cluster munitions 4068: 4051:Resolution 62/243 4021:Madrid Principles 4015:Current situation 3713: 3712: 3373:Petros Ghevondyan 3052:On 30 April, the 3042:Sarsang reservoir 2855:Tehran Communiqué 2851:shuttle diplomacy 2651:Capture of Shusha 2645:Capture of Shusha 2469: 2468: 2423: 2407: 2391: 2179:Armenian Diaspora 1976:Mikhail Gorbachev 1811: 1810: 1770:Independent state 1755:Autonomous oblast 1421: 1420: 1363:July 2020 clashes 1252: 1251: 898: 897: 853:Mardakert−Martuni 701: 700: 568:42,600 (1993–94) 144: 143: 16:(Redirected from 14571: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14136: 14135: 14034:Civil war (1994) 13659: 13658: 13590:1990 Osh clashes 13574:Ethnic conflicts 13511: 13510: 13488: 13481: 13326: 13325: 13291:2017–2018 crisis 13269: 13235: 13234: 13046: 13045: 13024: 13017: 13010: 13001: 13000: 12825: 12815: 12808: 12801: 12792: 12791: 12677:Siege of Baghdad 12637:Byzantine Empire 12489: 12479: 12472: 12465: 12456: 12455: 12420: 12410: 12403: 12396: 12387: 12386: 12353:UNSC resolutions 12230:OSCE Minsk Group 12215:Bishkek Protocol 12185: 12183: 12182: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12099:Mais Barkhudarov 12079:Isgandar Hamidov 12072: 12070: 12069: 12025: 12023: 12022: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11965:Military leaders 11942: 11940: 11939: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11888:Tural Ganjaliyev 11856:Abulfaz Elchibey 11844: 11842: 11841: 11814:Arkadi Ghukasyan 11804:Robert Kocharyan 11792: 11790: 11789: 11767:Robert Kocharyan 11755: 11753: 11752: 11726:Qubadli District 11672:Martuni Province 11652:Askeran Province 11524:Battle of Shusha 11519:Lachin offensive 11514:Battle of Hadrut 11352:Interwar clashes 11305:Battle of Aghdam 11288:Battle of Lachin 11258:Khojaly massacre 11191:Kirovabad pogrom 11081:Nagorno-Karabakh 11060: 11053: 11046: 11037: 11036: 10974:Khojaly massacre 10903:Movses Gorgisyan 10843:Silva Kaputikyan 10828:Avetis Aharonian 10808:Mkrtich Khrimian 10639: 10638: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10604: 10603: 10588: 10567:compiled by the 10553:Reuters Alertnet 10525:— Interview for 10503: 10473: 10454: 10442: 10420:46 (1993, 1996). 10401: 10400:. Antelias: n.p. 10365: 10363: 10361: 10355: 10339:Brill Publishers 10321: 10309: 10287: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10268: 10262:. Archived from 10245: 10235: 10202: 10200: 10194:. Archived from 10183: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10152: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10108: 10102:. Archived from 10097: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10074: 10067: 10055: 10053: 10036: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10005:(January 1993). 9998: 9996: 9990:. Archived from 9981: 9959: 9930: 9929:on 5 March 2016. 9925:. Archived from 9911: 9878: 9865: 9830:Journal articles 9824: 9818: 9809: 9793: 9784: 9763:Sasse, Gwendolyn 9734:Karim, Karim H. 9722: 9713: 9704: 9702: 9696:. Archived from 9681: 9666: 9664: 9653: 9641: 9638:The New Russians 9630: 9618: 9607: 9598: 9579: 9556: 9554: 9543: 9529: 9517: 9506: 9494: 9483: 9481: 9475:. Archived from 9464: 9449: 9440: 9438: 9427: 9418: 9406: 9390: 9378: 9367: 9348: 9336: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9293: 9287: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9269: 9262: 9242: 9230: 9219: 9208: 9206: 9192: 9178: 9166: 9152: 9140: 9129: 9117: 9103: 9101: 9087: 9075: 9061: 9045: 9034: 9012: 8995:Mutafian, Claude 8986: 8984: 8982: 8976: 8959: 8947: 8938: 8922: 8908: 8886: 8874: 8860: 8851: 8832: 8810: 8798: 8789:Ambrosio, Thomas 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8759:on 18 April 2018 8745: 8739: 8731: 8725: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8687: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8599:Speech given by 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8350:. 3 April 2016. 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8250: 8244: 8224: 8218: 8200: 8194: 8174: 8168: 8159: 8153: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8120: 8114:. Archived from 8113: 8105: 8099: 8098:. 25 March 2008. 8081: 8075: 8058: 8049: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8008:Pickman, Sarah. 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7896: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7853: 7847: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7633: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7459: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7419: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7385: 7376: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7312:. Archived from 7301: 7290: 7289: 7288:on 7 April 2014. 7284:. Archived from 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7224: 7218: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7178: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7076:. Archived from 7065: 7059: 7053: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6913: 6907: 6893: 6889: 6876: 6870: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6836: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6754: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6616:. Archived from 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6546: 6540: 6531: 6525: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6343:. Archived from 6326: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6284: 6255: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6159: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6047:on 10 March 2005 6043:. Archived from 6032: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5928: 5924: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5772: 5766: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5614:Hovannisian 1996 5611: 5605: 5602:Hovannisian 1971 5599: 5593: 5590:Hovannisian 1971 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5388:. Archived from 5378: 5372: 5371: 5356: 5345: 5344: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5235:. Archived from 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5174: 5170: 5159: 5158:, pp. 4, 6. 