First-past-the-post voting

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votes would have otherwise been wasted (and in some sense this makes every vote count, as opposed to FPP), and this effect is only possible when no candidate receives an outright majority of first preference votes. it is related to kingmakers in that the lesser-known candidates may encourage their supporters to rank the other candidates a certain way. Supporters of electoral reform generally see this as a positive development, and claim that alternatives certain to FPP will encourage less negative and more positive campaigning, as candidates will have to appeal to a wider group of people. Opinions are split on whether the alternative vote (better known as

1069: 3540: 2927: 3014: 3216: 1027: 3515: 3148: 2990: 3339: 3062: 2641: 3761: 3400: 3303: 3038: 2737: 2173:, since should a radical faction gain control of one of the major political parties, FPP works to preserve that party's position. ...This is because the psychological effect of the plurality system disincentivises a major party's supporters from voting for a minor party in protest at its policies, since to do so would likely only help the major party's main rival. Rather than curtailing extreme voices, FPP today empowers the (relatively) extreme voices of the Labour and Conservative party memberships." For example, the 3240: 3552: 7630: 2147:, where more moderate candidates are squeezed out by more extreme ones. However, the different types (or the absence of) of party primaries maybe strengthen or weaken this effect. In general, FPP has no mechanism that would benefit more moderate candidates and many supporters of FPP defend it electing the largest and most unified (even if more polarizing) minority over a more consensual majority supported candidate. Allowing people into parliament who did not finish first in their district was described by 7624: 3203: 3086: 3713: 3181: 1878: 162: 3446: 3002: 2665: 3749: 3458: 3677: 2677: 2653: 3564: 2802: 4112: 1002: 3653: 3790: 3737: 3384: 2397:

disproportionately small share. This is because in doing this they win many seats and do not 'waste' many votes in other areas. As voting patterns are similar in about two-thirds of the districts, it is more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats under FPP than happens in a proportional system, and under FPP it is rare to elect a majority government that actually has the support of a majority of voters. Because FPP permits many

2689: 3701: 3593: 3476: 2891: 2790: 2754: 2725: 3778: 3617: 3528: 3371: 2915: 2778: 1972:. Even with only two parties and equally-sized constituencies, winning a majority of seats just requires receiving more than half the vote in more than half the districts—even if the other party receives all the votes cast in the other districts—so just over a quarter of the vote is theoretically enough to win a majority in the legislature. With enough candidates splitting the vote in a district, the total number of votes needed to win can be made 3665: 3605: 3422: 3290: 3228: 2952: 2939: 2879: 2855: 2826: 2766: 2701: 3434: 2629: 2081:

majority to a government which lacks popular support can be problematic where said government's policies favor only that fraction of the electorate that supported it, particularly if the electorate divides on tribal, religious, or urban–rural lines. There is also the perceived issue of unfair coalitions where a smaller party can form a coalition with other smaller parties and form a government, without a clear mandate as was the case in the

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how long it stayed in a war after becoming a party to it. When the people are fairly represented in parliament, more of those groups who may object to any potential war have access to the political power necessary to prevent it. In a proportional democracy, war and other major decisions generally requires the consent of the majority. The British human rights campaigner

2405:, electoral areas are designed deliberately to unfairly increase the number of seats won by one party by redrawing the map such that one party has a small number of districts in which it has an overwhelming majority of votes (whether due to policy, demographics which tend to favor one party, or other reasons), and many districts where it is at a smaller disadvantage. 2162:. This also implies that strategic voting is necessary to keep extremists from gaining seats, which often fails to materialize in practice for multiple reasons. In comparison, many other systems encourage voters to rank other candidates and thereby not (or at least less often to) have to strategically compromise on their first choice at the same time. 2388:, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes—a total of 70% "wasted" votes. On this basis a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome. This winner-takes-all system may be one of the reasons why "voter participation tends to be lower in countries with FPP than elsewhere." 1889:

requirement of an election system is to accurately represent the views of voters. FPP often creates "false majorities" by over-representing larger parties (giving a majority of the parliamentary/legislative seats to a party that did not receive a majority of the votes) while under-representing smaller ones. In Canada,

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represents most of the English cities and most of the north of England. This pattern hides the large number of votes for the non-dominant party. Parties can find themselves without elected politicians in significant parts of the country, heightening feelings of regionalism. Party supporters (who may

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system as "determined by the most worthless votes given for the most worthless candidates.", meaning that votes for the least supported candidates may change the outcome of the election between the most supported candidates. In this case however, this is a feature of the alternative vote, since those

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commitments during their term in office. This may be beneficial for the country in question in circumstances where the government's legislative agenda has broad public support, albeit potentially divided across party lines, or at least benefits society as a whole. However handing a legislative voting

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where there is a prospect of a change in representation, leaving safer areas excluded from participation in an active campaign. Political parties operate by targeting districts, directing their activists and policy proposals toward those areas considered to be marginal, where each additional vote has

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The position is sometimes summarized, in an extreme form, as "all votes for anyone other than the runner-up are votes for the winner." This is because votes for these other candidates deny potential support from the second-placed candidate, who might otherwise have won. Following the extremely close

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in that country. Leblang and Chan found that a country's electoral system is the most important predictor of a country's involvement in war, according to three different measures: (1) when a country was the first to enter a war; (2) when it joined a multinational coalition in an ongoing war; and (3)

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However, most countries with first-past-the-post elections have multiparty legislatures (albeit with two parties larger than the others), the United States being the major exception. There is a counter-argument to Duverger's Law, that while on the national level a plurality system may encourage two

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won 98% of the seats in Alberta and Saskatchewan with only 68% of the vote. The lack of non-Conservative representation gives the appearance of greater Conservative support than actually exists. Similarly, in Canada's 2021 elections, the Conservative Party won 88% of the seats in Alberta with only

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Perhaps the most striking effect of FPP is the fact that the number of a party's seats in a legislature has nothing to do with its vote count in an election, only in how those votes were geographically distributed. This has been a target of criticism for the method, many arguing that a fundamental

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To a greater extent than many others, the first-past-the-post method encourages "tactical voting". Voters have an incentive to vote for a candidate who they predict is more likely to win, as opposed to their preferred candidate who may be unlikely to win and for whom a vote could be considered as

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This feature of FPTP has often been used by its supporters in contrast to proportional systems. In the latter, smaller parties act as 'kingmakers' in coalitions as they have greater bargaining power and therefore, arguably, their influence on policy is disproportional to their parliamentary size-

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use a variation where the electoral vote of each congressional district is awarded by FPTP (or by IRV in Maine beginning in 2020), and the statewide winner (using the same method used in each congressional district in the state) is awarded an additional two electoral votes. In states that employ

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It has been suggested that the distortions in geographical representation provide incentives for parties to ignore the interests of areas in which they are too weak to stand much chance of gaining representation, leading to governments that do not govern in the national interest. Further, during

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The main reason for America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional

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The European Parliament elections in Belgium will be held on 26 May, the same day as the regional and federal elections. In the European elections there are three Belgian constituencies: the Dutch-speaking electoral college, the Francophone electoral college and the German-speaking electoral

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The best-is-worst paradox occurs when an electoral system declares the same candidate to be in first and last place, depending on whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst or worst-to-best. FPP demonstrates this pathology, because a candidate can be both the FPP winner and also the

2225:. FPP wastes fewer votes when it is used in two-party contests. But waste of votes and minority governments are more likely when large groups of voters vote for three, four or more parties as in Canadian elections. Canada uses FPP and only two of the last seven federal Canadian elections ( 2396:

The effect of a system based on plurality voting spread over many separate districts is that the larger parties, and parties with more geographically concentrated support, gain a disproportionately large share of seats, while smaller parties with more evenly distributed support gain a

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In FPTP, only the first preferences matter. As such, the votes would be counted as 42% for Memphis, 26% for Nashville, 17% for Knoxville, and 15% for Chattanooga. Since Memphis has the most votes, it would win a FPTP election, even though it is far from the center of the state and a

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FPTP-GT, the presidential candidate gaining the greatest number of votes wins all the state's available electors (seats), regardless of the number or share of votes won (majority vs non-majority plurality), or the difference separating the leading candidate and the first runner-up.

