69:
92:
became the new reality, government officials and their scientific advisors advanced the idea of a systematic approach to research, development, and acquisitions—one independent of the ups and downs of the marketplace and free of the restrictions on civil service. From this idea arose the concept of
502:
80:
scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and other specialists became part of the massive United States war effort—leading to evolutions in radar, aircraft, computing and, most famously, the development of nuclear weapons through the
56:, FFRDCs are operated by universities and corporations to fulfill certain long-term needs of the government that "...cannot be met as effectively by existing in-house or contractor resources." While similar in many ways to
266:
572:
476:
381:
93:
FFRDCs—private entities that would work almost exclusively on behalf of the government—free of organizational conflicts of interest and with a stable workforce of highly trained technical talent.
851:
404:
756:
318:
17:
108:, founded in 1951, originated as the Radiation Laboratory at MIT, and the Navy's Operation Research Group evolved into the Center for Naval Analyses. The first FFRDCs served the
1413:
1131:
775:
1105:
875:
682:
655:
887:
787:
419:
72:
Since the 1960s, private businesses in the U.S. have provided an increasing share of funding for research and development, as direct federal funding waned.
970:
292:
60:, FFRDCs are prohibited from competing for work. There are currently 42 FFRDCs, each sponsored by one or more U.S. government departments or agencies.
1408:
450:
713:
220:
181:
1138:
749:
565:
112:. Since then, other government organizations have sponsored FFRDCs to meet their specific needs. In 1969, the number of FFRDCs peaked at 74.
1418:
1112:
342:
423:
701:
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495:
281:
708:
333:
1041:
465:
616:
926:
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594:
430:
57:
1063:
831:
804:
374:
1127:
1101:
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948:
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651:
587:
370:
307:
235:
165:
109:
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1078:
1034:
1021:
1014:
963:
941:
919:
844:
675:
629:
609:
555:
543:
443:
259:
213:
191:
85:. The end of armed conflict did not end the need for organized research and development in support of the government.
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285:
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1117:
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662:
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246:
50:
904:
809:
469:
397:
1328:
996:
730:
386:
1236:
1056:
989:
931:
897:
824:
797:
723:
687:
533:
198:
169:
1385:
The Quasi
Government: Hybrid Organizations with Both Government and Private Sector Legal Characteristics
1090:
882:
455:
365:
160:
38:
819:
550:
528:
354:
145:
140:
980:
766:
646:
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337:
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230:
176:
46:
42:
68:
1320:
1004:
1286:
1146:
861:
745:
670:
486:
239:
150:
105:
1174:
Federally Funded
Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs): Background and Issues for Congress
1324:
1029:
958:
624:
203:
1363:
Hruby, Jill M.; Manley, Dawn K.; Stoltz, Ronald E.; Webb, Erik K.; Woodard, Joan B. (2011).
1232:
1122:
1073:
953:
936:
914:
604:
560:
302:
8:
1316:
1068:
814:
740:
692:
460:
155:
1282:
1261:. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.
1173:
636:
538:
1342:
892:
718:
438:
82:
1332:
1290:
1051:
975:
866:
839:
761:
582:
512:
481:
414:
328:
276:
225:
208:
101:
1364:
909:
792:
360:
254:
97:
1402:
1009:
1228:
1201:
1384:
77:
391:
104:, in 1947. Others grew directly out of their wartime roles. For example,
53:
1202:
Actions Needed to
Enhance Use of Laboratory Initiated Research Authority
1259:"Federally Funded R&D Declines as a Share of GDP and Total R&D"
1095:
186:
1365:"The Evolution of Federally Funded Research & Development Centers"
1258:
1346:
1337:
89:
782:
503:
Homeland
Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute
1317:
The Rise of
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
1294:
1001:
National
Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC
856:
735:
577:
507:
409:
323:
271:
1229:"Master Government List of Federally Funded R&D Centers"
888:
788:
1235:: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics,
1132:
Under
Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment
776:
Under
Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment
1106:
Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
876:
Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
783:
National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory
683:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
656:
Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
1362:
1315:Dale, Bruce C.; Moy, Timothy D. (September 2000).
