42:
241:
4354:
5329:
5341:
457:
6–8 hours. The sample is then diluted with 2.5–5 times the volume of the sample with either normal saline, sterile water, or 4% milk. Some locations mix the sample and the solvent with a mortar and pestle, and others use a blender. There is concern with blender use on account of the introduction of air which may decrease
817:
Cultured intestinal bacteria are being studied as an alternative to fecal microbiota transplant. One example is the rectal bacteriotherapy (RBT), developed by Tvede and Helms, containing 12 individually cultured strains of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria originating from healthy human faeces. Research
703:
infections unresponsive to standard therapies. It proposed an interim discretionary enforcement period, if 1) informed consent is used, mentioning investigational aspect and risks, 2) stool donor is known to either the person with the condition or physician, and 3) stool donor and stool are screened
456:
No laboratory standards have been agreed upon, so recommendations vary for size of sample to be prepared, ranging from 30 to 100 grams (1.1 to 3.5 ounces) of fecal material for effective treatment. Fresh stool is used to increase viability of bacteria within the stool and samples are prepared within
721:
The FDA has issued three safety alerts regarding the transmission of pathogens. The first safety alert, issued in June 2019, described the transmission of a multidrug resistant organism from a donor stool that resulted in the death of one person. The second safety alert, issued in March 2020, was
382:
in people who also had that condition, and mild GI distress which generally resolve themselves soon after the procedure, including flatulence, diarrhea, irregular bowel movements, abdominal distension/bloating, abdominal pain/tenderness, constipation, cramping, and nausea. There are also concerns
768:
Across Europe, numerous stool banks have emerged to serve the increasing demand. While consensus rapports exists, standard operation procedures still differ. Institutions in the
Netherlands have published their protocols for managing FMT, and in Denmark institutions manages FMT according to the
406:
The gut microbiota comprises all microorganisms that reside along the gastrointestinal tract, including commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic organisms. FMT is the transfer of fecal material containing bacteria and natural antibacterials from a healthy individual into a diseased recipient.
325:
is easily eradicated with a single FMT infusion, this generally appears to not be the case with ulcerative colitis. Published experience of ulcerative colitis treatment with FMT largely shows that multiple and recurrent infusions are required to achieve prolonged remission or cure.
526:
is restored in human fecal samples from CDI patients and a bioreactor model of recurrent CDI by FMT, but not by antibiotic cessation alone; as such, this may be a key mediator of FMT's efficacy. Other studies have identified rapid-onset but well-maintained changes in the gut
506:
pathogen is identifiable. Recently, in a pilot study of five patients, sterile fecal filtrate was demonstrated to be of comparable efficacy to conventional FMT in the treatment of recurrent CDI. The conclusion from this study was that soluble filtrate components (such as
1047:
Baunwall SM, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, et al. (December 2022). "Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second
Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
3804:
711:, February 26, 2014). Some doctors and people who want to use FMT have been worried that the proposal, if finalized, would shutter the handful of stool banks which have sprung up, using anonymous donors and ship to providers hundreds of miles away.
3769:
3838:
2566:"The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines"
653:
announced in
February 2013 that it would hold a public meeting entitled "Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation" which was held on May 2–3, 2013. In May 2013 the FDA also announced that it had been regulating human fecal material as a drug. The
1722:
2435:
1154:
2398:
2248:
546:
The first use of donor feces as a therapeutic agent for food poisoning and diarrhea was recorded in the
Handbook of Emergency Medicine by a Chinese man, Hong Ge, in the 4th century. Twelve hundred years later Ming dynasty physician
3603:
1784:"Seres Therapeutics and Nestlé Health Science Announce FDA Approval of Vowst (fecal microbiota spores, live-brpk) for Prevention of Recurrence of C. difficile Infection in Adults Following Antibacterial Treatment for Recurrent CDI"
465:
of the feces contaminating the preparation area. The suspension is then strained through a filter and transferred to an administration container. If the suspension is to be used later, it can be frozen after being diluted with 10%
1761:
822:; such standardized products would be more scalable, would reduce the risk of infections from unwanted microbes, and would improve the scientific study of the approach, since the same substance would be administered each time.
252:
Fecal microbiota transplant is approximately 85–90% effective in people with CDI for whom antibiotics have not worked or in whom the disease recurs following antibiotics. Most people with CDI recover with one FMT treatment.
3658:"Draft Guidance for Industry: Enforcement Policy Regarding Investigational New Drug Requirements for Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation to Treat Clostridium difficile Infection Not Responsive to Standard Therapies"
3628:"Guidance for Industry: Enforcement Policy Regarding Investigational New Drug Requirements for Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation to Treat Clostridium difficile Infection Not Responsive to Standard Therapies"
625:
infection was published in
January 2013. The study was stopped early due to the effectiveness of FMT, with 81% of patients achieving cure after a single infusion and over 90% achieving a cure after a second infusion.
402:
There are evidence-based consensus guidelines for the optimal administration of FMT. Such documents outline the FMT procedure, including preparation of material, donor selection and screening, and FMT administration.
588:
The first use of FMT in western medicine was published in 1958 by Ben
Eiseman and colleagues, a team of surgeons from Colorado, who treated four critically ill people with fulminant pseudomembranous colitis (before
263:
Once considered to be a "last resort therapy" by some medical professionals, due to its unusual nature and invasiveness compared with antibiotics, perceived potential risk of infection transmission, and lack of
3285:
722:
regarding FMT produced from improperly tested donor stools from a stool bank which resulted in several hospitalizations and two deaths. A safety alert in late March 2020, was due to concerns of transmission of
3792:
605:
patient using FMT, which resulted in complete resolution of all signs and symptoms long term. In 1989 they treated a total of 55 patients with constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, ulcerative colitis, and
3757:
3826:
538:, no single culprit has yet been identified. However, analysis of gut microbiome and metabolome changes after FMT as treatment for ulcerative colitis has identified some possible candidates of interest.
415:
Preparing for the procedure requires careful selection and screening of the potential donor. Close relatives are often chosen on account of ease of screening; however, in the case of treatment of active
610:
with FMT. After FMT, 20 patients were considered "cured" and a further 9 patients had a reduction in symptoms. Stool transplants are considered about 90 percent effective in those with severe cases of
321:
patient using FMT, which led to longstanding symptom resolution. Following on from that, Justin D. Bennet published the first case report documenting reversal of Bennet's own colitis using FMT. While
1714:
2423:
551:
used "yellow soup" (aka "golden syrup") which contained fresh, dry or fermented stool to treat abdominal diseases. "Yellow soup" was made of fecal matter and water, which was drunk by the person.
1689:
1142:
470:, and used without loss of efficacy compared to the fresh sample. The fecal transplant material is then prepared and administered in a clinical environment to ensure that precautions are taken.