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the 'squeeze effect' that tends to reduce Condorcet efficiency if the relative dispersion (RD) of candidates is low. This effect is particularly strong for the plurality, runoff, and Hare systems, for which the garnering of first-place votes in a large field is essential to

2012:, FPTP creates a powerful electoral incentive for large parties to target similar segments of voters with similar policies. The effect of this reduces political diversity in a country because the larger parties are incentivized to coalesce around similar policies. The 2479:, where a representative is sheltered from any but the most dramatic change in voting behavior. In the UK, the Electoral Reform Society estimates that more than half the seats can be considered as safe. It has been claimed that members involved in the 2009 2287:

have the most voters on the island, and is so widely recognised that Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons", because that fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside (in reference to the party colors).

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this is largely avoided in FPP systems where majorities are generally achieved. FPP often produces governments which have legislative voting majorities, thus providing such governments the legislative power necessary to implement their electoral

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broke away from British rule in the late 18th century, and its constitution provides for an electoral college to elect its president. Despite original intentions to the contrary, by the mid-19th century this college had transformed into a

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came in third in terms of number of votes (3.9 million/12.6%), but gained only one seat in Parliament, resulting in one seat per 3.9 million votes. The Conservatives on the other hand received one seat per 34,000 votes.

2189:. Since 2010, Fidesz has implemented other anti-democratic reforms that now mean the European Parliament no longer qualifies Hungary as a full democracy. Electoral reform campaigners have argued that the use of FPP in 1734:

Since plurality does not consider later preferences on the ballot at all, it is impossible to either harm or help a favorite candidate by marking later preferences. Thus it passes both Later-No-Harm and Later-No-Help.

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On the other hand, minor parties that do not concentrate their vote usually end up getting a much lower proportion of seats than votes, as they lose most of the seats they contest and 'waste' most of their votes.

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Map showing countries where the lower house or unicameral national legislature is elected by FPTP (red) or mixed systems using FPTP (pink - mixed majoritarian, purple/lavender - mixed proportional/compensatory).

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seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as

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Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and

5276: 2206:, and others, have argued that Britain entered the Iraq War primarily because of the political effects of FPP and that proportional representation would have prevented Britain's involvement in the war. 7136: 2298:

Substantial power is given to the media, because some voters will believe its assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be. Even voters who distrust the media will know that others

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In some cases, this can lead to a party receiving the plurality or even majority of total votes yet still failing to gain a plurality of legislative seats. This results in a situation called a

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A new candidate with no track record, who might otherwise be supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to be one of the top two, and thus lose votes to tactical voting;

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Many countries which use FPP have active campaigns to switch to proportional representation (e.g. UK and Canada). Most modern democracies use some form of proportional representation.

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originated in the Middle Ages as an assembly representing the gentry of the counties and cities of the Kingdom, each of which elected either one or two members of parliament (MPs) by

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Lesser-evil voting occurs when voters are forced to support a "lesser of two evils" by rating them higher than their actual favorite candidate. FPP is vulnerable to this pathology.

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The Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province.

4824: 7802: 7695: 7129: 5508: 4847: 5667: 4915: 6314: 5181: 4238: 1952:. Even when a party wins more than half the votes in an almost purely two-party-competition, it is possible for the runner-up to win a majority of seats. This happened in 688: 5831: 5570: 1142:. Throughout the 20th century, many countries that previously used FPP have abandoned it in favor of other electoral systems, including the former British colonies of 5892: 6245: 5023: 7661: 7122: 7653: 7178: 5477: 5446: 5338: 5854: 5077: 7772: 5601: 5268: 6345: 5539: 4734: 6202: 5763: 4379: 2452:

The winner-takes-all nature of FPP leads to distorted patterns of representation, since it exaggerates the correlation between party support and geography.

5246: 2265: 2268:, where Bush prevailed over Gore by a margin of only 537 votes (0.009%), which was far exceeded by the 97488 (1.635%) votes cast for Nader in that state. 1663:

is a particular kind of spoiler effect that involves several perfect copies, or "clones", of a candidate. Candidate-cloning causes vote-splitting in FPP.

7703: 7690: 4404:(where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. 2143:

Supporters and opponents of FPP often argue whether FPP advantages or disadvantages extremist parties. Among single-winner systems, FPP suffers from the

1055: 892: 6514: 5307: 4596: 7166:"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?" 2540: 1593:

The center-squeeze pathology occurs when a candidate who supports . Systems that demonstrate center-squeeze have a bias towards extreme candidates.

5109: 4396:(FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the 2605:

The Proportional Representation Society was founded in England in 1884 and began campaigning. STV was used to elect the British House of Commons's

7852: 7597: 7145: 3859: 6157: 5922: 4208: 2412:(ERS) says that regional parties benefit from this system. "With a geographical base, parties that are small UK-wide can still do very well". 1476: 5206: 2480: 2419:

The ERS also says that in FPP elections using many separate districts "small parties without a geographical base find it hard to win seats".

1905:. In the United Kingdom, 19 of the 24 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority government. In all but two of them ( 1280: 6004: 6964: 6276: 6095: 2582:. More serious investigation into electoral systems came in the late 18th century, when several thinkers independently proposed systems of 2384:

are seen as those cast for losing candidates, and for winning candidates in excess of the number required for victory. For example, in the

2264:, and exit polls indicated that more of them would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%). The election was ultimately determined by the 1814:

support from some voters, i.e. it is possible for a candidate to lose by receiving too many votes. FPP is not affected by this pathology.

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Alongside block voting (fully majoritarian systems) or as part of mixed-member majoritarian systems (semi-proportional representation)

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The following countries use single-member plurality to elect part of their national legislature, in different types of mixed systems.

2115:"affords great power to relatively small parties, forcing the government to give in to political blackmail and to reach compromises"; 5700: 4630: 2119:, defending FPP, argued that other systems give small parties the balance of power, and influence disproportionate to their votes. 8048: 7900: 7735: 6860: 6712: 6034: 4816: 4032: 3979: 2238: 1993: 1940:. Famous examples of the second placed party (in votes nationally) winning a plurality of seats include the elections in Canada in 1489: 778: 640: 635: 5500: 4260: 8014: 7713: 6959: 6737: 5659: 4907: 2280: 2198: 1048: 741: 6306: 4358:

However, squeezed by surrounding opponents, a centrist candidate may receive few first-place votes and be eliminated under Hare.

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The following is a list of countries currently following the first-past-the-post voting system for their national legislatures.

1924:. Famous examples of the second-place party (in votes nationally) winning a majority of seats include the elections in Ghana in 8009: 7725: 6722: 6507: 4086: 4076: 4066: 4022: 3982: 3939: 3901: 3850: 1135: 423: 6239: 6133: 5823: 5640: 5161: 5134: 5017: 4686: 4485: 4470:

Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States

4445: 2182: 2178: 2105:. They argue that FPP generally reduces this possibility, except where parties have a strong regional basis. A journalist at 6064: 5562: 7613: 7086: 2434: 2426: 2385: 2284: 1937: 1910: 1906: 1882: 947: 198: 5884: 3818: 2429:, "the Green Party, Liberal Democrats and UKIP (minor, non-regional parties) received 11% of votes between them, yet they 1881:

A graph showing the difference between the popular vote (inner circle) and the seats won by parties (outer circle) at the

1127:, where voters rank the candidates, but only the first preference matters. As a result, FPP is usually implemented with a 7933: 7353: 7302: 6769: 6280: 6266:

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

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Leblang, D.; Chan, S. (2003). "Explaining Wars Fought By Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter?".

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believe the media, and therefore those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular;

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First-past-the-post within geographical areas tends to deliver (particularly to larger parties) a significant number of

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in Australia. STV saw its first national use in Denmark in 1855, and was reinvented several times in the 19th century.

