1751:
multiple deaths are caused by the same criminal act, the accused will face a separate charge for each death caused. While such charges are not considered to be murder under
Canadian law, the maximum penalty for such offences is still life imprisonment – although unlike murder this is not a mandatory sentence and is only very rarely imposed. The main difference between a sentence of life imprisonment for murder and a sentence of life imprisonment for an offence such as criminal negligence causing death is that in the latter case, the offender is eligible for parole after serving seven years.
547:
2335:
defendants convicted of felony murder were originally charged with more serious offenses, while for most Black defendants convicted of felony murder it was the most serious offense initially charged. Almost half of defendants charged with felony murder in
Minnesota are under the age of 25. The average sentence is 24 years.
2910:("Thirty-six state and federal jurisdictions presently authorize the death penalty. Of these, only eight jurisdictions authorize imposition of the death penalty solely for participation in a robbery in which another robber takes life. Of the remaining 28 jurisdictions, in 4 felony murder is not a capital crime.")
1668:
clarifies the elements of constructive murder. The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt: (1) a base offence with 25 years' imprisonment or more; and that (2) the act causing death occurred in attempt, during, or immediately after this base offence. This means that the prosecution must prove
1596:
There are two schools of thought concerning whose actions can cause the defendant to be guilty of felony murder. Jurisdictions that hold to the "agency theory" admit only deaths caused by the agents of the crime. Jurisdictions that use the "proximate cause theory" include any death, even if caused by
1559:
While there is debate about the original scope of the rule, modern interpretations typically require that the offence be an inherently dangerous one, or one committed in an obviously dangerous manner. For this reason, the felony murder rule is often justified by its supporters as a means of deterring
1750:
Like other common law jurisdictions, Canada's
Criminal Code specifically enumerates offences to account for instances where (a) person(s) is/are unintentionally killed during the commission of a crime (for example, criminal negligence causing death and impaired driving causing death). In cases where
1659:
provides the statutory definition of 'constructive murder'. The act or omission causing death must be "done in an attempt to commit or during or immediately after the commission, by the accused, or some accomplice with him or her, of a crime punishable by imprisonment for life or for 25 years". The
2346:
or careless use of extreme force by the police. This occurs because the death is interpreted as a consequence of a criminal act. As a result, liability for the death is transferred in its entirety away from the shooting officer, regardless of whether the victim of a police shooting was armed or
2334:
Negotiating away the felony murder charge as part of a plea bargain can result in sentences which are much longer than would be the case if all other charges were considered together, but isolated from the felony murder charge. A review of criminal convictions in
Minnesota found that most white
1733: ... coupled with intentional infliction of bodily harm". This largely equated with a Canadian form of felony murder, though it is technically closer to constructive murder in other jurisdictions. Similarly, according to s. 229(c) it was sufficient for a person to do anything that he "
1809:. In England and Wales, the definition of murder requires only an intent to cause grievous bodily harm to the victim, rather than specific intent to kill; the effect is the same as that of the felony murder rule applied to crimes of personal violence, though not to all felonies.
1685:
of the act causing death is not required to prove constructive murder. For example, the accused may commit an act causing death in the course of robbery or armed robbery without any intention to kill, to inflict grievous bodily harm, or with reckless indifference to human life.
1635:. In Canada, it has been held to be unconstitutional, as breaching the principles of fundamental justice. In some jurisdictions, the common law felony murder (called constructive murder) rule has been abolished, but has been replaced by a similar statutory provision (such as in
1580:. Hawkins reasoned that malice was implicit in a crime that "necessarily tends to raise Tumults and Quarrels, and consequently cannot but be attended with the danger of personal hurt." Thus, "this rule should extend to killings in the course of felonies Ă fortiori."
1616:. To count any death that occurred during the course of an assault as felony murder would obliterate a distinction that is carefully set by the legislature. However, merger may not apply when an assault against one person results in the death of a different person.
1588:
In most jurisdictions, to qualify as an underlying offense for a felony murder charge, the underlying offense must present a foreseeable danger to life, and the link between the offense and the death must not be too remote. For example, if the recipient of a
1877:
To avoid the need for reliance upon common law interpretations of what felony conduct merges with murder, and what offenses do and do not qualify for felony murder, many U.S. jurisdictions explicitly list what offenses qualify in a felony murder statute.
