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451:"He used later to tell how, as a poor cavalryman in Nader's employ, he once stole a gold-embossed saddle belonging to an Afghan officer from outside a saddler's shop, where it had been left for repair. The next day he heard that the saddler had been held responsible for the loss, and was to be executed. Conscience-smitten, Karim surreptitiously replaced the saddle at the shop door, and watched from concealment. The saddler's wife was the first to discover; she fell on her knees, calling down blessings on the unknown thief who had a change of heart, praying that he might live to own a hundred such saddles."
1301:
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1002:. Two of Agha Mohammad Khan's brothers who were at Qazvin were also sent to Shiraz during this period. In February 1769, Karim Khan appointed Hosayn Qoli Khan as the governor of Damghan. When Hosayn Qoli Khan reached Damghan, he immediately began a fierce conflict with the Develu and other tribes to avenge his father's death. He was, however, killed ca. 1777 near
798:, Khosrow Khan Bozorg. This made Omar Pasha dismiss the Baban ruler Muhammad Pasha, and appoint Abdolla Pasha as its new ruler. This, and Omar Pasha's seizure of the remnants of Iranian pilgrims who had died during the plague that ravaged Iraq in 1773âand his exaction of payment from Iranian pilgrims to visit the holy
1070:
In the words of John
Malcolm, "The happy reign of this excellent prince, as contrasted with those who preceded and followed him, affords the historian of Persia that kind of mixed pleasure and repose, which a traveler enjoys on arriving in a beautiful and fertile valley during an arduous journey over
870:
Suleiman Agha, who was the commander of the fort of Basra, resisted Sadeq Khan's forces with resolve, which made the latter establish an encirclement, which would last over a year. Henry Moore, who belonged to the East India company, assaulted some of Sadeq Khan's stockpile boats, tried to block the
894:
Reinforcements from
Baghdad arrived shortly afterwards, which was repelled by the Khaza'il, a Shia Arab tribe which was allied with the Zand forces. In the spring of 1776, the narrow encirclement by Sadeq Khan had resulted in the defenders being on the fringe of famineâa considerable portion of the
722:
While Karim was ruler, Persia recovered from the devastation of 40 years of war, providing the war ravaged country with a renewed sense of tranquility, security, peace, and prosperity. The years from 1765 to Karim Khan's death in 1779 marked the zenith of Zand rule. During his reign, relations with
653:
Ali Mardan's men in
Kirmanshah, after two years of besiegement by the Zand forces, surrendered and were spared by Karim Khan, who shortly clashed with Ali Mardan once again, defeating the latter and capturing Mustafa Khan. Ali Mardan managed to flee with Sultan Husayn II, but not after long had him
277:
While Karim was ruler, Iran recovered from the devastation of 40 years of war, providing the war-ravaged country with a renewed sense of tranquillity, security, peace, and prosperity. The years from 1765 to Karim Khan's death in 1779, marked the zenith of Zand rule. During his reign, relations with
1039:
Indeed, even in present-day Iran he is remembered by his compatriots as a respectable man who rose to become a ruler and continued his virtuous behaviour. He was not embarrassed of his modest descent, and never desired to attempt to pursue a more distinguished lineage than that of the leader of a
1035:
in terms of being a benevolent monarch with a sincere interest in his subjects, whereas these and other monarchs outperform him in terms of military fame and global reputation. A wealth of tales and anecdotes portray Karim Khan as a compassionate ruler, genuinely concerned with the welfare of his
1052:
During his reign, Karim Khan achieved in reviving an unexpected rate of considerable good fortune and harmony to a country that had suffered from impair and turmoil by his predecessors. Although his integrity is considerably enlarged due to the cruelty and authoritarianism of Nader Shah and Agha
1048:
Zand turban on the top of his head, whilst sitting on an inexpensive carpet rather than a throne. He had presents of jewels crushed into pieces and sold to keep the state treasury stable. He washed himself and changed clothes once a month, a wastefulness which even astonished his kinsmen.
512:
and other prominent residents assembled to protect the fortress of the city, but agreed to surrender and collaborate with them after Ali Mardan's reasonable proposals. Abu'l-Fath, together with Ali Mardan and Karim Khan, formed an alliance in western Iran under the cover of restoring the
1143:. Governorship of provinces went for the most part to tribal chieftains from Fars and its surroundingsâa minister who was experienced in the administration and the income of tax regularly escorted the governor. Karim Khan also created two new posts regarding the tribes: He appointed an
493:, a town near the city. He then started to dispatch messengers at Golpayegan to his regional opponents, which included Karim Khan and Zakariya Khan, who accepted his offer of terms, and combined their forces with the latter, which made the number of their men strengthen to 20,000.