2352:, depending on which is seen as best placed to win in each locality. Such behavior is difficult to measure objectively. 1041: 6100: 5469: 5438: 5330: 2503:

advocates pushed to replace these multi-member constituencies with single-member districts. Elections to the Canadian

7982: 7885: 7880: 7807: 7730: 7708: 7669: 6500: 6467:

Fact Sheets on Electoral Systems provided to members of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform, British Columbia.

5862: 5801: 5593: 5084: 4204: 3909: 3905: 2233:) produced single-party majority governments. In none of them did the leading party receive a majority of the votes. 2082: 1933: 1929: 1273: 942: 75: 7923: 7297: 7221: 6954: 6900: 6337: 5531: 4984: 4703: 3544: 3539: 3018: 3013: 2295:

Some voters will vote based on their view of how others will vote as well, changing their originally intended vote;

2250: 2242: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 932: 682: 653: 593: 6194: 5594:"THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise" 1780:, when it is possible to draw a map where a candidate who loses the election nevertheless manages to win in every 46: 8019: 7895: 7605: 7591: 7081: 6752: 6401: 5771: 4371: 3869: 3865: 2276: 2013: 1893:

have been formed due to one party winning a majority of the votes cast in Canada only three times since 1921: in

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voting rule. Voters typically mark one candidate as their favorite, and the candidate with the largest number of

664: 189: 114: 5238: 4573: 7847: 7557: 7104: 6880: 5054: 4130: 4056: 3959: 3185: 2931: 2926: 2230: 2226: 2151:

as creating a "Parliament full of second-choices who no one really wanted but didn't really object to either."

1969: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1925: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1233: 727: 4515:

Review of paradoxes afflicting various voting procedures where one out of m candidates (m ≥ 2) must be elected

1236:, where the first round selects two major contenders who go on to receive the overwhelming majority of votes. 791: 7718: 3846: 369: 354: 339: 5299: 4600: 4524:. In: Assessing Alternative Voting Procedures, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. 4170: 2101:

and gain leverage they would not otherwise enjoy, although this can be somewhat mitigated by a large enough

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Because voters have to predict who the top two candidates will be, results can be significantly distorted:

2158:, which has prevented extreme left- and right-wing parties from gaining parliamentary seats, as opposed to 1452: 1266: 605: 528: 449: 6717: 7795: 7790: 7767: 6974: 6697: 6687: 6548: 3969: 3929: 3919: 2583: 2492: 2261: 2185:

by changing the electoral system to mostly use FPP instead of the previous mixed system using mostly the

2174: 2159: 2094: 1524: 1516: 1206: 1068: 970: 417: 399: 240: 2519:

use of FPP for each state's presidential election. This further morphed through the introduction of the

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Despite its simplicity and long history, FPP has been widely criticized and is generally unpopular with

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American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds.

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still loses the election. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.

1460: 1185:. These issues have led to various calls to replace FPP in single-winner elections with rules based on 861: 844: 811: 575: 563: 533: 334: 292: 5952: 1984:

Under first-past-the-post, a small party may draw votes and seats away from a larger party that it is

7550: 7333: 6989: 6944: 6890: 6802: 2745: 2606: 2177:, a mixed system dominated by FPP have seen Fidesz (right-wing, populist party) win 135 seats in the 1559: 1550: 717: 710: 194: 6149: 5914: 4196: 3822: 7872: 7740: 7473: 7231: 6979: 6865: 6823: 6742: 6667: 6603: 6561: 4848:"In Britain's first past the post electoral system, some votes are worth 22 times more than others" 4392:

Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with

4150: 3992: 3891: 3584: 3506: 2587: 2409: 2166: 1120: 1072:

Countries that primarily use a first-past-the-post voting system for national legislative elections

771: 699: 551: 538: 521: 498: 476: 439: 429: 53: 7114: 4777: 4279:"A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions" 980: 7918: 7812: 7587: 7328: 7256: 7004: 6994: 6969: 6785: 6662: 6598: 6012: 2456: 2345: 2325: 1750: 1728: 1306: 1170: 897: 751: 434: 6284: 4465: 1115:(where bettors would guess which horse they thought would be first past the finishing post). In 866: 7957: 7832: 7573: 7318: 7276: 7226: 7045: 6984: 6847: 6446: 4772: 4135: 3519: 3514: 3392: 3363: 3347: 3331: 3281: 2496: 2357: 2333: 1804: 1658: 1650: 1325: 1198: 1092: 926: 806: 736: 543: 109: 6790: 5632: 5625: 5151: 5124: 7974: 7842: 7363: 7271: 6949: 6870: 6635: 6385: 6229: 6123: 5007: 4042: 3879: 2994: 2989: 2599: 2579: 2445: 2365: 2132: 2127: 1770: 1687: 1456: 1178: 834: 674: 558: 364: 343: 275: 253: 4874: 4499:

In effect, the primary system means that the USA has a two-round runoff system of elections.

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nevertheless be a significant minority) in those sections of the country are unrepresented.

2437:, "he same three parties received almost a quarter of all the votes cast, yet these parties 2093:, a smaller party, managed to form a government without being the largest party. The use of 2058:

parties, in the individual constituencies supermajorities will lead to the vote fracturing.

7941: 7390: 7206: 7019: 6588: 5982: 2575: 2560:

People campaigning against first-past-the-post and in favour of proportional representation

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represents most of the rural seats in England, and most of the south of England, while the

1331: 1319: 1162: 1158: 1116: 965: 952: 920: 184: 8: 7837: 7501: 7338: 6999: 6593: 5693:"Make Votes Matter—Everything wrong with First Past the Post—Proportional Representation" 5692: 5272: 4622: 4393: 3480: 3327: 3066: 3061: 2645: 2640: 2102: 1921: 1890: 1571:

still wins. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.

1302: 871: 705: 358: 103: 6042: 4560: 1243:

A first-past-the-post ballot for a single-member district. The voter must mark one (and

7040: 6650: 6608: 6068: 5745: 5724:"Divided by Values: Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour Party and England's 'North-South Divide'" 4976: 4968: 4798: 4790: 4726: 4405: 4349: 3681: 3676: 3311: 3152: 3147: 2591: 2283:

candidates. This phenomenon is responsible for some Popular victories, even though the

1781: 1313: 1096: 1031: 902: 513: 297: 6440: 2472:

55% of the vote, and won 100% of the seats in Saskatchewan with only 59% of the vote.

7857: 7292: 7216: 7009: 6918: 6875: 6795: 6640: 6625: 6583: 6235: 6129: 5749: 5636: 5157: 5130: 5103: 5013: 4980: 4682: 4565: 4481: 4441: 4341: 4298: 3887: 3556: 3551: 3220: 2460: 2422: 2329: 2123: 2040: 2023: 2019: 2009: 1973: 1917: 1872: 1785: 1679: 1182: 1026: 937: 907: 829: 766: 600: 327: 302: 285: 153: 5126:

The Labour Party and Constitutional Reform: A History of Constitutional Conservatism

4730: 4652: 7515: 7050: 6682: 6538: 6523: 6393: 5735: 4958: 4950: 4802: 4782: 4718: 4555: 4547: 4473: 4409: 4333: 4290: 4038: 3343: 3338: 3277: 3094: 2524: 2500: 2377: 2369: 2215: 2186: 2155: 2027: 1468: 1291: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1190: 1186: 1154: 1018: 975: 854: 568: 444: 270: 264: 246: 235: 230: 218: 179: 141: 6472:

The Problem With First-Past-The-Post Electing (data from UK general election 2005)

1165:. Social choice theorists have criticized the rule for being highly vulnerable to 7629: 7532: 7448: 7441: 7251: 7241: 7098: 7014: 6855: 6833: 6645: 6566: 6556: 6534: 6231:

Nepal: Transition to Democratic Republican State : 2008 Constituent Assembly

5188: 5075: 4521: 4140: 4117: 4096: 4052: 4012: 4002: 3955: 3042: 3037: 2373: 2026:

which says that constituencies that use first-past-the-post methods will lead to

1837: 1829: 1631:. First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion, which makes it vulnerable to 1112: 1006: 839: 694: 659: 580: 491: 394: 317: 259: 137: 4763:(2010). "Social Identity, Electoral Institutions and the Number of Candidates". 4477: 52:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

6913: 6618: 6578: 6471: 6397: 6336:

MrdaljPolitikolog, Mladen; Univerzitetu, Predavač na Webster (8 October 2020).