2235:
was convicted under the felony murder rule in connection with a felony burglary conviction in 1998 and initially received a life sentence. Her conviction was later reversed, and she pleaded (pled) guilty to lesser charges in 2016.
1905:
does not include the felony murder rule, but allows the commission of a felony to raise a presumption of extreme indifference to the value of human life. The felony murder rule is effectively used as a rule of
2120:
2330:
was convicted of first-degree murder for lending his car to a friend after his friend told him that he intended to go beat an eighteen-year-old woman. The friend took the car and beat the girl to death.
2215:
2185:
2347:
whether the officer in question had a record of previous excessive force. In such cases, there may be no incentive for a police officer or a police department to alter their standard procedures.
2110:
1950:
3137:
2048:
2160:
2150:
2115:
1551:. In its original form, the malicious intent inherent in the commission of any crime, however trivial, was considered to apply to any consequences of that crime regardless of intent.
2145:
2064:
2094:
2165:
2059:
2033:
3159:
2130:
2079:
2069:
2043:
2007:
2326:
Some critics of the felony murder rule argue that the rule is unjust because it requires no intent to kill. In the United States, for example, twenty-year-old
Florida resident
2220:
2074:
2012:
1986:
1727:
S. 230 provided that a conviction for murder would lie for any killing that was "objectively foreseeable as a result of the abominable nature of the predicate crimes ...
2084:
1619:
Felony murder is typically the same grade of murder as premeditated murder and carries the same sentence as is used for premeditated murder in the jurisdiction in question.
2315:
whereby the law pretends that the person who intended one wrongful act also intends all the consequences of that act, however unforeseen. Others regard it as an example of
2038:
2002:
2175:
2017:
1991:
2995:
1608:
excludes from the offenses that qualify as underlying offenses any felony that is presupposed by a murder charge. For example, nearly all murders involve some type of
3432:
2834:
1700:
As
Canadian criminal law aims to maintain proportionality between the stigma and punishment attached to a conviction and the moral blameworthiness of an offender, in
1834:
1593:
check has a fatal allergic reaction to the ink, most courts will not hold the forger guilty of murder, as the cause of death is too remote from the criminal act.
3442:
1643:). Similarly, in New South Wales, common law has been overridden and the question needs only be dealt with through statutory construction and application.
1567:
rule dates to the twelfth century and took its modern form in the eighteenth century. The modern conception of the felony murder rule arose in 1716, with
3066:
Ohio has effectively eliminated the felony murder doctrine by enacting an involuntary manslaughter statute that covers what was previously felony murder.
3443:
The case of Lisl Auman of
Colorado, charged with felony murder for a killing that happened during an ongoing crime for which she was already in custody
1852:
3437:
1740:
Nevertheless, s. 229(c), as far as it provides for a form of constructive murder in situations where "an accused for an unlawful object did anything
1855:
has been interpreted so as to impose additional limitations on the state power. The death penalty may not be imposed if the defendant is merely a
3133:
2280:, to be considered separately. The facts each case would be used to show the mental state of the defendant instead of using an automatic rule.
2452:
1825:
in the previous style of
English law. However, the Scots equivalent of joint enterprise, known as "art and part", also has a similar effect.
3190:
2627:
1802:
2415:
Ritz, Wilfred J. (1 September 1959). "Felony Murder, Transferred Intent, And The
Palsgraf Doctrine In The Criminal LawThe Criminal Law".
3170:
1571:
3262:"Reconsidering the Felony Murder Rule in Light of Modern Criticism: Doesn't the Conclusion Depend upon the Particular Rule at Issue"
2319:, whereby a person who chooses to commit a crime is considered absolutely responsible for all possible consequences of that action.
2584:
1879:
1711:
1601:
tests to determine if the chain of events between the offence and the death was short enough to have legally caused the death.
1508:
3422:
3355:
3306:
2399:
1544:
in some jurisdictions), the offender, and also the offender's accomplices or co-conspirators, may be found guilty of murder.
2434:
2155:
1919:
1848:
1839:
As of August 2008, 46 states in the United States had a felony murder rule, under which felony murder is generally
2870:
2200:
2089:
1540:: when someone is killed (regardless of intent to kill) in the commission of a dangerous or enumerated crime (called a
529:
2140:
1568:
2823:: An Act to amend the Criminal Code (unconstitutional provisions) and to make consequential amendments to other Acts
2767:
1744:
that it was likely to cause someone's death" is still operative, as confirmed in a 1999 appellate court decision.