3661:
3635:
2386:
420:, family members and intimate contacts may be more prone to be carriers themselves. This screening involves medical history questionnaires, screening for various chronic medical diseases (e.g.
182:
With CDI becoming more common, FMT is gaining increasing prominence, with some experts calling for it to become the first-line therapy for CDI. FMT has been used experimentally to treat other
593:
was the known cause) using fecal enemas, which resulted in a rapid return to health. For over two decades, FMT has been provided as a treatment option at the Centre for
Digestive Diseases in
890:
3436:
Borody TJ, George L, Andrews P, Brandl S, Noonan S, Cole P, et al. (May 1989). "Bowel-flora alteration: a potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome?".
2238:
678:. It argued since FMT is used to prevent, treat, or cure a disease or condition, and intended to affect the structure or any function of the body, "a product for such use" would require an
256:
A 2009 study found that fecal microbiota transplant was an effective and simple procedure that was more cost-effective than continued antibiotic administration and reduced the incidence of
3613:
1749:
390:
A person died in the United States in 2019, after receiving an FMT that contained drug-resistant bacteria, and another person who received the same transplant was also infected. The US
805:). Because the procedure involves the complete restoration of the entire fecal microbiota, not just a single agent or combination of agents, these terms have been replaced by the term
1440:
Drekonja D, Reich J, Gezahegn S, Greer N, Shaukat A, MacDonald R, et al. (May 2015). "Fecal
Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review".
3526:
3868:
1551:
Kelly CR, de Leon L, Jasutkar N (February 2012). "Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing
Clostridium difficile infection in 26 patients: methodology and results".
699:
In March 2014, the FDA issued a proposed update (called "draft guidance") that, when finalized, is intended to supersede the July 2013 enforcement policy for FMT to treat
3758:"Important Safety Alert Regarding Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation and Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Transmission of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms"
3277:
3352:"History of fecal transplantation; camel feces contains limited amounts of Bacillus subtilis spores and likely has no traditional role in the treatment of dysentery"
335:
2739:
Jørgensen SM, Hansen MM, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL (November 2017). "Faecal microbiota transplantation: establishment of a clinical application framework".
921:
2215:
4390:
102:
3793:"Safety Alert Regarding Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation and Risk of Serious Adverse Events Likely Due to Transmission of Pathogenic Organisms"
3578:
3899:
215:
1681:
157:, is the process of transferring fecal bacteria and other microbes from a healthy individual into another individual. FMT is an effective treatment for
268:
coverage for donor stool, position statements by specialists in infectious diseases and other societies have been moving toward acceptance of FMT as a
3657:
3627:
3496:
2424:"Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Communication- Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Transmission of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms"
5291:
882:
3964:"Rectal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: results from a case series of 55 patients in Denmark 2000-2012"
2466:
663:
531:
profile after successful FMT (with colonisation of the recipient with donor bacteriophages), and this is therefore another key area of interest.
2208:"Treatment for autism symptoms earns ASU researchers patent: Microbiota Transplant Therapy offering hope to those with autism spectrum disorder"
5062:
5023:
1336:
infection and other potential indications: joint
British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines"
860:
contents of a healthy animal to another individual of the same species in order to colonize its gastrointestinal tract with normal bacteria.
845:
are born with sterile intestines, and to digest vegetation need bacteria which they obtain by eating their mothers' feces, a practice termed
666:(ASGE), and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) sought clarification, and the FDA
3827:"Safety Alert Regarding Use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation and Additional Safety Protections Pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19"
1715:"Ferring Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Rebyota (fecal microbiota, live-jslm) – A Novel First-in-Class Microbiota-Based Live Biotherapeutic"
498:
One hypothesis behind fecal microbiota transplant rests on the concept of bacterial interference, i.e., using harmless bacteria to displace
3692:
667:
3409:
Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS, Kauvar AJ (November 1958). "Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis".
718:
infections can be done without mandatory donor and stool screening, whereas FMT for other indications cannot be performed without an IND.
5088:
4120:
Bibbò S, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G (December 2017). "Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future perspectives".
734:
4666:
4426:
1750:"FDA Approves First Orally Administered Fecal Microbiota Product for the Prevention of Recurrence of Clostridioides difficile Infection"
1143:"Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Risk of Serious Adverse Events Likely Due to Transmission of Pathogenic Organisms"
856:
fecal microbiota transplant has been known as "transfaunation" and is used to treat ruminating animals, like cows and sheep, by feeding
818:
has also been done to identify the most relevant microbes within fecal transplants, which could then be isolated and manufactured via
5093:
4383:
3207:"Specific Bacteria and Metabolites Associated With Response to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis"
2387:"Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Regarding Additional Safety Protections Pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19"
394:(FDA) issued a warning against potentially life-threatening consequences of transplanting material from improperly screened donors.
4829:
3609:
3518:
3247:
2072:
655:
3860:
5361:
4986:
4059:
375:
2312:
300:(Vowst) was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2023. It is the first fecal microbiota product that is taken
4270:
745:, administered rectally. In April 2023, the FDA approved a live spore capsule that can be taken by mouth, under the brand name
758:
17:
4541:
4376:
4215:
675:
659:
4590:
2157:"Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study"
913:
5028:
2207:
235:
158:
5286:
5281:
685:
In July 2013, the FDA issued an enforcement policy ("guidance") regarding the IND requirement for using FMT to treat
362:. The Arizona treatment has received a United States Patent (#11,202,808) and the researchers hope for FDA approval.
730:
4819:
4265:
1855:
Bennet JD, Brinkman M (January 1989). "Treatment of ulcerative colitis by implantation of normal colonic flora".
1812:
Borody TJ, Campbell J (December 2011). "Fecal microbiota transplantation: current status and future directions".
1183:"Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: "first-line" treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection?"
642:
Interest in FMT grew in 2012 and 2013, as measured by the number of clinical trials and scientific publications.
519:) may be the key mediators of FMT's efficacy, rather than intact bacteria. It has now been demonstrated that the
123:
4526:
4477:
3891:
3568:
2334:
Goloshchapov OV, Olekhnovich EI, Sidorenko SV, Moiseev IS, Kucher MA, Fedorov DE, et al. (December 2019).
4908:
4652:
4500:
297:
4368:
3003:"Inhibiting Growth of Clostridioides difficile by Restoring Valerate, Produced by the Intestinal Microbiota"
5174:
4893:
4720:
4597:
4417:
3832:
3798:
3763:
3631:
3522:
3482:
2429:
2392:
1755:
1148:
629:
Since that time various institutions have offered FMT as a therapeutic option for a variety of conditions.
391:
290:
In November 2022, faecal microbiota transplant (Biomictra) was approved for medical use in Australia, and
5366:
5083:
4918:
4462:
618:
585:. However, this story is likely a myth; independent research was not able to verify any of these claims.
