Firefighter - Knowledge

958: 1348:

first responders, such as anxiousness, irritability, nervousness, memory and concentration problems can occur overtime which can lead to anxiety and depression. Mental stress can have long lasting affects on the brain. A 2014 report from the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation found that a fire department is three times more likely to experience a suicide in a given year than a line-of-duty death. Mental stress of the job can lead to substance abuse and alcohol abuse as ways of coping with the stress. The mental stress of fire fighting has many different causes. There are those they see on duty and also what they miss by being on duty. Firefighters schedules fluctuate by district. There are stations where fire fighters work 48 hours on and 48 hours off, whereas some allow 24 hours on and 72 hours off. The mental impact of missing a child's first steps or a ballet recital can take a heavy impact on first responders. There is also the stress of being on opposite shifts as a spouse or being away from family.

1168: 1790: 689: 222: 1392:

103 and 114dBA of sound. According to OSHA, exposure at this level is acceptable for between 17 and 78 minutes and according to NIOSH is acceptable for between 35 seconds and 7.5 minutes over a 24-hour day before permanent hearing loss can occur. This time period considers that no other high level sound exposure occurs in that 24-hour time frame. Sirens often output about 120 dBA, which according to OSHA, 7.5 minutes of exposure is needed and according to NIOSH, 9 seconds of exposure is needed in a 24-hour time period before permanent hearing loss can occur. In addition to high sound levels, another risk factor for hearing disorders is the co-exposure to chemicals that are

1451:" are paid for responding to incidents, along with a small salary for spending long periods of time on call. The combined fire services of the United Kingdom retain around 18,000 retained firefighters alongside their wholetime colleagues. In both the UK and Ireland retained firefighters make up the majority of active firefighting personnel. Their training, qualifications, and range of possible deployments, are all comparable to wholetime firefighters. Retained firefighters are required to live or work within a set radius of their assigned fire station - in the United Kingdom this is usually 1 mile (1.6 km), and in Ireland 2 miles (3.2 km). 778: 1501: 841:. The ropes are generally 30 feet (9.1 m) long and can provide a firefighter (that has enough time to deploy the rope) a partially controlled exit out of an elevated window. Lack of a personal rescue rope is cited in the deaths of two New York City Firefighters, Lt. John Bellew and Lt. Curtis Meyran, who died after they jumped from the fourth floor of a burning apartment building in the Bronx. Of the four firefighters who jumped and survived, only one of them had a self-rescue rope. Since the incident, the Fire Department of New York City has issued self-rescue ropes to their firefighters. 1945: 1752: 919:

selves or the patient. Workplace violence consists of the mental and physical abuse sustained during on-duty activities. First Responders are the most likely to experience this type of violence and EMS even has a percentage range of 53-90% of calls that had an instance of Workplace violence. This type of violence is a major reason for burnout and depression in First Responders, while EMS deal more with people on a daily basis, ~18% Firefighters experience PTSD due to WPV and 60% had at least one call where they had feared for their life or questioned their safety.

1802: 537:, firefighters are forced to either open holes in the roof or floors of a structure (called vertical ventilation), or open windows and walls (called horizontal ventilation) to remove smoke and heated gases from the interior of the structure. Such ventilation methods are also used to improve interior visibility to locate victims more quickly. Ventilation helps to preserve the life of trapped or unconscious individuals as it releases the poisonous gases from inside the structure. Vertical ventilation is vital to firefighter safety in the event of a 1470: 2018:. The primary difference between municipality departments and city departments is the funding source. Municipal fire departments do not share their budget with any other service and are considered to be private entities within a jurisdiction. This means that they have their own taxes that feed into their budgeting needs. City fire departments report to the mayor, whereas municipal departments are accountable to elected board officials who help maintain and run the department along with the chief officer staff. 1310:. They frequently create fire lines, which are swathes of cut-down trees and dug-up grass placed in the path of the fire. This is designed to deprive the fire of fuel. Wildland firefighting is a physically demanding job with many acute hazards. Wildland firefighters may hike several miles while carrying heavy equipment during the wildfire season, which has increased in duration over time, especially in the western United States. Unlike structural firefighters, wildland firefighters typically do not wear 602: 1775: 792: 1412:

Association) is responsible for occupational health programs and standards in firefighters which discusses what hearing sensitivity is required to work as a firefighter, but also enforces baseline (initial) and annual hearing tests (based on OSHA hearing maintenance regulations). While NIHL can be a risk that occurs from working as a firefighter, NIHL can also be a safety concern for communicating while doing the job as communicating with coworkers and victims is essential for safety.

230: 56: 8296: 7634: 712: 8318: 7682: 317: 1937: 7670: 7658: 276: 1490: 1108:, occupational exposures can significantly increase a firefighter's risk. Historically, the fire service blamed poor firefighter physical condition for being the primary cause of cardiovascular related deaths. However, over the last 20 years, studies and research has indicated the toxic gasses put fire service personnel at significantly higher risk for cardiovascular related conditions and death. For instance, 8307: 7646: 383: 1440:, with some providing cover each night. On the other hand, it may not be practical to employ full-time firefighters in villages and isolated small towns, where their services may not be required for days at a time. For this reason, many fire departments have firefighters who spend long periods on call to respond to infrequent emergencies; they may have regular jobs outside of firefighting. 1620: 1375:. NIHL affects sound frequencies between 3,000 and 6,000 Hertz first, then with more frequent exposure, will spread to more frequencies. Many consonants will be more difficult to hear or inaudible with NIHL because of the higher frequencies effected, which results in poorer communication. NIHL is caused by exposure to sound levels at or above 85dBA according to 530:*Customer stabilization refers to customer service that fire departments provide during an emergency. When a fire department responds to an emergency, two related priorities are life safety and stabilizing the incident. Part of this process is ensuring the customer's well-being from the time of dispatch until after the incident becomes stable. 1607:, and are often split between engine and ladder companies. In Europe, where the size and usefulness of aerial appliances are often limited by narrow streets, they are only used for rescues, and firefighters can rotate between working on an engine and an aerial appliance. A final point in variation is how involved firefighters are in 500:

incident's critical factors and the risk management plan indicate an offensive strategy, the incident commander will define the tactical objectives for entering the structure. Offensive incident action plans (tactics) are based on the standard offensive tactical priorities and their corresponding completion benchmarks.

1534:, volunteers play a substantial role even in the largest fire departments, including Berlin's, which serves a population of 3.6 million. Regardless of how this balance works, a common feature is that smaller urban areas have a mix of full-time and volunteer/on-call firefighters. This is known in the United States as a 869:. Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle tissue and has many causes including heat exposure, high core body temperature, and prolonged, intense exertion. Routine firefighter tasks, such as carrying extra weight of equipment and working in hot environments, can increase firefighters' risk for rhabdomyolysis. 466:

gain access into the structure. Specific procedures(NFPA 704) and equipment are needed at a property where hazardous materials are being used or stored. Additionally, fighting fires in some structures may require additional training and firefighting tactics that are specific to that structure. For example,

1323:

that wildland firefighters could have an increased risk of lung cancer mortality. The research on cancer for other subspecialty groups of firefighters is limited, but a recent study of fire instructors in Australia found an exposure-response relationship between training exposures and cancer incidence.

1347:

and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Among women in the US, the occupations with the highest suicide rates are police and firefighters, with a rate of 14.1 per 100 000, according to the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. Chronic stress over time attributes to symptoms that affect

909:

while responding to or returning from an incident. Other firefighters have been injured or killed by vehicles at the scene of a fire or emergency (Paulison 2005). A common measure fire departments have taken to prevent this is to require firefighters to wear a bright yellow reflective vest over their

549:

Whenever possible during a structure fire, property is moved into the middle of a room and covered with a salvage cover, a heavy cloth-like tarp. Various steps such as retrieving and protecting valuables found during suppression or overhaul, evacuating water, and boarding windows and roofs can divert

491:

Buildings that are made of flammable materials such as wood are different from building materials such as concrete. Generally, a "fire-resistant" building is designed to limit fire to a small area or floor. Other floors can be safe by preventing smoke inhalation and damage. All buildings suspected or

1391:

The time of exposure required to potentially cause damage depends on the level of sound exposed to. The most common causes of excessive sound exposure are sirens, transportation to and from fires, fire alarms, and work tools. Traveling in an emergency vehicle has shown to expose a person to between

1387:

represents A-weighted decibels. dBA is used for measuring sound levels relating to occupational sound exposure since it attempts to mimic the sensitivity of the human ear to different frequencies of sound. OSHA uses a 5-dBA exchange rate, which means that for every 5dBA increase in sound from 90dBA,

1073:

include assuming all power lines are energized until confirmation they are de-energized, and grounding power lines to guard against electrical feedback, and using appropriate personal protective equipment. Proper respiratory protection can protect against hazardous substances. Proper ventilation of

758:

Fire investigators, who are experienced firefighters trained in fire cause determinism, are dispatched to fire scenes, in order to investigate and determine whether the fire was a result of an accident or intentional. Some fire investigators have full law enforcement powers to investigate and arrest

1416:

have been used by firefighters in the United States. Earmuffs are the most commonly used hearing protection device (HPD) as they are the most easy to put on correctly in a quick manner. Multiple fire departments have used HPDs that have communication devices built in, allowing firefighters to speak

1411:

have been implemented in multiple stations and have shown to help lower the rate of firefighters with NIHL. Other attempts have been made to lower sound exposures for firefighters, such as enclosing the cabs of the firetrucks to lower the siren exposure while driving. NFPA (National Fire Protection

1322:

to burn potential fire fuel under controlled conditions. To examine cancer risk for wildland firefighters, a risk assessment was conducted using an exposure-response relationship for risk of lung cancer mortality and measured particulate matter exposure from smoke at wildfires. This study concluded

1175:

Cancer risk in the U.S. fire service is a topic of growing concern. Recent studies suggest that due to their exposure on the fireground, firefighters may be at an increased risk for certain types of cancer and other chronic diseases. Additionally, large international studies generally support the

918:

Firefighters have occasionally been assaulted by members of the public while responding to calls. These kinds of attacks can cause firefighters to fear for their safety when responding to specific areas and may cause them to not have full focus on the situation which could result in injury to their

592:

employ specialist firefighters to deal with potential ground emergencies. Due to the mass casualty potential of an aviation emergency, the speed with which emergency response equipment and personnel arrive at the scene of the emergency is of paramount importance. When dealing with an emergency, the

499:

When the first fire department arrives on-scene at a structure fire, scene size-up must occur to develop the appropriate strategy (offensive or defensive) and tactics. With scene size-up, a risk assessment must also occur to determine the risks of making an interior fire attack. When an

465:

While sometimes fires can be limited to small areas of a structure, wider collateral damage due to smoke, water and burning embers is common. Utility shutoff (such as gas and electricity) is typically an early priority for arriving fire crews. In addition, forcible entry may be required in order to

176:

The skills required for safe operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighter's career. Initial firefighting skills are normally taught through local, regional or state-approved fire academies or training courses. Depending on the requirements of a department,

857:

and give a measure of exertion and fatigue. They also tell the people outside a building when they have stopped moving or fallen. This allows a supervisor to call in additional engines before the crew get exhausted and also gives an early warning to firefighters before they run out of air, as they

257:

if a fourth element is added: a chemical chain reaction which can help sustain certain types of fire. The aim of firefighting is to deprive the fire of at least one of those elements. Most commonly this is done by dousing the fire with water, though some fires require other methods such as foam or

942:

While many hazardous chemicals sued in fire-fighting materials, such as penta-bromdiphenyl ether have already been banned by the government, they are almost immediately replaced by a new substance with similar harmful effects. After banning penta-bromodiphenyl ether, chlorinated tris, chloroalkyl

495:

When fire departments respond to structure fires, the priorities are life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation. Some tactics used to achieve positive results at a structure fire include scene size-up, door control, coordinated ventilation, and exterior attack prior to entry.

1730:

The nomenclature of firefighting varies from country to country. The basic unit of firefighters is known as a "company" in many countries, including the United States, with its members typically working on the same engine. A "crew" or "platoon" is a subdivision of a company who work on the same

852:

alert 10–20 seconds after a firefighter has stopped moving in a structure. Physiological status monitors measure a firefighter's vital sign status, fatigue and exertion levels and transmit this information over their voice radio. This technology allows a degree of early warning to physiological

1642:

in Australia) has a role different from but just as important as other emergency personnel. The telecommunicator must process calls from unknown and unseen individuals, usually calling under stressful conditions. He/she must be able to obtain complete, reliable information from the caller and

742:

Other methods of fire prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. This is normally accomplished in many innovative ways such as conducting presentations, distributing safety brochures, providing news articles,

5334:

Demers, Paul A; DeMarini, David M; Fent, Kenneth W; Glass, Deborah C; Hansen, Johnni; Adetona, Olorunfemi; Andersen, Maria HG; Freeman, Laura E Beane; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J; Daniels, Robert D; Driscoll, Timothy R (July 1, 2022). "Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter".

847:

is a major issue for firefighters as they wear insulated clothing and cannot shed the heat generated from physical exertion. Early detection of heat issues is critical to stop dehydration and heat stress becoming fatal. Early onset of heat stress affects cognitive function which combined with

1630:

The expedient and accurate handling of fire alarms or calls are significant factors in the successful outcome of any incident. Fire department communications play a critical role in that successful outcome. Fire department communications include the methods by which the public can notify the

545:

scenario. Releasing the flammable gases through the roof eliminates the possibility of a backdraft, and the removal of heat can reduce the possibility of a flashover. Flashovers, due to their intense heat (900–1,200 °F (480–650 °C)) and explosive temperaments, are commonly fatal to

5452:

Navarro, Kathleen M.; Kleinman, Michael T.; Mackay, Chris E.; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Balmes, John R.; Broyles, George A.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Naher, Luke P.; Domitrovich, Joseph W. (June 2019). "Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality".

1654:

equipment to receive alarms, give and receive commands, request assistance, and report on conditions. Since firefighters from different agencies routinely provide mutual aid to each other, and routinely operate at incidents where other emergency services are present, it is essential to have

4818:

Marques, M Matilde; Berrington de Gonzalez, Amy; Beland, Frederick A.; Browne, Patience; Demers, Paul A; Lachenmeier, Dirk W; Bahadori, Tina; Barupal, Dinesh K.; Belpoggi, Fiorella; Comba, Pietro; Dai, Min (June 2019). "Advisory Group recommendations on priorities for the IARC Monographs".