1144:
908:
3261:
2527:
2195:
2100:
1965:
3231:
3098:
3022:
2943:
2205:
1867:
1380:
633:
3327:
3218:
2190:
2105:
2053:
2027:
1970:
1960:
1859:
and did not actually kill or intend to kill. However, the death penalty may be imposed if the defendant is a
1390:
3427:
2389:
903:
2210:
2180:
1981:
1955:
1940:
1465:
1374:
209:
2763:
2135:
2022:
1996:
1945:
261:
2723:
2170:
1501:
1064:
712:
3423:
Curtis Brooks didn't kill anyone. He was still convicted of felony murder and sent to prison for life.
2528:"Felony Murder in Illinois The "Agency Theory" vs. the "Proximate Cause Theory": The Debate Continues"
3118:
3114:
2342:, increasing attention has been focused on the issue of felony murder charges covering up the use of
2265:
2125:
1930:, and felonious escape as predicate felonies upon which a charge of felony murder can be maintained.
1358:
330:
2820:
2467:
2894:
2743:
2703:
2493:
1405:
628:
2558:
3400:
2747:
2707:
2276:, the Kentucky Legislature instead allowed the circumstances of a case, like the commission of a
1707:
1605:
1223:
2268:§ 507.020. Recognizing that an automatic application of the rule could result in conviction of
2351:
2297:
2291:
1898:
1719:
1395:
1134:
1124:
810:
659:
608:
561:
522:
266:
231:
1695:
1494:
1415:
1119:
1039:
179:
95:
3445:
Jeff Kass, Rocky
Mountain News March 18, 2001; "Lawyers debate centuries-old legal concept."
3356:"A Police Officer Killed Jacob Harris, but His Unarmed Friends Were Charged with His Murder"
3307:"A Police Officer Killed Jacob Harris, but His Unarmed Friends Were Charged with His Murder"
19:"Felony murder" redirects here. For the general felony of murder in some jurisdictions, see
3086:
2931:
2699:
2261:
1577:
1209:
1129:
1114:
898:
325:
144:
2739:
8:
2835:"Advocates Seek Justice in the Growing Movement to End the Felony Murder Rule in America"
1840:
1760:
1636:
1533:
1353:
741:
693:
623:
613:
293:
80:
58:
2632:
3328:"Task Force on Aiding and Abetting Felony Murder - Report to the Minnesota Legislature"
1844:
1548:
1457:
1274:
1264:
913:
893:
845:
756:
653:
310:
276:
271:
236:
184:
174:
3288:
3458:
3428:
New York Times on the felony murder rule as "a distinctively American legal doctrine"
3094:
2939:
2866:
2805:
2787:
2614:
2395:
1856:
1794:
1790:
1710:
held that it is a principle of fundamental justice under sections 7 and 11(d) of the
1628:
1436:
1410:
1295:
918:
786:
751:
515:
139:
120:
115:
3375:
2316:
1902:
1860:
1806:
1798:
1632:
1385:
1343:
1338:
1195:
1089:
984:
679:
493:
478:
305:
90:
85:
70:
3169:. Minnesota District Court, Fourth Judicial District. June 3, 2020. Archived from
3049:
2959:
2350:
In favor of the rule, it can be argued that the rule affirms the principle of the
2860:
2649:(the Homicide Act 1957 did not extend to Northern Ireland, except in relation to
2343:
2339:
1747:
Bill C-39 was introduced in 2017 in order to repeal s. 230 and modify s. 229(c).
1652:
1640:
1598:
1329:
1019:
948:
874:
833:
731:
669:
599:
584:
241:
132:
127:
1805:; but its effect is preserved by the application of the common law principle of
3078:
2923:
2650:
2368:
2363:
1441:
1399:
958:
953:
923:
816:
226:
221:
199:
3407:
Binder, Guyora (October 2004). "The Origins of American Felony Murder Rules".
3452:
3360:
3311:
3082:
2984:
American Law Institute Model Penal Code, § 210.2(1)(b) (Official Draft, 1962)
2927:
2312:
1702:
1660:
rationale is to discourage acts of felony which are dangerous to human life.
1205:
1059:
771:
721:
451:
204:
169:
164:
110:
65:
27:
2320:
2300:
1714:
that a conviction for murder requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt of a
1613:
1446:
1009:
933:
806:
791:
703:
554:
346:
252:
216:
194:
75:
3134:"Experts say upgraded charge against officer in George Floyd's death fits"
2895:"Enmund v. Florida, 458 US 782, 102 S. Ct. 3368, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1140 (1982)"
1863:
in the underlying felony and exhibits extreme indifference to human life.
