73:
1919:
1910:
2455:
285:
2110:: "The eighteenth century, which in Europe (and partly also in India, for example) was a ferment of renewal, is the darkest and most sterile period in Persian literature and culture." Scholars of Persian literature have also made a similar conclusion. John Perry commented on these statements: "While regrettably true of literature, this view is somewhat too sweeping to be fair to the fine and applied arts." Like Nader Shah, Karim Khan was uninterested in poetry panegyric and had no more than a passing tolerance for history. He supported the court artisans and artists, albeit in an indifferent manner.
260:
327:
90:
2494:, produced their own coins, first in the name of Nader Shah and then in the name of Karim Khan. A large portion of their coinage was completely nameless by the end of the 18th-century. While a few uncommon issues of Derbent contain a vague reference to one of their khans, none of the khans ever put their names on their coins, due to lacking the legitimacy of an sovereign monarch and any claims to independence. These northern Iranian coins were made entirely of silver and copper.
2232:) formed the "close council of state" as they did in the late Safavid era. Under Karim Khan, no government official attained significant importance. Instead, he gave his kinsmen and trusted tribal leaders the responsibility for military campaigns and governance. Local administrators, who were all directly accountable to him, were given charge of the provinces. When a Zand prince was given a title, it was more like a honorific rather than an official position in the government.
59:
2146:. The city's poets, including Azar Bigdeli, were actively supported by the governor Mirza Abd ol-Vahhab Musavi. However, after the latters death in 1759/60, the governorship of Isfahan was given to the tyrannical figure Hajji Agha Mohammad Ranani. In 1763/64, disgruntled poets and other prominent individuals sent a delegation to Karim Khan in which they attempted to have Hajji Agha replaced. After their efforts were unsuccessful, some of them relocated to Shiraz.
6547:
6557:
1556:
1811:
2503:
1760:
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1807:, went back to their original land. After Adil Shah was made king Karim Khan and his soldiers defected from the army and along with Ali Morad Khan Bakhtiari and Abolfath Khan Haft Lang, two other local chiefs, became a major contender but was challenged by several adversaries. Abolfath Khan was the Vizier, Karim Khan became the army chief commander and Ali Morad Khan became the regent.
1842:, on the throne in 1757. Ismail was a figurehead king and real power was vested in Karim Khan. Karim Khan chose to be the military commander and Alimardan Khan was the civil administrator. Soon enough Karim Khan managed to eliminate his partner as well as the puppet king and in 1760, founded his own dynasty. He refused to accept the title of the king and instead named himself
2009:
2402:, were already making their way there every day. According to John R. Perry; "There are no contemporary estimates of the population of Shiraz under the Vakil, but it seems reasonable to assume that between 1759 and 1779 it grew at a much faster rate than Isfahan, reaching roughly the same population as the latter, though within a much more compact urban area."
2266:, erecting mosques and shrines, and probably participating in Friday prayers—though this is not mentioned—Karim Khan supported the Shia beliefs in a traditional manner. Abu'l-Hasan Qazvini, who was one the more religious historians, claims that Karim Khan never prayed throughout his entire life. The government-appointed
2393:
While
European and Iranian emigrants eagerly scanned the horizon for signs that "Persia would soon be reunited under one chief, which would undoubtedly lead to the reestablishment of trade, so long interrupted," rumors of Karim Khan's victories and of his fair rule started to spread in the mid-1750s,
2167:
Karim Khan attempted to recreate the territorial Iran of the
Safavid era, just like Nader Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan. A common reference for consecutive rulers was Nader Shah's mention of Iran's established borders during the Safavid dynasty. Karim Khan made use of the same justification for similar
2113:
The numerous artists active during Karim Khan's time who were born in or educated in
Isfahan, many of whom carry the surname "Esfahani," can be considered as representations of the lengthy political and cultural traditions of the Safavid court; they account for at least seventeen of the twenty-seven
2470:
of 11.5 gram seemed to be the most common. Isfahan, Kashan, Yazd, Shiraz, Tabriz, Qazvin, Rasht, Mazandaran, and the court mint were the main coin mints under Karim Khan. There was no monetary unity in Iran even though Karim Khan was acknowledged as the overlord of the majority of the country after
2028:
in the late
Safavid era were retaken, and Iran was once again a coherent and prosperous country. From 1765 onwards Karim Khan promoted art and architecture at his capital Shiraz. After Iranian painting reached its height at the end of the 17th century, a special school of painting took shape during
2246:
was almost equally important and was held by Mirza
Mohammad Borujerdi and Mirza Mohammad Hossein Farahani in succession. Karim Khan treated the people holding these senior administrative and senior fiscal positions as nothing more than secretarial assistants, treating them more like friends than
2192:
remnant of the
Safavid nobility and was later almost entirely absorbed into the Qajar nobility. As with previous dynasties, the official language and court literature was in Persian, and the majority of the chancellors, ministers, and bureaucrats were well-educated and talented Persian speakers.