875:. A few months later, in October, a group of ships from Oman gave supplies and military aid to Basra, which considerably lifted the morale of its forces. However, their combined attack the next day occurred to be waveringâthe Omani ships eventually chose to withdraw back to
424:. He then baited Mehdi Khan Zand and his forces out of their stronghold at Pari, killing the latter and 400 of his Zand kinsmen. The surviving members of the tribe were forced to mass-migrate under the leadership of Inaq Khan Zand and his younger brother Budaq Khan Zand to
642:. Some months later, they marched into the domains of Karim Khan, but Tahmasp II's son, who had been announced as Sultan Husayn II, began revealing himself as an unfit candidate as Safavid shahâthis hindered their march, and resulted in the desertion of many of their men.
831:
was situated, was not under Zand control, which thus meant that free entry to the sanctuaries of Iraq was of more significance to Karim Khan than it had been to the
Safavid and Afsharid shahs. The Zand army was discontent, and sought to restore their reputation after
1071:
barren and rugged wastes. It is pleasing to recount the actions of a chief who, though born of an inferior rank, obtained power without crime, and who exercised it with a moderation that, for the times in which he lived, was as singular as his humanity and justice."
568:
village. They managed to seize the plunder of Ali Mardan and kill 300 of his men, which forced the latter to withdraw to a more difficult passage to reach
Isfahan. By winter, the forces of Ali Mardan had decreased even more due to abandonment from some of his men.
1343:
renovated. Many of the pastoral Lur and Lak families were given homes in Shiraz, which eventually resulted in the city having a larger population (ca. 40,000-50,000) than
Isfahan, which drew the attention of many poets, craftsmens, and even foreign traders from
465:
Nader Shah was later murdered in 1747 at the hands of his own men, which gave the Zands under Karim Khan the opportunity to return to their former lands in western Iran. In 1748/49, Karim Khan allied with the military leader
Zakariya Khan, and clashed with the
993:
Agha
Mohammad was looked upon more as a respected guest in Karim Khan's court than a captive. Furthermore, Karim Khan also acknowledged Agha Mohammad Khan's political knowledge and asked his advice on interests of the state. He called Agha Mohammad Khan his
1167:
that took place after the death of Karim Khan, the Zand army disintegrated into several segments, which joined the several Zand princes who fought for the throne, but ultimately the majority of the segments changed their allegiance to the Qajar ruler
595:), together with several prominent officers, deserted Ali Mardan and joined Karim Khan, who eventually emerged victorious, forcing Ali Mardan and the remains of his men, together with the governor of Luristan, Ismail Khan Feyli, to retreat to
1066:
of 1979, the names of the past rulers of Iran became taboo, but the citizens of Shiraz refused to rename the two main streets of Shiraz, one of which being the Karim Khan Zand Street (the other one being the Lotf Ali Khan Zand Street).
551:
suffered the most from. He then further broke the terms he had made with the two chieftains, by having Abu'l-Fath deposed and killed. He then appointed his uncle as the new governor of the city, and without conference, marched towards
986:, lived. Agha Mohammad Khan's half-brothers Morteza Qoli Khan and Mostafa Qoli Khan were granted permission to live in Astarabad, due to their mother being the sister of the governor of the city. His remaining brothers were sent to
1084:
The bureaucracy remained small during the reign of Karim Khan, due slightly to the ruler's own desires and slightly to the earlier clutters and subsequent bureaucratic collapse that had occurred. He was backed by a
1015:
918:
front was temporarily peaceful, the
Ottoman ambassador, Vehbi Efendi, was sent to Shiraz. He reached Shiraz around the same time Sadeq Khan besieged Basra, "but was not empowered to negotiate over this new crisis."
1053:
Mohammad Khan Qajar, his unusual mixture of vitality and ambition with rationality and goodwill created, for a short extent of time in a notably fierce and anarchic century, a balanced and virtuous state.
1006:
by some Turks from the Yamut tribe with whom he had clashed. On 1 March 1779, while Agha
Mohammad Khan was hunting, he was informed by Khadijeh Begum that Karim Khan had died after six months of illness.
599:. There Ali Mardan made an alliance with Shaykh Sa'd, the governor of Khuzestan, who reinforced him with soldiers. In the late spring of 1752, Ali Mardan, together with Ismail Khan Feyli, marched to
443:. Karim Beg, who was at this time in his thirties, served as a cavalryman and did not enjoy a high status in the army. Furthermore, he was also deprived of money, which made him commit theftâtold by
855:
and Nazar Ali Khan Zand shortly clashed with the Pasha's forces in Kurdistan, where they kept them at bay, whilst Sadeq Khan, with an army of 30,000, besieged Basra in April 1775. The Arab tribe
974:
During his stay Agha Mohammad Khan was treated kindly and honorably by Karim Khan, who made him convince his kinsmen to lay down their arms, which they did. Karim Khan then settled them in
399:. There they faced bold opposition from the local clans, including the Zands, who under the chief Mehdi Khan Zand harassed their forces and stopped them from advancing further into Iran.