1461:
1217:
1213:
1079:
736:
665:
589:
498:
436:
379:
374:
159:
149:
2327:
2249:
2232:
1891:
1887:
1729:
1564:
1530:
1482:
1368:
1320:
1175:
1170:
1004:
796:
776:
766:
746:
698:
618:
571:
456:
396:
391:
356:
351:
315:
1883:
1818:
1781:
The felony murder rule was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1957.
1310:
1305:
1279:
1248:
1238:
1200:
1094:
1074:
1014:
989:
963:
943:
928:
503:
466:
413:
408:
403:
386:
361:
320:
189:
105:
2273:
2245:
1927:
1907:
1765:
1664:
1526:
1431:
1363:
1315:
1269:
1233:
1185:
1160:
1098:
1034:
999:
883:
860:
855:
838:
801:
781:
578:
483:
473:
461:
446:
420:
369:
154:
41:
2354:
by imposing harsher penalties for crimes that destroy human life.
1911:
1874:
cannot serve as the predicate felony for the felony murder rule.
1871:
1763:
by section 4 of the Criminal Justice Act 1964 which codified the
1718:. In so doing, the court declared sections 230 and 229(c) of the
1609:
1597:
a bystander or the police, provided that it meets one of several
1590:
1348:
1300:
1243:
1190:
1165:
1139:
1069:
1049:
1044:
1024:
994:
865:
850:
761:
726:
688:
546:
488:
441:
3376:"Girl shot by police and teenagers charged: Who is responsible?"
3093:(Second ed.). Foundation Press, New York, NY. p. 860.
2277:
2269:
1770:
1541:
1537:
1228:
1054:
888:
821:
649:
48:
20:
3020:
Only for crimes punishable by death or life imprisonment. See
2323:
regarded the historical rule as a convergence of those views.
1849:
impose the death penalty on someone convicted of felony murder
3023:"M.G.L., Part IV, Title I, Chpt. 265, Sec. 1: Murder defined"
2311:
Some commentators regard the rule of transferred intent as a
1923:
1084:
1029:
979:
3077:
2922:
3056:. Office of Legal Research. OLR Research Report 2008-R-0087
1915:
1451:
1180:
938:
1773:
as intention to kill or seriously injure another person.
300:
3232:"Judgments - Attorney General's Reference No. 3 of 1994"
1835:
Felony murder and the death penalty in the United States
3438:
Arizona Supreme Court on the rule and the death penalty
2802:
See dissent by L'Heureux-Dubé, Edited case, version in
2264:
abolished the felony murder rule with the enactment of
1547:
The concept of felony murder originates in the rule of
2303:
was tried and convicted under the felony murder rule.
1784:
2859:
Mays, G. Larry; Ball, Jeremy; Fidelie, Laura (2015).
2283:
3029:. General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
1817:
There is no equivalent to the felony murder rule in
2938:(Second ed.). Foundation Press, New York, NY.
2713:
2559:"State v. Huynh, 92 P. 3d 571, 278 Kan. 99 (2004)"
2252:felony murder rule has been completely abolished.
1821:, which has also never had a specific concept of
3450:
3219:Task Force on Aiding and Abetting Felony Murder
2858:
2780:
2778:
2776:
16:Legal doctrine in some common-law jurisdictions
2993:Md. Code, Criminal Law Art., 2-201(A)(4). See
2633:"Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966"
2918:
2916:
2729:
2689:
1627:The felony murder rule has been abolished in
1502:
523:
3115:"Kentucky Revised Statutes § 507.020 Murder"
2773:
2628:Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966
2453:"Two Economics Rationales for Felony Murder"
1803:Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966
3289:"Serving Life for Providing Car to Killers"
3193:State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin
3162:State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin
1882:law specifies additional crimes, including
3266:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
2913:
1509:
1495:
530:
516:
3433:Prisons Foundation objections to the rule
2832:
3255:
3253:
3048:McCarthy, Kevin E. (February 13, 2008).