3105:"Long-term colonisation with donor bacteriophages following successful faecal microbial transplantation"
2952:"Efficacy of Sterile Fecal Filtrate Transfer for Treating Patients With Clostridium difficile Infection"
5319:
4991:
4913:
4781:
4640:
4008:"Artificial stool transplantation: progress towards a safer, more effective and acceptable alternative"
2801:
Terveer EM, van Beurden YH, Goorhuis A, Seegers JF, Bauer MP, van Nood E, et al. (December 2017).
1949:
Davar D, Dzutsev AK, McCulloch JA, Rodrigues RR, Chauvin JM, Morrison RM, et al. (February 2021).
379:
2903:"Update on Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms, and Outlook"
2458:
5179:
4969:
4883:
4791:
4710:
4482:
4472:
4151:"Fecal microbiota transplantation for irritable bowel syndrome: An intervention for the 21st century"
671:
1235:
Borody TJ, Khoruts A (December 2011). "Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications".
1091:
Baunwall SM, Lee MM, Eriksen MK, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Dahlerup JF, et al. (December 2020).
5273:
5128:
4786:
4467:
4409:
4334:
4208:
3001:
McDonald JA, Mullish BH, Pechlivanis A, Liu Z, Brignardello J, Kao D, et al. (November 2018).
2515:
Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Tilg H, Rajilić-Stojanović M, Kump P, Satokari R, et al. (April 2017).
2014:
Baruch EN, Youngster I, Ben-Betzalel G, Ortenberg R, Lahat A, Katz L, et al. (February 2021).
948:
van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, et al. (January 2013).
679:
421:
359:
351:
265:
195:
183:
2671:"Challenges in fecal donor selection and screening for fecal microbiota transplantation: A review"
2564:
Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, et al. (September 2018).
2073:"B.C. naturopath's pricey fecal transplants for autism are experimental and risky, scientists say"
1594:
Bakken JS (December 2009). "Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection".
210:. In the United States, human feces has been regulated as an experimental drug since 2013. In the
5222:
5138:
4763:
4521:
3205:
Paramsothy S, Nielsen S, Kamm MA, Deshpande NP, Faith JJ, Clemente JC, et al. (April 2019).
2950:
Ott SJ, Waetzig GH, Rehman A, Moltzau-Anderson J, Bharti R, Grasis JA, et al. (March 2017).
1330:
Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, et al. (November 2018).
819:
429:
3684:
5252:
5067:
4531:
4400:
1502:
Bakken JS, Borody T, Brandt LJ, Brill JV, Demarco DC, Franzos MA, et al. (December 2011).
1390:"Fecal transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in older adults: a review"
520:
479:
291:
997:
Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC (August 2017). "Faecal microbiota transplantation for
5227:
5157:
5013:
4607:
4568:
4318:
3103:
Draper LA, Ryan FJ, Smith MK, Jalanka J, Mattila E, Arkkila PA, et al. (December 2018).
2016:"Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients"
670:(CBER) stated that FMT falls within the definition of a biological product as defined in the
257:
1951:"Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients"
1783:
90:
5296:
4824:
4357:
4277:
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2027:
1962:
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176:
8:
5199:
5123:
5018:
4923:
4898:
4814:
4809:
4753:
4548:
4287:
4232:
4201:
2517:"European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice"
2274:
1280:"Fecal microbiota transplantation: indications, methods, evidence, and future directions"
853:
3861:"Gut check: The FDA approves microbiome-based therapies, with future approvals expected"
3449:
3367:
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2101:
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1996:
1983:
1950:
1926:
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1880:
1837:
1682:"BiomeBank announces world first regulatory approval for donor derived microbiome drug"
1660:
1576:
1528:
1503:
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1419:
1304:
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1212:
1119:
1092:
1073:
1026:
979:
708:
693:
607:
602:
535:
425:
318:
269:
203:
27:
Process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient
1868:
1061:
5259:
5143:
5105:
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4861:
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2932:
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2133:
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1988:
1931:
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1829:
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1611:
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1457:
1411:
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1309:
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1018:
971:
572:
65:
4041:
2768:
1884:
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1580:
1423:
1264:
1030:
983:
5263:
5100:
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4224:
4172:
4162:
4133:
4129:
4090:
4019:
3975:
3934:
3723:
3573:
3548:
3492:
3465:
3445:
3381:
3371:
3316:
3278:"Therapeutic Poop: Hope for Cure of Childhood Diarrhea Comes Straight from the Gut"
3218:
3177:
3167:
3126:
3116:
3075:
3067:
3022:
3014:
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2528:
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2035:
1978:
1970:
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1911:
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705:
690:
70:
47:
2901:
Kelly CR, Kahn S, Kashyap P, Laine L, Rubin D, Atreja A, et al. (July 2015).
2686:
1332:"The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory
5345:
5301:
5078:
5074:
5057:
5052:
4839:
4735:
4725:
4700:
4688:
4675:
4627:
4245:
3376:
3223:
3206:
3018:
2968:
2951:
2918:
2752:
2637:
1647:
1630:
1564:
1199:
1182:
1109:
433:
432:, etc.), and laboratory testing for pathogenic gastrointestinal infections (e.g.
4094:
1504:"Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation"
338:
donors can promote a therapeutic response in immunotherapy-refractory patients.
5371:
5333:
5306:
5133:
4996:
4941:
4647:
4617:
4511:
4452:
4435:
3071:
2582:
2565:
2532:
2290:
1352:
1331:
462:
211:
207:
3980:
3963:
3939:
3922:
3121:
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2352:
2173:
1519:
1295:
1248:
5355:
5217:
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4876:
4612:
4447:
4398:
4260:
4167:
2869:
2152:
1001:-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials".
646:
601:, the modern-day proponent of FMT. In May 1988 their group treated the first
598:
528:
508:
41:
3790:
2275:"Adverse events in faecal microbiota transplant: a review of the literature"
2040:
2015:
1974:
1900:"Fecal microbiota transplant - a new frontier in inflammatory bowel disease"
60:
Fecal bacteriotherapy, fecal transfusion, fecal transplant, stool transplant
5194:
5008:
4903:
4888:
4743:
4292:
4186:
4141:
4102:
4033:
3989:
3948:
3735:
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3140:
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1208:
1128:
1069:
1022:
975:
834:
582:
578:
502:
organisms, such as by competitive niche exclusion. In the case of CDI, the
478:
After being made into suspensions, the fecal material can be given through
240:
191:
3457:
3320:
3050:
Zuo T, Wong SH, Lam K, Lui R, Cheung K, Tang W, et al. (April 2018).
1876:
966:
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79:
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512:
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165:
4024:
4007:
1825:
1406:
1389:
950:"Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile"
370:
Adverse effects were poorly understood as of 2016. They have included
5044:
4847:
4758:
4748:
4705:
4635:
4439:
4339:
4313:
4240:
2514:
2239:"ASU researchers see hope for autism symptoms with fecal transplants"
1453:
762:
594:
563:
276:
199:
172:
3714:
Ratner M (May 2014). "Fecal transplantation poses dilemma for FDA".