4760: 4397: 3244: 3239: 3090: 3085: 2402: 2361: 2253: 2203: 2144: 2005: 1632: 1616: 1608: 1586: 1464: 1174: 1166: 876: 816: 801: 612: 481: 456: 307: 57: 7623: 6476: 5378: 4954: 4786: 2620: 8042: 7508: 7494: 7348: 7236: 6657: 5723: 5177: 4722: 4345: 4302: 4261:"The Boundaries Review is a chance to bring back multi-member constituencies" 3413:

As part of mixed-member proportional (MMP) or additional member systems (AMS)

3180: 2520: 2511: 2317: 2148: 2068: 2031: 1810:

Perverse response occurs when a candidate loses as a result of receiving too

1124: 1088: 885: 585: 373: 211: 174: 149: 7542: 8027: 7862: 7455: 7434: 6672: 6613: 5211: 4569: 4082: 3207: 3202: 2595: 2190: 1877: 1472: 1194: 625: 389: 382: 312: 7266: 5793: 2360:

argue that these would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the

1776:

The multiple-districts paradox refers to a particularly egregious kind of

1563:

paradox happens when a majority of voters prefer every other candidate to

161: 7990: 7246: 7055: 6818: 6757: 6677: 6573: 6431: 4048: 4028: 4018: 3753: 3748: 3717: 3712: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3307: 3302: 3252:

Use of single-member plurality in mixed systems for electing legislatures

3006: 3001: 2664: 2571: 2567: 2566:

Non-plurality voting systems have been devised since at least 1299, when

2398: 2381: 2272: 2257: 2222: 2098: 2067:

election campaigns the campaigning activity of parties tends to focus on

1997: 1913:), the leading party did not take a majority of the votes across the UK. 1777: 1244: 1202: 1147: 1139: 503: 461: 404: 349: 4972: 4938: 4794: 4370:

Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (16 October 2023).

4278: 4111: 1101:) is elected, regardless of whether they have over half of all votes (a 1001: 7480: 6828: 6764: 6456: 6389: 4963: 4353: 4294: 3568: 3563: 3297:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting with partial compensation) 2806: 2801: 2681: 2676: 2657: 2652: 2574:

methods, which were respectively reinvented in the 18th century by the

2116: 1213: 1131:, where voters place a single bubble next to their favorite candidate. 6487: 5740: 7487: 7065: 7060: 5182:

David Cameron: why keeping first past the post is vital for democracy

5047:"Major Reforms Are Unlikely, but Electoral Threshold Could Be Raised" 4535: 4534:

Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean; Talesara, Ishaana (5 September 2019).

4321: 4125: 3935: 3875: 3853:. Only twice used FPTP, first between 1902 and 1905 used only in the 3842: 3794: 3789: 3741: 3736: 3657: 3652: 3388: 3383: 2846: 2476: 2320:

region), entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting

2194: 2170: 2077: 1298: 1143: 471: 466: 6492: 5046: 4337: 2097:(PR) may enable smaller parties to become decisive in the country's 2016:

describes India's use of FPTP as a "legacy of British colonialism".

7144: 6885: 6405: 5501:"Will Labour's next leader finally break with first-past-the-post?" 4551: 4092: 4062: 3782: 3777: 3705: 3700: 3621: 3616: 3597: 3592: 3532: 3527: 3475: 3375: 3370: 2919: 2914: 2895: 2890: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2758: 2753: 2729: 2724: 2693: 2688: 2628: 2349: 1239: 1102: 722: 2169:

published a report in April 2019 stating that, " FPP can ... abet

6747: 3975: 3965: 3925: 3897: 3669: 3664: 3609: 3604: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3294: 3289: 3232: 3227: 2956: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2883: 2878: 2859: 2854: 2830: 2825: 2770: 2765: 2705: 2700: 2669: 2337: 2246: 2112: 2107: 2061: 2001: 1217: 508: 6035:"Countries using FPTP electoral system for national legislature" 5331:"How a Broken Voting System Gave South Africa Apartheid in 1948" 4322:"A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems" 2444:

According to Make Votes Matter, in the 2015 UK general election

2043:. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections. 7406: 7035: 6377: 5627:

Introducing comparative politics: concepts and cases in context

4597:"Election Inversions By Variants of the U.S. Electoral College" 4401: 4072: 3998: 3915: 3765: 3760: 3729: 3724: 3693: 3688: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3580: 3575: 3502: 3497: 3404: 3399: 3378:– alongside seats distributed proportional to seats already won 3273: 3268: 3164: 3159: 3140: 3135: 3119: 3114: 3078: 3073: 2907: 2902: 2741: 2736: 2717: 2712: 2086: 1307:

All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.

1013: 6478:

The Problems with First Past the Post Voting Explained (video)

5078:"Advantages and disadvantages of the uninominal voting system" 4704:"Analysing multiparty competition in plurality rule elections" 2401:, an election under FPP is more easily gerrymandered. Through 6381: 6335: 4413: 4008: 3988: 3951: 3945: 3864:, and the second time between 1951 and 1957 used only in the 3107: 3102: 3054: 3049: 3030: 3025: 2982: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2871: 2866: 2842: 2837: 2818: 2813: 2341: 2090: 2008:

for the Democrats. According to the political pressure group

1840:

is a situation where a candidate loses as a result of having

5269:"MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy" 5207:"First past the post abets extreme politics, says thinktank" 6307:"Which European countries use proportional representation?" 5944: 3359: 3354: 3323: 3318: 2621:

Legislatures elected exclusively by single-member plurality

1316:, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters) 1305:. The population is concentrated around four major cities. 1220:

retain FPP for most elections. However, the combination of

5770:. Conservative Action for Electoral Reform. Archived from 1627:

is affected by voters' opinions on an unrelated candidate

2594:, and first used in a public election in 1840 by his son 2135:

outside the UK) achieves this better than other systems.

1988:

similar to, and therefore give an advantage to one it is

1228:

mean the country has effectively used a variation on the

6488:

The fatal flaws of First-past-the-post electoral systems

6461: 5153:

Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State

4823:. Institute for Public Policy Research. 4 January 2011. 4432:

Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (15 September 2005).

2364:. Examples include preferential voting systems, such as 1844:

supporters. In other words, adding a voter who supports

7179:

Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

5076:

Dr.Mihaela Macavei, University of Alba Iulia, Romania.

4599:. Department of Political Science. UMBC. Archived from 4055:

in 1998 for House of Representatives elections, and by

3948:(used between 1860 and 1882, and between 1892 and 1919) 1527:

occurs when a majority of voters prefer some candidate

6426: 5654: 5652: 4466:"The United States: A Case of Duvergerian Equilibrium" 4464:

Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André (2009),

2193:

was a contributory factor in the country adopting the

6432:

ACE Project: What is the electoral system for Chamber

6338:"Sedam zabluda o uvođenju većinskog izbornog sistema" 6227: 5563:"The 2016 Election Proves The Need For Voting Reform" 4369: 3465:– as part is a mixed system (AMS and parallel voting) 2256:

is that a portion of the electorate (2.7%) voted for

4936: 4902: 4900: 4536:"Inversions in US Presidential Elections: 1836-2016" 4533: 4231:"First Past the Post and Alternative Vote explained" 4107: 2483:

were significantly more likely to hold a safe seat.