2158:("deputy of the state") marked a subtle change from his previous role as the regent of a prince distantly related to the Safavid dynasty and of no importance. Moreover, he appears to have tacitly changed his authority from Safavid kingship to that of representing the people by using the title of
2191:
When compared to the complex structure of hierarchy and ceremony that distinguished the
Safavid court, Karim Khan's household in Shiraz was smaller, simpler, and more focused on real administrative and military requirements than on the lavish display of the Safavid shah. The Zand nobility was a
2164:("deputy of the people"). The subtle change reflected Karim Khan's standing among his subjects, particularly the urban people. He also drew on Iranian monarchy traditions that were directly related to the Fars province in order to distance himself from the distressing events of recent times.
2397:
The population of
Isfahan had decreased to perhaps 20,000 by 1750 from what may have been between 250,000 to 500,000 during the Safavid era. It increased to an estimated 40,000–50,000 by 1772. Even though Shiraz appeared to be "demolished and destroyed... altogether depopulated and empty of
1983:) instead of kings. Other than the obvious propaganda value of the title, it can be a reflection of the popular demands of the time, expecting rulers with popular leanings instead of absolute monarchs who were totally detached from the population, like the earlier Safavids.
2141:
Seven calligraphers, including
Mohammad Hashem Zargar, and least as many poets, including Azar Bigdeli, and the doctor Mirza Mohammad Nasir left Isfahan to settle in Shiraz. One of the factors behind Isfahan's loss as the literary center of Iran is reported by
2471:
1763, as many regions remained independent or semi-autonomous. This was especially true for the semi-autonomous local khans that controlled the
Caspian and Caucasian regions, as well as Khorasan, which was ruled by the Durranids and Afsharids.
2312:
who anticipated living off of government pensions were let down. They were reportedly seen as parasites by Karim Khan, who claimed that by controlling pricing, they could live happily with what they had just like others. Presentations of the
2195:
The central government was under the complete control of Karim Khan. Historical documents do contain occasional references to the established Safavid court offices and protocols under the Zands, but nothing suggests that the chief minister
2122:—had immigrated to India. Others, like Vafa of Qom, departed for India under Nader Shah's rule but later came back to Iran under Karim Khan. During the interim period, a large number of people, primarily in the central region of Isfahan,
1999:
Company in Iran and increased their influence in the country. The taxation system was reorganized in a way that taxes were levied fairly. The judicial system was fair and generally humane. Capital punishment was rarely implemented.
2429:
who had fled Iran, returned to the country by settling in Shiraz, which welcomed their return. The Armenian population in Shiraz, whose quarter was located in the western corner by the Kazerun Gate, was primarily engaged in
2239:
was Karim Khan's direct subordinate in the bureaucracy. The first to occupy that office under him was Mirza Aqil Esfahani, who was executed in 1763 and succeeded by Mirza Mohammad Ja'far Esfahani. The office of
3474:
The founder of the dynasty was Moḥammad Karim Khan b. Ināq Khan (...) of the Bagala branch of the Zand, a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of Lors (perhaps originally Kurds; see Minorsky, p. 616) (...)
72:
4131:
Matthee, Rudi (2018). "Historiographical Reflections on the Eighteenth Century in Iranian History: Decline and Insularity, Imperial Dreams, or Regional Specificity?". In Axworthy, Michael (ed.).
1968:, a grand-nephew of Karim Khan, declared himself the new king. His reign (until 1794) was spent mostly in war with the Qajar khan. He was finally captured and brutally killed in the fortress of
2154:
The distinguishing quality of Karim Khan's leadership came from his refusal to exercise royal authority independent of nominal Safavid sovereignty. However, his decision to continue serving as
2544:
of 1979 the names of the past rulers of Iran became a taboo, the citizens of Shiraz refused to rename the Karim Khan Zand Street and Lotf-Ali Khan Zand Street, the two main streets of Shiraz.
