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estimated at 30 million. While pigs are thought to have been brought to New
Zealand by the original Polynesian settlers, this population had become extinct by the time of European colonization, and all feral pigs in New Zealand today are descendants of European stock. Many European wild boar populations are also partially descended from escaped domestic pigs and are thus feral animals within the native range of the ancestral species.
586:
705:
873:, American mustangs were routinely captured and sold for horsemeat. In Australia feral goats, pigs and dromedaries are harvested for the export for their meat trade. At certain times, animals were sometimes deliberately left to go feral, typically on islands, in order to be later recovered for profit or food use for travelers (particularly sailors) at the end of a few years.
853:
environmentally-stressed regions of Africa. Accidental crossbreeding by feral animals may result in harm to breeding programs of pedigreed animals; their presence may also excite domestic animals and push them to escape. Feral populations can also pass on transmissible infections to domestic herds. Loss to farmers by aggressive feral dog population is common in India.
730:(the closest wild relative of domestic chickens), wild cocks will take flight and roost in tall trees and bushes in order to avoid predators at night. Wild cocks typically form social groups composed of, a dominant cockerel, several hens, and subordinate cocks. Sometimes the dominant cockerel is designated by a fight between cocks.
604:
and the
Pacific Islands. Pigs were introduced to the Melanesian and Polynesian regions by humans from several thousand to 500 years ago, and to the Americas within the past 500 years. In Australia, domesticated pigs escaped in the 18th century, and now cover 40 percent of Australia, with a population
236:
is one that has escaped from a domestic or captive status and is living more or less as a wild animal, or one that is descended from such animals. Other definitions include animals that have changed from being domesticated to being wild, natural, or untamed. Some common examples of animals with feral
351:
Certain familiar animals go feral easily and successfully, while others are much less inclined to wander and usually fail promptly outside domestication. Some species will detach readily from humans and pursue their own devices, but do not stray far or spread readily. Others depart and are gone,
881:
Populations of feral animals present good sources for studies of population dynamics, and especially of ecology and behavior (ethology) in a wide state of species known mainly in a domestic state. Such observations can provide useful information for the stock breeders or other owners of the
852:
or introducing seeds of invasive plants). Although hotly disputed, some cite as an example the competition between feral horses and cattle in the western United States. Another example is of goats competing with cattle in
Australia, or goats that degrade trees and vegetation in
922:
government is considering the protection of the feral horses and transforming them into a tourist attraction, after it first approved the killing of the entire population. Due to the intervention of numerous organizations and widespread popular disapproval of the
758:. However, they may also replace species lost from an ecosystem on initial human arrival to an area, or increase the biodiversity of a human-altered area by being able to survive in it in ways local species cannot. Feral
672:; their behavior, however, is no different from their behavior in captivity, unless they breed with other feral honey bees of a different genetic stock, which may lead them to become more docile or more aggressive (see
749:
A feral population can have a significant impact on an ecosystem by predation on vulnerable plants or animals, or by competition with indigenous species. Feral plants and animals constitute a significant share of
407:. As feral cats multiply quickly, it is difficult to control their populations. Animal shelters attempt to adopt out feral cats, especially kittens, but often are overwhelmed with sheer numbers and
391:
if it has not been socialized when young. Feral cats, especially if left to proliferate, are frequently considered to be pests in both rural and urban areas, and may be blamed for devastating the
840:
and the possibility of the extinction of pure wild dingoes. Researches in
Scotland have remarked on a similar phenomenon of the genetic mixing of feral domestic cats and their wild counterparts.
574:. In both Australia and the Americas, modern "wild" horses descended from domesticated horses brought by European explorers and settlers that escaped, spread, and thrived. Australia hosts a
927:
the horses have been saved, but still have an uncertain fate as their legal status is unclear and local people continue to claim the right to use the horses in their own interest.
524:, scrubbers or cleanskins. Most free roaming cattle, however untamed, are generally too valuable not to be eventually rounded up and recovered in closely settled regions.
504:. Modern cattle, especially those raised on open range, are generally more docile, but when threatened can display aggression. Cattle, particularly those raised for
352:
seeking out new territory or range to exploit and displaying active invasiveness. Whether they leave readily and venture far, the ultimate criterion for success is
1094:
Hagler, J.R.; Mueller, S.; Teuber, L.R.; Machtley, S.A.; Van Deynze, A. (2011), "Foraging range of honey bees, Apis mellifera, in alfalfa seed production fields",
445:. Both goats and sheep were sometimes intentionally released and allowed to go feral on island waypoints frequented by mariners, to serve as a ready food source.