3047:
2582:
2532:Southern Illinois University Law Journal
2525:
1712:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3451:
3406:
3325:
3286:
3131:
2803:
2785:
2491:
2387:
3259:
3250:
2450:
2414:
1563:According to some commentators, the
2589:Southwestern University Law Journal
1920:forcible deviant sexual intercourse
1785:England and Wales, Northern Ireland
13:
3390:
2617:(5 & 6 Eliz.2 c.11), section 1
2494:"Making the Best of Felony Murder"
2285:Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin
14:
3470:
3416:
3326:Turner, Lindsay (February 2022).
3191:"Complaint: Order of Detention –
3140:from the original on June 6, 2020
2833:Scholtens, Indy (19 March 2024).
2804:Stuart, Don; et al. (2009).
2786:Stuart, Don; et al. (2009).
1843:. In 24 of those states, it is a
1776:
3229:See statements of Lord Mustill,
2255:
1828:
1145:Perverting the course of justice
545:
3368:
3348:
3319:
3299:
3280:
3223:
3212:
3183:
3152:
3132:Romero, Dennis (June 4, 2020).
3125:
3107:
3071:
3041:
3014:
2987:
2978:
2952:
2886:
2852:
2826:
2814:
2796:
2753:
2677:
2668:
2656:
2620:
1847:. When the government seeks to
1040:Intellectual property violation
3287:Liptak, Adam (12 April 2007).
3002:. General Assembly of Maryland
2960:"18 U.S. Code § 1111 - Murder"
2607:
2585:"Reflections on Felony-Murder"
2576:
2550:
2519:
2485:
2444:
2427:
2408:
2381:
1870:, which holds that a criminal
1759:The rule was abolished in the
1573:Treatise of Pleas of the Crown
1:
2653:by section 17(3) of that Act)
2435:"H. Schroeder, Felony murder"
2417:Washington and Lee Law Review
2394:. Stanford University Press.
2388:Binder, Guyora (2012-05-09).
2374:
1910:. The Model Penal Code lists
1716:subjective foresight of death
1622:
3054:Connecticut General Assembly
2583:Fletcher, George P. (1980).
2501:Boston University Law Review
2306:
1933:
1646:
1375:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
3200:. Minnesota Judicial Branch
2996:"Maryland Code, Sec. 2-201"
2964:Legal Information Institute
2862:Criminal Law: Core Concepts
2526:Hilliard, James W. (2001).
2357:
2239:
2227:
1812:
1737:is likely to cause death".
1583:
1536:that broadens the crime of
10:
3475:
3027:Massachusetts General Laws
2865:. Publisher. p. 136.
2768:Supreme Court (Full Court)
2674:R v Martineau, 2 SCR 633.
2451:Sidak, J. Gregory (2015).
2289:
2097:(follows Model Penal Code)
1866:Most states recognize the
1832:
1789:The rule was abolished in
1754:
1693:
1612:, but so do many cases of
1554:
1065:Possessing stolen property
713:Offense against the person
25:
18:
3119:Kentucky General Assembly
2266:Kentucky Revised Statutes
1689:
1359:Diminished responsibility
1153:Crimes against the public
2746:205 (3 March 1967),
2639:. U.K. National Archives
2121:Northern Mariana Islands
1724:to be unconstitutional.
1288:Crimes against the state
1208:(such as prohibition of
26:Not to be confused with
3178:File No. 27-CR-20-12646
3089:; Low, Peter W (2004).
2934:; Low, Peter W (2004).
2784:Edited case version in
2492:Binder, Guyora (2011).
2296:The police officer who
1708:Supreme Court of Canada
972:Crimes against property
662:(also called violation)
347:Avunculicide/Nepoticide
2706:267 (3 May 2001),
2352:sanctity of human life
2292:Trial of Derek Chauvin
1899:American Law Institute
1677:of this base offence.
1424:Other common-law areas
1257:Crimes against animals
1125:Miscarriage of justice
1107:Crimes against justice
267:Voluntary manslaughter
232:Vehicle-ramming attack
3260:Crump, David (2009).
3160:"Amended Complaint –
2839:Columbia News Service
2700:[2001] HCA 21
1696:Murder (Canadian law)
1576:, during his work on
1523:rule of felony murder
1330:Defenses to liability
1120:Malfeasance in office
285:Non-criminal homicide
180:Murder for body parts
96:Depraved-heart murder
2966:. Cornell Law School
2740:[1967] HCA 2
2473:on 24 September 2017
2466:: 51. Archived from
2262:Kentucky Legislature
2216:District of Columbia
1801:by section 8 of the
1793:by section 1 of the
1655:, § 18(1)(a) of the
1578:English criminal law
1560:dangerous felonies.