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5092: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5041: 5035: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5012: 5010: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4728: 4722: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4702:on 28 June 2020. 4701: 4695:. Archived from 4680: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4650:presidentruo.org 4637: 4631: 4630: 4615: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4555: 4549: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4213:armoured warfare 4177: 4170:Nagorno-Karabakh 4167: 4157: 4151: 4109:On 5 March 2008 4062: 3984:Gurgen Markaryan 3976:anti-Armenianism 3966:, 10 August 2014 3856:Dmitri Pisarenko 3793:Bishkek Protocol 3488:Trainer aircraft 3254:Fighter aircraft 3239:Armenian losses 3230: 3229: 2814:Robert Kocharyan 2747:Abulfaz Elchibey 2705:humanitarian aid 2689:Suleyman Demirel 2573: 2564: 2552:Khojaly Massacre 2535:capturing Shusha 2445:Fighter aircraft 2421: 2405: 2389: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2351:Nagorno-Karabakh 2349: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2278:Isgandar Hamidov 2262:Anatoly Zinevich 2254:Andranik Ozanian 2099:Martuni District 1849:Andranik Ozanian 1803: 1796: 1789: 1739:Russian Karabakh 1734:Karabakh Khanate 1716:Early Modern Age 1651: 1624: 1623: 1568:Ongoing tensions 1554:OSCE Minsk Group 1529:humanitarian aid 1511:Khojaly Massacre 1493:, including the 1491:ethnic cleansing 1468:mountain warfare 1464:Soviet republics 1446:in southwestern 1444:Nagorno-Karabakh 1293: 1292: 1290: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1256: 1255: 1127:Gorno-Badakhshan 1122:South Kyrgyzstan 1095:Batken spillover 952:Nagorno-Karabakh 937: 935: 925: 918: 911: 902: 901: 855: 802: 775: 741: 740: 738: 727: 720: 713: 704: 703: 661:Civilian deaths: 645:20,000 or 50,000 551: 550: 549: 538: 537: 536: 528:Isgandar Hamidov 526: 525: 524: 514: 513: 512: 504:Abulfaz Elchibey 502: 501: 500: 490: 489: 488: 478: 477: 476: 466: 465: 464: 459: 458: 457: 441: 440: 439: 431:Robert Kocharyan 429: 428: 427: 417: 416: 415: 405: 404: 403: 377: 376: 375: 362: 361: 360: 350: 349: 348: 338: 337: 336: 326: 325: 324: 314: 313: 312: 291: 289: 288: 273: 271: 270: 257: 256: 255: 231: 230: 229: 219: 218: 217: 196: 195: 194: 180: 178: 177: 167:Nagorno-Karabakh 165: 163: 162: 128:independence of 112:Armenian victory 94:Nagorno-Karabakh 76: 75: 65: 41: 40: 21: 14579: 14578: 14574: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14429: 14428: 14427: 14422: 14381: 14322:Southern Europe 14316: 14172: 14163: 14133: 14128: 14092: 14080: 14070: 14022: 13991: 13968: 13942: 13909: 13878: 13838: 13783: 13706: 13690: 13646: 13625: 13604: 13578: 13562: 13526:Afghan conflict 13498: 13484: 13477: 13451: 13425: 13404: 13388:Kachin conflict 13366: 13340: 13313: 13297: 13276:Korean conflict 13267: 13265: 13259: 13222: 13196: 13170: 13107: 13037: 13028: 12998: 12993: 12958:Operation Eagle 12938: 12932: 12892:Tartar Uprising 12878: 12872: 12835: 12829: 12819: 12789: 12784: 12755: 12738: 12700: 12683:Siege of Aleppo 12654: 12608: 12597:Battle of Sevan 12585: 12562: 12538: 12491: 12483: 12453: 12448: 12422: 12414: 12384: 12379: 12291: 12198: 12180: 12178: 12158: 12156: 12132: 12130: 12119: 12117: 12104:Hikmat Mirzayev 12094:Valeh Barshadly 12067: 12065: 12047:Monte Melkonian 12020: 12018: 12000:Jirair Sefilian 11985:Vazgen Sargsyan 11973: 11971: 11960: 11937: 11935: 11911: 11909: 11898: 11896: 11883:Nizami Bahmanov 11851:Ayaz Mutallibov 11839: 11837: 11799:Artur Mkrtchyan 11787: 11785: 11777:Nikol Pashinyan 11750: 11748: 11737: 11719:Lachin corridor 11714:Lachin District 11699:Fuzuli District 11694:Aghdam District 11682:Shushi Province 11657:Hadrut Province 11630: 11545: 11442: 11347: 11263:Maraga massacre 11146: 11069: 11064: 11034: 11029: 10993: 10922: 10918:Jirair Sefilian 10913:Vazgen Sargsyan 10908:Monte Melkonian 10853:Monte Melkonian 10778: 10749:Armenian fedayi 10734:Armenakan Party 10730:Defunct parties 10671: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10586: 10560:Wayback Machine 10549:Wayback Machine 10523:Wayback Machine 10510: 10470: 10451: 10418:Armenian Review 10410:Armenian Review 10394:Hakobyan, Tatul 10359: 10357: 10353: 10306: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10243: 10223: 10221:Further reading 10218: 10213:Wayback Machine 10198: 10192: 10181: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10132: 10130: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10095: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10051: 10045: 10034: 10018: 10016: 9997:on 31 May 2011. 9994: 9979: 9962: 9827: 9806: 9781: 9744:Wayback Machine 9725: 9700: 9694: 9679: 9665:. London: Sage. 9650: 9627: 9595: 9576: 9563: 9526: 9503: 9479: 9473: 9462: 9400: 9395:Hakobyan, Tatul 9387: 9364: 9345: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9239: 9197:de Waal, Thomas 9183:de Waal, Thomas 9175: 9149: 9126: 9092:Cooley, John K. 9084: 9058: 9031: 9009: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8957: 8935: 8905: 8883: 8848: 8829: 8815:Bell, Christine 8807: 8778: 8773: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8728: 8708: 8704: 8694: 8690: 8684:Wayback Machine 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8616:Wayback Machine 8606:in April 1998. 