603:. The forces of Karim Khan shortly attacked their encampment, but were repelled. Ali Mardan then went further into domains of the Zands, which resulted in a battle with Karim Khan near
564:, Ali Mardan left for Isfahan, but was ambushed at the dangerous passage of Kutal-e Dokhtar by regional guerrillas under Muzari Ali Khishti, who was the chieftain of the neighbouring
1324:
built. Many of these, have, however, been destroyed, either during Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's capture of the city in 1792, or during the 20th-century metropolitan restructuring.
1952:
The history of Persia, from the most early period to the present time containing an account of the religion, government, usages, and character of the inhabitants of that kingdom
746:
Following Karim Khan's death, civil war broke out once more, and none of his descendants were able to rule the country as effectively as he had. The last of these descendants,
297:
Following Karim Khan's death, civil war broke out once more, and none of his descendants was able to rule the country as effectively as he had. The last of these descendants,
585:
The situation worsened further for Ali Mardan, when Karim Khan returned to Isfahan in January 1751 and restored order in the city. A battle shortly occurred between them in
735:
his capital and ordered the construction of several architectural projects there. Karim Khan later died on 1 March 1779, having been ill for six months, most likely due to
910:
to the Russians, the Ottoman response to the OttomanâIranian war was unusually slow. In February 1775, before the announcement of the siege of Basra had approached
412:
ruler of the country, he made an expedition into the Zagros ranges of western Iran in order to subdue the tribes, whom he considered bandits. He first defeated the
1797:
1765:
537:("deputy of the state") as the head of the administration, while Abu'l-Fath maintained his post as governor of Isfahan, and Karim Khan was appointed commander (
1487:...the bulk of the evidence points to their being one of the northern Lur or Lak tribes, who may originally have been immigrants of Kurdish origin.
707:
and killed Abulfath Khan. Subsequently, Karim Khan killed Ali Mardan Khan and gained control over all of Iran except Khorasan, which was ruled by
2342:
547:, Ali Mardan began breaking the terms which they had promised the inhabitants of Isfahanâhe greatly increased his shakedown on the city, which
926:. However, the invasion never took place due to Karim Khan's death on 1 March 1779, after having been ill for six months, most likely due to
543:) of the army, and was given the task of conquering the rest of Iran. However, a few months later, while Karim Khan was on an expedition in
1095:), who, however, had minimal influence and authority, due to Karim Khan's practice of rigidly handling the political affairs by himself.
954:. However, shortly afterwards, Zaki Khan baited Shaykh Ali Khan and Nazar Ali Khan out of the fortress of Shiraz, and slaughtered them.
895:
Basra forces had deserted Suleiman Agha, whilst the rumours of a possible uprising, made Suleiman Agha surrender on 16 April 1776.
859:, which was allied with the governor of Basra, quickly withdrew without any effort to reject Sadeq Khan from passing through the
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as the new Zand ruler, while Shaykh Ali Khan and Nazar Ali Khan, along with other notables, supported Karim Khan's elder son,
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A year later, in early 1753, Ali Mardan together with a former Afsharid diplomat and a son of the former Safavid shah
474:, whom they initially defeated, but was shortly suffered a loss and was forced to withdraw from the strategic town of
2079:
2058:
2021:
2000:
907:
388:
1062:, "Karim Khan Zand holds an enduring reputation as the most humane Iranian ruler of the Islamic era". Following the
970:, the royal residence of the Zand dynasty, where Agha Mohammad Khan spent most of his time during his "captivity".
1027:
Karim Khan is often praised for his generosity, modesty and fairness more than other Iranian rulersâhe surpasses
607:. Ali Mardan, however, was once again defeated, and forced to withdraw into the mountains, where he went to the
2068:
Shaw, Stanford (1991). "Iranian relations with the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries".
1898:
1058:
634:(r. 1729â1732) had returned to Iran and began assembling an army in Luristan, and received the support of the
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882:
2322:
517:, appointing a 17-year-old Safavid prince, Abu Turab, as a puppet rulerâon 29 June, Abu Turab was declared
509:
444:
20:
1890:
699:
reached an agreement to divide the country among themselves and give the throne to the Safavid prince
2203:
922:
In 1778, Karim Khan had made a compromise with the Russians for a cooperative offensive into eastern
471:
1044:
of western Iran. Karim Khan had modest preferences in clothes and furniture, having the tall yellow
676:
667:
1169:
1020:
791:
496:
306:
2032:
840:. Most importantly, Basra was a prominent trading port, which had surpassed the competing city of
2170:
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1954:
in 2 volumes; London : Murray, 1815.; re-published by Adamant Media Corporation 2004 vol 1.