870:
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run rampant in
Western and Northern Australia. The Australian government encourages the hunting of feral water buffalo because of their large numbers.
441:
and injury, and thus rarely seen in a feral state. However, in places where there are few predators, they may thrive, for example in the case of the
1377:
Daniels, Mike J.; Laurie
Corbett (2003). "Redefining introgressed protected mammals: when is a wildcat a wild cat and a dingo a wild dog?".
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1074:
265:. Zoologists generally exclude from the feral category animals that were genuinely wild before they escaped from captivity: neither
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and several
Pacific Islands along with small populations of semi-feral animals roaming the southwestern United States and northern
1404:
478:
308:. The adaptive and ecological variables seen in plants that go wild closely resemble those of animals. Feral populations of
861:
Many feral animals can sometimes be captured at little cost and thus constitute a significant resource. Throughout most of
403:
populations. A local population of feral cats living in an urban area and using a common food source is sometimes called a
481:. In situations where humans leave an area, domesticated animals left behind have the opportunity to escape into the wild.
328:
plants or of the modified traits in other plants as a result of cross-breeding is known as "adventitious presence (AP)".
956:
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are close contemporaries and cohorts of goats in the history of domestication, but the domestic sheep is vulnerable to
304:, or sometimes as feral crops. Individual plants are known as volunteers. Large numbers of escaped plants may become a
1244:
1209:
115:
1143:"The Significance of Social Perceptions in Implementing Successful Feral Cat Management Strategies: A Global Review"
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of feral dromedaries, descended from pack animals that escaped in the 19th and early 20th centuries, thrives in the
96:
744:
1141:
Deak, Brooke P.; Ostendorf, Bertram; Taggart, David A.; Peacock, David E.; Bardsley, Douglas K. (September 2019).
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788:(not a clear term itself) in the naturally evolved wild gene pools, many times threatening rare species with
701:) being particularly successful outside of their native habitats and adapting well to suburban environments.
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75:
570:. While the horse was originally indigenous to North America, the wild ancestor died out at the end of the
1430:
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Animals of domestic origin sometimes can produce fertile hybrids with native, wild animals which leads to
1039:
Bagavathiannan, M.V.; Van Acker, R.C. (2008), "Crop ferality: Implications for novel trait confinement",
848:
Feral animals compete with domestic livestock, and may degrade fences, water sources, and vegetation (by
566:", but this is a misnomer. There are truly "wild" horses that have never been domesticated, most notably
1348:
575:
415:" method has been used in many locations as an alternative means of managing the feral cat population.
82:
137:
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has established feral populations worldwide, including in
Australia, New Zealand, the United States,
325:
360:. Neither the duration nor the intensity with which a species has been domesticated offers a useful
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plants, along with hybridization between crop plants and their wild relatives, brings a risk that
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356:. Persistence depends on their ability to establish themselves and reproduce reliably in the new
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is used. In rural areas of the US, excessive numbers of feral cats are often shot. The "
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that will interbreed with dogs of other origins, thus leading to the proliferation of
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Lever, Christopher (1996). "Naturalized birds: feral, exotic, introduced or alien?".
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camel, which has been domesticated for over 3,000 years, will also readily go feral.
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615:, also known as pigeons: feral animals which nonetheless live in close proximity to
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is one of the oldest domesticated creatures, yet readily returns to a feral state.
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Wild-living but normally domestic animal or plant that has returned to the wild.
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feral pigs constitute the primary sources of animal protein. Prior to the
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for months or years with little or no supervision. Their ancestors, the
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Fleming, Peter; Laurie
Corbett; Robert Harden; Peter Thomson (2001).
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or plant is one that lives in the wild but is descended from
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that revert to wild are referred to as escaped, introduced,
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or more commonly as racing animals and have established
554:. Other isolated feral populations exist, including the
1366:. Commonwealth of Australia: Bureau of Rural Sciences.