2366:
in 1782. Native Jews, Armenians, and other Christians, who were frequent targets of extortion and persecution, also migrated in very large numbers. Between 1742 and 1758, refugees settled in
2520:, "Karim Khan Zand holds an enduring reputation as the most humane Iranian ruler of the Islamic era". Karim Khan is the subject of many stories about his "kindness, generosity and justice".
2262:
approval for his unusual position as the head of an nominally neo-Safavid (but in reality kingless) monarchy. However, he refused to comply with this. By minting coins under the name of the
5049:
1746:
of 1979 the names of the past rulers of Iran became a taboo, the citizens of Shiraz refused to rename the Karim Khan Zand and Lotf Ali Khan Zand streets, the two main streets of Shiraz.
2060:
Karim Khan's first architectural considerations were focussed on defense and he therefore rebuilt the city walls of Shiraz in 1767. He decorated Shiraz with new buildings including the
2532:, his capital, and decorated it with new buildings including the Arg of Karim Khan, the Vakil Bazaar and the Kulah-e Farangi. He also restored the tombs of the medieval Persian poets
2394:
which convinced many refugees to come back. By 1760, every day refugees were returning to Iran. Thousands of them from all social classes arrived along the now-secure caravan routes.
2354:, expressed regret. The latter was a hostage in Karim Khan's entourage during the struggle for supremacy in western Iran, but in 1756 he managed to escape to the Shia shrine city of
2052:. Following Karim Khan's death, the Zand dynasty became embroiled in disputes over succession and other intrigues, which put a halt to further significant patronage of the arts.
5039:
2434:
and wine trade. They also had their own mayor, and the government promoted their settlement by granting them villages around the capital. Mkrtic Vardapet, the Armenian
2442:, whose population may have decreased by about 20,000 between 1747 and 1779. They paid a special tax in exchange for being given their own section of land west of the
246:
2350:
Roughly between the 1730s and the 1780s, hundreds of literate and renowned Iranians escaped to India due to the devastating circumstances. Many of them, including
3394:
2358:
and subsequently to India, where he reunited with his family. Three of his uncles had served Nader Shah, but two of them fell out of favor and fled to India. His
3654:
3343:
8135:
2272:
was the most important religious figure in Shiraz. His responsibilities seemed to be more constrained than those of his Safavid predecessors, and the title
2438:, divided his time between New Julfa and Shiraz every year for six months. Shiraz became the largest Jewish hub in Iran as a result of the return of many
8130:
6208:
5061:
6314:
3489:...the bulk of the evidence points to their being one of the northern Lur or Lak tribes, who may originally have been immigrants of Kurdish origin.
1896:, and several mosques and gardens. He is also responsible for building of a palace in the town of Tehran, the future capital of the Qajar dynasty.
5728:
5719:
5463:
4975:
2446:. Although they seemed to be struggling financially in 1765, they were not the target of any persecution until after Karim Khan's death in 1779.
1711:. Following the death of Karim Khan, Zand Iran went into decline due to internal disputes amongst members of the Zand dynasty. Its final ruler,
4960:
6944:
3680:
5251:
1991:
In foreign policy, Karim Khan attempted to revive the Safavid era trade by allowing the British to establish a trading post in the port of
1707:
were also renovated by Karim Khan. Distinctive Zand art which was produced at the behest of the Zand rulers became the foundation of later
5029:
2405:
Shiraz lost around half of its population following its sack by Agha Mohammad Khan, numbering 20,000. Other cities in central Iran, like
1691:, arts and architecture flourished under Karim Khan's reign, with some themes in architecture being revived from the nearby sites of the
505:
4051:(2012). "Iranian History in Transition: Recasting the Symbolic Identity of Babak Khorramdin". In Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.).
8120:
5397:
4913:
3569:
2045:
2409:, reportedly experienced a revival under Karim Khan's rule after suffering under the Afghans, Afsharids and the Zand-Qajar conflicts.
1584:
89:
8145:
1640:
in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of contemporary Iran (except for the provinces of
3516:
Muhammad Karim Khan, of the Zand clan of the Lur tribe, succeeded in imposing his authority on parts of the defunct Safavid empire
8155:
8105:
4948:
3199:
2528:". The Zand entity of Karim Khan was at peace and the roads within the realm were reportedly free of bandits. Karim Khan rebuilt
1853:
By 1760, Karim Khan had defeated all his rivals and controlled all of Iran except Khorasan, in the northeast, which was ruled by
1478:
4209:
Perry, John R. (2022). "Sir William Jones and the Migration of the Idea of Iran to India". In Melville, Charles Melville (ed.).