3052:"Bacteriophage transfer during faecal microbiota transplantation in
2013:
168:
alone, and may improve the outcome after the first index infection.
5328:
5115:
4856:
4193:
3487:
2854:"Understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation"
2459:"Fecal Transplant Is Linked to a Patient's Death, the F.D.A. Warns"
2077:
830:
723:
523:
499:
467:
458:
384:
355:
354:
with fecal microbiota transplants. One such study was conducted in
301:
272:
for relapsing CDI and also Medicare coverage in the United States.
4148:
2668:
317:
In May 1988, Australian professor Thomas Borody treated the first
4492:
3688:
3605:
AGA Confirms IND is Required for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
2800:
2336:"Long-term impact of fecal transplantation in healthy volunteers"
742:
559:
445:
187:
4081:
DePeters EJ, George LW (December 2014). "Rumen transfaunation".
2949:
2738:
2669:
Woodworth MH, Carpentieri C, Sitchenko KL, Kraft CS (May 2017).
5209:
4773:
3791:
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (March 12, 2020).
3685:"MIT Lab Hosts Nation's First Stool Bank, But Will It Survive?"
516:
4119:
3350:
Koopman N, van Leeuwen P, Brul S, Seppen J (August 10, 2022).
3204:
2102:"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autism Spectrum Disorder"
1948:
947:
4978:
3923:"Diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile infection"
3000:
1631:"Fecal bacteriotherapy, fecal transplant, and the microbiome"
1046:
857:
838:
746:
555:
487:
294:(Rebyota) was approved for medical use in the United States.
3349:
3154:
Zhang YJ, Li S, Gan RY, Zhou T, Xu DP, Li HB (April 2015).
566:; its efficacy, probably attributable to the antimicrobial
4149:
El-Salhy M, Patcharatrakul T, Gonlachanvit S (June 2021).
2563:
2384:
1439:
1329:
1097:
infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
3435:
1897:
1090:
650:
3408:
2619:
996:
3519:"Public Workshop: Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation"
1501:
1277:
674:
and the definition of a drug within the meaning of the
3156:"Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases"
3102:
2150:
5317:
4056:"BBC Nature – Dung eater videos, news and facts"
2900:
2741:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
534:
In contrast, in the case of other conditions such as
334:
Clinical trials are underway to evaluate if FMT from
226:
164:(CDI). For recurrent CDI, FMT is more effective than
2155:, Chittick L, Fasano A, et al. (January 2017).
1550:
1180:
914:"'Poop Transplants' May Combat Bacterial Infections"
765:, the first public stool bank in the United States.
704:
and tested under the direction of the physician (79
577:
was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers of the
3961:
2626:
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
2620:Merenstein D, El-Nachef N, Lynch SV (August 2014).
1786:(Press release). Seres Therapeutics. April 26, 2023
1230:
1228:
1226:
1181:Brandt LJ, Borody TJ, Campbell J (September 2011).
877:
875:
873:
614:colonization, in whom antibiotics have not worked.
283:for people with deterioration and severe relapsing
216:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
4012:Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4002:
1814:Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1744:
1742:
1740:
1278:Borody TJ, Paramsothy S, Agrawal G (August 2013).
2858:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2734:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2268:
2266:
1237:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1093:"Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent
689:infection unresponsive to standard therapies (78
5353:
3562:
3560:
3477:
3475:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2622:"Fecal microbial therapy: promises and pitfalls"
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
1898:Sunkara T, Rawla P, Ofosu A, Gaduputi V (2018).
1435:
1433:
1223:
883:"FAECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANT (FMT) (BiomeBank)"
870:
741:fecal microbiota treatment under the brand name
733:approved faecal microbiota under the brand name
350:, there have been serious studies into treating
3598:
3596:
3567:Smith MB, Kelly C, Alm EJ (February 19, 2014).
3284:. The Johns Hopkins University. July 29, 2013.
3248:"Whats the lowdown on 'fecal transplantation'?"
3056:infection is associated with treatment outcome"
2851:
1737:
1676:
1674:
664:American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
4080:
3962:Tvede M, Tinggaard M, Helms M (January 2015).
3153:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2608:
2272:
2263:
1854:
1811:
5024:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
4425:
4384:
4209:
3566:
3557:
3483:"FDA struggles to regulate fecal transplants"
3472:
3049:
2711:
2481:
2385:Office of the Commissioner (March 24, 2020).
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1709:
1707:
1430:
1234:
1050:The Lancet. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
943:
941:
939:
3996:
3660:. Food and Drug Administration. March 2014.
3593:
3569:"Policy: How to regulate faecal transplants"
1671:
1383:
1381:
668:Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
3160:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2775:
2100:Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang T (December 15, 2022).
2099:
1387:
214:, FMT regulation is under the remit of the
4674:
4391:
4377:
4216:
4202:
2418:
2416:
1798:
1704:
1394:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
936:
40:
5165:
4176:
4166:
4023:
3979:
3938:
3385:
3375:
3222:
3181:
3171:
3130:
3120:
3079:
3026:
2977:
2967:
2926:
2877:
2852:Khoruts A, Sadowsky MJ (September 2016).
2828:
2818:
2694:
2645:
2591:
2581:
2540:
2361:
2351:
2298:
2182:
2172:
2127:
2117:
2039:
1982:
1925:
1915:
1646:
1527:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1405:
1378:
1361:
1351:
1303:
1198:
1118:
1108:
965:
777:Previous terms for the procedure include
4830:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
4122:Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica
3927:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3610:American Gastroenterological Association
2803:"How to: Establish and run a stool bank"
1508:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1176:
1174:
1172:
757:In 2012, a team of researchers from the
656:American Gastroenterological Association
239:
4987:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
3682:
3402:
2413:
2205:
2070:
1325:
1323:
515:, and/or bacterial components, such as
451:
14:
5354:
4074:
4062:from the original on December 29, 2011
3920:
3713:
3650:
3620:
2438:from the original on September 4, 2019
2273:Baxter M, Colville A (February 2016).
2106:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1593:
1476:
924:from the original on November 11, 2020
887:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
632:
493:
4372:
4197:
3902:from the original on October 14, 2014
3889:
3695:from the original on October 17, 2014
3638:from the original on December 3, 2017
3581:from the original on November 4, 2014
3499:from the original on October 19, 2014
3306:
3300:
3270:
3245:
3239:
3147:
2456:
2236:
1725:from the original on December 1, 2022
1628:
1169:
1157:from the original on October 21, 2020
911:
759:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
737:, and the US FDA approved a specific
482:and nasoduodenal tubes, or through a
358:, China, and an earlier study led by
312:
4542:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
4223:
3871:from the original on January 2, 2024
3309:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
2251:from the original on August 31, 2023
2218:from the original on August 31, 2023
1692:from the original on January 2, 2024
1635:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1553:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1320:
1187:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1042:
1040:
893:from the original on January 2, 2024
769:European Tissue and Cell directive.
676:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
660:American College of Gastroenterology
558:feces" has also been recommended by
4591:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
4399:Tests and procedures involving the
3968:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
3841:from the original on April 14, 2020
3450:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136704.x
3288:from the original on March 31, 2019
3282:The Johns Hopkins Children's Center
2807:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2401:from the original on April 14, 2020
2315:from the original on April 28, 2023
1764:from the original on April 26, 2023
1721:(Press release). December 1, 2022.
1688:(Press release). November 9, 2022.
1388:Burke KE, Lamont JT (August 2013).
954:The New England Journal of Medicine
307:
171:Side effects may include a risk of
24:
5029:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
4113:
3529:from the original on April 6, 2017
3307:Lewin RA (2001). "More on Merde".
2469:from the original on June 14, 2019
410:
365:
236:Clostridioides difficile infection
25:
5383:
4155:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3807:from the original on May 30, 2020
3664:from the original on June 5, 2018
2570:The Journal of Hospital Infection
2279:The Journal of Hospital Infection
1760:(Press release). April 26, 2023.
1037:
825:
473:
132:
5339:
5327:
4353:
4352:
3772:from the original on May 6, 2020
3438:The Medical Journal of Australia
1904:Journal of Inflammation Research
1284:Current Gastroenterology Reports
1003:The Medical Journal of Australia
807:fecal microbiota transplantation
731:Therapeutic Goods Administration
554:The consumption of "fresh, warm
378:-like syndrome, exacerbation of
244:Scanning electron micrograph of
175:, therefore the donor should be
4820:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
4048:
3955:
3914:
3892:"A New Kind of Transplant Bank"
3883:
3853:
3819:
3784:
3750:
3707:
3676:
3541:
3511:
3429:
3343:
3198:
3096:
3043:
2994:
2943:
2894:
2845:
2662:
2557:
2450:
2378:
2327:
2230:
2199:
2151:Kang DW, Adams JB, Gregory AC,
2144:
2093:
2064:
2007:
1942:
1891:
1848:
1776:
1622:
1587:
1544:
1271:
221:
5362:Drugs not assigned an ATC code
4527:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
4478:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
4134:10.23736/S1121-421X.17.02374-1
3890:Smith PA (February 17, 2014).
2206:Leander S (February 1, 2022).
2071:Lindsay B (January 10, 2020).
1608:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.09.007
1135:
1084:
990:
905:
752:
714:As of 2015, FMT for recurrent
13:
1:
4909:Lower gastrointestinal series
4653:Upper gastrointestinal series
3612:, May 6, 2013, archived from
2687:10.1080/19490976.2017.1286006
1869:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91183-5
1062:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X
863:
637:
298:Fecal microbiota spores, live
275:It has been recommended that
5175:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
4894:Double-contrast barium enema
4721:Partial ileal bypass surgery
4598:Esophagogastric dissociation
3833:Food and Drug Administration
3799:Food and Drug Administration
3764:Food and Drug Administration
3632:Food and Drug Administration
3523:Food and Drug Administration
3377:10.1371/journal.pone.0272607
3224:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.001
3019:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.014
2969:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.010
2919:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.008
2753:10.1097/meg.0000000000000958
2638:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000415
2430:Food and Drug Administration
2393:Food and Drug Administration
1756:Food and Drug Administration
1648:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181e1d6e2
1565:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318234570b
1200:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f
1149:Food and Drug Administration
1110:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642
912:Rowan K (October 20, 2012).
397:
392:Food and Drug Administration
248:bacteria from a stool sample
7:
4992:Bioartificial liver devices
4919:Transrectal ultrasonography
4095:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.009
3683:Emanuel G (March 7, 2014).
3254:. U of Iowa. Archived from
1719:Ferring Pharmaceuticals USA
1629:Floch MH (September 2010).
1442:Annals of Internal Medicine
812:
619:randomized controlled trial
147:Fecal microbiota transplant
91:Fecal microbiota transplant
35:Fecal microbiota transplant
10:
5388:
4914:Small-bowel follow-through
4782:Abdominoperineal resection
4641:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
3921:Dupont HL (October 2013).
3072:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313952
2583:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.037
2533:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313017
2291:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.10.024
2237:Innes S (April 11, 2019).
1794:– via Business Wire.
1353:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316818
849:. Other animals eat dung.
562:as a remedy for bacterial
541:
380:inflammatory bowel disease
372:bacterial blood infections
233:
5274:Clinical prediction rules
5272:
5240:
5208:
5180:Intraperitoneal injection
5156:
5114:
5039:
4977:
4968:
4932:
4884:Abdominal ultrasonography
4838:
4800:
4792:Total mesorectal excision
4772:
4734:
4711:Intestine transplantation
4665:
4626:
4501:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
4491:
4483:High resolution manometry
4473:Esophageal motility study
4434:
4416:
4407:
4348:
4327:
4306:
4231:
3981:10.1016/j.cmi.2014.07.003
3940:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.016
3933:(10): 1216–23, quiz e73.
3246:Gerke H (December 2014).
3122:10.1186/s40168-018-0598-x
2979:21.11116/0000-0002-F84B-3
2820:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.015
2457:Grady D (June 13, 2019).
2353:10.1186/s12866-019-1689-y
2174:10.1186/s40168-016-0225-7
1520:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.08.014
1296:10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1
1249:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.244
729:In November 2022, the AU
672:Public Health Service Act
341:
329:
184:gastrointestinal diseases
122:
117:
101:
96:
76:
64:
56:
39:
34:
5129:Pancreas transplantation
4787:Lower anterior resection
4468:Esophageal pH monitoring
4410:Digestive system surgery
4335:Human Microbiome Project
4168:10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.2921
4006:, Petrof EO (May 2013).
3815:– via www.fda.gov.
2870:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.98
2281:(Submitted manuscript).
1095:Clostridioides difficile
799:human probiotic infusion
772:
680:Investigational New Drug
422:irritable bowel diseases
360:Arizona State University
352:Autism Spectrum Disorder
246:Clostridioides difficile
228:Clostridioides difficile
196:irritable bowel syndrome
160:Clostridioides difficile
51:at 10,000× magnification
5223:Inguinal hernia surgery
5139:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
4522:Adjustable gastric band
4463:Impedance–pH monitoring
4307:Disorders and therapies
2041:10.1126/science.abb5920
1975:10.1126/science.abf3363
820:industrial fermentation
448:, GI parasites, etc.).