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have been protected since 1971 in part due to their
220:. The removal of feral species is a major focus of
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Managing the
Impacts of Dingoes and Other Wild Dogs
871:
Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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683:are present in various parts of the world, with
1003:"10 Feral Animals Wreaking Environmental Havoc"
273:re-introduced to the UK are regarded as feral.
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638:. Also known as a ringneck dove or ring dove (
889:
1199:
1200:Marvin, Garry; McHugh, Susan, eds. (2014).
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1202:Routledge Handbook of Human-Animal Studies
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726:) who have returned to the wild. Like the
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1158:
1115:
1041:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
500:, were aggressive, similar to the modern
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
766:in order to replace their ancestor, the
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664:often escape into the wild from managed
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473:An escaped cow ambles down a street in
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1001:Stevens, Sidney (September 14, 2020).
1405:"Noah's Ark – Project Horses Romania"
1204:. Routledge International Handbooks.
906:. A similar situation is that of the
902:and connection to the history of the
1397:
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981:"Merriam-Webster On-line Dictionary"
886:(i.e. animals of the same species).
856:
773:
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
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1266:Leonard, Marty L.; Zanette (1998).
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520:. Such cattle are variously called
324:plants. The unintended presence of
13:
1249:Primary industries & fisheries
957:Overpopulation in domestic animals
698:The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill
534:, domesticated about 5000 BC, are
479:2011 TĹŤhoku earthquake and tsunami
14:
1460:
1418:
1330:Suk; et al. (February 2007).
562:. They are often referred to as "
538:in open grasslands worldwide. In
488:have been domesticated since the
477:, a town evacuated following the
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843:
745:Rewilding (conservation biology)
30:
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828:lie in the breeding history of
41:needs additional citations for
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1:
1429:The dictionary definition of
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649:were formerly kept for their
1385:(3). CSIRO Publishing: 213.
708:A family of feral chickens,
582:and the American southwest.
331:
7:
1230:The Outer Banks Wild Horses
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364:with its feral potential.
269:escaped from a zoo nor the
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1061:10.1016/j.agee.2008.03.009
890:Cultural or historic value
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762:have been reintroduced in
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227:
18:
1096:Journal of Insect Science
754:, and can be a threat to
326:genetically modified crop
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724:Gallus gallus domesticus
492:era, but can survive on
454:A substantial population
368:Species of feral animals
320:could be transferred to
316:characteristics such as
204:individuals. As with an
1243:Queensland Government.
1226:"Wild and feral horses"
764:Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary
734:Effects of feralization
576:feral donkey population
138:Sierra Nevada de MĂ©rida
1287:10.1006/anbe.1998.0886
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550:west, they are called
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314:genetically engineered
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196: 'a wild beast')
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144:
21:Feral (disambiguation)
1411:on February 20, 2012.
1108:10.1673/031.011.14401
1075:"Working Definitions"
962:Wild animal suffering
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685:rose-ringed parakeets
657:in cities worldwide.
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387:returns readily to a
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824:. Other examples of
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792:. Cases include the
693:red-masked parakeets
640:Streptopelia risoria
318:pesticide resistance
292:, colonize roadsides
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1053:2008AgEE..127....1B
812:) (ancestor of all
271:white-tailed eagles
1160:10.3390/ani9090617
1082:Food Safety at FAO
1073:Takeuchi, Masami,
908:Danube Delta horse
756:endangered species
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679:Large colonies of
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568:Przewalski's horse
542:, they are called
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413:trap-neuter-return
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222:island restoration
218:indigenous species
206:introduced species
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1379:Wildlife Research
1343:Missing or empty
857:Economic benefits
786:genetic pollution
780:Genetic pollution
774:Genetic pollution
739:Ecological impact
720:domestic chickens
718:are derived from
710:Key West, Florida
655:feral populations
556:Chincoteague Pony
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475:Namie, Fukushima
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832:. Dingoes are
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947:Feral child
850:overgrazing
564:wild horses
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389:feral state
362:correlation
358:environment
302:naturalized
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986:23 October
968:References
790:extinction
743:See also:
716:Wild cocks
668:when they
662:honey bees
647:Rock doves
613:Rock doves
602:New Guinea
494:open range
458:Australian
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409:euthanasia
214:extinction
210:ecosystems
184:(from
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632:Tasmania
626:A feral
558:and the
552:mustangs
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544:Brumbies
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288:plants,
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