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5187:
2024:
The Zand era was a time of relative peace and economic growth for the country. Many territories that were once captured by the
3543:
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Religious officers typically selected by the crown got degrees and set payments from Karim Khan, such as the guardian of the
2048:
had the time to emerge. Many Qajar artistic traits were copied from the Zand examples and Zand art became the foundation of
2029:
the Zand era in the 17th and 18th centuries. Painting thrived under Karim Khan, and notable paintings from this era include
8150:
8140:
5081:
5071:
3586:
2330:(royal edicts) that ensured freedom of residence, worship, and trade to Christian missionary groups in Iran, including the
7803:
8110:
6279:
6229:
5955:
5489:
1742:, "Karim Khan Zand holds an enduring reputation as the most humane Iranian ruler of the Islamic era". When following the
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5438:
5386:
5241:
5044:
4218:
4159:
4082:
4060:
4038:
4019:
3664:
4010:(2012). "Introduction: Iranian Identity Boundaries: A Historical Overview". In Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.).
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8095:
8090:
6593:
5934:
5878:
5858:
5674:
5649:
5545:
5469:
5371:
5001:
4843:
2342:, and others. The only requirement was that they behaved in a manner that did not anger the Shia and its supporters.
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6399:
5965:
2115:
7575:
5909:
5449:
5285:
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5019:
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3441:
The Zands were a branch of the Laks, a subgroup of the northern Lurs, who spoke Luri, a Western Iranian language.
2321:, gained popularity from Karim Khan's reign onward, possibly as a result of the more tolerant religious climate.
1641:
945:
6737:
6514:
6339:
6219:
6203:
5689:
5624:
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5197:
5182:
5086:
5076:
5056:
4848:
4507:
3204:
2516:
1953:
also failed to follow the policies of Karim Khan and soon enough, the country was under attack from all sides.
1738:
1512:
687:
6147:
4918:
4858:
8080:
8013:
6373:
5814:
5797:
5704:
5679:
5535:
5443:
5433:
1577:
3312:
The Persian Gulf: The Rise of the Gulf Arabs : the Politics of Trade on the Persian Littoral, 1747-1792
1937:
Karim Khan's death in 1779 left his territory vulnerable to threats from his enemies. His son and successor
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6377:
6213:
5929:
5669:
5659:
5407:
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1687:
The reign of its most important ruler, Karim Khan, was marked by prosperity and peace. With its capital at
6143:
8018:
7055:
6168:
6162:
6113:
5924:
5754:
5633:
5258:
2242:
1549:
1537:
376:
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5844:
5709:
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3189:
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1507:
1468:
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5629:
5555:
5417:
5392:
5315:
5066:
4965:
4908:
4320:
2462:
Various anonymous or semi-anonymous currencies were struck by Karim Khan and his successors, but the
2143:
1449:
1353:
612:
2082:
notes that some themes employed by Zand architecture were knowingly revived from the nearby ancient
2078:
for "its revetments in carved marble and overglaze-painted tiles with flowers, animals and people".
1941:
was an incompetent ruler who was heavily influenced by his half uncle (and Karim Khan's commander),
1918:
1909:
7934:
7909:
7759:
7418:
7413:
6198:
5988:
5868:
5819:
5791:
5654:
5192:
5106:
4835:
2041:
1723:
1570:
1532:
1527:
1517:
306:
1975:
Politically, it is also important that the Zands, especially Karim Khan, chose to call themselves
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5724:
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5167:
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2013:
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1611:
1095:
851:
432:
58:
35:
3259:
8023:
7924:
7919:
7607:
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7408:
7312:
7297:
7190:
6957:
6911:
6752:
6639:
6519:
6158:
5899:
5854:
5578:
5540:
5268:
5024:
4133:
Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran
3194:
3029:
2564:
2284:
1877:, the chief of the Qoyunlu Qajars. The latter was finally defeated by Karim Khan and his sons,
1412:
915:
389:
8075:
7954:
7914:
7727:
7602:
6666:
6656:
6615:
6586:
5807:
5759:
5734:
5454:
5202:
4980:
4898:
4515:
4472:
3531:
3504:
2351:
2044:. The art of this era is remarkable and, despite the short length of the dynasty, a distinct
793:
713:
651:
7842:
3616:
423:
8047:
7877:
7847:
7722:
7653:
7624:
7543:
6877:
6715:
6705:
6358:
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6093:
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6027:
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5802:
5744:
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4313:
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8:
7739:
7619:
7585:
7487:
7307:
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7114:
6833:
6769:
6644:
6629:
6098:
5787:
5520:
5412:
5011:
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4903:
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4440:
4183:
3018:
3000:
2597:
2575:
1255:
1125:
554:
350:
7455:
7445:
3435:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
64:
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4713:
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1996:
1961:
1878:
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1712:
1458:
1245:
865:
336:
172:
127:
3520:
The Jews of Iran in The Nineteenth Century: Aspects of History, Community, and Culture
2386:
and the adjacent shrine towns were home to an estimated 100,000 Iranian refugees, and
2268:
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7857:
7793:
7788:
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7252:
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1661:
1645:
1285:
1185:
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833:
733:
677:
4229:
2398:
Christians" in 1756, refugees from Isfahan, especially Armenians from the suburb of
7810:
7597:
7592:
7548:
7535:
7465:
7433:
7428:
7292:
7287:
7269:
7230:
7163:
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6130:
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5325:
5034:
4654:
4276:
3547:
3123:
2653:
2619:
2491:
2379:
2228:
1800:
1602:
1315:
1005:
975:
251:
117:
4170:
3254:
8028:
7996:
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7695:
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6813:
6806:
6801:
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6037:
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4187:
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3310:
3283:
3209:
3010:
2876:
2861:
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2553:
2540:. Until this day, the inhabitants of Shiraz honor Karim Khan. When following the
2487:
2479:
2087:
2075:
1854:
1772:
1764:
1696:
1677:
1637:
1626:
1622:
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813:
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723:
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363:
326:
315:
159:
95:
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3594:
1699:(224–651 AD) era's of pre-Islamic Iran. The tombs of the medieval Persian poets
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2483:
2318:
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2025:
2012:
Example of painting from the Zand Dynasty era, circa 1790. Instruments are the
1862:
1839:
1305:
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905:
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4811:
4705:
4670:
4392:
4297:
3398:
3339:
3163:
2630:
2537:
2475:
2367:
2277:
2216:
1965:
1957:
1873:
into his control. But he never stopped his campaigns against his arch-enemy,
1834:. In order to add legitimacy to his claim, Karim Khan placed the infant Shah
1704:
1384:
1373:
1115:
1035:
995:
442:
402:
265:
7480:
7460:
7944:
7675:
7641:
7570:
7565:
7492:
7282:
7264:
7225:
7220:
7200:
7195:
7067:
7060:
7050:
7045:
7040:
6934:
6872:
6853:
6838:
6774:
6482:
6467:
6419:
6328:
5873:
5739:
5162:
5111:
4803:
4787:
4729:
4109:
4092:
4007:
3995:"The Coinage of Īrawān, Nakhjawān, Ganja and Qarabāḡ Khānates in 1747–1827"
3491:, Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville (ed.),
3184:
2507:
2439:
2375:
2339:
2314:
2210:
2131:
2119:
2065:
1893:
1827:
1502:
1431:
1362:
1325:
1295:
1215:
1055:
621:
78:
7663:
7648:
7497:
7210:
7119:
7109:
7035:
6683:
6678:
6560:
6524:
6275:
5960:
5883:
5714:
2431:
2363:
2362:, a comprehensive history of the early Zand period, was written there in
2263:
2181:
2138:, and Rafiq. Shiraz largely took up Isfahan's role as the patronage hub.
1938:
1866:
1560:
1205:
1165:
925:
803:
2524:
adds that he is described as "a model ruler who never took the title of
7690:
7507:
7381:
7341:
7274:
5914:
5305:
4827:
4795:
4721:
4689:
4499:
4192:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/6: Karim Khan Zand–Kašḡari, Saʿd-al-Din
3229:
3040:
2608:
2331:
2091:
1964:, were advancing fast against the declining kingdom. Finally, in 1789,
1950:
1835:
1804:
1792:
1776:
1657:
1421:
1335:
1155:
1135:
1105:
1065:
1025:
857:
823:
743:
697:
342:
278:
208:
20:
3493:
The Cambridge History of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
7580:
7351:
7235:
7205:
6986:
6860:
6651:
5040:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
4760:
4737:
4531:
4464:
4432:
4211:
The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran: Idea of Iran Vol. 11
4194:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 561–564.