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233:
61:
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1316:, and several gardens and mosques. Furthermore, he also had a new city wall, several baths, a
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1990:
1980:
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783:
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439:(r. 1732â1736) and ascended the throne, assuming the name of "Nader Shah", thus starting the
131:
1366:(clergy), who were "formerly the bulwarks of the shah's authority as viceroy of God and the
766:
2332:
2196:
1989:
Hambly, Gavin R.G (1991). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty".
1332:
1975:
1312:
Karim Khan rebuilt much of Shiraz, and had many new buildings erected, such as his famous
8:
2337:
2269:
2253:
2188:
951:
943:
852:
162:
1909:
1383:
364:. He was the eldest son of a certain Inaq Khan Zand, and had 3 sisters, a brother named
1328:
1256:
1063:
845:
755:
728:
596:
283:
39:
2115:
2107:
2075:
2054:
2017:
1996:
1963:
1955:
1937:
1920:
1894:
1809:
1773:
1494:
1313:
1260:
1032:
967:
686:
544:
432:, where its able members, including Karim Beig were incorporated into Nader's army.
322:
263:
155:
1119:
During Karim Khan's reign, provincial administration followed the same model of the
572:
2285:
1367:
1206:
1041:
915:
828:
695:
Some time later, Karim Khan, Ali Mardan Khan and another Bakhtiari chieftain named
639:
467:
440:
421:
373:
372:
and Eskandar Khan Zand. In 1722, the Safavid Empire was on the verge of collapsingâ
346:
224:
2103:
978:. In 1763, Agha Mohammad Khan and Hosayn Qoli Khan were sent to the Zand capital,
711:, the grandson of Nader Shah. Nevertheless, Karim Khan did not adopt the title of
294:
his capital and ordered the construction of several architectural projects there.
2261:
1931:
1793:
1275:
1120:
942:
Following Karim Khan's death, civil war broke outâZaki Khan, in an alliance with
708:
514:
482:
365:
361:
136:
1264:
1241:
1152:
887:
724:
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490:
392:
384:
342:
279:
2071:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
2013:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
1992:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
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in 1762, had fallen more and more under the influence of the Zand governor of
2311:
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1761:
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blinded and sent to Iraq, due to being more heavy weight than of use to him.
557:
380:
302:
298:
170:
2223:
2135:
1489:, Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville (ed.),
1317:
1237:
1112:
927:
864:
736:
732:
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259:
251:
184:
120:
104:
1448:
1446:
1194:
995:
982:, where their paternal aunt Khadijeh Begum, who was part of Karim Khan's
931:
930:. He was buried three days later in the "Nazar Garden", now known as the
899:
856:
812:
740:
739:. He was buried three days later in the "Nazar Garden", now known as the
377:
334:
100:
1883:
Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).
2277:
1221:
1202:
998:", referring to an intelligent counselor of the legendary Iranian king
799:
700:
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522:
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413:
403:
318:
1491:
The Cambridge History of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
1443:
1379:
1028:
1003:
902:(r. 1757â1774) had died and was succeeded by his incompetent brother
833:
548:
436:
369:
1108:
577:
50:
1399:
1391:
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were appointed to govern provinces. A city was under the rule of a
999:
923:
911:
635:
604:
533:
408:
267:
202:
589:âduring the battle, Ismail III and Zakariya Khan (who was now his
481:
In the spring of 1750, Ali Mardan attempted to capture the former
1360:
Unlike the Safavids, Karim Khan did not seek the approval of the
1135:
1019:
Karim Khan Zand amidst his close circle, sometimes attributed to
975:
841:
824:
807:
795:
704:
623:
612:
573:
War with Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari over supremacy in western Iran
561:
501:
486:
425:
350:
338:
212:
179:
645:
1345:
1321:
1198:
1178:
Karim Khan's standing army of Fars during the period 1765â1775
1087:
987:
979:
876:
872:
867:
and the Arabs of Bushehr supplied him with boats and supplies.
771:
703:. However, the cooperation ended after Ali Mardan Khan invaded
591:
565:
553:
539:
429:
417:
116:
2033:"ADMINISTRATION in Iran vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar periods"
1838:
1836:
1834:
1395:
1362:
1349:
1336:
1271:
1190:
983:
803:
787:
530:
330:
271:
1715:
1713:
823:
There were also other reasons for Karim Khan to declare warâ
786:
began meddling in the affairs of his vassal principality of
508:
In May 1750, they stormed the gates of Isfahanâits governor
2074:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 297â314.
1995:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104â144.
1683:
1681:
1679:
1186:
518:
406:, who had restored Safavid rule in Iran and had become the
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255:
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2016:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63â104.