2181:

and has remained the largest party in Hungary since

6443:—detailed explanation of first-past-the-post voting 6005:"Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform – About LCER" 5649: 101:It has been suggested that this article should be 6128:. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken. pp. 40–41. 5624: 5373: 5371: 4463: 3391:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3362:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3346:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3310:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 1463:, the easternmost city. This makes the election a 6067:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Archived from 4930: 4897: 4817:"First Past the Post is a 'broken voting system'" 4431: 4272: 4270: 8040: 6404:(which in turn elects the president); Maine and 6183:. Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 5824:"General Election 2010: Safe and marginal seats" 3488: 7146:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum 5368: 4939:"Kingmakers and leaders in coalition formation" 4701: 3587:for the presidential and legislative elections) 3509:for the presidential and legislative elections) 6091:"Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions" 5156:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 231–. 5149: 4653:"India – First Past the Post on a Grand Scale" 4267: 2062:Strongholds, key constituencies and kingmakers 1322:, near the center of the state (26% of voters) 1301:is holding an election on the location of its 7572: 7558: 7130: 6508: 5532:"Making government accountable to the people" 5005: 4758: 4372:"Toward a Different Kind of Party Government" 4313: 3407:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting) 2122:The concept of kingmakers is adjacent to how 1338:The preferences of each region's voters are: 1274: 1049: 6965:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 6447:ACE Project: Electing a President using FPTP 6172: 5721: 5143: 5108:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4999: 4540:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4472:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 135–146, 2530: 6452:ACE Project: FPTP on a grand scale in India 6179:"Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Federale verkiezingen". 5794:"Elections Canada – Results by Province(s)" 5728:Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique 5722:Beech, Matt; Hickson, Kevin (3 July 2020). 5359: 5239:"The Electoral System and British Politics" 4509: 4507: 3326:– in single-member electoral districts for 3193: 2372:of runoffs and less tested methods such as 1784:. This is not possible under FPP, or other 1619:is when the results of an election between 7565: 7551: 7137: 7123: 6515: 6501: 6221: 5855:""Safe seats" almost guarantee corruption" 4702:Dunleavy, Patrick; Diwakar, Rekha (2013). 4670: 4171:"First-past-the-post: a rogue's practice?" 2609:between 1918 and their abolition in 1950. 2316:. For example, in the UK (and only in the 1281: 1267: 1056: 1042: 6462:Vote No to Proportional Representation BC 6195:"Elections 2019: The European Parliament" 6154:Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica 5739: 5591: 5116: 4962: 4776: 4559: 1860:. FPP is not affected by this pathology. 1482: 1453:majority of voters would prefer Nashville 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 5592:Rosenbaum, David E. (24 February 2004). 5467: 5129:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 400–. 5122: 4504: 2627: 2111:noted that Israel's highly proportional 1994:2000 United States presidential election 1876: 1238: 1067: 8015:Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand 7691:Speaker of the House of Representatives 6960:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 6738:Sequential proportional approval voting 6234:. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 69–. 6009:labourcampaignforelectoralreform.org.uk 5800:. Elections Canada. 21 September 2020. 5498: 4681:. New York: Random House. p. 107. 4319: 4276: 3894:being introduced to the Senate in 1948) 2523:, which made American elections into a 14: 8041: 8010:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 6384:completely abandoned FPTP in favor of 6125:El Voto. Expresión del poder ciudadano 5622: 5604:from the original on 19 September 2008 5560: 5470:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad" 5439:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad" 5328: 5300:"The Graveyard of First Past the Post" 5279:from the original on 15 September 2022 5204: 2615: 2590:in particular was invented in 1819 by 2467:In the 2019 Canadian federal election 2356:Proponents of other voting methods in 2000:drew more votes from the left-leaning 1334:, far to the northeast (17% of voters) 7546: 7118: 6522: 6496: 6423:A handbook of Electoral System Design 6366: 6317:from the original on 27 December 2019 6277:"PNG voting system praised by new MP" 6121: 5687: 5685: 5670:from the original on 13 December 2019 5267: 4918:from the original on 13 December 2019 4885:from the original on 15 November 2017 4845: 4827:from the original on 15 November 2017 4676: 4326:American Journal of Political Science 2507:have always been conducted with FPP. 2179:2022 Hungarian parliamentary election 7768:Abolition of the Legislative Council 6348:from the original on 13 January 2024 6160:from the original on 20 October 2017 6103:from the original on 6 December 2023 5975:"Electoral Systems around the World" 5885:"FactCheck: expenses and safe seats" 5804:from the original on 9 December 2022 5703:from the original on 2 November 2019 5573:from the original on 22 October 2019 5529: 5499:Barnett, Anthony (10 January 2020). 5219:from the original on 6 December 2023 4765:British Journal of Political Science 4363: 4241:from the original on 18 January 2024 3805: 2570:came up with both the Condorcet and 2138: 2089:, was unable to form a coalition so 1979: 87: 29: 7303:Official Monster Raving Loony Party 6770:Indirect single transferable voting 6281:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5852: 5150:Larry Johnston (13 December 2011). 5057:from the original on 21 August 2019 3126: 1479:(the actual capital of Tennessee). 24: 7773:Members of the Legislative Council 7654:Speaker of the Legislative Council 7202:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 6283:. 12 December 2003. Archived from 6181:Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins 5682: 5341:from the original on 18 March 2021 4987:from the original on 11 March 2023 4872: 4594: 4576:from the original on 19 March 2021 3171: 2209: 1197:, and also to proposals replacing 160: 25: 8065: 7670:Leader of the Legislative Council 6416: 6205:from the original on 6 April 2023 5925:from the original on 26 June 2020 5834:from the original on 3 March 2016 5798:2021 Elections Canada – Provinces 5542:from the original on 31 July 2020 5419:from the original on 29 June 2020 5389:from the original on 31 July 2020 5297: 5249:from the original on 25 June 2020 4633:from the original on 31 July 2020 4438:The Politics of Electoral Systems 4382:from the original on 16 July 2024 4205:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3910:German-speaking electoral college 3906:Member of the European Parliament 2083:2009 Israeli legislative election 1866: 7628: 7622: 7298:Socialist Party of Great Britain 7222:Green Party of England and Wales 6441:ACE Project: First Past The Post 6388:or IRV. In the US, 48 of the 50 6248:from the original on 22 May 2024 5955:from the original on 1 July 2020 5511:from the original on 5 July 2020 5480:from the original on 22 May 2024 5449:from the original on 22 May 2024 5310:from the original on 4 July 2020 5044: 5026:from the original on 22 May 2024 4740:from the original on 9 June 2022 4211:from the original on 24 May 2022 4110: 3809: 3788: 3776: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3545:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3538: 3526: 3522:(one for each main ethnic group) 3513: 3496: 3474: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3398: 3382: 3369: 3353: 3337: 3317: 3301: 3288: 3267: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3201: 3179: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3113: 3101: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3019:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2550: 2539: 2499:. Starting in the 19th century, 2275:, there has been a tendency for 1992:similar to. For example, in the 1954:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1819: 1793: 1759: 1740: 1717: 1695: 1668: 1640: 1598: 1576: 1540: 1506: 1290: 1119:, FPP is generally treated as a 1025: 1012: 1000: 948:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 594:Semi-proportional representation 226:First preference plurality (FPP) 92: 34: 8049:Single-winner electoral systems 6329: 6299: 6269: 6260: 6187: 6142: 6115: 6083: 6057: 6027: 5997: 5967: 5937: 5907: 5895:from the original on 8 May 2021 5877: 5846: 5816: 5786: 5768:conservativeelectoralreform.org 5756: 5715: 5616: 5585: 5554: 5530:Root, Tim (30 September 2019). 5523: 5492: 5461: 5431: 5401: 5353: 5329:Winter, Owen (25 August 2016). 5322: 5291: 5261: 5231: 5205:Walker, Peter (22 April 2019). 5198: 5170: 5069: 5038: 4866: 4846:Terry, Chris (28 August 2013). 4839: 4809: 4752: 4695: 4657:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 4645: 4615: 4588: 4527: 4434:"The American Electoral System" 2249:believed one reason he lost to 2239:2000 U.S. presidential election 2030:, given enough time. Economist 2014:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 1328:, somewhat east (15% of voters) 1134:FPP has been used to elect the 6881:Mixed ballot transferable vote 6436:1 of the national legislature? 