738:

reduce the risk of death from a fire. With the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. In the United States, the housing industry trade groups have lobbied at the State level to prevent the requirement for Fire Sprinklers in one or two family homes.

593:

airport firefighters are tasked with rapidly securing the aircraft, its crew and its passengers from all hazards, particularly fire. Airport firefighters have advanced training in the application of firefighting foams, dry chemical and clean agents used to extinguish burning aviation fuel.

4446:

Abreu, Ana; Costa, Carla; Pinho e Silva, Susana; Morais, Simone; do Carmo Pereira, Maria; Fernandes, Adília; Moraes de Andrade, Vanessa; Teixeira, João Paulo; Costa, Solange (August 3, 2017). "Wood smoke exposure of Portuguese wildland firefighters: DNA and oxidative damage evaluation".

3757:

Lee, David J.; Koru-Sengul, Tulay; Hernandez, Monique N.; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J.; McClure, Laura A.; Mackinnon, Jill A.; Kobetz, Erin N. (April 2020). "Cancer risk among career male and female Florida firefighters: Evidence from the Florida Firefighter Cancer Registry (1981-2014)".

931:

are chemical products that are utilized to slow down or stop the spread of a fire by reducing its intensity. While there are numerous benefits to flame retardant products in terms of the reduction of major fires, the components that make up these substances are extremely harmful.

1731:

shift. In British and Commonwealth fire services the firefighters of each station are more typically organised around a "watch" pattern, with several watches (usually four) working on a shift basis, as a separate "crew" for each engine or specialist appliance at that station.

943:

phospahtes, halogenated aryl esters, and tetrabromophthalate dio diester were used instead. While these chemicals are constantly changing with attempts to make it safer for the public, firefighters have constant, up-close exposure that can put them at increased risk.

848:

operating in dangerous environment makes heat stress and dehydration a critical issue to monitor. Firefighter physiological status monitoring is showing promise in alerting EMS and commanders to the status of their people on the fire ground. Devices such as

1435:

In a country with a comprehensive fire service, fire departments must be able to send firefighters to emergencies at any hour of day or night, to arrive on the scene within minutes. In urban areas, this means that full-time paid firefighters usually have

1099:

outcomes. In the United States, the most common cause of on-duty fatalities for firefighters is sudden cardiac death, accounting for approximately 45% of on duty US firefighter deaths. In addition to personal factors that may predispose an individual to

3923:

Amadeo, Brice; Marchand, Jean-Luc; Moisan, Frédéric; Donnadieu, Stéphane; Coureau, Gaëlle; Mathoulin-Pélissier, Simone; Lembeye, Christian; Imbernon, Ellen; Brochard, Patrick (2015). "French firefighter mortality: Analysis over a 30-year period".

633:, have specialist teams for advanced technical rescue. As structure fires have been in decline for many years in developed countries such as the United States, rescues other than fires make up an increasing proportion of their firefighters' work. 826:(PASS) is commonly worn independently or as a part of the SCBA to alert others when a firefighter stops moving for a specified period of time or manually operates the device. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter ( 1723:) do possess extensive police powers in connection with their work of enforcement and control in regulatory and emergency situations. In some countries fire fighters carry, or have access to, firearms, including some US fire marshals, and the 4573:

Andersen, Maria Helena Guerra; Saber, Anne Thoustrup; Clausen, Per Axel; Pedersen, Julie Elbæk; Løhr, Mille; Kermanizadeh, Ali; Loft, Steffen; Ebbehøj, Niels; Hansen, Åse Marie; Pedersen, Peter Bøgh; Koponen, Ismo Kalevi (February 24, 2018).

995:. Sources of metals exposure include burnt or melted electronics, cars, refrigerators, stoves, etc. Fire debris cleanup workers may be exposed to these metals or their combustion products in the air or on their skin. These metals may include 1992:. Fire companies were composed of citizens who volunteered their time to help protect the community. As time progressed and new towns were established throughout the region, there was a sharp increase in the number of volunteer departments. 1388:

the acceptable exposure time before a risk of permanent hearing loss occurs decreases by half (starting with 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 90dBA). NIOSH uses a 3-dBA exchange rate starting at 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 85dBA.

4132:

Harris, M. Anne; Kirkham, Tracy L.; MacLeod, Jill S.; Tjepkema, Michael; Peters, Paul A.; Demers, Paul A. (October 2018). "Surveillance of cancer risks for firefighters, police, and armed forces among men in a Canadian census cohort".

1680:

were popular in the early days of radio equipment because of poor transmission and reception. Advances in modern radio technology have reduced the need for ten-codes and many departments have converted to simple English (clear text).

719:

Fire departments frequently provide advice to the public on how to prevent fires in the home and work-place environments. Fire inspectors or fire marshals will directly inspect businesses to ensure they are up to the current building

546:

firefighter personnel. Precautionary methods, such as smashing a window, reveal backdraft situations before the firefighter enters the structure and is met with the circumstance head-on. Firefighter safety is the number one priority.

575:. Wildfires have some ecological role in allowing new plants to grow, therefore in some cases they will be left to burn. Priorities in fighting wildfires include preventing the loss of life and property as well as ecological damage. 1399:

The average day of work for a firefighter can often be under the sound exposure limit for both OSHA and NIOSH. While the average day of sound exposure as a firefighter is often under the limit, firefighters can be exposed to

4785:

Oliveira, M.; Delerue-Matos, C.; Morais, S.; Slezakova, K.; Pereira, M.C.; Fernandes, A.; Costa, S.; Teixeira, J.P. (March 14, 2018), "Levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure and potential genotoxic risks in firefighters",

620:

Complex, infrequent situations requiring specialized training and equipment include rescues from collapsed buildings and confined spaces. Many fire departments, including most in the United Kingdom, refer to themselves as a

5778: 1326:

Due to the lack of central and comprehensive sources of data, research on cancer rates amongst firefighters has been challenging. On July 7, 2018, Congress passed the Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 requiring the

1253:(IARC) as known or probable carcinogens have been identified on the fireground. Several studies have documented airborne and/or dermal exposures to carcinogenic compounds during firefighting, as well as contamination on 1968:

revolutionized firefighting by calling for the creation of a fire guard that was trained, paid, and equipped by the state, thereby commissioning the first truly public and professional firefighting service. Known as the

5251:

Fent, Kenneth W.; Toennis, Christine; Sammons, Deborah; Robertson, Shirley; Bertke, Stephen; Calafat, Antonia M.; Pleil, Joachim D.; Wallace, M. Ariel Geer; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin P. (March 2020).

2267: 4946:

Bolstad-Johnson, Dawn M.; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Crutchfield, Clifton D.; Storment, Steve; Gerkin, Richard; Wilson, Jeffrey R. (September 2000). "Characterization of Firefighter Exposures During Fire Overhaul".

1646:

While some fire departments are large enough to utilize their own telecommunication dispatcher, most rural and small areas rely on a central dispatcher to provide handling of fire, rescue, and police services.

885:). Structural collapse, which often occurs without warning, may crush or trap firefighters inside the structure. To avoid loss of life, all on-duty firefighters should maintain two-way communication with the 4727:

Jeong, Kyoung Sook; Zhou, Jin; Griffin, Stephanie C.; Jacobs, Elizabeth T.; Dearmon-Moore, Devi; Zhai, Jing; Littau, Sally R.; Gulotta, John; Moore, Paul; Peate, Wayne F.; Richt, Crystal M. (May 2018).

1631:

communications center of an emergency, the methods by which the center can notify the proper fire fighting forces, and the methods by which information is exchanged at the scene. One method is to use a

724:, which are enforced so that a building can sufficiently resist fire spread, potential hazards are located, and to ensure that occupants can be safely evacuated, commensurate with the risks involved. 1034:

from downed or exposed electrical lines or in instances where water has come into contact with electrical equipment. Structures that have been burned may be unstable and at risk of sudden collapse.

1561:

have a single national fire service. Others like Australia, the United Kingdom and France organize fire services based on regions or sub-national states. In the United States, Austria, Germany and

6695: 5052:

Fent, Kenneth W.; Alexander, Barbara; Roberts, Jennifer; Robertson, Shirley; Toennis, Christine; Sammons, Deborah; Bertke, Stephen; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin (October 3, 2017).

1211:, but research is inconclusive as of 2014. Preliminary research from 2015 on a large cohort of US firefighters showed a direct relationship between the number of hours spent fighting fires and 1751: 653:(EMS) agency. Elsewhere, it is common for firefighters to respond to medical calls. The impetus for this is the growing demand in medical emergencies and the significant decline in fires. 5828:

Berger, William; Coutinho, Evandro Silva Freire; Figueira, Ivan; Marques-Portella, Carla; Luz, Mariana Pires; Neylan, Thomas C.; Marmar, Charles R.; Mendlowicz, Mauro Vitor (2012-06-01).

3298:

Daniels, Robert D; Kubale, Travis L; Yiin, James H; Dahm, Matthew M; Hales, Thomas R; Baris, Dalsu; Zahm, Shelia H; Beaumont, James J; Waters, Kathleen M; Pinkerton, Lynne E (June 2014).

5176:

Beitel, Shawn C.; Flahr, Leanne M.; Hoppe-Jones, Christiane; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Littau, Sally R.; Gulotta, John; Moore, Paul; Wallentine, Darin; Snyder, Shane A. (February 1, 2020).

2961:"Associations between polyfluoroalkyl substance and organophosphate flame retardant exposures and telomere length in a cohort of women firefighters and office workers in San Francisco" 1343:

As with other emergency workers, firefighters may witness traumatic scenes during their careers. They are thus more vulnerable than most people to certain mental health issues such as

7861: 5770: 3222:

Kales, Stefanos N.; Soteriades, Elpidoforos S.; Christophi, Costas A.; Christiani, David C. (2007). "The New England Journal of Medicine", March 22, 2007, Accessed:July 17, 2011".

2959:

Clarity, Cassidy; Trowbridge, Jessica; Gerona, Roy; Ona, Katherine; McMaster, Michael; Bessonneau, Vincent; Rudel, Ruthann; Buren, Heather; Morello-Frosch, Rachel (December 2021).

2136: 1789: 1603:

Another way in which a firefighter's work varies around the world is the nature of firefighting equipment and tactics. For example, American fire departments make heavier use of

7911: 2645: 397: 5926:

Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Hagan, Christopher R.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2015). "Career prevalence and correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among firefighters".

6028: 2829:

Young, Anna S.; Hauser, Russ; James-Todd, Tamarra M.; Coull, Brent A.; Zhu, Hongkai; Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Specht, Aaron J.; Bliss, Maya S.; Allen, Joseph G. (May 2021).

2259: 1078:

that can be used to avoid or minimize exposure to hazardous substances. When ventilation is insufficient or dust cannot be avoided, personal protective equipment such as

5800: 4399:"Exposure-response relationships for select cancer and non-cancer health outcomes in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009)" 7755: 2831:"Impact of "healthier" materials interventions on dust concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organophosphate esters" 1801: 957: 939:

chemicals. Studies linked PFAS exposure with health effects including major neurological defects and cancer. Long term exposure to these chemicals is a notable concern.

1952:

Although people have fought fires since there have been valuable things to burn, the first instance of organized professionals combating structural fires occurred in

4623:

Keir, Jennifer L. A.; Akhtar, Umme S.; Matschke, David M. J.; Kirkham, Tracy L.; Chan, Hing Man; Ayotte, Pierre; White, Paul A.; Blais, Jules M. (November 7, 2017).

4576:"Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA damage in human volunteers during fire extinction exercises" 703:

incidents. Specialized firefighters, known as hazardous materials technicians, are trained in chemical identification, leak and spill control, and decontamination.

7881: 1027:(PAHs), some of which are carcinogenic, come from the incomplete combustion of organic materials and are often found as a result of structural and wildland fires. 6472: 4990:

Austin, C. C.; Wang, D.; Ecobichon, D. J.; Dussault, G. (July 15, 2001). "Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Smoke at Municipal Structural Fires".

3809:

Pinkerton, Lynne; Bertke, Stephen J; Yiin, James; Dahm, Matthew; Kubale, Travis; Hales, Thomas; Purdue, Mark; Beaumont, James J; Daniels, Robert (February 2020).

4297:

Pukkala, Eero; Martinsen, Jan Ivar; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Kjaerheim, Kristina; Lynge, Elsebeth; Tryggvadottir, Laufey; Sparén, Pär; Demers, Paul A (June 2014).

2464: 258:

dry agents. Firefighters are equipped with a wide variety of equipment for this purpose that include ladder trucks, pumper trucks, tanker trucks, fire hose, and

4625:"Elevated Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Mutagens in Ottawa Firefighters Participating in Emergency, On-Shift Fire Suppression" 1276:. As firefighters combat a fire and clean up hazardous materials, there is a risk of harmful chemicals coming in contact with their skin if it penetrates their 6716: 6552: 4678:

Hoppe-Jones, C.; Beitel, S.; Burgess, J. L.; Snyder, S.; Flahr, L.; Griffin, S.; Littau, S.; Jeong, K. S.; Zhou, J.; Gulotta, J.; Moore, P. (April 1, 2018).

3355:

LeMasters, Grace K.; Genaidy, Ash M.; Succop, Paul; Deddens, James; Sobeih, Tarek; Barriera-Viruet, Heriberto; Dunning, Kari; Lockey, James (November 2006).

3266: 3062: 3039: 2619: 2603: 2390: 1376: 927:

While firefighters are generally responsible for managing hazardous materials in the environment, there is a great deal of risks that they face by doing so.

488:

exposed to the initial fire. Hose streams directed into the interior through exterior wall apertures may conflict and jeopardize interior fire attack crews.

7561: 6245:"Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment. The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. 44 (4): 177" 5610:

Lee, David J.; Koru-Sengul, Tulay; Hernandez, Monique N.; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J.; McClure, Laura A.; Mackinnon, Jill A.; Kobetz, Erin N. (April 2020).

225:

Firefighters had to focus their efforts on saving the adjacent church instead of this burning building, an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada

571:) require a unique set of strategies and tactics. In many countries such as Australia and the United States, these duties are mostly carried out by local 2232: 484:

lines inside the building, find the fire and cool it with water. Exterior crews may direct water into windows and other openings, or against any nearby

7720: 2764:

Murray, Regan M.; Davis, Andrea L.; Shepler, Lauren J.; Moore-Merrell, Lori; Troup, William J.; Allen, Joseph A.; Taylor, Jennifer A. (February 2020).