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and most of central and east Iran had been seized by the
1700:
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420:, whom he forced to mass-migrate in larger numbers into
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many cities in northern Iran. Around the same time, the
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conquer a large number of western frontier districts
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district but were also found roaming in the central
1860:
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1594:
1582:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1163:During the dynastic wars and the conflict with the
946:, declared Karim Khan's incapable and youngest son
2097:
1570:
1553:
1524:
1507:
1327:Karim Khan had the burial places of the prominent
1335:(r. 1358â1384), and the celebrated Persian poets
879:during winter, in order to avoid further losses.
731:to have a trading post in southern Iran. He made
333:. The Zands were concentrated on the villages of
19:"Karim Khan" redirects here. For other uses, see
2309:
1458:
689:, dated 1763/4 (left = obverse; right = reverse)
1139:, while its quarters was under the rule of the
1040:formerly little-known tribe that roamed in the
2204:
1933:Karim Khan Zand: a history of Iran, 1747â1779
1390:(The siege of Shiraz) was first performed at
1010:
1806:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1103:
312:
254:, ruling from 1751 to 1779. He ruled all of
16:Founder of the Zand Dynasty (c. 1705 â 1779)
1828:(John Malcolm, The History of Persia, 1829)
1786:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1147:as the leader of all the Lur tribes and an
790:, which since the death of his predecessor
286:allowed to have a trading post in southern
2211:
2197:
2046:
1908:Perry, John R. (2011). "Karim Khan Zand".
1547:
782:governor of the Ottoman province of Iraq,
685:Silver coin of Karim Khan Zand, minted in
1984:. Vol. I, Fasc. 6. pp. 602â605.
460:
435:In 1736, Nader deposed the Safavid ruler
360:in the village of Pari, then part of the
55:Contemporary portrait of Karim Khan Zand.
2010:Perry, John (1991). "The Zand dynasty".
1760:
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770:Gold coin of Karim Khan Zand, minted in
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622:Gold coin of Karim Khan Zand, minted in
617:
576:
495:
2030:
1922:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6
1919:Perry, John R. (2010). "Zand dynasty".
1911:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6
1842:
1099:Relations with the tribal clans of Iran
1023:, probably 19th century, oil on canvas.
958:Relations with Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
906:(r. 1774â1789), and the recent Ottoman
762:War with the Ottoman Empire (1775â1776)
2310:
2095:
1988:
1719:
1704:
1378:Karim Khan is the main character of a
395:took advantage of Iran's decadence to
2343:18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
2192:
2009:
1973:
1929:
1918:
1907:
1866:
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1748:
1736:
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1670:
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1600:
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1535:
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1469:
1437:
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1304:Mid 19th-century illustration of the
990:, where they were treated honorably.
758:, who became the sole ruler of Iran.
649:Situation in Iran around January 1756
309:, who became the sole ruler of Iran.
2067:
1792:
1754:
1658:
1493:, Cambridge University Press, 1991,
898:Even though the able Ottoman Sultan
871:Shatt al-Arab, and then departed to
556:and began pillaging the province of
321:, a small and little-known tribe of
715:for himself, preferring the title,
521:, and assumed the dynastic name of
228:
13:
2089:
1079:
727:were restored, and he allowed the
528:Ali Mardan then took the title of
14:
2359:
1382:composed by the Italian musician
1075:Government, policies, and society
266:. He also ruled over some of the
2106:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
818:declare war against the Ottomans
719:(Representative of the People).
675:
666:
455:
49:
1822:
1295:
1115:during the reign of Karim Khan.
2114:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1770:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
1059:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
368:, and two half-brothers named
1:
1886:The Cambridge History of Iran
1405:
1091:and a chief revenue officer (
937:
354:
329:who may have been originally
244:
93:
2047:Garthwaite, Gene R. (2005).
1384:Nicolò Gabrielli di Quercita
1352:, who were warmly received.
848:dropped the city for Basra.
836:humiliating blunders on the
7:
2348:Tuberculosis deaths in Iran
1808:. Oxford University Press.
1772:. Oxford University Press.
1158:
478:, which Ali Mardan seized.
239:
21:Karim Khan (disambiguation)
10:
2364:
1891:Cambridge University Press
1889:. Vol. 7. Cambridge:
1876:
1284:
1253:
1234:
1219:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1011:Characteristics and legacy
844:in Fars in 1769, when the
581:Landscape of western Iran.
317:Karim Beg belonged to the
240:Mohammad Karčm Khân-e Zand
18:
2233:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2129:
2053:. Wiley. pp. 1â311.
1976:"Äá¸ Ä MOḤAMMAD KHAN QÄJÄR"
1373:
1155:tribes that roamed Fars.
1151:as the leader of all the
1104:Provincial administration
886:Karim Khan Zand with the
560:. After having plundered
510:Abu'l-Fath Khan Bakhtiari
472:Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari
447:, in summary, as follows:
313:Background and early life
250:) was the founder of the
208:
198:
190:
178:
154:
144:
134:(1779â1796, 1925âpresent)
126:
110:
89:
85:
75:
67:
60:
48:
37:
30:
1170:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
792:Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha
657:
353:. Karim Beg was born in
307:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
221:Mohammad Karim Khan Zand
2171:Vakil ol-Ra'aya of Iran
2096:Tucker, Ernest (2020).