3960:
3958:
3956:
2422:
2418:
2399:
2288:
2049:
1969:
1946:
1942:
1858:
1708:
1265:
1235:
1225:
935:
773:
631:
3994:
1759:
6981:
6764:
6722:
6661:
5950:
5290:
5172:
4424:
4053:
Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective
4012:
Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective
2426:
1669:
1085:
1075:
641:
528:
3953:
3941:
2068:
and the Kulah-e Farangi and grouped these around a public square (
6894:
6823:
6779:
6634:
6493:
4416:
4283:
4247:
2435:
2383:
2335:
2309:
2302:
1992:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1653:
1275:
763:
594:
584:
574:
492:
465:
6695:
4075:
Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society
2502:
1810:
6727:
6602:
6299:
5619:
4448:
2529:
2443:
2326:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2185:
2180:
Karim Khan with his kinsmen and courtiers, from a mural in the
2127:
2070:
1823:
1819:
1796:
1688:
661:
564:
107:
4305:
2008:
7361:
5157:
4114:
The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars
3230:"Asnad.org Digital Persian Archives: Detail view document 23"
2533:
2467:
2387:
2382:, giving rise to a new generation of Iranians and Armenians.
2355:
2257:
1870:
1803:. After Nader's death, the Zand tribe, under the guidance of
1788:
1700:
469:
3970:
2176:
4937:
4400:
4336:
4287:
4266:
4260:
3653:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Zand".
2525:
2205:
1831:
1784:
1649:
482:
6571:
2324:
Both Karim Khan in 1764 and Ali-Morad Khan in 1781 issued
5915:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
2406:
2123:
2017:
3824:
3800:
3728:
3919:
3917:
3904:
3902:
3877:
3875:
3718:
3716:
3714:
2291:
in 1765 and the supervisor of religious activities at
2080:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3764:
3740:
1830:. He gained control of central and southern parts of
1636:
1751–1779) that initially ruled southern and central
1616:
3929:
3914:
3899:
3887:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3812:
3788:
3776:
3752:
3711:
3699:
3656:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
1888:
Karim Khan's monuments in Shiraz include the famous
4107:
3964:
3947:
2390:was claimed to be two-thirds occupied by refugees.
2255:Karim Khan might have been anticipated to seek the
2130:, remained in Iran. These people included Moshtaq,
2031:
Muhammad Karim Khan Zand and the Ottoman Ambassador
19:"Zands" redirects here. For the tribe members, see
3993:
3430:
3581:
3579:
2074:in Persian). Zand-era architecture is notable in
2040:. The most important painter of the Zand era was
8067:
1972:, putting an effective end to the Zand Dynasty.
1931:, dated 1763/4 (left = obverse; right = reverse)
4976:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
3451:
3449:
2118:. In the 1750s, some people—including the poet
5062:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
4961:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
3576:
1676:was also held for the Zands by the autonomous
8136:States and territories disestablished in 1794
6587:
4844:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
4321:
4152:Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747–1779
3991:
3976:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3285:Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779
2634:
2623:
2612:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2568:
2557:
2522:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1578:
39:
8044:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
5920:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
3446:
3403:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1795:moved the Zand tribe from their home in the
5030:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
4135:. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–43.
3484:
3482:
2171:
1668:part of the Zand realm, but the region was
8131:States and territories established in 1751
6594:
6580:
5536:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
5398:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
4914:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
4328:
4314:
3992:Akopyan, Alexander; Petrov, Pavel (2016).
3652:
3364:
1927:Silver coin of Karim Khan Zand, minted in
1585:
1571:
88:
5045:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
4069:
3806:
2458:Gold coin of Karim Khan, minted in Shiraz
2412:
4864:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3479:
3338:
2642:
2501:
2453:
2175:
2007:
1809:
1758:
7868:
5650:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
4130:
4091:
4047:
3770:
1869:brought Azerbaijan and the province of
1722:1789–1794), was eventually executed by
1664:were controlled by khanates which were
8068:
5188:History of democracy in classical Iran
4227:
4055:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 65–80.
4028:
4006:
3794:
3758:
3746:
3568:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3428:
3334:
3332:
2474:A number of these khanates, including
1956:The biggest enemies of the Zands, the
1885:, were brought to Shiraz as hostages.
6575:
5986:
5910:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
5695:Iran and the World Trade Organization
5599:
5342:
5223:
4348:
4309:
4208:
4181:
4168:
4149:
4014:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–38.
3935:
3923:
3908:
3893:
3881:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3782:
3734:
3722:
3705:
3631:
3424:
3422:
3308:
3281:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2802:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2690:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2101:
94:The Zand dynasty at its zenith under
5082:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
5072:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
3495:, Cambridge University Press, 1991,
3389:
2149:
1799:mountains to the eastern steppes of
1767:, the founder of the dynasty (1751).