8598: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8563:treaties.un.org 8557: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8514: 8512: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8419:on 2 April 2016 8412:Washington Post 8405: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8288:The Independent 8282: 8281: 8277: 8267: 8265: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8235:Wayback Machine 8225: 8221: 8211:Wayback Machine 8201: 8197: 8185:Wayback Machine 8175: 8171: 8160: 8156: 8147:Wayback Machine 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8121:on 17 July 2011 8118: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8093:Wayback Machine 8082: 8078: 8069:Wayback Machine 8059: 8052: 8046:Wayback Machine 8034: 8033: 8029: 8025:, 30 June 2006. 8018:Wayback Machine 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7960: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7905: 7901: 7890: 7888:Fyodor Lukyanov 7886: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7864:Wayback Machine 7854: 7850: 7844:Wayback Machine 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7800: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7728: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7636: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7587:Chorbajian 2001 7585: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7386: 7379: 7373:Wayback Machine 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7335:Ranter, Harro. 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7302: 7293: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7240: 7238: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7210:Wayback Machine 7200: 7196: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7045: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6984:Vremya Novostei 6979: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6924:on 22 July 2011 6916:Mahmood Vaezi. 6914: 6910: 6904:Wayback Machine 6891: 6890: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6814:, p. 7.17. 6810: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6781: 6779: 6769: 6765: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6676:Wayback Machine 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6327: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6291: 6285: 6258: 6246: 6239: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6011: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5937:Wayback Machine 5926: 5925: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5864:on 4 July 2013. 5854: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5773: 5769: 5765:. 4 April 2006. 5757:Wayback Machine 5745: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5698:Libaridian 1988 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5557: 5544: 5542: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5442:Foreign Affairs 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5343:. 13 June 2020. 5335: 5334: 5327: 5312: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5278:Wayback Machine 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5239:on 24 July 2018 5229: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5185:Wayback Machine 5172: 5171: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5110: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5061: 5059: 5042: 5038: 5026: 5022: 5008: 5006: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4871:on 17 May 2017. 4859: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4794: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4729: 4725: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4556: 4552: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4476:Wayback Machine 4459: 4455: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4382: 4378: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4289: 4287:Cultural legacy 4267:civilians. The 4260:Maraga Massacre 4251: 4245: 4237:Lachin corridor 4209:heavy artillery 4187: 4180:Lachin corridor 4175: 4173: 4168: Areas in 4165: 4163: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4106: 4100: 4043:Resolution 1416 4035: 4017: 3881: 3869:ethnic conflict 3830: 3795: 3789: 3718: 3225: 3167: 3149: 3080: 3074: 3026: 3020: 3003: 2998: 2945: 2910: 2904: 2865:), created the 2847:Ayaz Mutallibov 2839: 2774: 2768: 2763: 2738:Lachin corridor 2723: 2721:Lachin corridor 2717: 2715:Lachin corridor 2653: 2647: 2620:Monte Melkonian 2603:Lachin corridor 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2554: 2548: 2543: 2504: 2498: 2493: 2422:(150–240 + 120) 2357: 2355: 2344: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2313:Washington post 2225: 2219: 2217:Building armies 2135: 2107: 2066: 2060: 2019: 2013: 1961: 1956: 1947:Lavrentiy Beria 1940:Aghasi Khanjian 1874: 1872:Soviet division 1817: 1807: 1664: 1640: 1633: 1622: 1586: 1580: 1542:Lachin corridor 1424: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1351: 1340: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1253: 1248: 1207:Russo-Ukrainian 1161: 1076: 1045:guerrilla phase 1030:Chechen–Russian 938: 933: 931: 929: 899: 894: 893: 873: 851: 798: 771: 742: 736: 734: 733: 731: 654: 638: 628: 597: 547: 545: 544: 534: 532: 522: 520: 510: 508: 498: 496: 486: 484: 474: 472: 468:Ayaz Mutallibov 462: 460: 455: 453: 447: 443:Vazgen Sargsyan 437: 435: 425: 423: 413: 411: 401: 399: 386: 383: 373: 371: 358: 356: 346: 344: 334: 332: 322: 320: 310: 308: 302: 301: 300:Foreign groups: 286: 284: 281: 268: 266: 253: 251: 244: 241: 227: 225: 215: 213: 207: 206: 205:Foreign groups: 192: 190: 187: 175: 173: 160: 158: 118: 104: 83: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14577: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14389: 14387: 14386:Related topics 14383: 14382: 14380: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14348: 