430:gastrointestinal cancer
336:anti-PD-1 immunotherapy
5253:Exploratory laparotomy
5068:Hepatoportoenterostomy
4532:Gastric bypass surgery
4401:human digestive system
4271:In bacterial vaginosis
521:short-chain fatty acid
292:fecal microbiota, live
249:
177:screened for pathogens
5228:Femoral hernia repair
5014:Liver transplantation
4608:Nissen fundoplication
3768:. December 20, 2019.
3321:10.1353/pbm.2001.0067
3054:Clostridium difficile
1334:Clostridium difficile
999:Clostridium difficile
967:10.1056/NEJMoa1205037
779:fecal bacteriotherapy
258:antibiotic resistance
243:
234:Further information:
18:Fecal bacteriotherapy
4825:Rubber band ligation
4764:Hartmann's operation
3716:Nature Biotechnology
3173:10.3390/ijms16047493
3013:(5): 1495–1507.e15.
2244:The Arizona Republic
452:Specimen preparation
281:first-line treatment
202:conditions, such as
5200:Peritoneal dialysis
5019:Portal hypertension
4924:Virtual colonoscopy
4899:Endoanal ultrasound
4815:Anorectal manometry
4810:Anal sphincterotomy
4754:Colonic polypectomy
4549:Collis gastroplasty
3728:10.1038/nbt0514-401
3554:, February 25, 2013
3368:2022PLoSO..1772607K
3217:(5): 1440–1454.e2.
2576:(Suppl 1): S1–S31.
2119:10.2147/NDT.S382571
2032:2021Sci...371..602B
1967:2021Sci...371..595D
1917:10.2147/JIR.S176190
1015:10.5694/mja17.00295
854:veterinary medicine
682:(IND) application.
633:Society and culture
494:Mechanism of action
383:that it may spread
279:FMT be elevated to
153:), also known as a
93:
5367:Medical treatments
4694:Jejunoileal bypass
4537:Sleeve gastrectomy
4083:Immunology Letters
4058:. Bbc.co.uk. n.d.
3896:The New York Times
3525:. March 10, 2014.
2463:The New York Times
2081:. British Columbia
1153:. March 12, 2020.
696:, July 18, 2013).
603:ulcerative colitis
536:ulcerative colitis
486:or as a retention
319:ulcerative colitis
313:Ulcerative colitis
250:
204:multiple sclerosis
89:
5315:
5314:
5260:Rapid urease test
5236:
5235:
5152:
5151:
5144:Puestow procedure
5106:Cholescintigraphy
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4952:Stool guaiac test
4862:Capsule endoscopy
4684:Bariatric surgery
4661:
4660:
4576:Gastroenterostomy
4517:Bariatric surgery
4366:
4365:
4161:(22): 2921–2943.
4089:(2 Pt A): 69–76.
4025:10.1586/egh.13.16
3865:Nixon Peabody LLP
3837:. April 9, 2020.
3495:. June 26, 2014.
3258:on March 14, 2017
2962:(4): 799–811.e7.
2434:. June 14, 2019.
2026:(6529): 602–609.
1961:(6529): 595–602.
1826:10.1586/egh.11.71
1514:(12): 1044–1049.
1407:10.1111/jgs.12378
1346:(11): 1920–1941.
1103:. 29–30: 100642.
1101:eClinicalMedicine
1056:(12): 1083–1091.
783:fecal transfusion
573:Bacillus subtilis
346:Once linked with
144:
143:
136:
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
5379:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5297:Child–Pugh score
5264:Urea breath test
5163:
5162:
5124:Frey's procedure
5101:Cholecystography
4975:
4974:
4672:
4671:
4507:Nasogastric tube
4432:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4356:
4355:
4225:Human microbiota
4218:
4211:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4145:
4107:
4106:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4027:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3867:. May 15, 2023.
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3564:
3555:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3493:Associated Press
3479:
3470:
3469:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3211:Gastroenterology
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3175:
3166:(4): 7493–7519.
3151:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3007:Gastroenterology
2998:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2956:Gastroenterology
2947:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2907:Gastroenterology
2898:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2798:
2773:
2772:
2736:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2617:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2512:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2340:BMC Microbiology
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2302:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1986:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1746:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1499:
1474:
1473:
1454:10.7326/m14-2693
1437:
1428:
1427:
1409:
1400:(8): 1394–1398.
1385:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1202:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1044:
1035:
1034:
994:
988:
987:
969:
945:
934:
933:
931:
929:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
879:
791:stool transplant
787:fecal transplant
726:in donor stool.
308:Other conditions
270:standard therapy
155:stool transplant
134:
131:
94:
92:
88:
80:edit on Wikidata
71:Gastroenterology
48:Escherichia coli
44:
32:
31:
21:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5302:Ranson criteria
5268:
5232:
5204:
5148:
5110:
5079:Cholangiography
5075:Medical imaging
5058:Cholecystostomy
5053:Cholecystectomy
5035:
4956:
4928:
4840:Medical imaging
4834:
4796:
4768:
4730:
4726:Strictureplasty
4701:Bowel resection
4689:Duodenal switch
4657:
4628:Medical imaging
4622:
4487:
4418:Digestive tract
4412:
4403:
4397:
4367:
4362:
4344:
4323:
4319:Faecal transfer
4302:
4227:
4222:
4116:
4114:Further reading
4111:
4110:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4001:
3997:
3960:
3956:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3616:on May 10, 2013
3602:
3601:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3565:
3558:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3434:
3430:
3407:
3403:
3362:(8): e0272607.
3348:
3344:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3203:
3199:
3152:
3148:
3101:
3097:
3048:
3044:
2999:
2995:
2948:
2944:
2899:
2895:
2850:
2846:
2813:(12): 924–930.
2799:
2776:
2747:(11): e36–e45.
2737:
2712:
2667:
2663:
2618:
2609:
2562:
2558:
2513:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2383:
2379:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2271:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2200:
2149:
2145:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2065:
2012:
2008:
1947:
1943:
1896:
1892:
1853:
1849:
1810:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1627:
1623:
1592:
1588:
1549:
1545:
1500:
1477:
1438:
1431:
1386:
1379:
1328:
1321:
1276:
1272:
1233:
1224:
1179:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1089:
1085:
1045:
1038:
995:
991:
946:
937:
927:
925:
910:
906:
896:
894:
889:. May 2, 2024.
881:
880:
871:
866:
828:
815:
775:
755:
640:
635:
608:Crohn's disease
544:
496:
476:
454:
426:Crohn's disease
413:
411:Donor selection
400:
368:
366:Adverse effects
344:
332:
315:
310:
238:
232:
224:
140:
113:
83:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5307:Milan criteria
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5158:Abdominopelvic
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5134:Pancreatectomy
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4997:Liver dialysis
4994:
4983:
4981:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4942:Fecal fat test
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4680:
4678:
4669:
4667:Lower GI tract
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4648:Barium swallow
4645:
4644:
4643:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4618:Schilling test
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4512:Gastric lavage
4509:
4504:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:Heller myotomy
4450:
4444:
4442:
4429:
4427:Upper GI tract
4420:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4146:
4128:(4): 420–430.