6315:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
5956:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
5930:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
5729:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
5464:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
3329:
2635:
2624:
2613:
2602:
2591:
2580:
2569:
2558:
2317:, which reenacted the martyrdom of
2250:
1960:chiefs, led by the former hostage,
1899:
1606:
142:Vakilol Ro'aya (Advocate of People)
40:
13:
4854:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
3419:
3227:
1754:
14:
8172:
8121:18th century in Georgia (country)
5925:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
5546:Supreme National Security Council
5372:Persian Constitutional Revolution
5002:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
4909:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
4899:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
3965:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
3948:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013
3455:
2106:According to the Italian scholar
1986:
6555:
6546:
6545:
5521:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
4213:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 215–226.
1917:
1908:
1857:. His foreign campaigns against
1554:
325:
283:
258:
244:
71:
57:
16:Iranian royal dynasty, 1751–1794
8146:1790s disestablishments in Iran
5720:Military equipment manufactured
5286:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
5050:United States withdrawal (2018)
4971:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
4335:
4154:. University of Chicago Press.
3673:
3609:
3536:
3509:
3288:. University of Chicago Press.
2547:
2055:
1995:. This opened the hands of the
1728:
1717:
1631:
8156:1794 disestablishments in Asia
8106:Former monarchies of West Asia
6280:modern / contemporary
5526:Expediency Discernment Council
4849:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
4838:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
4362:
3348:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
3302:
3282:Perry, John R. (14 May 2015).
3275:
3247:
3221:
2659:
2517:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
2276:(chief theologian) created by
1861:in Azerbaijan and against the
1739:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
1:
5494:state-sponsorship allegations
5224:
4177:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3437:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
3215:
3200:Ottoman–Iranian War 1775–1776
2345:
2116:Abu'l-Hasan Mostawfi Ghaffari
2034:
1787:who may have been originally
702:
666:
546:
533:
510:
497:
474:
457:
407:
394:
381:
368:
355:
8126:18th century in Ottoman Iraq
8086:Empires and kingdoms of Iran
5951:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
5343:
5252:twin towns and sister cities
4558:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
4435:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
4411:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
7:
8151:1751 establishments in Asia
8141:1751 establishments in Iran
6601:
6230:Water supply and sanitation
5987:
5961:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
5600:
5020:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
4395:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
4349:
4112:; Clawson, Patrick (2013).
3659:. Oxford University Press.
3405:. Oxford University Press.
3350:. Oxford University Press.
3178:
1838:, the grandson of the last
1814:Map of Iran in January 1756
1771:The dynasty was founded by
1652:. The lands of present-day
1617:
10:
8177:
8111:18th century in Azerbaijan
5710:Economy of the Middle East
5087:2021–2022 Iranian protests
5077:2019–2020 Iranian protests
5057:2017–2018 Iranian protests
4518:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
3985:
3205:Occupation of Bahrain 1783
3190:List of monarchs of Persia
2449:
2168:land dispute resolutions.
1875:Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar
1749:
1672:autonomous. The island of
18:
8037:
7989:
7506:
6910:
6609:
6541:
6507:
6453:
6256:
6247:
6177:
6129:
6061:
6008:
5999:
5995:
5982:
5943:
5935:National Development Fund
5898:
5855:Telecommunications and IT
5849:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
5778:
5675:Foreign direct investment
5620:Bonyad (charitable trust)
5612:
5608:
5595:
5554:
5513:
5355:
5351:
5338:
5232:
5219:
5099:
4966:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
4956:Interim Government (1979)
4935:
4883:
4876:
4772:
4682:
4599:
4590:
4567:
4484:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4344:
4294:
4281:
4273:
4243:
4033:. Yale University Press.
3977:Akopyan & Petrov 2016
3309:Floor, Willem M. (2007).
3103:
3101:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3057:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2841:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2497:
2144:Abd al-Razzaq Beg Donboli
1822:his capital, and in 1778
1763:Contemporary portrait of
223:
219:
205:
195:
191:
183:
179:
166:
153:
149:
141:
133:
123:
113:
103:
87:
53:
48:
30:
8096:Middle Eastern dynasties
8091:Iranian Muslim dynasties
5685:International oil bourse
5450:Ministry of Intelligence
5035:Syrian civil war (2011–)
4859:1921 Persian coup d'état
2172:Court and administration
1724:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
8116:18th century in Armenia
6209:scientists and scholars
5715:Milad Tower and complex
5505:Women's rights movement
5500:White Revolution (1963)
5168:Peoples of the Caucasus
4510:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
4403:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
4228:Tucker, Ernest (2006).