14347: 14337: 14332: 14326: 14324: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14221: 14220: 14210: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14182: 14180: 14178:Eastern Europe 14174: 14173: 14162: 14161: 14154: 14147: 14139: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14100: 14098: 14097:Related topics 14094: 14093: 14091: 14090: 14084: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14030: 14028: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 13999: 13997: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13961: 13959:Qatif conflict 13950: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13917: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13886: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13864: 13863: 13862: 13857: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13807:Iraqi conflict 13804: 13803: 13802: 13791: 13789: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13781: 13776: 13775: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13750:Qatif conflict 13742: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13714: 13712: 13708: 13707: 13705: 13704: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13665: 13663: 13656: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13644: 13639: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13623: 13618: 13612: 13610: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13570: 13568: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13523: 13517: 13515: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13482: 13470: 13465: 13459: 13457: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13423: 13418: 13412: 13410: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13383:Karen conflict 13374: 13372: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13348: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13332: 13330: 13323: 13322:Southeast Asia 13319: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13305: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13272: 13270: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13241: 13239: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13178: 13176: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13121: 13115: 13113: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13052: 13050: 13043: 13039: 13038: 13027: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13004: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12985: 12984:(2021–present) 12979: 12973: 12967: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12942: 12940: 12939:(1991–present) 12934: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12913: 12907: 12901: 12895: 12889: 12882: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12855:Mughan clashes 12852: 12846: 12839: 12837: 12831: 12830: 12818: 12817: 12810: 12803: 12795: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12746: 12744: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12727: 12721: 12715: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12692: 12686: 12680: 12674: 12671:Seljuks of Rum 12662: 12660: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12652: 12646: 12640: 12629: 12626:Second Crusade 12623: 12616: 12614: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12600: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12577: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12558: 12555: 12550:Vartanantz War 12546: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12533: 12527: 12521: 12515: 12512: 12506: 12499: 12497: 12493: 12492: 12482: 12481: 12474: 12467: 12459: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12413: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12390: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12299: 12297: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12260: 12255: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12235:Prague Process 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12206: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12170:Shamil Basayev 12153: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12148:Rustam Muradov 12145: 12140: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12109:Hikmat Hasanov 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12089:Surat Huseynov 12086: 12081: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12032:Samvel Babayan 12015: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12010:Seyran Ohanyan 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11968: 11966: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11927:Vladimir Putin 11924: 11919: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11878:Bayram Safarov 11870: 11869: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11774: 11772:Serzh Sargsyan 11769: 11764: 11745: 11743: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11722: 11721: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11638: 11636: 11635:Main locations 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11486:Bombardments ( 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11453: 11451: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11418: 11415: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11400: 11395: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11221:Battle of Togh 11219: 11216: 11214:Operation Ring 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11171:Sumgait pogrom 11168: 11163: 11161:Çardaqlı clash 11157: 11155: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11063: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11040: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10898:Hagop Hagopian 10895: 10893:Garegin Nzhdeh 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10873:Kevork Chavush 10870: 10865: 