4115:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4073:
4047:
4018:(4): 291–293.
4004:Allen-Vercoe E
3995:
3954:
3913:
3882:
3852:
3818:
3783:
3749:
3722:(5): 401–402.
3706:
3675:
3649:
3619:
3592:
3556:
3540:
3510:
3471:
3428:
3417:(5): 854–859.
3401:
3342:
3315:(4): 594–607.
3299:
3269:
3252:Health at Iowa
3238:
3197:
3146:
3095:
3066:(4): 634–643.
3042:
2993:
2942:
2913:(1): 223–237.
2893:
2864:(9): 508–516.
2844:
2774:
2710:
2681:(3): 225–237.
2661:
2632:(2): 157–161.
2607:
2556:
2527:(4): 569–580.
2480:
2449:
2412:
2377:
2326:
2285:(2): 117–127.
2262:
2229:
2198:
2143:
2092:
2063:
2006:
1941:
1890:
1847:
1820:(6): 653–655.
1797:
1775:
1736:
1703:
1670:
1641:(8): 529–530.
1621:
1602:(6): 285–289.
1586:
1559:(2): 145–149.
1543:
1475:
1448:(9): 630–638.
1429:
1377:
1319:
1270:
1222:
1193:(8): 655–657.
1168:
1134:
1083:
1036:
1009:(4): 166–172.
1000:
989:
960:(5): 407–415.
935:
904:
868:
867:
865:
862:
827:
826:Veterinary use
824:
814:
811:
774:
771:
754:
751:
639:
636:
634:
631:
543:
540:
509:bacteriophages
495:
492:
475:
474:Administration
472:
463:aerosolization
453:
450:
412:
409:
399:
396:
367:
364:
343:
340:
331:
328:
314:
311:
309:
306:
231:
225:
223:
220:
212:United Kingdom
142:
141:
139:
138:
137: C2
128:
126:
120:
119:
115:
114:
112:
111:
107:
105:
99:
98:
85:
84:
77:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5384:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:Hernia repair
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Fecal pH test
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:Sigmoidoscopy
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Pyloromyotomy
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Esophagectomy
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4359:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3637:
3634:. July 2013.
3633:
3629:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
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3110:
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2639:
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2612:
2603:
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2584:
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2120:
2115:
2112:: 2905–2915.
2111:
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2096:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
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2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
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1985:
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1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
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1956:
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1945:
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1933:
1928:
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1918:
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1886:
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1866:
1863:(8630): 164.
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1408:
1403:
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1395:
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1384:
1382:
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1363:10044/1/61310
1359:
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1311:
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766:
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719:
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712:
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702:
697:
695:
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688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
647:United States
643:
630:
627:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
604:
600:
599:Thomas Borody
596:
592:
586:
584:
580:
576:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
539:
537:
532:
530:
529:bacteriophage
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
491:
489:
485:
481:
471:
469:
464:
460:
449:
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305:
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197:
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161:
156:
152:
148:
130:
129:
127:
125:
121:
116:
109:
108:
106:
104:
100:
97:Clinical data
95:
81:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5195:Paracentesis
5009:Liver biopsy
4904:Enteroclysis
4889:Defecography
4744:Appendectomy
4293:Human virome
4266:In pregnancy
4158:
4154:
4125:
4121:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4066:November 27,
4064:. Retrieved
4050:
4015:
4011:
3998:
3974:(1): 48–53.
3971:
3967:
3957:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3895:
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3864:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3830:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3796:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3761:
3752:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3678:
3668:December 16,
3666:. Retrieved
3652:
3642:December 16,
3640:. Retrieved
3622:
3614:the original
3604:
3583:. Retrieved
3572:
3543:
3533:December 16,
3531:. Retrieved
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3486:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3251:
3241:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2810:
2806:
2744:
2740:
2678:
2675:Gut Microbes
2674:
2664:
2629:
2625:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2524:
2520:
2471:. Retrieved
2462:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2427:
2403:. Retrieved
2390:
2380:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2300:11287/595264
2282:
2278:
2253:. Retrieved
2242:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2164:
2160:
2146:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2076:
2066:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1817:
1813:
1788:. Retrieved
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1753:
1727:. Retrieved
1718:
1694:. Retrieved
1685:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1445:
1441:
1397:
1393:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1243:(2): 88–96.
1240:
1236:
1190:
1186:
1159:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1053:
1049:
1006:
1002:
992:
957:
953:
926:. Retrieved
917:
907:
895:. Retrieved
886:
851:
829:
816:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
776:
767:
756:
739:C. difficile
738:
728:
720:
716:C. difficile
715:
713:
701:C. difficile
700:
698:
687:C. difficile
686:
684:
644:
641:
628:
623:C. difficile
622:
616:
612:C. difficile
611:
591:C. difficile
590:
587:
583:World War II
579:Afrika Korps
571:
570:produced by
553:
545:
533:
504:C. difficile
503:
497:
477:
455:
437:
417:
414:
405:
401:
389:
369:
345:
333:
323:C. difficile
322:
316:
296:
289:
285:C. difficile
284:
274:
262:
255:
251:
245:
227:
222:Medical uses
200:neurological
192:constipation
186:, including
181:
170:
159:
154:
150:
146:
145:
124:Legal status
118:Legal status
46:
29:
5185:Laparoscopy
5041:Gallbladder
5004:Hepatectomy
4934:Stool tests
4872:Proctoscopy
4867:Enteroscopy
4852:Colonoscopy
4736:Large bowel
4716:Jejunostomy
4676:Small bowel
4603:Hill repair
4586:Gastrostomy
4564:Billroth II
4554:Gastrectomy
4458:Sialography
4233:Human flora
3699:October 13,
3585:October 12,
3503:October 12,
3444:(10): 604.
3262:January 14,
2830:1887/117537
2319:November 7,
1910:: 321–328.
1729:December 1,
928:October 20,
918:LiveScience
847:coprophagia
795:fecal enema
753:Stool banks
662:(ACG), the
658:(AGA), the
513:metabolites
484:colonoscope
480:nasogastric
461:as well as
348:naturopathy
287:infection.
208:Parkinson's
57:Other names
5356:Categories
5248:Laparotomy
5190:Omentopexy
5167:Peritoneum
4802:Anal canal
4581:Gastropexy
4559:Billroth I
3875:January 2,
3115:(1): 220.
3109:Microbiome
2346:(1): 312.
2255:August 31,
2222:August 31,
2161:Microbiome
2085:August 31,
1696:January 2,
1686:Biome Bank
1290:(8): 337.