1414:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
451:Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
31:Federally funded research and development centers
18:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
1400:
120:The following list includes all current FFRDCs:
1250:
714:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
267:Center for Advanced Aviation System Development
182:Iowa State University of Science and Technology
1209:United States Government Accountability Office
1139:Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
750:National Institute of Standards and Technology
573:Judiciary Engineering and Modernization Center
1256:
566:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
477:Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center
424:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
382:Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses
702:Under Secretary for Science and Technology
621:Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC
522:Under Secretary for Science and Technology
496:Under Secretary for Science and Technology
1336:
1409:1947 establishments in the United States
1277:
1275:
1221:
1199:
709:National Center for Atmospheric Research
67:
1314:
1042:Science and Technology Policy Institute
466:Department of Health and Human Services
420:Department of Health and Human Services
293:Center for Communications and Computing
14:
1401:
1200:Sullivan, Michael J. (December 2018).
1026:Battelle Savannah River Alliance, LLC
688:Battelle National Biodefense Institute
617:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
58:University Affiliated Research Centers
1382:
1272:
1265:from the original on 3 October 2023.
1171:
927:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
836:Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
642:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
595:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
431:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
1064:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
852:National Security Engineering Center
832:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
805:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
405:CMS Alliance to Modernize Healthcare
1419:United States science-related lists
949:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
757:National Defense Research Institute
319:Center for Enterprise Modernization
251:Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC
24:
1356:
1143:Jefferson Science Associates, LLC
1022:Savannah River National Laboratory
556:California Institute of Technology
25:
1430:
1383:Kosar, Kevin R. (June 22, 2011).
1376:Federation of American Scientists
1172:Gallo, Marcy E. (April 3, 2020).
1257:Anderson, G.; Moris, F. (2023).
698:Department of Homeland Security
518:Department of Homeland Security
492:Department of Homeland Security
286:Federal Aviation Administration
1392:Congressional Research Service
1308:
1193:
1181:Congressional Research Service
1165:
1118:Institute for Defense Analyses
1086:Software Engineering Institute
1047:Institute for Defense Analyses
663:Los Alamos National Laboratory
348:Social Security Administration
343:Department of Veterans Affairs
298:Institute for Defense Analyses
247:Brookhaven National Laboratory
51:Federal Acquisition Regulation
13:
1:
1159:
905:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
810:Associated Universities, Inc.
667:Triad National Security, LLC
534:Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC
470:National Institutes of Health
435:Fermi Research Alliance, LLC
398:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
100:created the first FFRDC, the
1374:. Vol. 64, no. 1.
1329:Sandia National Laboratories
997:Sandia National Laboratories
731:National Cybersecurity FFRDC
387:Southwest Research Institute
282:Department of Transportation
7:
1237:National Science Foundation
1113:Systems and Analyses Center
1057:National Science Foundation
990:Department of the Air Force
932:Battelle Memorial Institute
898:National Science Foundation
825:National Science Foundation
798:National Science Foundation
724:National Science Foundation
199:Argonne National Laboratory
170:Department of the Air Force
39:public-private partnerships
27:Type of U.S. R&D center
10:
1435:
1091:Carnegie Mellon University
883:National Solar Observatory
456:Leidos Biomedical Research
366:Arlington County, Virginia
334:Department of the Treasury