1219:

mortality in firefighters. This link is a topic of continuing research in the medical community, as is cancer mortality in general among firefighters.

142:

that threaten life and property, as well as to rescue persons from confinement or dangerous situations. Male firefighters are sometimes referred to as

1151:

During fire suppression activities a firefighter can reach peak or near peak heart rates which can act as a trigger for a cardiac event. For example,

1230:

to investigate exposures' effects on biological changes that could be related to cancer development. Several of these studies have found evidence of

730:

have a proven record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have

2672:

Murray, Regan M.; Davis, Andrea L.; Shepler, Lauren J.; Moore-Merrell, Lori; Troup, William J.; Allen, Joseph A.; Taylor, Jennifer A. (2019-12-16).

6503: 6269: 7926: 7840: 6652: 6407: 5830:"Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers" 5119:

Mayer, Alexander C.; Fent, Kenneth W.; Bertke, Stephen; Horn, Gavin P.; Smith, Denise L.; Kerber, Steve; La Guardia, Mark J. (February 1, 2019).

2026:

Funds for firefighting equipment may be raised by the firefighters themselves, especially in the case of volunteer organizations. Events such as

2339: 1518:

A key difference between many countries' fire services is what the balance is between full-time and volunteer (or on-call) firefighters. In the

810:

To allow protection from the inherent risks of fighting fires, firefighters wear and carry protective and self-rescue equipment at all times. A

6004: 1407:

There are also high rates of hearing loss, often NIHL, in firefighters, which increases with age and number of years working as a firefighter.

6345: 5980: 1960:

existed solely as privately organized and funded groups that operated more similarly to a business than a public service; however, during the

2899:"Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure" 1380: 1167: 1124:. The substances inside of materials change during combustion, and their by-products can interfere with the transport of oxygen in the body. 859: 7479: 1302:

There are many types of firefighters. Most research on firefighters' cancer risk has involved structural or municipal career firefighters.

1050: 5392:

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans / World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer

1580:. In Germany, conscription can also be used if a village does not have a functioning fire service. Other unusual arrangements are seen in 6531: 6429: 3568:

Jalilian, Hamed; Ziaei, Mansour; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Rueegg, Corina Silvia; Khosravi, Yahya; Kjaerheim, Kristina (November 15, 2019).

3113: 2117: 1250: 952: 401: 1404:, which has a very low acceptable time exposure before permanent hearing damage can occur due to the high intensity and short duration. 7311: 6724: 3151: 1328: 862:

tables exist for heat injury and the allowable amount of work in a given environment based on temperature, humidity and solar loading.

6052: 2490: 8003: 979:

can be found in concrete, roofing tiles, or it may be a naturally occurring element. Occupational exposures to silica dust can cause

2416: 2179: 1159:, also known as a heart attack. This along with unhealthy habits and lack of exercise can be very hazardous to firefighter health. 6632: 6376: 5612:"Cancer risk among career male and female Florida firefighters: Evidence from the Florida Firefighter Cancer Registry (1981-2014)" 5553:

Tsai, Rebecca J.; Luckhaupt, Sara E.; Schumacher, Pam; Cress, Rosemary D.; Deapen, Dennis M.; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (May 6, 2015).

3519:"Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 1260:

In addition to chemical exposures, firefighters often work 24-hr shifts or longer, and may respond to emergencies at night. Night

8352: 8347: 8212: 4516:

Adetona, Olorunfemi; Simpson, Christopher D; Li, Zheng; Sjodin, Andreas; Calafat, Antonia M; Naeher, Luke P (November 11, 2015).

2513: 2063: 4176:

Kirstine Ugelvig Petersen, Kajsa; Pedersen, Julie Elbaek; Bonde, Jens Peter; Ebbehoej, Niels Erik; Hansen, Johnni (April 2018).

1447:

provide most of the cover in rural areas. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, by contrast, actual volunteers are rare. Instead, "

7851: 7805: 7713: 6842: 6752: 3300:"Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950–2009)" 2289: 1948:

Vancouver firemen responding to a fire alarm, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Photograph taken by W.J. Carpenter in 1910.

1249:

and hazardous contaminants, which is thought to contribute to their excess cancer risk. Dozens of chemicals classified by the

4803: 4680:"515 Use of urinary biomarkers and bioassays to evaluate chemical exposure and activation of cancer pathways in firefighters" 1913: 1257:

and other equipment worn by firefighters. Some of these compounds have been shown to absorb into firefighters' bodies.

4397:

Daniels RD, Bertke S, Dahm MM, Yiin JH, Kubale TL, Hales TR, Baris D, Zahm SH, Beaumont JJ, Waters KM, Pinkerton LE (2015).

7469: 2315: 2203: 2010:

City fire departments draw their funding directly from city taxes and share the same budget as other public works like the

1195:

exposure, at twice the rate of the non-firefighting working population. Younger firefighters (under age 65) also developed

1774: 751:, is educated in the proper techniques of fire safety, has an evacuation route and rendezvous point is of top priority in 7916: 7765: 7740: 6198: 5054:"Contamination of firefighter personal protective equipment and skin and the effectiveness of decontamination procedures" 3057: 1996: 1656: 936: 5254:"Firefighters' absorption of PAHs and VOCs during controlled residential fires by job assignment and fire attack tactic" 2577: 2550: 676:

has been introduced more recently. Another point of variation is whether the firefighters respond in a fire engine or a

7901: 7815: 7316: 7117: 6963: 6817: 6479: 4077:

Glass, Deborah Catherine; Del Monaco, Anthony; Pircher, Sabine; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Sim, Malcolm Ross (April 2019).

3694:"Cancer risks of firefighters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of secular trends and region-specific differences" 2079: 1740: 827: 811: 688: 6666: 5962: 4231:

Petersen, Kajsa Ugelvig; Pedersen, Julie Elbæk; Bonde, Jens Peter; Ebbehøj, Niels Erik; Hansen, Johnni (August 2018).

1584:, where most fire services are run by private companies, and in France, where two of the country's fire services (the 7921: 7706: 3420: 3174: 1671: 983:, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, airway diseases, and some additional non-respiratory diseases. Inhalation of 441: 423: 364: 303: 5309: 346: 1690: 1639: 1526:, large metropolitan fire departments are almost entirely made up of full-time firefighters. On the other hand, in 1464: 584: 5887:"A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs, and paramedics" 3031:"Evaluation of fire debris cleanup employees' exposure to silica, asbestos, metals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons" 221: 7993: 7825: 7276: 6608: 1024: 649:

is the only medical training that firefighters have, and medical calls are the sole responsibility of a separate

405: 4518:"Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarkers of exposure to wood smoke in wildland firefighters" 4022:

Glass, Deborah C; Del Monaco, Anthony; Pircher, Sabine; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Sim, Malcolm R (September 2017).

7968: 7866: 7820: 7673: 7556: 6827: 2074: 1589: 1344: 1176:

finding from U.S. studies that firefighters have elevated rates of cancer, with some variation by cancer site.

1129: 781: 342: 1655:

structures in place to establish a unified chain of command, and share information between agencies. The U.S.

7891: 7855: 7649: 7366: 6933: 1870: 1332: 1277: 1038: 796: 626: 533:

Some firefighting tactics may appear to be destructive, but often serve specific needs. For example, during

7571: 7566: 7546: 6573: 2439: 2007:. Large cities began establishing paid, full-time staff in order to try to facilitate greater call volume. 1408: 657: 338: 289: 31: 1974: 1417:

with each other at safe, but audible sound levels, while lowering the hazardous sound levels around them.

747:(PSA) or establishing meaningful displays in well-visited areas. Ensuring that each household has working 7341: 7296: 1535: 1280:(PPE). In June 2022, IARC classified occupational exposure as a firefighter as "carcinogenic to humans." 677: 6507: 7896: 7886: 7780: 7589: 7321: 7260: 6745: 6244: 3444: 1724: 1608: 1368: 744: 650: 534: 42: 6403: 3635:

Soteriades, Elpidoforos S; Kim, Jaeyoung; Christophi, Costas A; Kales, Stefanos N (November 1, 2019).

510:

The incident commander should consider these priorities and firefighting tactics at a structure fire:

8116: 7876: 7729: 7301: 6832: 5665:

Ma, Fangchao; Fleming, Lora E.; Lee, David J.; Trapido, Edward; Gerace, Terence A. (September 2006).

2364: 2004: 1674:(FCC); as such, fire departments that operate radio equipment must have radio licenses from the FCC. 1500: 1444: 1426: 1367:

Another long-term risk factor from firefighting is exposure to high levels of sound, which can cause

1356: 1058: 785: 777: 673: 572: 457: 205: 185: 5427: 5385: 4861: 3460:"Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Firefighters: An Overview of Epidemiologic Systematic Reviews" 3236: 2137:"London Fire Brigade accuses BBC of sexism over use of term 'fireman' in children's show Hey Duggee" 476:

may be attacked with either "interior" or "exterior" resources, or both. Interior crews, using the "

8217: 7937: 7790: 7661: 7619: 7336: 7230: 7142: 6868: 6720: 6341: 1643:

prioritize requests for assistance. It is the dispatcher's responsibility to bring order to chaos.

910:

turnout coats if they have to work on a public road, to make them more visible to passing drivers.

327: 38: 3811:"Mortality in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia: an update" 1659:(FEMA) has established a National Incident Management System. One component of this system is the 7985: 7795: 7760: 7685: 7306: 7215: 4911:

Jankovic, J.; Jones, W.; Burkhart, J.; Noonan, G. (1991). "Environmental study of firefighters".

4353: 2068: 1930: 1887: 1660: 1577: 1101: 962: 831: 331: 17: 3030: 1984:

The earliest American fire departments were volunteers, including the volunteer fire company in

392:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

8121: 8111: 8059: 7745: 7551: 7444: 7132: 7112: 6943: 6928: 6895: 3271:

Preventing Fire Fighter Fatalities Due to Heart Attacks and Other Sudden Cardiovascular Events.

3231: 2051: 1944: 1862: 1758: 1460: 1105: 568: 3637:"Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Firefighters: A State-of-the-Art Review and Meta-َAnalysis" 3145: 2897:

Sim, Wonjin; Choi, Sol; Choo, Gyojin; Yang, Mihee; Park, Ju-Hyun; Oh, Jeong-Eun (2021-03-05).

1592:) are part of the armed forces; similarly, the national fire service of Monaco is part of the 1155:

can cause plaque buildup to break loose and lodge itself is a small part of the heart causing

8342: 8310: 7810: 7785: 7770: 7637: 7489: 7071: 6837: 6738: 6263: 3052: 3050: 2097: 1811: 1780: 1720: 1401: 1264:

has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by IARC. Some firefighters also work with

1208: 1156: 669: 467: 204:, their work will overlap with law enforcement. Firefighters may also provide some degree of 6199:"Noise exposure computation - 1910.95 App A | Occupational Safety and Health Administration" 4375: 3967:

Glass, D. C.; Pircher, S.; Monaco, A. Del; Hoorn, S. Vander; Sim, M. R. (November 1, 2016).

3517:

Hwang, Jooyeon; Xu, Chao; Agnew, Robert J.; Clifton, Shari; Malone, Tara R. (January 2021).

7906: 7845: 7835: 7800: 7530: 7484: 7371: 6908: 6903: 6802: 5462: 5428:"Firefighters : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 5189: 4999: 4636: 4575: 4456: 4298: 4244: 4177: 4023: 3705: 2972: 2842: 2777: 2685: 2529: 1549:

Another point of variation is how the fire services are organized. Some countries like the

1448: 1430: 1303: 1116:, formed during the combustion of paper, cotton, plastics, and other substances containing 1075: 966: 854: 800: 559: 8317: 6447: 4696: 3116: 3047: 1604: 972:

Once extinguished, fire debris cleanup poses several safety and health risks for workers.

8: 7775: 7389: 7245: 7235: 7102: 7031: 7011: 4232: 2766:"A Systematic Review of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Medical Services Responders" 2674:"A Systematic Review of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Medical Services Responders" 2290:"Surrey firefighters called to almost 300 medical emergencies during co-responding trial" 2071: – Standardized approach to command, control, and coordination of emergency response 1667: 1623: 1140:

and possibly ischemic heart disease. Other factors associated with firefighting, such as

878: 630: 606: 5504:

Glass, D. C.; Del Monaco, A.; Pircher, S.; Vander Hoorn, S.; Sim, M. R. (October 2016).