1176:Censorship violation
899:Cybersex trafficking
326:Justifiable homicide
145:Lonely hearts killer
3409:Stanford Law Review
3382:. 18 November 2021.
3087:Jeffries Jr, John C
2932:Jeffries Jr, John C
2810:. pp. 443–455.
2792:. pp. 443–455.
1841:first-degree murder
1761:Republic of Ireland
1681:confirmed that the
1637:Victoria, Australia
1354:Defense of property
1206:Illegal consumption
742:Criminal negligence
642:Severity of offense
81:Consensual homicide
36:Part of a series on
3293:The New York Times
2637:legislation.gov.uk
2460:Cornell Law Review
2338:In the context of
2186:Virgin Islands, US
1549:transferred intent
1275:Wildlife smuggling
1265:Cruelty to animals
894:Child sexual abuse
846:Negligent homicide
757:False imprisonment
654:Indictable offense
598:Scope of criminal
311:Capital punishment
277:Vehicular homicide
272:Negligent homicide
237:Wrongful execution
175:Misdemeanor murder
101:Felony murder rule
3364:. 24 August 2021.
3315:. 24 August 2021.
3236:www.parliament.uk
3176:on June 4, 2020.
3079:Bonnie, Richard J
2924:Bonnie, Richard J
2770:(NSW, Australia).
2615:Homicide Act 1957
2401:978-0-8047-8170-1
1861:major participant
1857:minor participant
1795:Homicide Act 1957
1791:England and Wales
1629:England and Wales
1519:
1518:
919:Indecent exposure
787:Human trafficking
752:Domestic violence
680:Inchoate offenses
540:
539:
331:"License to kill"
140:Internet homicide
121:Child cannibalism
116:Human cannibalism
3466:
3412:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3352:
3346:
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3083:Coughlin, Anne M
3075:
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3068:
3063:
3061:
3045:
3039:
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3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3000:Code of Maryland
2991:
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2928:Coughlin, Anne M
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2800:
2794:
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2782:
2771:
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2733:
2727:
2717:
2711:
2696:Vincent Ryan v R
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:R v Vaillancourt
2660:
2654:
2648:
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2439:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2340:police shootings
2317:strict liability
2274:culpable mindset
2244:In the state of
1903:Model Penal Code
1853:Eighth Amendment
1807:joint enterprise
1799:Northern Ireland
1633:Northern Ireland
1569:William Hawkins'
1511:
1504:
1497:
1468:
1339:Actual innocence
1196:Ethnic cleansing
1090:Trespass to land
985:Arms trafficking
549:
542:
541:
532:
525:
518:
494:Suspicious death
306:Assisted suicide
292:Note: Varies by
91:Crime of passion
86:Contract killing
71:Attempted murder
57:Note: Varies by
33:
32:
3474:
3473:
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3391:Further reading
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3141:
3130:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3108:
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3076:
3072:
3059:
3057:
3050:"Felony Murder"
3046:
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3019:
3015:
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2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:...Criminal Law
2801:
2797:
2789:...Criminal Law
2783:
2774:
2758:
2754:
2736:Robert Ryan v R
2734:
2730:
2720:Crimes Act 1900
2718:
2714:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
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2360:
2344:excessive force
2309:
2294:
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2258:
2242:
2230:
2225:
1936:
1868:merger doctrine
1845:capital offense
1837:
1831:
1815:
1787:
1779:
1757:
1698:
1692:
1657:Crimes Act 1900
1653:New South Wales
1649:
1641:Crimes Act 1958
1625:
1606:merger doctrine
1599:proximate cause
1586:
1557:
1515:
1456:
1020:False pretenses
949:Sex trafficking
875:Sexual offenses
834:Preterintention
670:Summary offense
536:
242:Judicial murder
133:Child sacrifice
128:Human sacrifice
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3472:
3462:
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3417:External links
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3238:. 24 July 1997
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262:In English law
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229:
227:Torture murder
224:
222:Thrill killing
219:
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210:Angel of mercy
202:
200:Pseudocommando
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2702:, (2001) 206
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772:Home invasion
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748:
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723:
722:Assassination
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452:Friendly fire
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205:Serial killer
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170:Mass stabbing
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165:Mass shooting
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111:Honor killing
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66:Assassination
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34:
29:
28:Malice murder
22:
3408:
3396:
3379:
3370:
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3334:
3321:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3282:
3272:23 September
3270:. Retrieved
3265:
3242:23 September
3240:. Retrieved
3235:
3225:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3192:
3185:
3177:
3171:the original
3161:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3127:
3109:
3091:Criminal Law
3090:
3073:
3065:
3060:September 2,
3058:. Retrieved
3053:
3043:
3033:23 September
3031:. Retrieved
3026:
3016:
3006:23 September
3004:. Retrieved
2999:
2989:
2980:
2970:23 September
2968:. Retrieved
2963:
2954:
2936:Criminal Law
2935:
2904:23 September
2902:. Retrieved
2898:
2888:
2878:23 September
2876:. Retrieved
2861:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2838:
2828:
2816:
2806:
2798:
2788:
2759:
2755:
2750:(Australia).