6400:to choose the electors of the 6228:Bhuwan Chandra Upreti (2010). 6122:Milia, Juan Guillermo (2015). 5561:Begany, Brent (30 June 2016). 5468:Tatchell, Peter (3 May 2010). 4457: 4425: 4253: 4223: 4189: 4163: 4131:Deviation from proportionality 4075:(adopted in 1990, replaced by 4057:multiple non-transferable vote 3938:(adopted in 1995, replaced by 3900:(adopted in 1831, replaced by 2932:Federated States of Micronesia 2433:just 2% of seats", and in the 2154:However, FPP often results in 1531:to every other candidate, but 986:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 943:Moulin's impossibility theorem 908:Conflicting majorities paradox 13: 1: 7808:Father or Mother of the House 4937:Brams/Kilgour. Dorey (2013). 4156: 4059:in 1941 for Senate elections) 3801: 3489:Heads of state elected by FPP 2308:The method may promote votes 812:Frustrated majorities paradox 7967:Parliament House, Wellington 7344:Green Party Northern Ireland 7082:Comparison of voting systems 6924:Satisfaction approval voting 6909:Single non-transferable vote 6728:Proportional approval voting 5362:Political Research Quarterly 5009:UK Government & Politics 4854:. London School of Economics 4146:Single non-transferable vote 2391: 1936:, and the United Kingdom in 1256: 1083:)—often shortened simply to 981:Condorcet dominance theorems 921:Social and collective choice 7: 6688:Graduated majority judgment 4478:10.1007/978-0-387-09720-6_9 4440:. OUP Oxford. p. 192. 4103: 3970:proportional representation 3930:proportional representation 3920:proportional representation 2586:to elect legislatures. The 2584:proportional representation 2493:House of Commons of England 2455:For example, in the UK the 2386:UK general election of 2005 2175:electoral system of Hungary 2160:proportional representation 2095:proportional representation 1525:frustrated majority paradox 1207:proportional representation 1187:multi-round plurality-rules 647:By mechanism of combination 418:Proportional representation 10: 8070: 7736:Shadow Leader of the House 7359:Traditional Unionist Voice 7212:Christian Peoples Alliance 6940:Condorcet winner criterion 6631:First-past-the-post voting 5623:Drogus, Carol Ann (2008). 4875:"What is a marginal seat?" 4513:Felsenthal, Dan S. (2010) 4408:) hold runoffs or use the 3405:Republic of China (Taiwan) 2486: 2213: 1870: 1771:Multiple-districts paradox 1251: 1173:, promoting extremism via 1107:). It is sometimes called 1077:First-preference plurality 845:Multiple districts paradox 576:Fractional approval voting 564:Interactive representation 107:into a new article titled 8002: 7950: 7901:Mixed-member proportional 7871: 7825: 7781: 7760: 7753: 7681: 7646: 7637: 7620: 7580: 7574:Parliament of New Zealand 7529: 7465: 7426: 7419: 7399: 7383: 7376: 7334:Democratic Unionist Party 7311: 7285: 7194: 7187: 7171: 7161: 7152: 7095: 7087:Voting systems by country 7074: 7028: 6990:Mutual majority criterion 6945:Condorcet loser criterion 6932: 6899: 6891:Vote linkage mixed system 6846: 6811: 6803:Largest remainders method 6778: 6705: 6696: 6547: 6530: 5123:P. Dorey (17 June 2008). 5012:. Heinemann. p. 24. 4955:10.1007/s00355-012-0680-4 4943:Social Choice and Welfare 4787:10.1017/s0007123409990354 4679:The Price of Civilization 4136:Plurality-at-large voting 3469:Subnational legislatures 2607:university constituencies 2531:Criticism and replacement 2145:center squeeze phenomenon 2050:The Price of Civilization 1733: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1343: 792:Paradoxes and pathologies 641:Mixed-member proportional 636:Mixed-member majoritarian 631:By results of combination 522:Approval-based committees 7978:(current executive wing) 7726:Leader of the Opposition 7614:House of Representatives 6980:Majority loser criterion 6866:Additional member system 6824:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 6743:Single transferable vote 6668:Positional voting system 6604:Minimax Condorcet method 6562:Combined approval voting 5409:"What the Evidence Says" 5304:Electoral Reform Society 4723:10.1177/1354068811411026 4520:24 February 2021 at the 4320:Merrill, Samuel (1984). 4277:Merrill, Samuel (1985). 4151:Single transferable vote 3912:is still elected by FPTP 3884:House of Representatives 3770:constitutional amendment 3585:Double simultaneous vote 3507:Double simultaneous vote 3194:Subnational legislatures 2588:single transferable vote 2410:Electoral Reform Society 2167:the Constitution Society 2085:where the leading party 1883:2015 UK general election 1136:British House of Commons 971:Condorcet's jury theorem 772:Double simultaneous vote 747:Rural–urban proportional 742:Dual-member proportional 704: 693: 660:Parallel (superposition) 552:Fractional social choice 539:Expanding approvals rule 368: 353: 338: 269: 258: 234: 7934:Supplementary elections 7384:Advocating a "Yes" vote 7257:Scottish National Party 7005:Resolvability criterion 6995:Participation criterion 6970:Later-no-harm criterion 6786:Highest averages method 6311:electoral-reform.org.uk 5919:electoral-reform.org.uk 5664:electoral-reform.org.uk 5187:18 January 2018 at the 4912:electoral-reform.org.uk 4677:Sachs, Jeffrey (2011). 3284:(alternating elections) 2358:single-member districts 1948:as well as in Japan in 1552:Condorcet loser paradox 1199:single-member districts 1171:majority-rule principle 1163:social choice theorists 1113:gambling on horse races 898:Tyranny of the majority 675:Fusion (majority bonus) 492:Quota-remainder methods 27:Plurality voting system 7958:General Assembly House 7833:Speech from the throne 7696:Chairman of Committees 7662:Chairman of Committees 7400:Advocating a "No" vote 7319:British National Party 7046:First-preference votes 6985:Monotonicity criterion 6955:Independence of clones 6658:Simple majoritarianism 5006:Andy Williams (1998). 3520:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3393:plurality block voting 3364:plurality block voting 3348:plurality block voting 3332:plurality block voting 3282:plurality block voting 2633: 2497:block plurality voting 2055: 1885: 1490:pathological behaviors 1483:Properties and effects 1248: 1073: 1032:Mathematics portal 938:Majority impossibility 927:Impossibility theorems 723:Negative vote transfer 544:Method of equal shares 165: 110:Single-member district 8021:Parliamentary Debates 7983:Parliamentary Library 7364:Ulster Unionist Party 6950:Consistency criterion 6871:Alternative vote plus 6636:Instant-runoff voting 6386:Instant-runoff voting 5764:"First Past the Post" 5660:"First Past the Post" 5631:. CQ Press. pp. 5275:. 15 September 2022. 4908:"First Past the Post" 4623:"First Past the Post" 4197:"First past the post" 3882:in 1918 for both the 2995:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2631: 2600:Adelaide City Council 2580:Jean-Charles de Borda 2441:just 1.5% of seats." 2435:2015 general election 2427:2017 general election 2366:instant runoff voting 2344:, and since 2015 the 2241:, some supporters of 2199:1948 general election 2133:instant runoff voting 2036: 2006:spoiling the election 2004:, resulting in Nader 1880: 1680:Best-is-worst paradox 1457:instant-runoff voting 1242: 1179:electoral competition 1071: 835:Best-is-worst paradox 824:Pathological response 559:Direct representation 212:Single-winner methods 164: 7942:Caretaker government 7590:(represented by the 7391:YES! To Fairer Votes 7020:Seats-to-votes ratio 6791:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 6394:District of Columbia 5985:on 11 September 2021 5415:. 19 November 2017. 4595:Miller, Nicholas R. 4263:. 26 September 2016. 4237:. 6 September 2010. 3823:adding missing items 2576:Marquis de Condorcet 2312:as opposed to votes 2266:results from Florida 1891:majority governments 1501:Explanation/details 1467:. By contrast, both 1205:with rules based on 1159:political scientists 1019:Economics portal 966:Median voter theorem 185:Comparative politics 7909:First-past-the-post 7761:Legislative Council 7709:Leader of the House 7647:Legislative Council 7606:Legislative Council 7598:Legislative Council 7502:The Daily Telegraph 7339:England First Party 7162:Referendum question 7000:Plurality criterion 6599:Kemeny–Young method 6376:, the US states of 6065:"Electoral Systems" 5915:"What We Stand For" 5774:on 15 November 2017 5273:European Parliament 5090:on 24 December 2019 4852:democraticaudit.com 4394:first-past-the-post 4207:. 13 January 2016. 3847:Chamber of Deputies 3067:Trinidad and Tobago 2646:Antigua and Barbuda 2616:Countries using FPP 2165:On the other hand, 2103:electoral threshold 1996:, the left-leaning 1922:electoral inversion 1518:Frustrated majority 1492: 1155:electoral reformers 1109:first-past-the-post 1007:Politics portal 718:Vote linkage system 689:Seat linkage system 276:Ranked-choice (RCV) 18:First-past-the-post 7329:Conservative Party 7041:Election threshold 6975:Majority criterion 6651:Supplementary vote 6427:International IDEA 5859:thecommentator.com 5598:The New York Times 4759:Dickson, Eric S.; 4295:10.1007/bf00127534 3821:; you can help by 3312:party block voting 3153:Dominican Republic 2972:(lower house only) 2634: 2592:Thomas Wright Hill 2457:Conservative Party 2326:Conservative Party 2279:voters to support 1886: 1782:electoral district 1707:Lesser-evil voting 1487: 1249: 1222:partisan primaries 1195:rated voting rules 1074: 903:Discursive dilemma 862:Lesser evil voting 737:Supermixed systems 440:Largest remainders 298:Round-robin voting 166: 8054:Electoral systems 8036: 8035: 7843:Readings of bills 7821: 7820: 7813:Baby of the House 7749: 7748: 7540: 7539: 7525: 7524: 7415: 7414: 7372: 7371: 7277:Libertarian Party 7227:Liberal Democrats 7217:English Democrats 7112: 7111: 7010:Reversal symmetry 6919:Cumulative voting 6901:Semi-proportional 6876:Mixed single vote 6842: 6841: 6718:Mixed single vote 6626:Exhaustive ballot 6589:Copeland's method 6584:Condorcet methods 6524:Electoral systems 6402:Electoral College 6287:on 4 January 2005 6241:978-81-7835-774-4 6201:. 