10860: 10856: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10838:Kevork Ajemian 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10818:Garegin Nzhdeh 10815: 10813:Shahan Natalie 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10727: 10726: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10686:Adequate Party 10683: 10679: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10662: 10657: 10655:United Armenia 10651: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10630: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10562: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10509: 10508:External links 10506: 10505: 10504: 10495: 10481: 10474: 10468: 10455: 10449: 10432: 10421: 10414: 10402: 10390: 10383: 10366: 10322: 10314:Dawisha, Karen 10310: 10304: 10288: 10279: 10236: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10203: 10190: 10172: 10159: 10139: 10119: 10098:. Strasbourg: 10085: 10056: 10043: 10025: 9999: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9960: 9931: 9912: 9894:(2): 281–323. 9879: 9845: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9825: 9810: 9804: 9785: 9779: 9751: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9723: 9714: 9705: 9692: 9667: 9654: 9648: 9631: 9625: 9608: 9599: 9593: 9580: 9574: 9557: 9544: 9530: 9524: 9507: 9501: 9484: 9471: 9450: 9441: 9428: 9419: 9407: 9391: 9385: 9368: 9362: 9349: 9343: 9326: 9313: 9294: 9243: 9237: 9220: 9209: 9193: 9179: 9173: 9153: 9147: 9130: 9124: 9104: 9088: 9082: 9068:, ed. (2005). 9062: 9056: 9035: 9029: 9013: 9007: 8987: 8966: 8948: 8939: 8933: 8909: 8903: 8887: 8881: 8861: 8852: 8846: 8833: 8827: 8811: 8805: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8740: 8726: 8722:Eurasianet.org 8702: 8688: 8668: 8656: 8654:, p. 181. 8644: 8632: 8620: 8592: 8590:, p. 176. 8580: 8550: 8522: 8490: 8460: 8430: 8398: 8365: 8335: 8305: 8275: 8245: 8219: 8195: 8169: 8154: 8132: 8100: 8083:Azimov, Araz. 8076: 8050: 8027: 8001: 7970: 7940: 7928: 7880: 7868: 7848: 7827: 7794: 7768: 7757:on 19 May 2011 7738: 7706: 7691: 7689:, p. 107. 7679: 7663: 7651: 7634: 7615: 7613:, p. 326. 7603: 7591: 7579: 7546: 7534: 7532:, p. 123. 7522: 7510: 7508:, p. 121. 7498: 7486: 7462:United Nations 7446: 7422:United Nations 7406: 7377: 7358: 7327: 7291: 7273: 7261: 7259:, p. 316. 7249: 7219: 7194: 7179: 7164: 7134: 7122: 7091: 7060: 7043: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6991:on 29 May 2010 6968: 6935: 6908: 6877: 6875:, p. 209. 6862: 6828: 6826:, p. 208. 6816: 6804: 6802:, p. 125. 6792: 6763: 6735: 6723: 6721:, p. 175. 6711: 6691: 6679: 6655: 6653:, p. 189. 6643: 6631: 6600: 6574: 6572:, p. 171. 6562: 6560:, p. 213. 6558:Melkonian 2005 6547: 6532: 6517: 6505: 6493: 6481: 6479:, p. 148. 6469: 6453: 6441: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6385: 6383:, p. 125. 6373: 6358: 6314: 6299:(in Russian). 6256: 6237: 6213: 6187: 6172:. p. A3. 6151: 6139: 6135:Melkonian 2005 6114: 6112:, p. 208. 6102: 6085: 6073: 6071:, p. 199. 6058: 6022: 6020:. 1 June 2000. 6009: 5986: 5971: 5956: 5941: 5914: 5902: 5893: 5867: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5815:Croissant 1998 5807: 5805:, p. 200. 5795: 5783: 5767: 5738: 5726: 5724:, p. 262. 5714: 5712:, p. 154. 5702: 5700:, p. 150. 5690: 5688:, p. 659. 5678: 5676:, p. 319. 5666: 5664:, p. 144. 5654: 5642: 5630: 5628:, p. 301. 5618: 5606: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5568:, p. 286. 5555: 5516: 5512:Croissant 1998 5479: 5475:Lieberman 2006 5467: 5428: 5403: 5373: 5364:Wiener Zeitung 5346: 5325: 5299: 5287: 5262: 5260:, p. 326. 5250: 5217: 5215:, p. 297. 5205: 5203:, p. 327. 5190: 5160: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5084: 5072: 5036: 5020: 4982: 4967: 4935: 4917: 4912:euraspravda.ru 4899: 4874: 4852: 4845: 4821: 4809: 4792: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4723: 4715:Panossian 2002 4707: 4691: 4662: 4641:Leonid Tibilov 4632: 4621:(in Russian). 4609: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4582: 4572: 4550: 4525: 4515: 4498: 4489: 4479: 4465:George W. Bush 4453: 4439: 4434:Thomas de Waal 4425: 4412: 4376: 4372:Operation Ring 4349: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4288: 4285: 4277:New York Times 4244: 4241: 4174: 4164: 4154: 4148: 4137:Main article: 4134: 4131: 4099: 4096: 4065:See entire map 4016: 4013: 3964:Vladimir Putin 3960:Serzh Sargsyan 3880: 3877: 3829: 3828:Media coverage 3826: 3791:Main article: 3788: 3787:1994 ceasefire 3785: 3779:New York Times 3717: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3224: 3221: 3148: 3145: 3107:force to take 3076:Main article: 3073: 3070: 3058:Resolution 822 3022:Main article: 3019: 3016: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2944: 2941: 2906:Main article: 2903: 2900: 2838: 2835: 2818:Serzh Sargsyan 2770:Main article: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2727:Yaqub Mammadov 2719:Main article: 2716: 2713: 2649:Main article: 2646: 2643: 2635:Helsinki Watch 2578: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2550:Main article: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2530:hors de combat 2500:Main article: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2390:(160–170 + 17) 2386: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2353: 2328: 2270:Suret Huseynov 2258:Garegin Nzhdeh 2235:assault rifles 2218: 2215: 2134: 2133:Weapons vacuum 2131: 2106: 2103: 2062:Main article: 2059: 2056: 2039:Operation Ring 2031:Ayaz Mutalibov 2017:Operation Ring 2015:Main article: 2012: 2011:Operation Ring 2009: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1894:Azerbaijan SSR 1873: 1870: 1813:Main article: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1614:Ottoman Empire 1602:South Caucasus 1594:Russian Empire 1582:Main