5466: 5193: 5003: 4640: 4460: 4248: 3877: 3845: 3810: 3709: 3198: 2976: 2846: 2781: 2689: 7961: 7871: 7429: 7414: 7210: 7087: 6938: 6875: 6782: 6680: 6591: 6372: 6309: 6284: 6225: 6119: 5862: 5829: 5745: 5702: 5682: 5647: 5587: 5554: 5486: 5404: 5387: 5368: 5286: 5253: 5233: 5153: 5120: 5101: 5031: 4888: 4863: 4844: 4762: 4709: 4550: 4517: 4498: 4423: 4398: 4334: 4276: 4213: 4158: 4114: 4059: 4004: 3905: 3858: 3791: 3734: 3693: 3669: 3617: 3545: 3518: 3494: 3459: 3438: 3392: 3372: 3332: 3299: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3085: 3003: 2960: 2933: 2898: 2871: 2830: 2806: 2765: 2714: 2673: 2495: 2034:

are common in the United States. Social events are used to raise money include dances,

1593: 1585: 1474: 1413: 1283:

Firefighters are in addition to carcinogenic chemicals, firefighters can be exposed to

1180: 886: 661: 642: 189: 6163: 5771:"The National Firefighter Registry: An update on the plan to track firefighter cancer" 5348: 4832: 2510: 8238: 7594: 7454: 7449: 7051: 7026: 6996: 6646: 6314: 6175: 6111: 5943: 5908: 5867: 5849: 5694: 5686: 5651: 5639: 5631: 5592: 5574: 5535: 5527: 5490: 5478: 5409: 5372: 5360: 5352: 5291: 5273: 5237: 5225: 5217: 5158: 5140: 5093: 5085: 5023: 5015: 4972: 4964: 4928: 4893: 4875: 4848: 4836: 4799: 4767: 4749: 4701: 4660: 4652: 4605: 4597: 4555: 4537: 4502: 4490: 4482: 4428: 4326: 4318: 4299:"Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries" 4268: 4260: 4205: 4197: 4150: 4106: 4098: 4051: 4043: 3996: 3988: 3949: 3941: 3897: 3862: 3850: 3832: 3795: 3783: 3775: 3739: 3721: 3674: 3656: 3609: 3601: 3550: 3499: 3481: 3426: 3416: 3384: 3376: 3337: 3319: 3249: 3008: 2990: 2938: 2920: 2876: 2858: 2811: 2793: 2719: 2701: 2293: 2057: 2027: 2011: 1762: 1651: 1273: 1141: 1125: 1070: 906: 894: 617: 259: 162: 6300: 6123: 5706: 5105: 5035: 4729: 4713: 4338: 4280: 4162: 4118: 4063: 4008: 3909: 3621: 3131: 2088: – Operations for life saving, removal from danger and liberation from restrain 1030:

Safety hazards of fire cleanup include the risk of reignition of smoldering debris,

8163: 8142: 7830: 7291: 6986: 6304: 6296: 6101: 5935: 5898: 5857: 5841: 5720: 5678: 5623: 5582: 5566: 5517: 5470: 5399: 5344: 5281: 5265: 5207: 5197: 5148: 5132: 5075: 5065: 5007: 4956: 4920: 4883: 4828: 4791: 4757: 4741: 4691: 4644: 4624: 4587: 4545: 4529: 4472: 4464: 4418: 4410: 4310: 4252: 4217: 4189: 4142: 4090: 4035: 3980: 3933: 3889: 3840: 3822: 3767: 3729: 3713: 3664: 3652: 3648: 3591: 3581: 3540: 3530: 3489: 3471: 3396: 3368: 3356: 3327: 3311: 3241: 3093: 2998: 2980: 2928: 2910: 2866: 2850: 2801: 2785: 2746: 2709: 2693: 2584: 2557: 2237: 2015: 2000: 1989: 1597: 1508: 1494: 1235: 1113: 819: 752: 295: 253: 5178:"Assessment of the toxicity of firefighter exposures using the PAH CALUX bioassay" 5136: 5070: 5053: 4468: 1443:

Whether they are paid or not varies by country. In the United States and Germany,

715:

Firefighters frequently give fire prevention talks at schools and community events

8049: 7394: 7286: 7255: 7240: 7036: 6918: 6863: 6797: 6777: 5474: 5202: 5177: 5121:"Firefighter hood contamination: Efficiency of laundering to remove PAHs and FRs" 4745: 3969:"Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of male paid Australian firefighters" 2854: 2517: 2031: 1469: 1319: 1296: 1288: 1265: 1200: 1133: 1109: 1066: 976: 928: 700: 692: 477: 158: 154: 131: 102: 5963:"Why are suicide rates higher for farmers and firefighters than for librarians?" 4679: 2209: 1148:, and heavy physical exertion, also increase the risk of cardiovascular events. 897:

was the founder and greatest contributor to this element of firefighter safety.

518:· Life safety – primary and secondary "All Clear(s)" (A/C) 8275: 8029: 8019: 7474: 7424: 7326: 7250: 7175: 7127: 7097: 7016: 6948: 6433: 6106: 6089: 5011: 3717: 2985: 1957: 1854: 1550: 1523: 1292: 1204: 1196: 1096: 1079: 1062: 866: 815: 804: 731: 727: 613: 473: 110: 7750: 6226:"NIOSH/Criteria for a Recommended Standard--Occupational Noise Exposure, 1998" 5939: 5903: 5886: 5845: 5269: 4960: 4924: 4414: 4314: 4256: 4193: 4175: 4094: 4039: 3984: 3827: 3636: 3430: 3315: 2118:"BBC in sexism row over cartoon hippo in Hey Duggee who wants to be a fireman" 1355:, where they eat, sleep, and perform other duties during their shifts. Hence, 470:

are a type of structure fire that require specific tactics to decrease risks.

8336: 8299: 7998: 7954: 7614: 7464: 7331: 7205: 7180: 7165: 7122: 7061: 5853: 5690: 5635: 5578: 5531: 5386:

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).

5356: 5277: 5221: 5144: 5089: 5019: 4968: 4879: 4862:

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).

4795: 4753: 4705: 4656: 4601: 4541: 4486: 4322: 4264: 4201: 4178:"Long-term follow-up for cancer incidence in a cohort of Danish firefighters" 4102: 4047: 4024:"Mortality and cancer incidence among male volunteer Australian firefighters" 3992: 3945: 3836: 3779: 3725: 3660: 3605: 3485: 3380: 3323: 3098: 2994: 2924: 2862: 2797: 2789: 2705: 2697: 2589: 2562: 2154: 1985: 1953: 1708: 1519: 1031: 893:(PASS) on all fire scenes and maintain radio communication on all incidents. 791: 612:

Firefighters rescue persons from confinement or dangerous situations such as

524:· Post fire control firefighter decontamination (Decon) 247: 180:

Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies such as the

114: 106: 7698: 5522: 5505: 4648: 4592: 2624:

Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters Due to Truss System Failures

404:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

8250: 8191: 8034: 7520: 7505: 7404: 7195: 7160: 7046: 7021: 7006: 6981: 6976: 6953: 6880: 6807: 6787: 6761: 6318: 6115: 5947: 5912: 5871: 5805: 5698: 5666: 5643: 5611: 5596: 5539: 5482: 5413: 5364: 5295: 5229: 5162: 5097: 5027: 4976: 4897: 4840: 4771: 4664: 4609: 4559: 4494: 4432: 4354:"Is There a Link Between Firefighting and Cancer? – Epidemiology in Action" 4330: 4272: 4209: 4154: 4110: 4078: 4055: 4000: 3953: 3901: 3854: 3787: 3743: 3678: 3613: 3554: 3535: 3503: 3476: 3410: 3388: 3341: 3253: 3012: 2942: 2915: 2880: 2815: 2723: 1918: 1893: 1844: 1716: 1695:

Many firefighters are sworn members with command structures similar to the

1352: 1315: 1223: 1188: 1137: 992: 844: 601: 229: 193: 135: 6179: 4932: 3357:"Cancer Risk Among Firefighters: A Review and Meta-analysis of 32 Studies" 3270: 3086:"Health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica" 2608:

Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters due to Structural Collapse

55: 8280: 8196: 8044: 8039: 7525: 7200: 7185: 7092: 7066: 7056: 6991: 6971: 6913: 6858: 6812: 6696:"Longtime Deadwood firefighter to be honored at annual chili feed Sunday" 4945: 4817: 3282: 3245: 2091: 1903: 1876: 1712: 1626:

station officer (red helmet) and firefighters (yellow helmets), Australia

1573: 1558: 1478: 1393: 1384: 1254: 1239: 1212: 1152: 1145: 890: 849: 823: 755:

for most fire prevention teams in almost all fire department localities.

748: 672:. In the United Kingdom, where fire services and EMS are run separately, 5212: 4533: 4477: 3968: 2770:

NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy

2678:

NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy

2623: 2607: 177:

additional skills and certifications may also be acquired at this time.

8260: 8024: 7434: 7220: 7190: 7170: 7107: 7077: 7041: 6885: 6792: 5627: 5570: 5080: 4146: 3937: 3893: 3771: 3596: 2415:

Pollack, Keshia; Frattaroli, Shannon; Somers, Scott (August 24, 2015).

1961: 1849: 1807: 1437: 1311: 1268:

and trained to control and clean up these dangerous materials, such as

1261: 1246: 1231: 988: 665: 201: 166: 5827: 3586: 3569: 2750: 1351:

When not on the scene of an emergency, firefighters remain on call at

905:

In the United States, 25% of fatalities of firefighters are caused by

8265: 8255: 8245: 8186: 8158: 8054: 7459: 7439: 7419: 7409: 7399: 7281: 7225: 7155: 7150: 7001: 5667:"Cancer incidence in Florida professional firefighters, 1981 to 1999" 5609: 4378:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 25 July 2014 4079:"Mortality and cancer incidence among female Australian firefighters" 3876:

Ahn, Yeon-Soon; Jeong, Kyoung-Sook; Kim, Kyoo-Sang (September 2012).

3756: 2739:"Workplace violence and mental health of paramedics and firefighters" 2646:"Rapid Response: Firefighters describe alarming moments during riots" 1839: 1815: 1677: 1632: 1569: 1504: 1359:

is another occupational hazard that they may encounter at their job.

1284: 1269: 1227: 1016: 996: 980: 721: 711: 646: 542: 538: 481: 8321: 4784: 2530:"OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) - Section III: Chapter IV: Heat Stress" 521:· Property conservation – "Loss Stopped" (L/S) 316: 8233: 7515: 7510: 7351: 6923: 6822: 4296: 3221: 2738: 2039: 1965: 1936: 1873:("PPE") designed to withstand water and high temperatures, such as 1696: 1372: 1307: 1216: 1192: 1121: 1042: 1004: 984: 564: 5503: 4076: 4021: 1727:

of Monaco which is a military unit providing civilian fire cover.

1335:

designed to collect data on cancer rates among U.S. firefighters.

4868:

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

3692:

Casjens, Swaantje; Brüning, Thomas; Taeger, Dirk (October 2020).

3523:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3464:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2903:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2551:"What structural fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis" 1970: 1826:

A partial list of some equipment typically used by firefighters:

1581: 1531: 1527: 1512: 1183:

showed that firefighters are at higher risk for certain types of

1054: 1046: 1000: 822:, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. A special device called a 589: 6667:"Volunteer Voices: Fundraising Ideas for Local Fire Departments" 6577: 6375:. Bristol, England: JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee). 5801:"Fire fighters' battle with PTSD: "Every day is an anxious day"" 3878:"Cancer morbidity of professional emergency responders in Korea" 1489: 1128:

can then lead to heart injury. In addition, chronic exposure to

8080: 6730: 4237:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

3698:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

2763: 2671: 2578:"What wildland fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis" 2085: 1978: 1766: 1704: 1700: 1562: 1554: 1184: 1117: 1020: 1008: 242: 181: 98: 6633:"The Difference Between a Fire Department and a Fire District" 6029:"Special report: Firefighter behavioral health - NFPA Journal" 5451: 4677: 3175:"Personal Protective Equipment During Fire Cleanup Operations" 975:

Many hazardous substances are commonly found in fire debris.

935:

The most concerning materials that make up these products are

858:

may not be able to make voice calls over their radio. Current

853:

stress. These devices are similar to technology developed for

699:

Fire departments are usually the lead agency that responds to

8137: 8095: 8090: 7082: 5175: 5051: 4445: 3922: 3567: 3354: 2635:

Federal Highway Administration DOT 23CFR634 Worker Visibility

1897: 1795:

A firefighter using a hydraulic cutter during a demonstration

1539: 1482: 882: 881:

of a burning building (e.g. a wall, floor, ceiling, roof, or

197: 37:"Fireman" and "Firewoman" redirect here. For other uses, see 6694:

Pioneer, Jaci Conrad Pearson Black Hills (2 November 2018).

5885:

Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2016).

5555:"Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988-2007" 5552: 5258:

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

4572: 4522:

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

4230: 4131: 3634: 1715:

departments), though certain fire safety officials (such as

1318:

and other compounds emitted by the wildfires. They also use

527:· Customer Stabilization* – Short term 8085: 8075: 7977: 5981:"Health & Wellness: How Firefighters Can Manage Stress" 5721:"Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 (2018 - H.R. 931)" 5506:"Mortality and cancer incidence at a fire training college" 5250: 4989: 4910: 2035: 1882: 1619: 1543: 1306:

are specially trained firefighters tasked with controlling

1012: 838: 485: 238: 196:

investigate the cause of a fire. If the fire was caused by

170: 139: 6448:"Chile's firefighters in spotlight after Valparaiso blaze" 5750:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

3090:

U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2958: 2828: 2419:. No. Fire and Worker Health and Safety. SAGE Journal 8270: 4622: 4233:"Mortality in a cohort of Danish firefighters; 1970–2014" 1834: 1600:

for use by firefighters during civil defence operations.

1203:

at higher rates than the general population. The risk of

1171:

Smoke can expose firefighters to a variety of carcinogens

656:

In such departments, firefighters are often certified as

173:, firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world. 60:

Firefighter team work together to contain a blazing barn

7946: 6574:"Emergency Management in Australia - Triple Zero (000)" 5333: 4811: 4356:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 3966: 3808: 3285:/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf 2414: 6597:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. December 2008. 6005:"Stress takes heavy toll on firefighters, experts say" 4992:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

4726: 4515: 4449:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

3458:

Laroche, Elena; L'Espérance, Sylvain (March 3, 2021).

3457: 3029:

Beaucham, Catherine; Eisenberg, Judith (August 2019).

2208:, Natural Resources Canada, 2008-06-05, archived from 2054: – Vehicle for use during firefighting operations 1614: 877:

Another leading cause of death during firefighting is

492:

on fire must be evacuated, regardless of fire rating.

157:, also known in some countries as the fire brigade or 5925: 5310:"IARC Monographs Volume 124: Night Shift Work – IARC" 4396: 3415:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2010. 3297: 3267:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

3203:

California Division of Occupational Safety and Health

3179:

California Division of Occupational Safety and Health

3063:

California Division of Occupational Safety and Health

3040:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2620:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2604:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1910:

Handheld radio, pager, or other communication devices

1670:

in the United States is under authorization from the

734:

systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence

625:

for this reason. Large fire departments, such as the

6681:"Pancake Breakfast – Tracy Firefighters Association" 6609:"Humberside Fire and Rescue Service: Shift patterns" 6090:"Hazardous Decibels: Hearing Health of Firefighters" 4734:

Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine

3691: 2491:"3 Firefighters Die in Blazes in Brooklyn and Bronx" 237:

A fire burns due to the presence of three elements:

6532:"Fire Commentary: European Firefighting Operations" 6285:"Firefighters' noise exposure: A literature review" 5664: 5118: 3570:"Cancer incidence and mortality among firefighters" 3516: 1761:4 level protective gear during an exercise held at 1485:

and certain sites of national strategic importance.

