159:
In 1754, Azad Khan sent a re-equipped force under Fath-Ali Khan to attack the newly raised Zand army, which had heavily disintegrated due to the harsh winter. The core unit of the Zands put a fierce resistance to give the women and baggage time to escape. It was during this event that
Mohammad Khan
155:
devastated. Soon afterwards, Karim Khan, along with some reinforcements, went to
Qumishah, from which they made guerilla attacks against Azad Khan's raiders and communications. Fath-Ali Khan led an attack into the town, which resulted in the death of Karim Khan's half-brother Eskandar Khan Zand and
195:
musketeers. This resulted in the defeat and flight of the Afshar forces. The survivors fled to Shiraz, which Azad Khan was forced to abandon ten days later. On 29 November 1754, Karim Khan arrived to Shiraz. During the next spring, Fath-Ali Khan was defeated by
Mohammad Khan, who had reunited with
243:
In the summer of 1762, Karim Khan marched another expedition into
Azerbaijan, where he repelled an attack led by Fath-Ali Khan, who fled to Urmia. A few weeks later, Karim Khan besieged Urmia, which eventually fell in February 1763. This marked the downfall of Fath-Ali Khan's confederation. Karim
151:(died 1779) had fled to. There he tricked the Shaykh Ali Khan and Mohammad Khan Zand to go out, which led to their capture along with fifteen other relatives. In October, Azad Khan captured Isfahan and its surroundings. Meanwhile, Fath-Ali Khan had the town of
223:
before the season changed. In the summer of 1760, Azad Khan attempted to reassert his authority in
Azerbaijan, but he was defeated by his former allies, including Fath-Ali Khan. In the spring or summer of 1761, Fath-Ali Khan besieged
70:
era. According to the modern historian P. Oberling, Fath-Ali Khan was "the most famous of the Afshar governors of Urmia." The Urmia
Afshars played a big role in the violent wars that followed after the death of the
252:. Karim Khan later had Fath-Ali Khan executed, in July 1764 near Isfahan. This may have been done due to Fath-Ali Khan's history of oppression and betrayal.
212:
soon fell to the Qajars, and Urmia surrendered in June 1757. Azad Khan fled to
Baghdad, while Fath-Ali Khan was persuaded to join the Qajars.
143:
In the summer of 1753, Azad Khan routed an army of Karim Khan. Azad Khan capitalized on his success by marching towards the Zand fortress of
219:, but his soldiers were too lightly-equipped to capture Tabriz, which was well protected by Fath-Ali Khan. Karim Khan thus went back to
156:
the withdrawal of the Zand forces. However, Zand morale soon rose, following the escape of the prisoners captured by Azad at Pari.
633:
611:
555:
509:
117:
who had risen to a somewhat powerful position in
Azerbaijan, and had his base at Urmia. Fath-Ali Khan, Azad Khan Afghan, the
187:
However, Fath-Ali Khan and his Afshar troops were soon ambushed at the narrow
Kamarej pass by a combined force of Zand,
528:
584:
456:
Kondo, Nobuaki (1999). "Qizilbash
Afterwards: The Afshars in Urmiya from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century".
484:
686:
196:
Karim Khan. Azad Khan soon clashed with Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar, who was re-establishing his control over
35:
between 1751–1763. He was ultimately defeated and captured in February 1763 by one of the contenders, the
681:
576:
215:
In the spring of 1760, Karim Khan launched an aggressive campaign into Azerbaijan. He briefly occupied
208:. During the winter, he was defeated by a Qajar surprise, which led to his withdrawal to Azerbaijan.
165:
137:
676:
691:
539:
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8:
237:
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204:. In August 1756, Azad Khan chased after a retreating Qajar force to the coast of the
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split from others, and made a series of accomplishments, including the murder of
122:
40:
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
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Through extensive local support, Fath-Ali Khan was able to control all of the
670:
245:
76:
493:
173:
118:
67:
59:
50:). The latter had Fath-Ali Khan executed the following year, in July 1764.
36:
566:
205:
144:
626:
Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan
604:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/6: Karim Khan Zand–Kašḡari, Saʿd-al-Din
477:
197:
80:
606:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 561–564.
550:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 173–174.
504:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 582–586.
180:
in August 1754, and the following month, Karim Khan's small force at
651:
548:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/2: Awāʾel al-maqālāt–Azerbaijan IV
216:
152:
110:
62:. He was from the branch of Afshars that had populated the city of
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province by 1749. Fath-Ali Khan was a deputy and general of
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32:
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383:
314:
312:
261:
569:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.).