161:Colorado Springs, Colorado
63:
820:Charlottesville, Virginia
551:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
529:Idaho National Laboratory
355:Center for Naval Analyses
146:The Aerospace Corporation
981:Santa Monica, California
767:Santa Monica, California
647:Lexington, Massachusetts
600:University of California
338:Internal Revenue Service
312:National Security Agency
231:Santa Monica, California
177:Ames National Laboratory
47:United States Government
43:research and development
1321:Albuquerque, New Mexico
1005:Albuquerque, New Mexico
115:
1372:Public Interest Report
1287:Bedford, Massachusetts
1147:Newport News, Virginia
862:Bedford, Massachusetts
746:Department of Commerce
671:Los Alamos, New Mexico
487:Crystal City, Virginia
375:Department of the Navy
240:Department of the Army
151:El Segundo, California
106:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
73:
1325:Livermore, California
1295:The MITRE Corporation
1128:Department of Defense
1102:Department of Defense
1030:Aiken, South Carolina
986:Department of Defense
959:Princeton, New Jersey
872:Department of Defense
772:Department of Defense
652:Department of Defense
625:Livermore, California
371:Department of Defense
308:Department of Defense
236:Department of Defense
204:UChicago Argonne, LLC
166:Department of Defense
110:Department of Defense
71:
1233:Alexandria, Virginia
1152:Department of Energy
1123:Alexandria, Virginia
1079:Department of Energy
1074:Stanford, California
1035:Department of Energy
1015:Department of Energy
964:Department of Energy
954:Princeton University
942:Department of Energy
937:Richland, Washington
920:Department of Energy
915:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
845:Department of Energy
676:Department of Energy
630:Department of Energy
610:Department of Energy
605:Berkeley, California
588:United States Courts
561:Pasadena, California
544:Department of Energy
444:Department of Energy
303:Alexandria, Virginia
260:Department of Energy
214:Department of Energy
192:Department of Energy
1069:Stanford University
815:Socorro, New Mexico
741:Rockville, Maryland
693:Frederick, Maryland
461:Frederick, Maryland
156:Chantilly, Virginia
637:Lincoln Laboratory
539:Idaho Falls, Idaho
74:
1378:. pp. 24–31.
1283:"FFRDCs—A Primer"
1157:
1156:
971:Project Air Force
893:Boulder, Colorado
719:Boulder, Colorado
439:Batavia, Illinois
83:Manhattan Project
16:(Redirected from
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1291:McLean, Virginia
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1052:Washington, D.C.
976:RAND Corporation
910:UT-Battelle, LLC
867:McLean, Virginia
840:Golden, Colorado
762:RAND Corporation
583:McLean, Virginia
513:McLean, Virginia
482:RAND Corporation
415:McLean, Virginia
329:McLean, Virginia
277:McLean, Virginia
226:RAND Corporation
209:Lemont, Illinois
123:
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102:RAND Corporation
21:
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1357:Further reading
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793:Tucson, Arizona
361:CNA Corporation
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255:Upton, New York
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141:Aerospace FFRDC
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1299:. Retrieved
1297:. April 2015
1266:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1167:
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87:
78:World War II
75:
34:
30:
29:
1239:. June 2020
392:San Antonio
1403:Categories
1390:(Report).
1319:(Report).
1301:2021-01-14
1267:NSF 23-339
1243:2021-01-14
1214:2021-01-16
1207:(Report).
1186:2021-01-14
1179:(Report).
1160:References
1096:Pittsburgh
187:Ames, Iowa
1263:Archived
394:, Texas
135:Sponsor
132:Location
126:Facility
90:Cold War
49:. Under
45:for the
88:As the
76:During
64:History
1347:763090
1345:
37:) are
35:FFRDCs
1388:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
857:MITRE
736:MITRE
578:MITRE
508:MITRE
410:MITRE
324:MITRE
272:MITRE
1343:OSTI
1323:and
1289:and
359:The
116:List
96:The
1333:doi
1405::
1370:.
1341:.
1331:.
1327::
1293::
1285:.
1274:^
1231:.
1130:,
1104:,
988:,
874:,
774:,
748:,
700:,
654:,
520:,
494:,
468:,
422:,
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336:,
310:,
284:,
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1394:.
1349:.
1335::
1304:.
1246:.
1217:.
1189:.
1007:;
864:;
817:;
345:;
340:;
158:;
153:;
33:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