578: 27:

Rescuer trained to extinguish fires and save people

5671:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3361:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2417:"Research Shows Residential Sprinklers Save Lives" 2233:"Plenty of firefighters, but where are the fires?" 5125:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 5058:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 3028: 2340:"NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code" 1973:, they were organised into cohorts, serving as a 1565:, fire departments are run at a municipal level. 1420: 814:(SCBA) delivers air to the firefighter through a 762: 8334: 6283:Taxini, Carla; Guida, Heraldo (6 January 2014). 6243:Johnson, Ann-Christin and Morata, Thais (2010). 5884: 3024: 3022: 1981:force in addition to their firefighting duties. 1454: 1095:Firefighting has long been associated with poor 834:(RIT), in locating the firefighter in distress. 6630: 4949:AIHAJ - American Industrial Hygiene Association 4292: 4290: 3293: 3291: 2896: 1940:A picture of American firefighters in the 1770s 1112:, present in nearly all fire environments, and 641:Firefighters frequently provide some degree of 6406:. Dublin, Ireland: GradIreland (GTI Ireland). 5834:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 3058:"Worker Safety and Health During Fire Cleanup" 2667: 2665: 1859:Circular ("K-12"), Cutters Edge and chain saws 837:Firefighters often carry personal self-rescue 188:. A firefighter's role may overlap with both. 7962: 7728: 7714: 6746: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6289:International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 3019: 2954: 2952: 2892: 2890: 865:Firefighters are also at risk for developing 636: 7480:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 6268:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5047: 5045: 4287: 3288: 3199:"Respiratory Protection During Fire Cleanup" 2488: 1362: 1242:changes related to firefighters' exposures. 146:(and, less commonly, female firefighters as 6651:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6526: 6524: 6282: 3875: 2662: 2469:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 2395:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 2344:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 2060: – Phenomenon of arsonist firefighters 1638:A telecommunicator (often referred to as a 1251:International Agency for Research on Cancer 953:Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup 345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 304:Learn how and when to remove these messages 245:and heat. This is often referred to as the 7969: 7955: 7721: 7707: 7312:International Association of Fire Fighters 6753: 6739: 6725:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6360: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6157: 6155: 6153: 4376:"Study of Cancer among U.S. Fire Fighters" 3641:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 3152:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2949: 2887: 2316:"NFPA 1072 Hazardous Materials Technician" 1904:Personal alert safety system (PASS) device 1481:unit which serves as the fire service for 1329:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 799:tackle an aircraft fire during a drill at 265: 54: 8004:Native American use of fire in ecosystems 6308: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6105: 5902: 5861: 5586: 5521: 5403: 5285: 5211: 5201: 5152: 5079: 5069: 5042: 4887: 4761: 4695: 4591: 4549: 4476: 4422: 3844: 3826: 3733: 3668: 3595: 3585: 3544: 3534: 3493: 3475: 3331: 3235: 3097: 3002: 2984: 2932: 2914: 2870: 2805: 2713: 2588: 2561: 2437: 2365:"Overview of the International Fire Code" 1883:Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) 1090: 987:can result in various diseases including 442:Learn how and when to remove this message 424:Learn how and when to remove this message 365:Learn how and when to remove this message 6521: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6164:"Noise and Hearing Loss in Firefighting" 6087: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 2440:"The Fire Sprinkler War, State by State" 2227: 2225: 1999:in the United States was established in 1943: 1935: 1929:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1734: 1618: 1499: 1488: 1468: 1166: 956: 946: 790: 776: 710: 687: 600: 553: 228: 220: 8213:International Flame Research Foundation 6693: 6325: 6242: 5616:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5559:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5510:Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England) 5388:"Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork" 4864:"Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork" 4684:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4403:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4352:Daniels, Robert D. (17 December 2014). 4351: 4303:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4182:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4135:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 4083:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4028:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3973:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3926:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3882:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3815:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3760:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3304:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2736: 2134: 2115: 2094: – Skydiving wildland firefighters 1890:, face mask and visor; climbing helmets 1226:studies, mechanistic studies have used 872: 233:Firefighter carrying out a ladder slide 14: 8335: 6209: 6130: 6088:Hong, O.; Samo, D.G. (1 August 2007). 4629:Environmental Science & Technology 3283:https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents 683: 138:, primarily to control and extinguish 7950: 7702: 6734: 6592:"National Incident Management System" 6391: 6186: 6161: 6070: 4697:10.1136/oemed-2018-ICOHabstracts.1178 3412:Painting, Firefighting, and Shiftwork 2222: 900: 8306: 7781:Denmark - Copenhagen Fire Department 7645: 7470:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 5379: 2180:"Hazardous Materials identification" 2177: 2116:Knowles, Michael (January 4, 2018). 1879:, including turnout jacket and pants 1865:such as spreaders, cutters, and rams 1136:. Noise exposures may contribute to 922: 505:Firefighting priorities and tactics: 376: 343:adding citations to reliable sources 310: 269: 6410:from the original on 12 August 2021 6379:from the original on 27 August 2021 6348:from the original on 12 August 2021 5960: 3146:"Worker Safety During Fire Cleanup" 2482: 2438:Faturechi, Robert (June 22, 2016). 2270:from the original on 13 August 2017 2135:Coulter, Martin (January 3, 2018). 1707:(although some firefighters in the 1703:. They do not usually have general 1657:Federal Emergency Management Agency 1615:Communication and command structure 1546:, all firefighters are volunteers. 1379:and at or above 90dBA according to 891:personal alert safety system device 216: 24: 7118:Self-contained breathing apparatus 6818:Firefighter assist and search team 6504:"SCDF Website - GENERAL: About Us" 5781:from the original on April 7, 2022 5683:10.1097/01.jom.0000235862.12518.04 4788:Occupational Safety and Hygiene VI 4730:"MicroRNA Changes in Firefighters" 3373:10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90 1741:Glossary of firefighting equipment 1085: 828:firefighter assist and search team 812:self-contained breathing apparatus 706: 25: 8364: 6709: 6344:. UK Fire Service Resources Ltd. 6053:"9 sources of firefighter stress" 2489:James Barron (January 24, 2005). 1956:. Likewise, fire fighters of the 1711:have limited police powers, like 1672:Federal Communications Commission 1493:Firefighters tackling a blaze in 1245:Firefighters regularly encounter 285:This section has multiple issues. 8316: 8305: 8295: 8294: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7633: 7632: 6843:Fire department ranks by country 6760: 6719:regarding risks for exposure to 6687: 6673: 6659: 6624: 6615: 6601: 6584: 6566: 6545: 6496: 6465: 6440: 6422: 6276: 6236: 6045: 2737:Setlack, Jennifer (2019-04-02). 2391:"NFPA Fire Sprinkler Initiative" 2369:International Code Council (ICC) 1800: 1788: 1773: 1750: 1691:Fire department ranks by country 1650:Firefighters are trained to use 1465:Fire department ranks by country 1409:Hearing loss prevention programs 1338: 585:Aircraft rescue and firefighting 579:Aircraft rescue and firefighting 381: 315: 274: 7994:Control of fire by early humans 7681: 7317:International Firefighters' Day 7277:Candidate Physical Ability Test 6576:. July 27, 2010. Archived from 6301:10.7162/S1809-97772013000100014 6021: 5997: 5973: 5954: 5919: 5878: 5821: 5793: 5763: 5746:"National Firefighter Registry" 5738: 5713: 5658: 5603: 5546: 5497: 5445: 5420: 5327: 5302: 5244: 5169: 5112: 4983: 4939: 4904: 4855: 4790:, CRC Press, pp. 267–271, 4778: 4720: 4671: 4616: 4566: 4509: 4439: 4390: 4368: 4345: 4224: 4169: 4125: 4070: 4015: 3960: 3916: 3869: 3802: 3750: 3685: 3628: 3574:International Journal of Cancer 3561: 3510: 3451: 3403: 3348: 3276: 3260: 3224:New England Journal of Medicine 3215: 3191: 3167: 3122: 3106: 3078: 2822: 2757: 2730: 2638: 2629: 2613: 2597: 2570: 2543: 2522: 2503: 2457: 2431: 2408: 2383: 2357: 2332: 2080:International Firefighters' Day 2003:, followed four years later by 818:and is worn to protect against 767: 293:or discuss these issues on the 251:. Sometimes it is known as the 8353:Protective service occupations 8348:Occupational safety and health 6828:Special operations firefighter 6717:Firefighters and EMS providers 6631:rogerwaters3320 (2021-04-16). 6534:. Fire Engineering. 2008-06-12 5928:Journal of Affective Disorders 4913:Annals of Occupational Hygiene 3653:10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3221 2308: 2282: 2252: 2196: 2171: 2147: 2128: 2109: 2075:Index of firefighting articles 2021: 1590:Marseille Naval Fire Battalion 1421:Types of coverage and workload 1345:post-traumatic stress disorder 763:Occupational health and safety 84: 76: 13: 1: 7367:Wildfire emergency management 6934:Hazardous materials apparatus 6094:Workplace Health & Safety 5349:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00390-4 5137:10.1080/15459624.2018.1540877 5071:10.1080/15459624.2017.1334904 4833:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30246-3 4469:10.1080/15287394.2017.1286896 2178:Hart, Jonathan (2021-11-05). 2103: 1871:Personal protective equipment 1455:Firefighting around the world 1333:National Firefighter Registry 1278:personal protective equipment 1069:devices. Hazard controls for 1039:personal protective equipment 658:emergency medical technicians 627:New York City Fire Department 550:or prevent post-fire runoff. 6555:. Fire Apparatus. 2016-06-07 5475:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060 5203:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105207 4746:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001307 2855:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106151 2465:"Anti-sprinkler legislation" 1997:first career fire department 1624:New South Wales Fire Brigade 1596:and maintains an armoury of 1132:in smoke is associated with 824:Personal Alert Safety System 406:Knowledge's inclusion policy 32:Firefighter (disambiguation) 7: 7342:World Police and Fire Games 7297:Fire protection engineering 6473:"Die Schweizer Feuerwehren" 6373:"Job Profile - Firefighter" 2045: 1536:combination fire department 913: 782:Firemen's Memorial (Boston) 745:public safety announcements 161:, is one of the three main 10: 8369: 7590:Glossary of wildfire terms 7322:List of firefighting films 6770:Personnel and organization 6621:Essentials of Firefighting 6553:"United States vs. Europe" 6107:10.1177/216507990705500803 5891:Clinical Psychology Review 5012:10.1080/152873901300343470 3718:10.1007/s00420-020-01539-0 2986:10.1186/s12940-021-00778-z 2082: – Observance (May 4) 1928: 1924: 1738: 1725:Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers 1688: 1609:emergency medical services 1458: 1445:volunteer fire departments 1424: 1414:Hearing protection devices 1369:noise-induced hearing loss 950: 674:fire service co-responding 651:emergency medical services 637:Emergency medical services 582: 557: 43:Firewoman (disambiguation) 36: 29: 8289: 8226: 8205: 8179: 8151: 8130: 8104: 8068: 8012: 7984: 7935: 7771:China (People's Republic) 7736: 7730:Geography of firefighting 7628: 7607: 7582: 7539: 7498: 7380: 7359: 7350: 7302:Geography of firefighting 7269: 7141: 6962: 6894: 6851: 6833:Volunteer fire department 6768: 5940:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.007 5904:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002 5846:10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2 5270:10.1038/s41370-019-0145-2 5182:Environment International 4961:10.1080/15298660008984572 4415:10.1136/oemed-2014-102671 4315:10.1136/oemed-2013-101803 4257:10.1007/s00420-018-1323-6 4194:10.1136/oemed-2017-104660 4095:10.1136/oemed-2018-105336 4040:10.1136/oemed-2016-104088 3985:10.1136/oemed-2015-103467 3828:10.1136/oemed-2019-105962 3316:10.1136/oemed-2013-101662 2835:Environment International 2005:St. Louis Fire Department 1578:fire service conscription 1507:fire fighters handling a 1427:Volunteer fire department 1363:Occupational hearing loss 1162: 1049:or safety glasses, heavy 1041:for fire cleanup include 1025:Polyaromatic hydrocarbons 596: 211: 206:emergency medical service 186:emergency medical service 92: 70: 65: 53: 8218:The Combustion Institute 7976: 7938:List of fire departments 7620:Template:Fire protection 7337:World Firefighters Games 7231:Gaseous fire suppression 4796:10.1201/9781351008884-47 3099:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2002129 2790:10.1177/1048291119893388 2698:10.1177/1048291119893388 2590:10.26616/nioshpub2018131 2563:10.26616/nioshpub2018133 1833:Flat-head and pick-head 1810:in firefighting gear on 1757:Turkish firefighters in 1684: 772: 728:Fire suppression systems 645:. In some jurisdictions 39:Fireman (disambiguation) 7307:History of firefighting 6342:"Retained Firefighters" 4925:10.1093/annhyg/35.6.581 4649:10.1021/acs.est.7b02850 2069:Incident Command System 1931:History of firefighting 1783:prepare their equipment 1661:Incident Command System 1106:cardiovascular diseases 1102:coronary artery disease 889:and be equipped with a 832:rapid intervention team 623:fire and rescue service 567:(known in Australia as 266:Structural firefighting 8060:Spontaneous combustion 7445:Firefighting apparatus 7133:Thermal imaging camera 7113:Secure information box 6929:Firefighting apparatus 5455:Environmental Research 4690:(Suppl 2): A412–A413. 