17 April 2019. 6135:978-987-02-8472-7 6096:National Archives 6071:on 26 August 2014 6045:on 6 October 2014 6015:on 11 August 2021 5741:10.4000/rfcb.5456 5697:Make Votes Matter 5642:978-0-87289-343-6 5536:Left Foot Forward 5383:Make Votes Matter 5379:"PR and Conflict" 5364:: 56-24: 385–400. 5271:(Press release). 5163:978-1-4426-0533-6 5136:978-0-230-59415-9 5019:978-0-435-33158-0 4688:978-1-4000-6841-8 4627:Make Votes Matter 4487:978-0-387-09720-6 4447:978-0-19-153151-4 4376:Protect Democracy 4201:nzhistory.govt.nz 3866:elections of 1951 3855:elections of 1904 3839: 3838: 3557:Equatorial Guinea 3221:US Virgin Islands 2425:said that in the 2423:Make Votes Matter 2378:Condorcet methods 2368:, as well as the 2197:system after the 2139:Extremist parties 2124:Winston Churchill 2028:two-party systems 2024:political science 2010:Make Votes Matter 1980:Two-party systems 1974:arbitrarily small 1968:and in Belize in 1928:, New Zealand in 1918:majority reversal 1864: 1863: 1805:Perverse response 1786:positional voting 1469:Condorcet methods 1447: 1446: 1369: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1309:The options are: 1129:choose-one ballot 1066: 1065: 953:Gibbard's theorem 893:Dominance paradox 830:Perverse response 534:Phragmen's method 400:Majority judgment 328:Positional voting 286:Condorcet methods 154:electoral systems 131: 130: 86: 85: 78: 16:(Redirected from 8061: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7938: 7913: 7905: 7896:Electoral system 7799: 7758: 7757: 7700: 7674: 7666: 7658: 7644: 7643: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7602: 7592:Governor-General 7567: 7560: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7516:Evening Standard 7427:For a "Yes" vote 7424: 7423: 7381: 7380: 7195:For a "Yes" vote 7192: 7191: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7051:Liquid democracy 6703: 6702: 6683:Two-round system 6594:Dodgson's method 6517: 6510: 6503: 6494: 6493: 6479: 6435: 6410: 6370: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6041:. Archived from 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6011:. Archived from 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5981:. Archived from 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5949:Fair Vote Canada 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5865:on 15 April 2021 5861:. Archived from 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5830:. 7 April 2010. 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5743: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5656: 5647: 5646: 5630: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5202: 5196: 5193:Daily Telegraph. 5174: 5168: 5167: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5083:. Archived from 5082: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4966: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4879:justsolutions.eu 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4780: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4563: 4531: 4525: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4410:alternative vote 4389: 4387: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4167: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4039:Papua New Guinea 3863: 3834: 3831: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3781: 3780: 3764: 3763: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3728: 3727: 3716: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3692: 3691: 3680: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3656: 3655: 3644: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3620: 3619: 3608: 3607: 3596: 3595: 3579: 3578: 3567: 3566: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3542: 3531: 3530: 3518: 3517: 3501: 3500: 3483:(United Kingdom) 3479: 3478: 3461: 3460: 3449: 3448: 3437: 3436: 3425: 3424: 3403: 3402: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3373: 3358: 3357: 3344:Marshall Islands 3342: 3341: 3322: 3321: 3306: 3305: 3293: 3292: 3272: 3271: 3243: 3242: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3206: 3205: 3184: 3183: 3163: 3162: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3127:Upper house only 3118: 3117: 3106: 3105: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3029: 3028: 3017: 3016: 3005: 3004: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2968: 2967: 2955: 2954: 2942: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2917: 2906: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2882: 2881: 2870: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2841: 2840: 2829: 2828: 2817: 2816: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2792: 2781: 2780: 2769: 2768: 2757: 2756: 2740: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2691: 2680: 2679: 2668: 2667: 2656: 2655: 2644: 2643: 2554: 2543: 2525:two-round system 2505:House of Commons 2501:electoral reform 2481:expenses scandal 2370:two-round system 2334:Liberal Democrat 2216:Strategic voting 2187:two-round system 2171:extreme politics 2156:strategic voting 2128:alternative vote 2053: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1493: 1486: 1477:return Nashville 1367: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1294: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1230:two-round system 1226:two-party system 1169:, violating the 1111:in reference to 1093:first-preference 1058: 1051: 1044: 1030: 1029: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1004: 960:Positive results 855:Strategic voting 752:Majority jackpot 709: 698: 569:Liquid democracy 445:National remnant 435:Highest averages 372: 357: 342: 274: 265:Alternative vote 263: 247:Partisan primary 239: 180:Mechanism design 133: 132: 126: 123: 96: 95: 88: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 38: 37: 30: 21: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8032: 7998: 7993: 7985: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7946: 7936: 7911: 7903: 7867: 7817: 7793: 7784:Representatives 7783: 7777: 7745: 7731:Shadow Ministry 7698: 7684:Representatives 7683: 7677: 7672: 7664: 7656: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7618: 7608: 7600: 7576: 7571: 7541: 7536: 7533:Politics Portal 7521: 7466:For a "No" vote 7461: 7449:Financial Times 7442:The Independent 7411: 7395: 7377:Advocacy groups 7368: 7354:Socialist Party 7324:Communist Party 7312:For a "No" vote 7307: 7281: 7252:Scottish Greens 7242:Pirate Party UK 7207:Christian Party 7183: 7167: 7157: 7148: 7143: 7113: 7108: 7091: 7070: 7024: 7015:Smith criterion 6928: 6895: 6856:Parallel voting 6838: 6834:Imperiali quota 6807: 6774: 6692: 6646:Contingent vote 6609:Nanson's method 6567:Unified primary 6557:Approval voting 6543: 6526: 6521: 6477: 6433: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6208: 6206: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6099:. 6 July 2023. 6089: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5853:Wickham, Alex. 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5335:Huffington Post 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5203: 5199: 5189:Wayback Machine 5175: 5171: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5121: 5117: 5101: 5100: 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1507: 1485: 1461:elect Knoxville 1449: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1288: 1287: 1259: 1254: 1177:, and reducing 1167:spoiler effects 1062: 1024: 1023: 1011: 999: 991: 990: 957: 933:Arrow's theorem 923: 913: 912: 881: 851: 840:No-show paradox 821: 807:Cloning paradox 797:Spoiler effects 794: 784: 783: 758: 645: 628: 618: 617: 590: 581:Maximal lottery 548: 529:Thiele's method 518: 488: 420: 410: 409: 395:Approval voting 383:Cardinal voting 379: 324: 318:Maximal lottery 282: 214: 204: 127: 121: 118: 97: 93: 82: 71: 65: 62: 51: 45:has an unclear 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8067: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8017: 8012: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7988: 7980: 7972: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7906: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7858:King's Consent 7855: 7850: 7848:Members' bills 7845: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7787: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7719:Prime Minister 7711: 7706: 7701: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7667: 7659: 7650: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7428: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7198: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7110: 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3949: 3943: 3933: 3923: 3913: 3904:in 1899)— the 3895: 3873: 3837: 3836: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3510: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3467: 3466: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3416: 3409: 3408: 3395: 3379: 3366: 3350: 3334: 3314: 3298: 3285: 3278:Federal Senate 3263: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3245:Cayman Islands 3235: 3223: 3211: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3091:United Kingdom 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2960: 2947: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2635: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2559: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2488: 2485: 2403:gerrymandering 