2735:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2710:(Australia).
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2643:23 September
2641:. Retrieved
2636:
2622:
2609:
2599:23 September
2597:. Retrieved
2592:
2588:
2578:
2568:23 September
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2542:23 September
2540:. Retrieved
2535:
2531:
2521:
2511:23 September
2509:. Retrieved
2504:
2500:
2487:
2477:23 September
2475:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2463:
2459:
2446:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2390:
2383:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:Lord Mustill
2310:
2301:George Floyd
2295:
2284:
2259:
2243:
2231:
2161:South Dakota
2151:Rhode Island
2141:Pennsylvania
2116:North Dakota
1896:
1876:
1865:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1788:
1780:
1764:
1758:
1749:
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1701:
1699:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1626:
1618:
1614:manslaughter
1603:
1595:
1587:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1522:
1520:
1416:Self-defense
1373:
1296:Lèse-majesté
1010:Embezzlement
934:Prostitution
924:Masturbation
826:
807:Manslaughter
792:Intimidation
704:Solicitation
577:
570:
555:Criminal law
294:jurisdiction
291:
290:
253:Manslaughter
217:Spree killer
195:Proxy murder
100:
76:Child murder
59:jurisdiction
56:
55:
2556:See, e.g.,
2146:Puerto Rico
2065:Mississippi
2056:(abolished)
2030:(abolished)
1999:(abolished)
1975:Connecticut
1525:is a legal
1411:Provocation
1135:Obstruction
1115:Compounding
1080:Tax evasion
904:Fornication
737:Child abuse
666:Misdemeanor
590:Concurrence
499:Tyrannicide
437:Crucifixion
380:Neonaticide
375:Infanticide
160:Mass murder
150:Lust murder
3399:(1887) 16
3100:1587787202
2945:1587787202
2748:High Court
2708:High Court
2684:Crimes Act
2375:References
2328:Ryan Holle
2272:without a
2250:common law
2233:Lisl Auman
2196:Washington
2101:New Mexico
2095:New Jersey
1966:California
1892:carjacking
1888:kidnapping
1833:See also:
1730:inter alia
1694:See also:
1671:actus reus
1623:By country
1565:common law
1531:common law
1369:Entrapment
1344:Automatism
1321:Subversion
1280:Bestiality
1249:War crimes
1244:Usurpation
1171:Corruption
1130:Misprision
1005:Cybercrime
797:Kidnapping
777:Hate crime
767:Harassment
747:Defamation
699:Incitement
694:Conspiracy
660:Infraction
619:Complicity
614:Accomplice
572:Actus reus
457:Gendercide
397:Sororicide
392:Fratricide
366:Prolicide
357:Mariticide
352:Familicide
316:Euthanasia
3397:R v Serné
3144:March 31,
2821:Bill C-39
2762:(1981) 4
2760:R v Munro
2724:s 18
2686:1958 s.3A
2423:(2): 169.