article: 1579: 1576: 1419: 1418: 1414:2023 ceasefire 1411: 1410: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1384: 1383: 1377:2020 ceasefire 1374: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1310:1994 ceasefire 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1259: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1166: 1165: 1164:Eastern Europe 1160: 1159: 1157:Karakalpakstan 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1072:Russo-Georgian 1069: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 998: 988: 987: 986: 984:2023 offensive 981: 980: 979: 969: 964: 959: 948: 947: 943: 940: 939: 928: 927: 920: 913: 905: 896: 895: 892: 891: 884: 877: 871: 866: 861: 856: 849: 842: 837: 832: 824: 823: 819: 818: 813: 808: 803: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 769: 764: 759: 753: 752: 748: 747: 744: 743: 730: 729: 722: 715: 707: 699: 698: 697: 696: 693: 684: 683: 680: 671: 670: 667: 656: 655: 653: 652: 646: 640: 631: 629: 627: 626: 620: 614: 607: 604: 603: 599: 598: 596: 595: 589: 583: 577: 576:: 350 officers 570: 565: 561: 560: 556: 555: 543: 542: 540:Surat Huseynov 530: 518: 506: 494: 482: 480:Yagub Mammadov 470: 450: 448: 446: 445: 433: 421: 419:Serzh Sargsyan 409: 396: 393: 392: 388: 387: 385: 384: 382: 381: 369: 366: 354: 342: 330: 318: 305: 299: 298: 297: 296: 295: 293:Azerbaijan SSR 280: 279: 263: 247: 245: 243: 242: 240: 239: 236: 223: 221:Kuban Cossacks 210: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 186: 185: 170: 154: 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 120: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 92: 90: 86: 85: 80: 72: 71: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14576: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14413:War on terror 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14384: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14295:War in Donbas 14293: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14196:2016 conflict 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14175: 14171: 14168: 14160: 14155: 14153: 14148: 14146: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14104:War on terror 14102: 14101: 14099: 14095: 14089: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14077: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14025: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13945: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13922: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13912: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13881: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13868: 13865: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13841: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13805: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13786: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13720: 13719: 13716: 13715: 13713: 13709: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13679:2016 conflict 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13660: 13657: 13653: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13628: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13607: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13551:2001–2021 War 13549: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13505: 13495: 13492: 13487: 13483: 13480: 13476: 13475: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13454: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13407: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13320: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13262: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13236: 13233: 13229: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13110: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13033: 13025: 13020: 13018: 13013: 13011: 13006: 13005: 13002: 12989: 12986: 12983: 12980: 12977: 12974: 12971: 12968: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12935: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12911: 12908: 12905: 12902: 12899: 12896: 12893: 12890: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12875: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12847: 12844: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12816: 12811: 12809: 12804: 12802: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12780: 12777: 12774: 12771: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12741: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12719: 12716: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12696: 12693: 12690: 12689:Ninth Crusade 12687: 12684: 12681: 12678: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665:Wars between 12664: 12663: 12661: 12657: 12650: 12649:Siege of Acre 12647: 12644: 12643:Third Crusade 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631:Wars between 12630: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12620:First Crusade 12618: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12604: 12601: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12581: 12578: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12565: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12525: 12522: 12519: 12516: 12513: 12510: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12480: 12475: 12473: 12468: 12466: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12435: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12419: 12411: 12406: 12404: 12399: 12397: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12285: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12203:Peace process 12201: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12177: 12176: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12143:Pavel Grachev 12141: 12139: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12084:Rahim