1930:Perry, John R. (2012).
697:Abulfath Khan Bakhtiari
349:and the countryside of
282:were restored, and the
62:Vakil ol-Ra'aya of Iran
2246:Mohammad-Ali Khan Zand
2181:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand
2112:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1936:. Simon and Schuster.
1309:
1116:
1033:Shah Abbas I the Great
1024:
971:
948:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand
891:
851:The Zand forces under
810:, gave Karim Khan the
775:
650:
627:
582:
505:
489:, but was defeated at
461:Return to western Iran
453:
167:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand
80:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand
43:(Deputy of the People)
2038:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1981:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1974:Perry, J. R. (1984).
1386:. The work, entitled
1303:
1111:
1018:
965:
885:
769:
648:
621:
580:
499:
449:
2031:Bakhash, S. (1983).
1950:Malcolm, John, Sir,
1029:Khosrow I Anushirvan
2323:People from Malayer
2270:Ali-Morad Khan Zand
2254:Abol-Fath Khan Zand
2042:. pp. 462â466.
1914:. pp. 561â564.
1845:, pp. 462â466.
1722:, pp. 112â113.
1690:, pp. 602â605.
1440:, pp. 561â564.
1388:L'assedio di Sciraz
952:Abol-Fath Khan Zand
944:Ali-Morad Khan Zand
890:envoy Vehbi Efendi.
853:Ali-Morad Khan Zand
500:An illustration of
366:Mohammad Sadeq Khan
270:lands and occupied
163:Abol-Fath Khan Zand
71:1751 â 1 March 1779
2102:. In Fleet, Kate;
1453:Fisher et al. 1991
1356:Religious policies
1310:
1117:
1064:Islamic Revolution
1025:
972:
892:
846:East India Company
776:
756:Agha Mohammad Khan
729:East India Company
651:
628:
583:
506:
301:, was executed by
284:East India Company
248: 1705 â 1779
213:Twelver Shia Islam
2305:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2228:
2187:
2186:
2178:Succeeded by
2099:"KarÄŤm KhÄn Zand"
2040:, Vol. I, Fasc. 5
1968:978-1-4021-5205-4
1960:978-1-4021-5134-7
1943:978-1-78074-199-4
1815:978-0-19-530513-5
1802:Esposito, John L.
1779:978-0-19-512558-0
1762:Esposito, John L.
1615:, pp. 90â91.
1499:978-0-521-20095-0
1293:
1292:
1236:Iraqi, i.e. from
1213:, etc.; cavalry)
1181:No. of personnel
968:Arg of Karim Khan
827:, where the holy
237:
218:
217:
2355:
2296:
2288:
2286:Sayed Morad Khan
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2226:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2152:
2145:
2131:Karim Khan Zand
2127:
2126:
2123:
2101:
2085:
2064:
2043:
2027:
2006:
1985:
1947:
1926:
1915:
1904:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1794:Frye, Richard N.
1790:
1784:
1783:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1505:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1392:La Scala theatre
1255:Fars (including
1175:
1174:
914:, and while the
829:Imam Reza shrine
750:, was killed by
717:Vakil e-Ra'aayaa
679:
670:
640:Azad Khan Afghan
638:military leader
441:Afsharid dynasty
359:
356:
274:for some years.
249:
246:
242:
232:
230:
229:Ů
ŘŮ
ŘŻÚŠŘąŰŮ
؎ا٠زŮŘŻ
98:
95:
53:
28:
27:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2262:Sadeq Khan Zand
2238:Karim Khan Zand
2229:
2217:
2183:
2174:
2158:Iranian royalty
2146:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2108:Rowson, Everett
2092:
2090:Further reading
2082:
2061:
2024:
2003:
1944:
1901:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1694:
1686:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1548:Garthwaite 2005
1546:
1542:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1508:
1485:
1476:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1413:
1408:
1376:
1358:
1298:
1161:
1106:
1101:
1082:
1080:The bureaucracy
1077:
1013:
966:Picture of the
960:
940:
764:
693:
692:
691:
690:
682:
681:
680:
672:
671:
660:
575:
515:Safavid dynasty
504:from the south.
463:
458:
357:
315:
247:
173:
169:
165:
161:
149:
140:
137:Golestan Palace
135:
115:
99:
96:
56:
42:
40:Vakil ol-Ra'aya
32:
31:Karim Khan Zand
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2104:Krämer, Gudrun
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2044:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2001:
1986:
1971:
1948:
1942:
1927:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1798:"Zand Dynasty"
1785:
1778:
1766:"Zand Dynasty"
1764:, ed. (2003).