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Khan now controlled all of Iran, with the exception of
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Fath-Ali Khan belonged to the Arashlu subgroup of the
502:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/6: Afghanistan–Ahriman
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297:
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31:, and one of the four contenders for supremacy in
140:were the four contenders for supremacy in Iran.
668:
565:Perry, John. R. (1991). "The Zand dynasty". In
649:
521:Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779
656:Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society
236:made him lift the siege by giving his son
172:, he eliminated Azad Khan's influence in
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279:
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652:"Coin of Fath 'Alī Ārashlu (Afsharid)"
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650:Akopyan, A. V.; Mosanef, F. (2013).
176:. Meanwhile, Azad Khan had entered
24:
13:
643:
14:
703:
523:. University of Chicago Press.
184:was repelled by Fath-Ali Khan.
127:
85:
45:
628:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
255:
53:
147:, where Karim Khan's cousin
93:
27:), was a chieftain from the
7:
10:
708:
577:Cambridge University Press
449:
470:10.1080/00210869908701968
166:Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari
138:Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar
538:Perry, John. R. (1987).
333:, p. 543 (note 37).
594:Perry, John R. (2011).
519:Perry, John R. (1979).
492:Oberling, P. (1984).
485:registration required
29:Afshar tribe of Urmia
687:Ethnic Afshar people
431:, pp. 112, 114.
270:, pp. 542, 552.
170:Haydar Khan Zanganeh
149:Shaykh Ali Khan Zand
17:Fath-Ali Khan Afshar
579:. pp. 63–104.
395:, pp. 173–174.
348:, pp. 561–564.
282:, pp. 582–586.
238:Ibrahim Khalil Khan
168:. With the help of
682:Afsharid generals
635:978-0-52158-336-7
613:978-1-934283-29-5
596:"Karim Khan Zand"
557:978-0-71009-114-7
540:"Āzād Khan Afḡān"
511:978-0-71009-095-9
321:, pp. 72–73.
699:
663:
639:
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600:Yarshater, Ehsan
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544:Yarshater, Ehsan
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130: 1751–1779
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104:Azad Khan Afghan
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25:فتحعلی خان افشار
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123:Karim Khan Zand
106:(died 1781), a
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41:Karim Khan Zand
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464:(4): 537–556.
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306:, p. 112.
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234:Panah Ali Khan
95:
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174:Persian Iraq
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90:) in 1747.
60:Afshar tribe
57:
16:
15:
692:1764 deaths
429:Tapper 1997
304:Tapper 1997
206:Caspian Sea
189:Dashtestani
671:Categories
441:Perry 1991
417:Perry 1991
405:Perry 1991
393:Perry 1987
378:Perry 1991
361:Perry 1991
346:Perry 2011
331:Kondo 1999
319:Perry 1991
292:Kondo 1999
268:Kondo 1999
256:References
198:Mazandaran
164:chieftain
162:Bakhtiyari
136:chieftain
132:) and the
100:Azerbaijan
81:Nader Shah
75:(king) of
66:since the
54:Background
94:Biography
662:: 13–14.
624:(1997).
250:Khorasan
246:Afsharid
230:Karabakh
217:Maragheh
153:Qumishah
602:(ed.).
546:(ed.).
500:(ed.).
494:"Afšār"
478:4310267
450:Sources
248:-ruled
182:Kazerun
111:Pashtun
108:Ghilzai
68:Safavid
21:Persian
632:
610:
583:
554:
527:
508:
476:
226:Shusha
221:Tehran
210:Tabriz
193:Khesht
178:Shiraz
121:ruler
39:ruler
598:. In
542:. In
496:. In
474:JSTOR
202:Gilan
134:Qajar
115:Kabul
113:from
64:Urmia
630:ISBN
608:ISBN
581:ISBN
552:ISBN
525:ISBN
506:ISBN
200:and
191:and
145:Pari
119:Zand
77:Iran
73:shah
37:Zand
33:Iran
660:218
466:doi
228:in
673::
658:.
654:.
472:.
462:32
460:.
385:^
368:^
353:^
338:^
311:^
128:r.
86:r.
79:,
46:r.
23::
638:.
616:.
589:.
560:.
533:.
514:.
487:)
483:(
480:.
468::
125:(
83:(
43:(
19:(
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