Gaziyev 12082: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12075: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11963: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11934: 11933: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11922:Boris Yeltsin 11920: 11918: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11861:Heydar Aliyev 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11819:Bako Sahakyan 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11740: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11572:Border crisis 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11445: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11204:Bağanis Ayrum 11202: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11176:Gugark pogrom 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11166:Askeran clash 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11118: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11061: 11056: 11054: 11049: 11047: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10883:Aram Manukian 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10868:Aghbiur Serob 10866: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10833:Hayk Asatryan 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10676:Organizations 10674: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10661: 10660:Tseghakronism 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10637: 10628: 10623: 10621: 10616: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10599: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10584: 10581: 10578: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10501: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10469:9781136851896 10465: 10462:. Routledge. 10461: 10456: 10452: 10450:9780520234925 10446: 10441: 10440: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10382: 10381:0-7656-0244-X 10378: 10374: 10370: 10369:Goltz, Thomas 10367: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10305:9781135796693 10301: 10298:. Routledge. 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10280: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10224: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10197: 10193: 10191:1-56432-027-8 10187: 10180: 10179: 10173: 10162: 10160:1-56432-142-8 10156: 10151: 10150: 10144: 10140: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10071: 10064: 10063: 10057: 10050: 10046: 10040: 10033: 10032: 10026: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9963: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9828: 9822: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9805:9780312129125 9801: 9797: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9780:9781136342042 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9759:Hughes, James 9756: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9699: 9695: 9693:9780870033452 9689: 9685: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9655: 9651: 9649:9780679412946 9645: 9640: 9639: 9632: 9628: 9626:1-55587-954-3 9622: 9617: 9616: 9609: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9590: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9558: 9553: 9552: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9525:1-4039-6356-8 9521: 9516: 9515: 9508: 9504: 9502:1-56663-646-9 9498: 9493: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9474: 9472:0-916431-26-6 9468: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9425: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9386:9780595486793 9382: 9377: 9376: 9369: 9365: 9363:0-333-73973-6 9359: 9355: 9350: 9346: 9344:0-7546-3526-0 9340: 9335: 9334: 9327: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9247:Demoyan, Hayk 9244: 9240: 9238:0-312-12930-0 9234: 9229: 9228: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9174:0-8444-0848-4 9170: 9165: 9164: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9148:9780275962418 9144: 9139: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9100: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9083:0-7546-4449-9 9079: 9074: 9073: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9057:1-884630-05-7 9053: 9049: 9046:. Princeton: 9044: 9043: 9036: 9032: 9030:0-333-77340-3 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9008:1-85649-288-5 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8956: 8955: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8936: 8934:9781563246371 8930: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8904:0-262-52209-8 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8866: 8865:Brown, Archie 8862: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8847:0-415-92273-9 8843: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8828:0-19-927096-1 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8806:9780275972608 8802: 8797: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8723: 8720: 8719:archive.today 8716: 8712: 8706: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8596: 8589: 8584: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8223: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8199: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8173: 8166: 8165: 8164:AGBU Magazine 8158: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8136: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7866:. USCRI, 2001 7865: 7861: 7858: 7852: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7726: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7704:, p. 60. 7703: 7698: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7660: 7655: 7648: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7619: 7612: 7607: 7600: 7599:Hakobyan 2008 7595: 7588: 7583: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7544:, p. 63. 