1753:
1751:, p. 103.
1741:
1739:, p. 102.
1724:
1709:
1707:, p. 112.
1692:
1675:
1663:
1661:, p. 311.
1651:
1636:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1552:
1550:, p. 184.
1540:
1523:
1506:
1474:
1457:
1442:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1375:
1372:
1357:
1354:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1160:
1157:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1021:Mohammad Sadeq
1012:
1009:
959:
956:
939:
936:
774:, dated 1773/4
763:
760:
684:
683:
674:
673:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
659:
656:
626:, dated 1755/6
574:
571:
491:Murcheh Khvort
462:
459:
457:
454:
404:Nader Qoli Beg
393:Ottoman Empire
362:Safavid Empire
325:, a branch of
314:
311:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
194:Inaq Khan Zand
192:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
160:Mohammad Rahim
158:
152:
151:
148:Khadijeh Begum
146:
142:
141:
130:
128:
124:
123:
112:
108:
107:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Zand monarchs
2316:
2315:
2313:
2295:
2294:Lotf Ali Khan
2292:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2081:9780521200950
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2060:9781557868602
2056:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2023:9780521200950
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2002:9780521200950
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1869:, p. 97.
1868:
1863:
1857:, p. 98.
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1673:, p. 93.
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1649:, p. 92.
1648:
1643:
1641:
1634:, p. 91.
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1603:, p. 72.
1602:
1597:
1591:, p. 69.
1590:
1585:
1579:, p. 68.
1578:
1573:
1567:, p. 67.
1566:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1538:, p. 66.
1537:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1521:, p. 18.
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1455:, p. 96.
1454:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1306:Tomb of Hafez
1302:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:(cavalry and
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:Zagros ranges
1037:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:Piran-e Viseh
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
969:
964:
955:
953:
949:
945:
935:
933:
929:
925:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:Abdul Hamid I
901:
896:
889:
884:
880:
878:
874:
868:
866:
863:, whilst the
862:
861:Shatt al-Arab
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
838:Hormuz Island
835:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:In 1774, the
773:
768:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:Lotf Ali Khan
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
688:
678:
669:
655:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
625:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
588:
579:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
535:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
503:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
456:Rise to power
452:
448:
446:
445:John R. Perry
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Hotak dynasty
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
352:
348:
347:Zagros ranges
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:Lotf Ali Khan
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
262:) except for
261:
257:
253:
241:
235:
226:
222:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
172:
171:Anwar Shirazi
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
150:Shakh-e Nabat
147:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
113:
109:
106:
102:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
44:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2328:1700s births
2237:
2224:Zand dynasty
2169:
2164:
2148:
2141:
2136:Zand dynasty
2134:
2111:
2070:
2050:The Persians
2049:
2036:
2012:
1991:
1979:
1951:
1932:
1921:
1910:
1885:
1862:
1850:
1843:Bakhash 1983
1824:
1805:
1788:
1769:
1756:
1744:
1666:
1654:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1543:
1490:
1486:
1387:
1377:
1361:
1359:
1326:
1318:caravanserai
1311:
1296:Construction
1267:
1244:
1238:Persian Iraq
1225:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1113:Flag of Iran
1092:
1086:
1083:
1069:
1057:
1056:As noted by
1055:
1051:
1038:
1026:
992:
973:
941:
928:tuberculosis
921:
897:
893:
869:
850:
822:
811:
777:
745:
737:tuberculosis
721:
716:
712:
694:
652:
629:
590:
584:
538:
529:
527:
507:
480:
464:
450:
434:
407:
401:
383:, while the
316:
296:
276:
252:Zand dynasty
220:
219:
185:Zand dynasty
114:1 March 1779
105:Safavid Iran
38:
33:ÚŠŘąŰŮ
؎ا٠زŮŘŻ
25:
2333:1779 deaths
2297:(1789â1794)
2281:(1785â1789)
2273:(1781â1785)
2265:(1779â1781)
2241:(1751â1779)
2227:(1751â1794)
1720:Hambly 1991
1705:Hambly 1991
1126:beglerbegis
932:Pars Museum
900:Mustafa III
857:al-Muntafiq
813:casus belli
741:Pars Museum
587:Chaharmahal
485:capital of
358: 1705
139:(1796â1925)
132:Pars Museum
97: 1705
2338:Lur people
2312:Categories
2278:Jafar Khan
2175:1751â1779
1900:0521200954
1867:Perry 1991
1855:Perry 1991
1749:Perry 1991
1737:Perry 1991
1688:Perry 1984
1671:Perry 1991
1647:Perry 1991
1632:Perry 1991
1613:Perry 1991
1601:Perry 1991
1589:Perry 1991
1577:Perry 1991
1565:Perry 1991
1536:Perry 1991
1519:Perry 2012
1470:Perry 2010
1438:Perry 2011
1406:References
1333:Shah Shoja
1329:Muzaffarid
1270:infantry,
1261:Dashtestan
1247:infantry)
1228:infantry)
1036:subjects.