2307:Criticism
2206:Wisconsin
2166:Tennessee
2060:Minnesota
2034:Louisiana
1934:State law
1884:terrorism
1819:Scots law
1797:, and in
1679:R v Munro
1669:both the
1647:Australia
1639:with the
1432:Contracts
1406:Necessity
1311:Secession
1306:Espionage
1239:Terrorism
1201:Smuggling
1095:Vandalism
1075:Smuggling
1015:Extortion
990:Blackmail
964:Voyeurism
944:Pederasty
929:Obscenity
811:corporate
634:Vicarious
629:Principal
624:Corporate
609:Accessory
600:liability
585:Causation
504:War crime
467:Androcide
414:Patricide
409:Matricide
404:Parricide
387:Siblicide
362:Uxoricide
321:Foeticide
190:Poisoning
106:Foeticide
3459:Homicide
3453:Category
3380:BBC News
3340:24 March
3204:April 1,
3138:Archived
2844:3 August
2764:A Crim R
2626:See the
2358:See also
2298:murdered
2246:Kentucky
2240:Kentucky
2228:Colorado
2191:Virginia
2131:Oklahoma
2106:New York
2080:Nebraska
2070:Missouri
2054:Michigan
2044:Maryland
2028:Kentucky
2008:Illinois
1978:Delaware
1971:Colorado
1961:Arkansas
1928:burglary
1908:evidence
1823:felonies
1813:Scotland
1766:mens rea
1683:mens rea
1675:mens rea
1665:Ryan v R
1584:Elements
1529:in some
1527:doctrine
1447:Property
1442:Evidence
1437:Defenses
1386:Insanity
1316:Sedition
1270:Poaching
1234:Regicide
1186:Genocide
1161:Apostasy
1099:Mischief
1035:Gambling
1000:Burglary
884:Adultery
861:Stabbing
856:Stalking
839:Homicide
802:Menacing
782:Homicide
579:Mens rea
562:Elements
484:Regicide
479:Omnicide
474:Genocide
462:Femicide
447:Democide
421:Senicide
370:Filicide
155:Lynching
42:Homicide
3117:(PDF).
2726:(1)(a).
2221:Federal
2211:Wyoming
2181:Vermont
2075:Montana
2013:Indiana
1987:Georgia
1982:Florida
1956:Arizona
1941:Alabama
1912:robbery
1880:Federal
1872:assault
1755:Ireland
1742:knowing
1631:and in
1610:assault
1555:History
1475:Portals
1466:estates
1398: (
1396:Mistake
1381:Infancy
1349:Consent
1301:Treason
1218:smoking
1214:alcohol
1181:Dueling
1166:Begging
1140:Perjury
1070:Robbery
1050:Looting
1045:Larceny
1025:Forgery
995:Bribery
866:Torture
851:Robbery
809: (
762:Frameup
732:Battery
727:Assault
689:Attempt
489:Stoning
442:Deicide
3401:Cox CC
3335:mn.gov
3268:: 1155
3097:
2942:
2869:
2722:(NSW)
2398:
2278:felony
2270:murder
2248:, the
2136:Oregon
2085:Nevada
2023:Kansas
1997:Hawaii
1946:Alaska
1890:, and
1851:, the
1771:murder
1690:Canada
1591:forged
1542:felony
1538:murder
1462:trusts
1400:of law
1364:Duress
1229:Piracy
1216:, and
1055:Payola
914:Incest
889:Bigamy
827:felony
822:Murder
817:Mayhem
650:Felony
339:Family
49:Murder
21:Murder
3331:(PDF)
3198:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
2738:
2698:
2595:: 413
2538:: 331
2507:: 403
2497:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2456:(PDF)
2438:(PDF)
2171:Texas
2039:Maine
2003:Idaho
1924:arson
1458:Wills
1452:Torts
1210:drugs
1085:Theft
1030:Fraud
980:Arson
429:Other
3403:311.
3342:2022
3274:2017
3244:2017
3206:2021
3146:2021
3095:ISBN
3062:2020
3035:2017
3008:2017
2972:2017
2940:ISBN
2906:2017
2892:See
2880:2017
2867:ISBN
2846:2024
2645:2017
2613:The
2601:2017
2570:2017
2544:2017
2513:2017
2479:2017
2396:ISBN
2260:The
2176:Utah
2126:Ohio
2018:Iowa
1992:Guam
1916:rape
1897:The
1769:for
1706:the
1673:and
1604:The
1521:The
1464:and
939:Rape
668:(or
652:(or
2766:67
2744:CLR
2704:CLR
2464:101
1918:or
1901:'s
1651:In
1483:Law
301:War
3455::
3378:.
3358:.
3333:.
3309:.
3291:.
3264:.
3252:^
3234:.
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3085:;
3081:;
3064:.
3052:.
3025:.
2998:.
2962:.
2930:;
2926:;
2915:^
2897:.
2837:.
2775:^
2635:.
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2593:12
2591:.
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2534:.
2530:.
2505:91
2503:.
2499:.
2462:.
2458:.
2421:16
2419:.
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1922:,
1914:,
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23:.
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