3536:10.3390/ijerph18084209 3477:10.3390/ijerph18052519 3443:: CS1 maint: others ( 2916:10.3390/ijerph18052645 2743:University of Manitoba 2264:www.london-fire.gov.uk 2052:Firefighting apparatus 1949: 1941: 1914:Thermal imaging camera 1900:and Carbon flash hoods 1863:Hydraulic rescue tools 1721:fire safety inspectors 1627: 1515: 1497: 1486: 1461:Firefighting worldwide 1312:respiratory protection 1247:carcinogenic materials 1172: 1091:Cardiovascular disease 969: 807: 788: 716: 696: 695:after a chemical spill 643:emergency medical care 609: 573:volunteer firefighters 234: 226: 7927:Vatican City/Holy See 7490:Wildland water tender 7072:Hydraulic rescue tool 6838:Women in firefighting 6436:on December 28, 2008. 6430:"Organisation – ÖBFV" 6168:Occupational Medicine 5967:Nordic Labour Journal 5523:10.1093/occmed/kqw079 4593:10.1093/mutage/gex021 3092:. NIOSH. 2017-05-13. 2556:. NIOSH. 2018-05-01. 2205:Forest Fire in Canada 2098:Women in firefighting 1947: 1939: 1812:HMS Illustrious (R06) 1735:Firefighter equipment 1622: 1503: 1492: 1472: 1459:Further information: 1449:retained firefighters 1304:Wildland firefighters 1191:, which is caused by 1179:A 2015 retrospective 1170: 1157:myocardial infarction 960: 947:During debris cleanup 795:Firefighters wearing 794: 780: 759:suspected arsonists. 714: 691: 670:advanced life support 664:, and more rarely as 605:A demonstration of a 604: 554:Wildland firefighting 460:for other techniques. 232: 224: 7531:Wildland fire module 7485:Wildland fire engine 7372:Wildfire suppression 6909:Fire command vehicle 6904:Airport crash tender 6803:Retained firefighter 6162:Tubbs, R.L. (1995). 3246:10.1056/NEJMoa060357 2965:Environmental Health 2509:Zephyr Technologies 1830:Hand tools, such as 1781:Toronto firefighters 1431:Retained firefighter 967:September 11 attacks 873:Structural collapses 855:Future Force Warrior 801:Dyess Air Force Base 660:in order to deliver 560:Wildfire suppression 339:improve this section 30:For other uses, see 7390:Aerial firefighting 7246:Stop, drop and roll 7236:Multiple-alarm fire 7103:Portable water tank 7012:Fire proximity suit 6700:Black Hills Pioneer 5467:2019ER....173..462N 5337:The Lancet Oncology 5194:2020EnInt.13505207B 5004:2001JTEHA..63..437A 4821:The Lancet Oncology 4641:2017EnST...5112745K 4635:(21): 12745–12755. 4534:10.1038/jes.2015.75 4461:2017JTEHA..80..596A 4249:2018IAOEH..91..759P 3710:2020IAOEH..93..839C 2977:2021EnvHe..20...97C 2847:2021EnInt.15006151Y 2782:2020NewSo..29..487M 2690:2020NewSo..29..487M 2159:Public Safety Elite 1668:radio communication 1266:hazardous materials 1209:female firefighters 1187:. Firefighters had 1076:engineering control 991:, lung cancer, and 879:structural collapse 701:hazardous materials 684:Hazardous materials 631:London Fire Brigade 607:vehicle extrication 514:Incident Priorities 480:" rule, may extend 50: 7430:Fire retardant gel 7415:Fire lookout tower 7088:New York roof hook 6939:Light and air unit 6876:Fire lookout tower 6783:Chief fire officer 6669:. October 7, 2019. 5628:10.1002/ajim.23086 5571:10.1002/ajim.22466 4455:(13–15): 596–604. 4147:10.1002/ajim.22891 3938:10.1002/ajim.22434 3894:10.1002/ajim.22068 3772:10.1002/ajim.23086 3155:. 27 December 2012 2516:2010-04-07 at the 2496:The New York Times 2141:www.standard.co.uk 2028:pancake breakfasts 1950: 1942: 1628: 1594:Military of Monaco 1586:Paris Fire Brigade 1572:and many parts of 1516: 1498: 1487: 1475:Paris Fire Brigade 1274:chemical accidents 1207:may be present in 1181:longitudinal study 1173: 1130:particulate matter 1059:hearing protection 970: 907:traffic collisions 901:Traffic collisions 887:incident commander 808: 789: 717: 697: 662:basic life support 610: 260:fire extinguishers 235: 227: 190:Fire investigators 163:emergency services 48: 8330: 8329: 8239:List of wildfires 7944: 7943: 7696: 7695: 7603: 7602: 7595:List of wildfires 7455:Helicopter bucket 7450:Firefighting foam 7052:Hard suction hose 6997:Fire extinguisher 6987:Fire brigade keys 6059:. 9 February 2015 5777:. 17 March 2022. 4805:978-1-351-00888-4 3647:(11): 3221–3231. 3587:10.1002/ijc.32199 3580:(10): 2639–2646. 3367:(11): 1189–1202. 3230:(12): 1207–1215. 2294:Surrey Advertiser 2064:USAF Firefighting 2058:Firefighter arson 2012:police department 1818:, 25 October 2009 1763:Incirlik Air Base 1605:aerial appliances 1314:, and may inhale 1071:electrical injury 1023:, and many more. 923:Chemical exposure 895:Francis Brannigan 618:crashed vehicles. 614:burning buildings 452: 451: 444: 434: 433: 426: 375: 374: 367: 308: 120: 119: 87: 79: 16:(Redirected from 8360: 8320: 8309: 8308: 8298: 8297: 8143:Death by burning 8105:Individual fires 7971: 7964: 7957: 7948: 7947: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7700: 7699: 7684: 7683: 7672: 7671: 7660: 7659: 7648: 7647: 7636: 7635: 7357: 7356: 7292:Fire photography 7074:("Jaws of life") 7032:Fireman's switch 6755: 6748: 6741: 6732: 6731: 6704: 6703: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6506:. Archived from 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6478:. Archived from 6477: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6432:. Archived from 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6400: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6369: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6323: 6322: 6312: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6259: 6252:Arbete och Hälsa 6249: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6222: 6207: 6206: 6195: 6184: 6183: 6159: 6128: 6127: 6109: 6085: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5961:Lindahl, Björn. 5958: 5952: 5951: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5840:(6): 1001–1011. 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5809:. 23 August 2017 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5525: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5407: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5314:www.iarc.who.int 5306: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5215: 5205: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5083: 5073: 5049: 5040: 5039: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4699: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4595: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4480: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4294: 4285: 4284: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3848: 3830: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3599: 3589: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3538: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3497: 3479: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3434: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3335: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3239: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3142: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3006: 2988: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2918: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2617: 2611: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2582: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2555: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2526: 2520: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2238:The Boston Globe 2229: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2113: 2001:Cincinnati, Ohio 1804: 1792: 1777: 1754: 1635:to communicate. 1509:traffic accident 1495:Montreal, Canada 1357:sleep disruption 1320:prescribed fires 1236:oxidative stress 1114:hydrogen cyanide 961:Firefighters at 929:Flame retardants 820:smoke inhalation 753:public education 458:Fire suppression 447: 440: 429: 422: 418: 415: 409: 385: 384: 377: 370: 363: 359: 356: 350: 319: 311: 300: 278: 277: 270: 254:fire tetrahedron 217:Fire suppression 94:Activity sectors 86: 83: 78: 75: 58: 51: 47: 21: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8285: 8222: 8201: 8175: 8147: 8126: 8100: 8064: 8050:Fire protection 8008: 7980: 7975: 7945: 7940: 7931: 7732: 7727: 7697: 7692: 7669: 7657: 7624: 7599: 7578: 7535: 7494: 7395:Controlled burn 7382: 7376: 7346: 7287:Fire engine red 7265: 7256:Two-in, two-out 7211:Fireman's carry 7137: 7037:Flame retardant 6958: 6919:Fire motorcycle 6890: 6864:Fire department 6847: 6798:Station officer 6778:Battalion chief 6764: 6759: 6715:Fact Sheet for 6712: 6707: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6644: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6513: 6511: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6326: 6281: 6277: 6261: 6260: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6230:www.nonoise.org 6224: 6223: 6210: 6197: 6196: 6187: 6160: 6131: 6086: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6011: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5987: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5959: 5955: 5924: 5920: 5883: 5879: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5755: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5663: 5659: 5608: 5604: 5551: 5547: 5502: 5498: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5384: 5380: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5249: 5245: 5174: 5170: 5117: 5113: 5064:(10): 801–814. 5050: 5043: 4988: 4984: 4944: 4940: 4909: 4905: 4860: 4856: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4783: 4779: 4725: 4721: 4676: 4672: 4621: 4617: 4571: 4567: 4514: 4510: 4444: 4440: 4409:(10): 699–706. 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4350: 4346: 4295: 4288: 4229: 4225: 4174: 4170: 4141:(10): 815–823. 4130: 4126: 4075: 4071: 4020: 4016: 3979:(11): 761–771. 3965: 3961: 3921: 3917: 3874: 3870: 3807: 3803: 3755: 3751: 3690: 3686: 3633: 3629: 3566: 3562: 3515: 3511: 3456: 3452: 3436: 3435: 3423: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3353: 3349: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3237:10.1.1.495.4530 3220: 3216: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3144: 3143: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3020: 2957: 2950: 2895: 2888: 2827: 2823: 2762: 2758: 2735: 2731: 2670: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2618: 2614: 2602: 2598: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2518:Wayback Machine 2508: 2504: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2133: 2129: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2048: 2024: 1988:, now known as 1934: 1927: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1808:British sailors 1805: 1796: 1793: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1755: 1743: 1737: 1693: 1687: 1617: 1467: 1457: 1433: 1423: 1365: 1341: 1297:gamma radiation 1289:alpha radiation 1224:epidemiological 1222:In addition to 1201:prostate cancer 1165: 1134:atherosclerosis 1110:carbon monoxide 1093: 1088: 1086:Long-term risks 1080:N95 respirators 1067:fall protection 1063:steel-toe boots 955: 949: 925: 916: 903: 875: 775: 770: 765: 709: 707:Fire prevention 693:Decontamination 686: 639: 599: 587: 581: 562: 556: 506: 478:two in, two out 474:Structure fires 468:row house fires 448: 437: 436: 435: 430: 419: 413: 410: 396:Please help by 395: 386: 382: 371: 360: 354: 351: 336: 320: 279: 275: 268: 219: 214: 159:fire department 132:first responder 103:fire protection 95: 81: 61: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8366: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8313: 8302: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8276:Slash-and-burn 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8030:Dust explosion 8027: 8022: 8020:Chain reaction 8016: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7999:Historic fires 7996: 7990: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7974: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7951: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7917:United Kingdom 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7703: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7554: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425:Fire retardant 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7251:Structure fire 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7176:Door breaching 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7128:Smoke detector 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7027:Fireman's pole 7024: 7019: 7017:Fire retardant 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6949:Rescue vehicle 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6711: 6710:External links 6708: 6706: 6705: 6686: 6672: 6658: 6623: 6614: 6600: 6583: 6580:on 2010-07-27. 