938:Succession
834:Zaki Khans
802:places of
784:Omar Pasha
701:Ismail III
632:Tahmasp II
601:Kermanshah
523:Ismail III
476:Golpayegan
470:chieftain
319:Zand tribe
290:. He made
174:Saleh Khan
2165:New title
2120:1873-9830
1962:; vol. 2
1659:Shaw 1991
1380:melodrama
1278:cavalry)
1268:tofangchi
1257:Khuzestan
1245:tofangchi
1226:tofangchi
1222:Bakhtiari
1004:Findarisk
865:Banu Ka'b
597:Khuzestan
549:New Julfa
545:Kurdistan
468:Bakhtiari
437:Abbas III
414:Bakhtiari
402:In 1732,
389:conquered
370:Zaki Khan
268:Caucasian
234:romanized
121:Zand Iran
76:Successor
2110:(eds.).
1796:(2009).
1400:Carnival
1320:, and a
1207:Zanganeh
1159:Military
1141:kadkhuda
1131:kalantar
1093:mustaufÄŤ
1046:cashmere
1000:Afrasiab
924:Anatolia
912:Istanbul
709:Shahrukh
611:city of
605:Nahavand
422:Khorasan
416:and the
409:de facto
385:Russians
264:Khorasan
209:Religion
203:Bay Agha
145:Consorts
2222:of the
1877:Sources
1804:(ed.).
1398:during
1289:45 000
1276:Iranian
1265:Persian
1250:12 000
1242:Persian
1216:24 000
1153:Qashqai
1145:ilkhani
1136:darugha
1121:Safavid
976:Damghan
888:Ottoman
842:Bushehr
825:Mashhad
808:Karbala
796:Ardalan
725:Britain
705:Isfahan
636:Pashtun
624:Isfahan
613:Baghdad
609:Ottoman
562:Kazerun
531:Vakil-e
502:Isfahan
487:Isfahan
483:Safavid
426:Abivard
374:Isfahan
351:Hamadan
343:Malayer
341:in the
339:Kamazan
331:Kurdish
280:Britain
236::
225:Persian
180:Dynasty
2289:(1789)
2257:(1779)
2249:(1779)
2220:Rulers
2147:
2118:
2078:
2057:
2020:
1999:
1966:
1958:
1940:
1897:
1812:
1776:
1503:p. 64.
1497:
1402:1840.
1374:In art
1346:Europe
1331:ruler
1322:bazaar
1314:castle
1286:Total
1281:6 000
1231:3 000
1211:Kalhor
1199:Feylis
1165:Qajars
1149:ilbegi
1088:vizier
988:Qazvin
980:Shiraz
916:Zagros
908:defeat
877:Muscat
873:Bombay
780:Mamluk
772:Tabriz
754:ruler
733:Shiraz
592:vizier
566:Khisht
554:Shiraz
540:sardar
534:daulat
430:Dargaz
418:Feylis
378:Afghan
305:ruler
292:Shiraz
260:Persia
199:Mother
191:Father
127:Burial
117:Shiraz
2149:Died:
2142:Born:
1800:. In
1396:Milan
1368:Imams
1363:ulama
1350:India
1341:Saadi
1337:Hafez
1123:one;
984:harem
804:Najaf
788:Baban
752:Qajar
687:Ganja
658:Reign
303:Qajar
272:Basra
156:Issue
68:Reign
2151:1779
2144:1705
2116:ISSN
2076:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1348:and
1339:and
1274:and
1272:Arab
1259:and
1203:Zand
1195:Laks
1191:Kurd
1133:and
1031:and
806:and
800:Shia
713:Shah
558:Fars
519:shah
428:and
387:had
337:and
335:Pari
327:Lurs
323:Laks
288:Iran
256:Iran
111:Died
101:Pari
90:Born
1394:in
1370:".
1187:Lur
816:to
2314::
2035:.
1978:.
1893:.
1833:^
1768:.
1727:^
1712:^
1695:^
1678:^
1639:^
1620:^
1555:^
1526:^
1509:^
1501:,
1477:^
1460:^
1445:^
1414:^
1263::
1209:,
1205:,
1201:,
1197:,
1189:,
1172:.
934:.
820:.
743:.
615:.
525:.
355:c.
245:c.
243:;
231:,
227::
119:,
103:,
94:c.
2212:e
2205:t
2198:v
2122:.
2084:.
2063:.
2026:.
2005:.
1970:.
1946:.
1925:.
1903:.
1818:.
1782:.
1472:.
1308:.
1240:(
1193:(
994:"
258:(
223:(
23:.
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