7543: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7450: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7410: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7362: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7258: 7253: 7236: 7232: 7223: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7177:, p. 14. 7176: 7171: 7169: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6972: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6833: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6789: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6670:(in Russian) 6669: 6665: 6664:The New Times 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6545:, p. 20. 6544: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6515:, p. 73. 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6477:Ambrosio 2001 6473: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6451:, p. 21. 6450: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6421: 6416: 6410:, p. 32. 6409: 6404: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6242: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6156: 6149:, p. 39. 6148: 6147:Budjeryn 2022 6143: 6136: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6006:(in Russian). 6005: 6004: 5999: 5990: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5945: 5939:. Memorial. 5938: 5934: 5931: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5912:, p. 55. 5911: 5906: 5897: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5817:, p. 41. 5816: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5578:Reynolds 2011 5574: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5417: 5416:openDemocracy 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5297:, p. 98. 5296: 5291: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4932:(in Russian). 4931: 4927: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4848: 4846:0-226-30859-6 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4764:Papazian 2008 4760: 4753: 4748: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4698: 4694: 4692:1-56432-142-8 4688: 4684: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4639:According to 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4592: 4586: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4221:drone warfare 4219:attacks, and 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4161: 4145: 4140: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4087:In 2008, the 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988:Ramil Safarov 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893:South Ossetia 3890: 3886: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3766:Iran–Iraq War 3763: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3745:were passed, 3744: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:friendly fire 3176: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3025: 3015: 3011: 3009: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2933:Krasnyy Bazar 2930: 2926: 2918: 2917:Heydar Aliyev 2914: 2909: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816:and later by 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798:hydroelectric 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2657: 2652: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2572: 2563: 2553: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2406:(77–160 + 13) 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2354: 2352: 2340: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2168:black markets 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2110:organization 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2082:Zheleznovodsk 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2027:Boris Yeltsin 2024: 2018: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1992:Heydar Aliyev 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1902:Mustafa Kemal 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:Eleventh Army 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:Gugark pogrom 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1353:2016 conflict 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230:2022 invasion 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055:IS insurgency 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1025:North Ossetia 1023: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 999: 997: 996:South Ossetia 994: 993: 992: 989: 985: 982: 978: 975: 974: 973: 972:Border crisis 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 950: 949: 945: 944: 941: 936: 926: 921: 919: 914: 912: 907: 906: 903: 890: 889: 885: 883: 882: 878: 876: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 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London: 10113:22 January 9842:Ab imperio 8664:Karny 2000 7936:Aklar 2005 7751:ArmeniaNow 7702:Cohen 2005 7673:, p. 7671:Durch 1996 7647:Karim 2000 7351:12 January 7320:7 December 7130:Norin 2017 7115:8 February 6777:EVN Report 6706:Kommersant 6489:Gokay 2003 6463:, p. 6339:(2/2008). 6180:10 January 6081:Smith 1991 6003:Kommersant 5803:Zubok 2021 5777:, p. 5386:www.nkr.am 4960:12 January 4717:, p. 4600:References 4559:Uzbekistan 4297:Chakatagir 4247:See also: 4243:War crimes 4199:and total 4116:took place 3762:human wave 3284:small-arms 3151:See also: 3140:mujahadeen 2761:Escalation 2669:Kərkicahan 2509:BM-21 Grad 2426:558–1,264 2364:Azerbaijan 2156:conscripts 2127:Gushchular 2072:President 2070:Kazakhstan 1829:Nakhchivan 1747:Modern Age 1639:History of 1598:Bolsheviks 1578:Background 1560:remaining 1483:referendum 1448:Azerbaijan 1190:Euromaidan 1152:Kazakhstan 1090:Uzbekistan 1085:Tajikistan 1067:Ingushetia 822:Offensives 806:Garadaghly 492:Isa Gambar 259:Azerbaijan 235:volunteers 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