6565: 6544: 6520: 6495: 6464: 6439: 6421: 6390: 6359: 6324: 6295:(1): 080–084. 6275: 6235: 6208: 6185: 6174:(4): 843–885. 6129: 6100:(8): 313–319. 6069: 6044: 6020: 5996: 5972: 5953: 5918: 5877: 5820: 5792: 5762: 5737: 5712: 5677:(9): 883–888. 5657: 5622:(4): 285–299. 5602: 5565:(7): 715–729. 5545: 5516:(7): 536–542. 5496: 5444: 5419: 5378: 5343:(8): 985–986. 5326: 5301: 5264:(2): 338–349. 5243: 5168: 5131:(2): 129–140. 5111: 5041: 4998:(6): 437–458. 4982: 4955:(5): 636–641. 4938: 4919:(6): 581–602. 4903: 4854: 4827:(6): 763–764. 4810: 4804: 4777: 4740:(5): 469–474. 4719: 4670: 4615: 4586:(1): 105–115. 4565: 4508: 4438: 4389: 4367: 4344: 4309:(6): 398–404. 4286: 4243:(6): 759–766. 4223: 4188:(4): 263–269. 4168: 4124: 4089:(4): 215–221. 4069: 4034:(9): 628–638. 4014: 3959: 3932:(4): 437–443. 3915: 3888:(9): 768–778. 3868: 3801: 3766:(4): 285–299. 3749: 3704:(7): 839–852. 3684: 3627: 3560: 3509: 3450: 3421: 3402: 3347: 3310:(6): 388–397. 3287: 3275: 3259: 3214: 3190: 3166: 3130: 3121: 3105: 3077: 3046: 3018: 2948: 2886: 2821: 2776:(4): 487–503. 2756: 2729: 2684:(4): 487–503. 2661: 2637: 2628: 2612: 2610:. August 1999. 2596: 2583:. 2018-05-01. 2569: 2542: 2521: 2502: 2481: 2456: 2430: 2407: 2382: 2356: 2331: 2307: 2281: 2251: 2221: 2195: 2170: 2155:"Fire Academy" 2146: 2127: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2044: 2023: 2020: 2016:trash services 1958:Roman Republic 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896:, gloves, and 1891: 1885: 1880: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1855:Spanner wrench 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1821: 1820: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1689:Main article: 1686: 1683: 1652:communications 1616: 1613: 1551:Czech Republic 1524:United Kingdom 1456: 1453: 1422: 1419: 1364: 1361: 1340: 1337: 1331:to create the 1293:beta radiation 1205:bladder cancer 1197:bladder cancer 1164: 1161: 1097:cardiovascular 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1074:an area is an 951:Main article: 948: 945: 924: 921: 915: 912: 902: 899: 874: 871: 867:rhabdomyolysis 816:full face mask 805:Abilene, Texas 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 732:fire sprinkler 708: 705: 685: 682: 638: 635: 598: 595: 583:Main article: 580: 577: 558:Main article: 555: 552: 504: 463: 462: 450: 449: 432: 431: 389: 387: 380: 373: 372: 323: 321: 314: 309: 283: 282: 280: 273: 267: 264: 218: 215: 213: 210: 118: 117: 111:public service 96: 93: 90: 89: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8365: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8312: 8303: 8301: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206:Organizations 8204: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7922:United States 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7816:Hong Kong SAR 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7719: 7717: 7712: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7689: 7688: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7615:Template:Fire 7613: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7557:United States 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332:Saint Florian 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270:Miscellaneous 7268: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Fire triangle 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166:Dead man zone 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062:Heat detector 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6668: 6662: 6654: 6648: 6634: 6627: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6593: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6554: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6510:on 2016-12-28 6509: 6505: 6499: 6485:on 2018-01-28 6481: 6474: 6468: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6409: 6405: 6404:"Firefighter" 6399: 6397: 6395: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6271: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5785:September 30, 5780: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4377: 4371: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3422:9789283215981 3418: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3125: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2511:BioHarness BT 2506: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2418: 2411: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2212:on 2009-05-30 2211: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2122:Express.co.uk 2119: 2112: 2108: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995:In 1853, the 1993: 1991: 1987: 1986:New Amsterdam 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:ancient Egypt 1946: 1938: 1932: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:fire marshals 1714: 1710: 1709:United States 1706: 1705:police powers 1702: 1698: 1692: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:United States 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1402:impulse noise 1397: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1353:fire stations 1349: 1346: 1339:Mental stress 1336: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1083: 1082:can be used. 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1032:electrocution 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 968: 964: 959: 954: 944: 940: 938: 933: 930: 920: 911: 908: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 851: 846: 842: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 806: 802: 798: 793: 787: 783: 779: 760: 756: 754: 750: 746: 740: 737: 733: 729: 725: 723: 713: 704: 702: 694: 690: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 634: 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 608: 603: 594: 591: 586: 576: 574: 570: 566: 561: 551: 547: 544: 540: 536: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 515: 511: 508: 507: 501: 497: 493: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 469: 461: 459: 454: 453: 446: 443: 428: 425: 417: 414:November 2023 407: 403: 399: 393: 390:This article 388: 379: 378: 369: 366: 358: 348: 344: 340: 334: 333: 329: 324:This section 322: 318: 313: 312: 307: 305: 298: 297: 292: 291: 286: 281: 272: 271: 263: 261: 256: 255: 250: 249: 248:fire triangle 244: 240: 231: 223: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194:fire marshals 191: 187: 183: 178: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 116: 115:public safety 112: 108: 107:civil service 104: 100: 97: 91: 73: 69: 64: 57: 52: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8343:Firefighters 8251:Firefighting 8192:Fire worship 8170: 8035:Fire ecology 7686: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7547:Ancient Rome 7521:Hotshot crew 7506:Fire lookout 7405:Fire flapper 7196:Fire control 7161:Chimney fire 7047:Halligan bar 7022:Fire shelter 7007:Fire hydrant 6982:Fire blanket 6977:Escape chair 6954:Water tender 6881:Fire station 6808:Fire marshal 6788:Fire captain 6769: 6762:Firefighting 6699: 6689: 6675: 6661: 6636:. Retrieved 6626: 6617: 6603: 6586: 6578:the original 6568: 6557:. Retrieved 6547: 6536:. Retrieved 6512:. Retrieved 6508:the original 6498: 6487:. Retrieved 6480:the original 6467: 6456:. Retrieved 6454:. 2014-04-29 6451: 6442: 6434:the original 6424: 6412:. Retrieved 6381:. Retrieved 6350:. Retrieved 6292: 6288: 6278: 6264:cite journal 6255: 6251: 6238: 6229: 6203:www.osha.gov 6202: 6171: 6167: 6097: 6093: 6061:. Retrieved 6056: 6047: 6036:. Retrieved 6033:www.nfpa.org 6032: 6023: 6012:. Retrieved 6008: 5999: 5988:. Retrieved 5984: 5975: 5966: 5956: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5813:22 September 5811:. Retrieved 5806:The Guardian 5804: 5795: 5783:. Retrieved 5774: 5765: 5754:. Retrieved 5752:. 2022-09-19 5749: 5740: 5728:. Retrieved 5724: 5715: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5435:. Retrieved 5431: 5422: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5319:September 1, 5317:. Retrieved 5313: 5304: 5261: 5257: 5246: 5213:10356/148860 5185: 5181: 5171: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5061: 5057: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4787: 4780: 4737: 4733: 4722: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4583: 4579: 4568: 4528:(1): 78–83. 4525: 4521: 4511: 4478:10216/111908 4452: 4448: 4441: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4380:. Retrieved 4370: 4358:. Retrieved 4347: 4306: 4302: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4031: 4027: 4017: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3821:(2): 84–93. 3818: 3814: 3804: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3411: 3405: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3307: 3303: 3278: 3262: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3206:. Retrieved 3202: 3193: 3182:. Retrieved 3178: 3169: 3157:. Retrieved 3149: 3124: 3108: 3089: 3080: 3068:. Retrieved 3066:. April 2019 3061: 3037: 2968: 2964: 2906: 2902: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2742: 2732: 2681: 2677: 2653:. Retrieved 2649: 2640: 2631: 2615: 2599: 2572: 2545: 2534:. Retrieved 2524: 2505: 2494: 2484: 2472:. Retrieved 2468: 2459: 2447:. Retrieved 2443: 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2410: 2398:. Retrieved 2394: 2385: 2373:. Retrieved 2371:. 2015-03-20 2368: 2359: 2347:. Retrieved 2343: 2334: 2323:. Retrieved 2319: 2310: 2298:. Retrieved 2296:. 9 May 2016 2284: 2272:. Retrieved 2263: 2254: 2243:. Retrieved 2241:. 2013-09-07 2236: 2214:, retrieved 2210:the original 2204: 2198: 2187:. Retrieved 2184:www.nfpa.org 2183: 2173: 2162:. Retrieved 2158: 2149: 2140: 2130: 2121: 2111: 2025: 2009: 1994: 1983: 1951: 1919:Gas detector 1894:Safety boots 1845:Halligan bar 1825: 1729: 1694: 1676: 1665: 1649: 1645: 1640:000 Operator 1637: 1629: 1602: 1568:Atypically, 1567: 1548: 1517: 1442: 1434: 1406: 1398: 1390: 1366: 1350: 1342: 1325: 1308:forest fires 1301: 1282: 1259: 1255:turnout gear 1244: 1221: 1189:mesothelioma 1178: 1174: 1150: 1138:hypertension 1094: 1036: 1029: 993:mesothelioma 974: 971: 941: 934: 926: 917: 904: 883:truss system 876: 864: 843: 836: 809: 768:Direct risks 757: 749:smoke alarms 741: 735: 726: 718: 698: 678:response car 655: 640: 622: 611: 588: 563: 548: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 498: 494: 490: 472: 464: 455: 438: 420: 411: 398:spinning off 391: 361: 352: 337:Please help 325: 301: 294: 288: 287:Please help 284: 252: 246: 236: 179: 175: 155:fire service 152: 147: 143: 136:firefighting 128:fire fighter 127: 123: 121: 8281:Fire making 8197:Terra preta 8171:Firefighter 8045:Flash point 8040:Fire piston 7902:South Korea 7877:Philippines 7867:New Zealand 7862:Netherlands 7540:By location 7526:Smokejumper 7383:and tactics 7261:Ventilation 7201:Fire safety 7186:False alarm 7143:Terminology 7093:PASS device 7067:Hose bridge 7057:Hazmat suit 6992:Fire bucket 6972:Bunker gear 6914:Fire engine 6859:Drill tower 6813:Fire police 6057:FireRescue1 5934:: 163–171. 5775:FireRescue1 5725:GovTrack.us 5461:: 462–468. 5437:February 1, 5432:www.bls.gov 5081:2142/101922 4580:Mutagenesis 3597:10037/17313 3529:(8): 4209. 3470:(5): 2519. 3114:29 CFR 2909:(5): 2645. 2650:FireRescue1 2626:. May 2005. 2300:3 September 2092:Smokejumper 2032:chili feeds 2022:Fundraisers 1975:night watch 1877:Bunker gear 1713:fire police 1574:Switzerland 1559:New Zealand 1479:French Army 1371:(NIHL) and 1316:particulate 1213:lung cancer 1153:tachycardia 1146:heat stress 1051:work gloves 965:during the 963:Ground Zero 850:PASS device 845:Heat injury 830:(FAST), or 786:John Wilson 668:to deliver 535:ventilation 355:August 2021 167:urban areas 134:trained in 124:firefighter 82:Firewoman ( 49:Firefighter 8337:Categories 8322:Wiktionary 8261:Fire whirl 8159:Pyromanias 8117:By country 8069:Components 8025:Combustion 7850:Malaysia ( 7841:Luxembourg 7572:Washington 7567:California 7435:Fire trail 7381:Equipment 7221:Flash fire 7191:Fire class 7171:Deluge gun 7108:Rotary saw 7078:Kelly tool 7042:Fog nozzle 6886:Hose tower 6852:Facilities 6793:Fire chief 6638:2023-12-13 6559:2019-07-17 6538:2019-07-17 6514:2018-08-28 6489:2016-08-23 6458:2019-07-17 6063:2019-11-26 6038:2018-09-11 6014:2018-09-11 5990:2018-09-11 5756:2022-11-08 5188:: 105207. 3431:1066415095 3273:July 2007. 3208:2020-03-28 3184:2020-03-28 2841:: 106151. 