2393: 2390: 2362:spoiler effect 2354: 2353: 2306: 2303: 2296: 2254:George W. Bush 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2204:Peter Tatchell 2140: 2137: 2069:marginal seats 2063: 2060: 2045: 2041:Duverger's Law 2022:is an idea in 2020:Duverger's law 1981: 1978: 1873:Duverger's law 1871:Main article: 1868: 1867:Two-party rule 1865: 1862: 1861: 1834: 1827: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1790: 1789: 1774: 1767: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1703: 1692: 1691: 1688:anti-plurality 1683: 1676: 1665: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1637: 1636: 1617:spoiler effect 1613: 1610:Spoiler effect 1606: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588:Center squeeze 1584: 1573: 1572: 1555: 1548: 1537: 1536: 1521: 1514: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1484: 1481: 1465:center squeeze 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1191:majority-rules 1183:Duverger's law 1175:center squeeze 1064: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1022: 1021: 1009: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 924: 919: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 880: 879: 877:Turkey-raising 874: 869: 864: 850: 849: 848: 847: 837: 832: 820: 819: 817:Center squeeze 814: 809: 804: 802:Spoiler effect 795: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 775: 774: 761:By ballot type 757: 756: 755: 754: 749: 744: 734: 733: 732: 731: 730: 725: 715: 714: 713: 702: 679: 678: 677: 672: 667: 662: 644: 643: 638: 629: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 613:Limited voting 610: 609: 608: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 572: 571: 566: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 487: 486: 485: 484: 482:Localized list 479: 474: 469: 464: 454: 453: 452: 450:Biproportional 447: 442: 437: 421: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 378: 377: 362: 347: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 295: 281: 280: 279: 278: 267: 254:Instant-runoff 251: 250: 249: 241:Jungle primary 228: 217:Single vote - 215: 210: 209: 206: 205: 203: 202: 192: 187: 182: 177: 171: 168: 167: 157: 156: 146: 145: 129: 128: 122:September 2024 100: 98: 91: 84: 83: 47:citation style 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8066: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003:Miscellaneous 8001: 7992: 7989: 7984: 7981: 7976: 7973: 7968: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7910: 7907: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7838:Question Time 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7680: 7671: 7668: 7663: 7660: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7638:Parliamentary 7636: 7631: 7625: 7615: 7612: 7607: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7563: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7509:The Economist 7506: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7495:Daily Express 7492: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7349:Respect Party 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286:Neutral/split 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7237:Mebyon Kernow 7235: 7233: 7232:Liberal Party 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6549:Single-winner 6546: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6374:2020 election 6372:Prior to the 6369: 6365: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6224: 6217: 6204: 6200: 6199:Flanders News 6196: 6190: 6182: 6175: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5894: 5891:. Channel 4. 5890: 5886: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5298:Cowen, Doug. 5294: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5243:consoc.org.uk 5240: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5195:30 April 2011 5194: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5178:David Cameron 5173: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4873:Galvin, Ray. 4869: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4778:10.1.1.75.155 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4500: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4283:Public Choice 4280: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4108: 4098: 4095:(replaced by 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087:party list PR 4085:(replaced by 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077:party list PR 4074: 4071: 4068: 4067:party list PR 4065:(replaced by 4064: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4051:(replaced by 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041:(replaced by 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031:(replaced by 4030: 4027: 4024: 4023:party list PR 4021:(replaced by 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011:(replaced by 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001:(replaced by 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991:(replaced by 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978:(replaced by 3977: 3974: 3972:in June 2017) 3971: 3968:(replaced by 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954:(replaced by 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3940:party list PR 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928:(replaced by 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918:(replaced by 3917: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902:party list PR 3899: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878:(replaced by 3877: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3851:party list PR 3848: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3817:This list is 3815: 3808: 3807: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210:(New Zealand) 3209: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3188:(both houses) 3187: 3186:United States 3182: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2959:(both houses) 2958: 2953: 2948: 2946:(both houses) 2945: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2553: 2542: 2528: 2527:in practice. 2526: 2522: 2521:party primary 2518: 2513: 2512:United States 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2469:Conservatives 2465: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:Great Britain 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2149:David Cameron 2146: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2059: 2051: 2048:from Sachs's 2044: 2042: 2035: 2033: 2032:Jeffrey Sachs 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752:Later-no-help 1749: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1730: 1729:Later-no-harm 1726: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455:. Similarly, 1454: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1365:17% of voters 1358:15% of voters 1351:26% of voters 1344:42% of voters 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297:Suppose that 1295: 1293: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125:ranked voting 1122: 1118: 1117:social choice 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1089:single-winner 1086: 1082: 1078: 1070: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 998: 997: 995: 994: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 976:May's theorem 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 961: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 928: 922: 917: 916: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888: 887: 886:majority rule 884:Paradoxes of 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 856: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 825: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 787: 780: 777: 773: 770: 769: 768: 765: 764: 763: 762: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 735: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 719: 716: 712: 707: 703: 701: 696: 692: 691: 690: 687: 686: 685: 684: 680: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 650: 649: 648: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 632: 627: 626:Mixed systems 622: 621: 614: 611: 607: 604: 603: 602: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 587: 586:Random ballot 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 556: 555: 554: 553: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 523: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 495: 494: 493: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 455: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 430:Apportionment 428: 427: 426: 425: 419: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 386: 385: 384: 375: 371: 366: 365:Antiplurality 363: 360: 356: 351: 348: 345: 341: 336: 333: 332: 331: 330: 329: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 294: 293:Condorcet-IRV 291: 290: 289: 288: 287: 277: 272: 268: 266: 261: 257: 256: 255: 252: 248: 245: 244: 242: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 220: 213: 208: 207: 200: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 175:Social choice 173: 172: 170: 169: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150:Social choice 148: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134: 125: 116: 112: 111: 106: 105: 99: 90: 89: 80: 77: 69: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 8028:Waka-jumping 8020: 7962:(demolished) 7960:, Auckland 7929:Appointments 7924:By-elections 7912:(previously) 7908: 7863:Royal assent 7531: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7456:Daily Mirror 7454: 7447: 7440: 7435:The Guardian 7433: 7293:Labour Party 7103: 7097: 6713:Mixed-member 6698:Proportional 6673:Score voting 6630: 6614:Ranked pairs 6533:Part of the 6532: 6368: 6350:. 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