864:References
638:Regulation
617:The first
568:subtilisin
549:Li Shizhen
500:pathogenic
442:salmonella
277:endoscopic
173:infections
166:vancomycin
5045:bile duct
4970:Accessory
4848:Endoscopy
4759:Colostomy
4749:Colectomy
4706:Ileostomy
4636:Endoscopy
4569:Roux-en-Y
4440:Esophagus
4340:OpenBiome
4314:Dysbiosis
4298:Mycobiota
3845:April 13,
3811:April 13,
3776:April 13,
3744:205268072
3337:201764383
3292:March 31,
2405:March 25,
2167:(1): 10.
2058:228101416
2001:231808119
1790:April 27,
1768:April 27,
1161:March 21,
1078:252483680
831:Elephants
763:OpenBiome
735:Biomictra
595:Five Dock
564:dysentery
398:Technique
374:, fever,
230:infection
162:infection
66:Specialty
5346:Medicine
5116:Pancreas
4857:Anoscopy
4358:Category
4288:Salivary
4278:Placenta
4187:34168399
4142:28927251
4103:25262872
4060:Archived
4042:46550706
4034:23639085
3990:25636927
3949:23542332
3906:July 10,
3900:Archived
3869:Archived
3839:Archived
3805:Archived
3770:Archived
3736:24811495
3693:Archived
3662:Archived
3636:Archived
3579:Archived
3527:Archived
3497:Archived
3488:CBS News
3423:13592638
3396:35947590
3356:PLOS ONE
3329:11600805
3286:Archived
3233:30529583
3192:25849657
3141:30526683
3090:28539351
3037:30025704
2988:27866880
2937:25982290
2888:27329806
2839:28529025
2769:25600294
2761:28863010
2705:28129018
2656:24796803
2602:30173851
2551:28087657
2473:June 14,
2467:Archived
2442:June 18,
2436:Archived
2399:Archived
2372:31888470
2313:Archived
2309:26803556
2249:Archived
2216:Archived
2212:ASU News
2193:28122648
2153:Borody T
2138:36544550
2078:CBC News
2050:33303685
1993:33542131
1936:30214266
1885:33842920
1834:22017691
1762:Archived
1723:Archived
1690:Archived
1665:32439751
1657:20601895
1616:19778623
1596:Anaerobe
1581:30849491
1573:22157239
1538:21871249
1462:25938992
1424:34998497
1416:23869970
1372:30154172
1314:23852569
1265:16747221
1257:22183182
1209:21716124
1155:Archived
1129:33437951
1070:36152636
1031:24780848
1023:28814204
984:25879411
976:23323867
922:Archived
891:Archived
813:Research
761:founded
724:COVID-19
560:Bedouins
524:valerate
468:glycerol
459:efficacy
438:C. diff.
418:C. diff.
385:COVID-19
356:Shanghai
302:by mouth
266:Medicare
103:ATC code
5334:Biology
5320:Portals
4493:Stomach
4328:Related
4178:8192290
3689:WBUR-FM
3466:1290460
3458:2783214
3411:Surgery
3387:9365175
3364:Bibcode
3183:4425030
3132:6288847
3081:5868238
3028:6347096
2928:4755303
2879:5909819
2696:5479407
2647:4669049
2542:5529972
2363:6938016
2184:5264285
2129:9762410
2028:Bibcode
2020:Science
1984:8097968
1963:Bibcode
1955:Science
1927:6124474
1877:2563083
1842:8968197
1529:3223289
1470:1307726
1305:3742951
1217:2508836
1120:7788438
897:July 4,
743:Rebyota
645:In the
581:during
542:History
517:enzymes
446:Giardia
188:colitis
5210:Hernia
4774:Rectum
4283:Uterus
4261:Vagina
4185:
4175:
4140:
4101:
4040:
4032:
3988:
3947:
3742:
3734:
3574:Nature
3464:
3456:
3421:
3394:
3384:
3335:
3327:
3231:
3190:
3180:
3139:
3129:
3088:
3078:
3035:
3025:
2986:
2935:
2925:
2886:
2876:
2837:
2767:
2759:
2703:
2693:
2654:
2644:
2600:
2549:
2539:
2370:
2360:
2307:
2191:
2181:
2136:
2126:
2056:
2048:
1999:
1991:
1981:
1934:
1924:
1883:
1875:
1857:Lancet
1840:
1832:
1663:
1655:
1614:
1579:
1571:
1536:
1526:
1468:
1460:
1422:
1414:
1370:
1312:
1302:
1263:
1255:
1215:
1207:
1127:
1117:
1076:
1068:
1029:
1021:
982:
974:
843:pandas
841:, and
839:koalas
835:hippos
797:, and
649:, the
342:Autism
330:Cancer
198:, and
5372:Feces
5292:UKELD
5241:Other
4979:Liver
4251:Mouth
4038:S2CID
3835:(FDA)
3831:U.S.
3801:(FDA)
3797:U.S.
3766:(FDA)
3762:U.S.
3740:S2CID
3552:12763
3462:S2CID
3333:S2CID
2765:S2CID
2432:(FDA)
2428:U.S.
2395:(FDA)
2391:U.S.
2054:S2CID
1997:S2CID
1881:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1758:(FDA)
1754:U.S.
1661:S2CID
1577:S2CID
1466:S2CID
1420:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1213:S2CID
1151:(FDA)
1147:U.S.
1074:S2CID
1027:S2CID
980:S2CID
858:rumen
773:Names
747:Vowst
709:10814
694:42965
597:, by
556:camel
488:enema
78:[
5287:PELD
5282:MELD
5089:MRCP
5063:ERCP
4256:Skin
4246:Lung
4183:PMID
4138:PMID
4099:PMID
4068:2011
4030:PMID
3986:PMID
3945:PMID
3908:2014
3877:2024
3847:2020
3813:2020
3778:2020
3732:PMID
3701:2014
3670:2019
3644:2019
3587:2014
3535:2019
3505:2014
3454:PMID
3419:PMID
3392:PMID
3325:PMID
3294:2019
3264:2015
3229:PMID
3188:PMID
3137:PMID
3086:PMID
3033:PMID
2984:PMID
2933:PMID
2884:PMID
2835:PMID
2757:PMID
2701:PMID
2652:PMID
2598:PMID
2547:PMID
2475:2019
2444:2019
2407:2020
2368:PMID
2321:2018
2305:PMID
2257:2023
2224:2023
2189:PMID
2134:PMID
2087:2023
2046:PMID
1989:PMID
1932:PMID
1873:PMID
1830:PMID
1792:2023
1770:2023
1731:2022
1698:2024
1653:PMID
1612:PMID
1569:PMID
1534:PMID
1458:PMID
1412:PMID
1368:PMID
1310:PMID
1253:PMID
1205:PMID
1163:2020
1125:PMID
1066:PMID
1019:PMID
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