2751:1993/34347 2655:2020-12-05 2536:2012-12-10 2532:. Osha.gov 2444:Propublica 2325:2023-12-13 2245:2017-09-22 2216:2009-05-01 2189:2023-11-29 2164:2016-03-10 2104:References 2040:car washes 1962:Principate 1850:Flashlight 1505:Indonesian 1438:shift work 1425:See also: 1270:oil spills 1262:shift work 1240:epigenetic 1232:DNA damage 1228:biomarkers 989:asbestosis 722:fire codes 666:paramedics 402:relocating 290:improve it 202:negligence 169:to aboard 88:firewomen) 66:Occupation 8266:Blue lava 8256:Firestorm 8246:Backdraft 8234:Wildfires 8187:Cremation 8055:Pyrolysis 7897:Sri Lanka 7892:Singapore 7846:Macau SAR 7821:Indonesia 7756:Australia 7552:Australia 7499:Personnel 7460:Hose pack 7440:Firebreak 7420:Fire rake 7410:Fire hose 7400:Driptorch 7352:Wildfires 7282:Fire camp 7226:Flashover 7156:Barn fire 7151:Backdraft 7002:Fire hose 6964:Equipment 6896:Apparatus 6414:12 August 6383:12 August 6352:12 August 6009:USA TODAY 5985:Firehouse 5897:: 25–44. 5854:0933-7954 5691:1076-2752 5652:210191181 5636:1097-0274 5579:0271-3586 5532:1471-8405 5491:108987257 5398:: 9–764. 5373:250227232 5357:1470-2045 5278:1559-0631 5238:208870627 5222:0160-4120 5145:1545-9624 5090:1545-9624 5020:1528-7394 4969:1529-8663 4880:1017-1606 4874:: 9–764. 4849:128350881 4754:1076-2752 4706:1351-0711 4657:0013-936X 4602:0267-8357 4542:1559-0631 4503:205867973 4487:1528-7394 4382:6 January 4360:6 January 4323:1351-0711 4265:0340-0131 4202:1351-0711 4103:1470-7926 4048:1351-0711 3993:1351-0711 3946:1097-0274 3863:209677270 3837:1351-0711 3796:210191181 3780:0271-3586 3726:0340-0131 3661:2476-762X 3606:0020-7136 3486:1660-4601 3439:cite book 3381:1076-2752 3324:1351-0711 3232:CiteSeerX 3128:IARC 2002 3117:1910.1001 2995:1476-069X 2971:(1): 97. 2925:1660-4601 2863:0160-4120 2798:1048-2911 2706:1048-2911 1977:and city 1840:Pike pole 1816:Liverpool 1678:Ten codes 1633:megaphone 1570:Singapore 1285:radiation 1104:or other 1057:or other 1043:hard hats 1037:Standard 1017:manganese 997:beryllium 981:silicosis 647:first aid 569:bushfires 565:Wildfires 543:backdraft 539:flashover 482:fire hose 456:See also 326:does not 296:talk page 148:firewomen 74:Fireman ( 8300:Category 7882:Romanian 7663:Glossary 7639:Category 7608:See also 7516:Helitack 7511:Handcrew 7241:Rollover 7216:Firewall 6924:Fireboat 6823:Handcrew 6721:COVID-19 6647:cite web 6452:BBC News 6408:Archived 6377:Archived 6346:Archived 6319:25991998 6124:36850759 6116:17847625 5948:26339926 5913:26719976 5872:21681455 5779:Archived 5707:45179842 5699:16966954 5644:31930542 5597:25943908 5540:27371948 5483:30981117 5414:21381544 5365:35780778 5296:31175324 5230:31812113 5163:30427284 5106:44916370 5098:28636458 5036:36263955 5028:11482799 4977:11071414 4898:21381544 4841:31005580 4772:29465512 4714:80490930 4665:29043785 4610:29045708 4560:26555473 4495:28524757 4433:25673342 4339:24392558 4331:24510539 4281:44168738 4273:29808435 4210:29055884 4163:51905238 4155:30073696 4119:59226066 4111:30674605 4064:32602571 4056:28391245 4009:43114491 4001:27456156 3954:25708859 3910:41791288 3902:22628010 3855:31896615 3846:10165610 3788:31930542 3744:32306177 3679:31759344 3622:73451966 3614:30737784 3555:33921138 3504:33802629 3389:17099456 3342:24142974 3254:17377158 3159:25 March 3070:27 March 3013:34454526 2943:33807996 2881:33092866 2816:31841060 2724:31841060 2514:Archived 2320:festi.ca 2268:Archived 2046:See also 1990:New York 1966:Augustus 1964:period, 1697:military 1598:sidearms 1588:and the 1394:ototoxic 1373:tinnitus 1217:leukemia 1193:asbestos 1122:nitrogen 1055:earplugs 1005:chromium 985:asbestos 914:Violence 743:writing 590:Airports 80:firemen) 71:Synonyms 8311:Commons 8180:Culture 8122:By year 8112:By type 8013:Science 7986:History 7836:Jamaica 7801:Germany 7791:Finland 7786:Estonia 7761:Belgium 7751:Andorra 7746:Algeria 7741:Albania 7687:Outline 7651:Commons 7562:History 7475:Pulaski 7360:General 7098:The pig 6310:4423242 6180:8903753 5863:3974968 5588:4527530 5463:Bibcode 5405:4781497 5287:7323473 5190:Bibcode 5154:8647047 5000:Bibcode 4933:1768008 4889:4781497 4763:5959213 4637:Bibcode 4551:5140750 4457:Bibcode 4424:4558385 4245:Bibcode 4218:4395029 3735:7452930 3706:Bibcode 3670:7063017 3546:8071552 3495:7967542 3397:1659335 3333:4499779 3269:Alert: 3004:8403436 2973:Bibcode 2934:7967649 2872:7940547 2843:Bibcode 2807:8594050 2778:Bibcode 2715:8594050 2686:Bibcode 2622:Alert: 2606:Alert: 1971:Vigiles 1925:History 1582:Denmark 1532:Austria 1528:Germany 1513:Jakarta 1126:Hypoxia 1047:goggles 1001:cadmium 736:greatly 347:removed 332:sources 165:. From 144:firemen 130:) is a 18:Firemen 8315: 8304: 8293: 8152:People 8081:Oxygen 7912:Turkey 7907:Taiwan 7887:Russia 7872:Poland 7826:Israel 7811:Greece 7796:France 7776:Cyprus 7766:Brunei 7465:McLeod 7327:Muster 6317: 6307: 6258:: 177. 6178: 6122: 6114: 5946: 5911: 5870: 5860: 5852: 5730:May 9, 5705: 5697: 5689: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5595: 5585: 5577: 5538: 5530: 5489: 5481: 5412: 5402: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5294: 5284: 5276: 5236: 5228: 5220: 5161: 5151: 5143: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5034: 5026: 5018: 4975: 4967: 4931: 4896: 4886: 4878: 4847: 4839: 4802: 4770: 4760: 4752: 4712: 4704: 4663: 4655: 4608: 4600: 4558: 4548: 4540: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4431: 4421: 4337: 4329: 4321: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4216: 4208: 4200: 4161: 4153: 4117: 4109: 4101: 4062: 4054: 4046: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3952: 3944: 3908: 3900: 3861: 3853: 3843: 3835: 3794: 3786: 3778: 3742: 3732: 3724: 3677: 3667: 3659: 3620: 3612: 3604: 3553: 3543: 3502: 3492: 3484: 3429: 3419: 3395: 3387: 3379: 3340: 3330: 3322: 3252: 3234: 3011: 3001: 2993: 2941: 2931: 2923: 2879: 2869: 2861: 2814: 2804: 2796: 2722: 2712: 2704: 2474:8 July 2449:8 July 2423:8 July 2400:8 July 2375:8 July 2349:8 July 2260:"News" 2086:Rescue 2038:, and 1979:police 1888:Helmet 1767:Turkey 1701:police 1563:Canada 1555:Israel 1295:, and 1238:, and 1185:cancer 1163:Cancer 1142:stress 1118:carbon 1065:, and 1021:nickel 1009:cobalt 977:Silica 597:Rescue 243:oxygen 212:Duties 182:police 99:Rescue 8227:Other 8164:Child 8138:Arson 8131:Crime 8096:Smoke 8091:Flame 7831:Italy 7806:Ghana 7675:Index 7583:Lists 7181:Draft 7123:Siren 7083:Nomex 6944:Quint 6595:(PDF) 6483:(PDF) 6476:(PDF) 6248:(PDF) 6120:S2CID 5703:S2CID 5648:S2CID 5487:S2CID 5369:S2CID 5234:S2CID 5102:S2CID 5032:S2CID 4845:S2CID 4710:S2CID 4499:S2CID 4335:S2CID 4277:S2CID 4214:S2CID 4159:S2CID 4115:S2CID 4060:S2CID 4005:S2CID 3906:S2CID 3859:S2CID 3792:S2CID 3618:S2CID 3393:S2CID 3150:U.S. 3038:U.S. 3034:(PDF) 2581:(PDF) 2554:(PDF) 2274:5 May 2036:fairs 1898:Nomex 1685:Ranks 1576:have 1540:Chile 1538:. In 1483:Paris 1477:is a 1377:NIOSH 839:ropes 773:Fires 486:fuels 198:arson 171:ships 140:fires 8086:Heat 8076:Fuel 7978:Fire 7856:MCDF 7852:JBPM 6869:list 6653:link 6416:2021 6385:2021 6354:2021 6315:PMID 6270:link 6176:PMID 6112:PMID 5944:PMID 5909:PMID 5868:PMID 5850:ISSN 5815:2017 5787:2022 5732:2022 5695:PMID 5687:ISSN 5640:PMID 5632:ISSN 5593:PMID 5575:ISSN 5536:PMID 5528:ISSN 5479:PMID 5439:2022 5410:PMID 5361:PMID 5353:ISSN 5321:2022 5292:PMID 5274:ISSN 5226:PMID 5218:ISSN 5159:PMID 5141:ISSN 5094:PMID 5086:ISSN 5024:PMID 5016:ISSN 4973:PMID 4965:ISSN 4929:PMID 4894:PMID 4876:ISSN 4837:PMID 4800:ISBN 4768:PMID 4750:ISSN 4702:ISSN 4661:PMID 4653:ISSN 4606:PMID 4598:ISSN 4556:PMID 4538:ISSN 4491:PMID 4483:ISSN 4429:PMID 4384:2015 4362:2015 4327:PMID 4319:ISSN 4269:PMID 4261:ISSN 4206:PMID 4198:ISSN 4151:PMID 4107:PMID 4099:ISSN 4052:PMID 4044:ISSN 3997:PMID 3989:ISSN 3950:PMID 3942:ISSN 3898:PMID 3851:PMID 3833:ISSN 3784:PMID 3776:ISSN 3740:PMID 3722:ISSN 3675:PMID 3657:ISSN 3610:PMID 3602:ISSN 3551:PMID 3500:PMID 3482:ISSN 3445:link 3427:OCLC 3417:ISBN 3385:PMID 3377:ISSN 3338:PMID 3320:ISSN 3250:PMID 3161:2020 3072:2020 3009:PMID 2991:ISSN 2939:PMID 2921:ISSN 2877:PMID 2859:ISSN 2812:PMID 2794:ISSN 2720:PMID 2702:ISSN 2476:2018 2451:2018 2425:2018 2402:2018 2377:2018 2351:2018 2302:2018 2276:2018 2030:and 2014:and 1759:MOPP 1666:All 1557:and 1544:Peru 1542:and 1530:and 1522:and 1473:The 1463:and 1429:and 1381:OSHA 1272:and 1215:and 1199:and 1120:and 1013:lead 937:PFAS 860:OSHA 629:and 616:and 330:any 328:cite 239:fuel 184:and 153:The 126:(or 41:and 8271:Ash 6305:PMC 6297:doi 6102:doi 5936:doi 5932:187 5899:doi 5858:PMC 5842:doi 5679:doi 5624:doi 5583:PMC 5567:doi 5518:doi 5471:doi 5459:173 5400:PMC 5345:doi 5282:PMC 5266:doi 5208:hdl 5198:doi 5186:135 5149:PMC 5133:doi 5076:hdl 5066:doi 5008:doi 4957:doi 4921:doi 4884:PMC 4829:doi 4792:doi 4758:PMC 4742:doi 4692:doi 4645:doi 4588:doi 4546:PMC 4530:doi 4473:hdl 4465:doi 4419:PMC 4411:doi 4311:doi 4253:doi 4190:doi 4143:doi 4091:doi 4036:doi 3981:doi 3934:doi 3890:doi 3841:PMC 3823:doi 3768:doi 3730:PMC 3714:doi 3665:PMC 3649:doi 3592:hdl 3582:doi 3578:145 3541:PMC 3531:doi 3490:PMC 3472:doi 3369:doi 3328:PMC 3312:doi 3242:doi 3228:356 3094:doi 2999:PMC 2981:doi 2929:PMC 2911:doi 2867:PMC 2851:doi 2839:150 2802:PMC 2786:doi 2747:hdl 2710:PMC 2694:doi 2585:doi 2558:doi 1835:axe 1719:or 1699:or 1511:in 1385:dBA 1299:). 803:in 797:PPE 784:by 541:or 400:or 341:by 200:or 192:or 150:). 85:PL: 77:PL: 8339:: 6723:, 6698:. 6649:}} 6645:{{ 6523:^ 6450:. 6393:^ 6362:^ 6327:^ 6313:. 6303:. 6293:17 6291:. 6287:. 6266:}} 6262:{{ 6256:44 6254:. 6250:. 6228:. 6211:^ 6201:. 6188:^ 6172:10 6170:. 6166:. 6132:^ 6118:. 6110:. 6098:55 6096:. 6092:. 6072:^ 6055:. 6031:. 6007:. 5983:. 5965:. 5942:. 5930:. 5907:. 5895:44 5893:. 5889:. 5866:. 5856:. 5848:. 5838:47 5836:. 5832:. 5803:. 5773:. 5748:. 5723:. 5701:. 5693:. 5685:. 5675:48 5673:. 5669:. 5646:. 5638:. 5630:. 5620:63 5618:. 5614:. 5591:. 5581:. 5573:. 5563:58 5561:. 5557:. 5534:. 5526:. 5514:66 5512:. 5508:. 5485:. 5477:. 5469:. 5457:. 5430:. 5408:. 5396:98 5394:. 5390:. 5367:. 5359:. 5351:. 5341:23 5339:. 5312:. 5290:. 5280:. 5272:. 5262:30 5260:. 5256:. 5232:. 5224:. 5216:. 5206:. 5196:. 5184:. 5180:. 5157:. 5147:. 5139:. 5129:16 5127:. 5123:. 5100:. 5092:. 5084:. 5074:. 5062:14 5060:. 5056:. 5044:^ 5030:. 5022:. 5014:. 5006:. 4996:63 4994:. 4971:. 4963:. 4953:61 4951:. 4927:. 4917:35 4915:. 4892:. 4882:. 4872:98 4870:. 4866:. 4843:. 4835:. 4825:20 4823:. 4798:, 4766:. 4756:. 4748:. 4738:60 4736:. 4732:. 4708:. 4700:. 4688:75 4686:. 4682:. 4659:. 4651:. 4643:. 4633:51 4631:. 4627:. 4604:. 4596:. 4584:33 4582:. 4578:. 4554:. 4544:. 4536:. 4526:27 4524:. 4520:. 4497:. 4489:. 4481:. 4471:. 4463:. 4453:80 4451:. 4427:. 4417:. 4407:72 4405:. 4401:. 4333:. 4325:. 4317:. 4307:71 4305:. 4301:. 4289:^ 4275:. 4267:. 4259:. 4251:. 4241:91 4239:. 4235:. 4212:. 4204:. 4196:. 4186:75 4184:. 4180:. 4157:. 4149:. 4139:61 4137:. 4113:. 4105:. 4097:. 4087:76 4085:. 4081:. 4058:. 4050:. 4042:. 4032:74 4030:. 4026:. 4003:. 3995:. 3987:. 3977:73 3975:. 3971:. 3948:. 3940:. 3930:58 3928:. 3904:. 3896:. 3886:55 3884:. 3880:. 3857:. 3849:. 3839:. 3831:. 3819:77 3817:. 3813:. 3790:. 3782:. 3774:. 3764:63 3762:. 3738:. 3728:. 3720:. 3712:. 3702:93 3700:. 3696:. 3673:. 3663:. 3655:. 3645:20 3643:. 3639:. 3616:. 3608:. 3600:. 3590:. 3576:. 3572:. 3549:. 3539:. 3527:18 3525:. 3521:. 3498:. 3488:. 3480:. 3468:18 3466:. 3462:. 3441:}} 3437:{{ 3425:. 3391:. 3383:. 3375:. 3365:48 3363:. 3359:. 3336:. 3326:. 3318:. 3308:71 3306:. 3302:. 3290:^ 3248:. 3240:. 3226:. 3201:. 3177:. 3148:. 3133:^ 3088:. 3060:. 3049:^ 3036:. 3021:^ 3007:. 2997:. 2989:. 2979:. 2969:20 2967:. 2963:. 2951:^ 2937:. 2927:. 2919:. 2907:18 2905:. 2901:. 2889:^ 2875:. 2865:. 2857:. 2849:. 2837:. 2833:. 2810:. 2800:. 2792:. 2784:. 2774:29 2772:. 2768:. 2745:. 2741:. 2718:. 2708:. 2700:. 2692:. 2682:29 2680:. 2676:. 2664:^ 2648:. 2493:. 2467:. 2442:. 2393:. 2367:. 2342:. 2318:. 2292:. 2266:. 2262:. 2235:. 2224:^ 2182:. 2157:. 2139:. 2120:. 2042:. 1814:, 1765:, 1663:. 1611:. 1553:, 1396:. 1383:. 1291:, 1234:, 1144:, 1061:, 1053:, 1045:, 1019:, 1015:, 1011:, 1007:, 1003:, 999:, 680:. 299:. 262:. 241:, 208:. 122:A 113:, 109:, 105:, 101:, 7970:e 7963:t 7956:v 7858:) 7854:• 7722:e 7715:t 7708:v 6754:e 6747:t 6740:v 6727:. 6702:. 6683:. 6655:) 6641:. 6611:. 6562:. 6541:. 6517:. 6492:. 6461:. 6418:. 6387:. 6356:. 6321:. 6299:: 6272:) 6232:. 6205:. 6182:. 6126:. 6104:: 6066:. 6041:. 6017:. 5993:. 5969:. 5950:. 5938:: 5915:. 5901:: 5874:. 5844:: 5817:. 5789:. 5759:. 5734:. 5709:. 5681:: 5654:. 5626:: 5599:. 5569:: 5542:. 5520:: 5493:. 5473:: 5465:: 5441:. 5416:. 5375:. 5347:: 5323:. 5298:. 5268:: 5240:. 5210:: 5200:: 5192:: 5165:. 5135:: 5108:. 5078:: 5068:: 5038:. 5010:: 5002:: 4979:. 4959:: 4935:. 4923:: 4900:. 4851:. 4831:: 4794:: 4774:. 4744:: 4716:. 4694:: 4667:. 4647:: 4639:: 4612:. 4590:: 4562:. 4532:: 4505:. 4475:: 4467:: 4459:: 4435:. 4413:: 4386:. 4364:. 4341:. 4313:: 4283:. 4255:: 4247:: 4220:. 4192:: 4165:. 4145:: 4121:. 4093:: 4066:. 4038:: 4011:. 3983:: 3956:. 3936:: 3912:. 3892:: 3865:. 3825:: 3798:. 3770:: 3746:. 3716:: 3708:: 3681:. 3651:: 3624:. 3594:: 3584:: 3557:. 3533:: 3506:. 3474:: 3447:) 3433:. 3399:. 3371:: 3344:. 3314:: 3256:. 3244:: 3211:. 3187:. 3163:. 3102:. 3096:: 3074:. 3043:. 3015:. 2983:: 2975:: 2945:. 2913:: 2883:. 2853:: 2845:: 2818:. 2788:: 2780:: 2753:. 2749:: 2726:. 2696:: 2688:: 2658:. 2593:. 2587:: 2566:. 2560:: 2539:. 2499:. 2478:. 2453:. 2427:. 2404:. 2379:. 2353:. 2328:. 2304:. 2278:. 2248:. 2192:. 2167:. 2143:. 2124:. 1933:. 1287:( 445:) 439:( 427:) 421:( 416:) 412:( 408:. 394:. 368:) 362:( 357:) 353:( 349:. 335:. 306:) 302:( 45:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.