4182:Perry, John R. (2011).
4169:Perry, John R. (2000).
4150:Perry, John R. (1979).
3429:Tucker, Ernest (2020).
1945:. Other rulers such as
1883:Hossein Qoli Khan Qajar
1648:) as well as parts of
377:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
114:Official languages
36:Guarded Domains of Iran
6520:Anti-Iranian sentiment
6515:Science and technology
6340:Intellectual movements
6220:International rankings
6204:Intellectual movements
5690:International rankings
5183:Heads of state of Iran
4989:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
4550:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
4387:culture (3400–2000 BC)
4031:Iran: A Modern History
4029:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
3464:. Encyclopædia Iranica
3195:List of Shia dynasties
3030:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand
2565:Mohammad Ali Khan Zand
2511:
2459:
2413:The Armenians and Jews
2295:. However, the lesser
2285:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
2188:
2021:
2003:
1981:Advocate of the People
1848:Advocate of the People
1815:
1779:, which is a tribe of
1768:
916:Masmughans of Damavand
390:Zayandeh River Culture
8014:Medieval great powers
5808:Shetab Banking System
5798:Banking and insurance
5760:Tehran Stock Exchange
5680:Intellectual property
5025:PJAK conflict (2004–)
4798:Turcomans (1378–1508)
4790:Turcomans (1374–1468)
4739:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
4542:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
4234:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4175:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4101:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3518:, David Yeroushalmi,
2643:Other notable members
2505:
2457:
2352:Abol-Hasan Golestaneh
2204:) and resident court
2179:
2050:Qajar arts and crafts
2011:
1813:
1762:
1709:Qajar arts and crafts
794:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
748:3rd-century BC–132 BC
714:Kingdom of Cappadocia
670: 6th century BC
652:Neo-Babylonian Empire
8081:18th century in Iran
8024:European colonialism
8009:Ancient great powers
5769:Technology start-ups
5670:Environmental issues
5660:Economic Reform Plan
5574:Provincial governors
5264:Environmental issues
5012:Iran Air Flight 655
4753:Jalayirid Sultanate
4625:Caliphate (750–1258)
4467:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
3260:Encyclopædia Iranica
3210:Siege of Kerman 1794
2466:of 4.6 gram and the
1818:Karim Khan declared
1733:1789–1797) in 1794.
1625:dynasty, founded by
8019:Modern great powers
6169:Freedom of religion
5755:Supreme Audit Court
5634:Automotive industry
5281:Iranian Balochistan
5007:1987 Mecca incident
4904:Iran crisis of 1946
4893:dynasty (1925–1979)
4822:Dynasty (1751–1794)
4763:dynasty (1338–1357)
4755:dynasty (1335–1432)
4747:dynasty (1314–1393)
4732:dynasty (1244–1381)
4716:dynasty (1077–1231)
4700:dynasty (1011–1215)
4617:Caliphate (661–750)
4609:Caliphate (632–661)
4577:Empire (AD 224–651)
4494:Empire (550–330 BC)
4475:Empire (626–539 BC)
4459:Empire (678–549 BC)
4443:Empire (911–609 BC)
3833:, pp. 217–218.
3737:, pp. 244–245.
3550:on 21 February 2006
3315:. Mage Publishers.
3019:Abol-Fath Khan Zand
3001:Ali-Morad Khan Zand
2598:Ali-Morad Khan Zand
2576:Abol-Fath Khan Zand
2243:mostowfi ol-mamalek
1678:Al-Mazkur sheikhdom
1450:Contemporary period
1354:Early modern period
1256:Jalayirid Sultanate
1126:Khwarazmian dynasty
555:Neo-Assyrian Empire
433:Kura–Araxes culture
351:Baradostian culture
197:• Established
41:ممالک محروسهٔ ایران
6300:Persian New Year (
5705:Main economic laws
5276:Iranian Azerbaijan
5178:Monarchs of Persia
5122:Persianate society
4830:Empire (1789–1925)
4814:Empire (1736–1796)
4806:Empire (1501–1736)
4782:Empire (1370–1507)
4708:Empire (1037–1194)
4673:dynasty (934–1062)
4665:dynasty (931–1090)
4657:dynasty (861–1003)
4526:Empire (312–63 BC)
4427:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
3619:. 23 February 2013
2542:Islamic Revolution
2512:
2460:
2360:Mojmel al-tavarikh
2280:was not retained.
2189:
2108:Alessandro Bausani
2102:Cultural patronage
2033:which was created
2022:
1997:British East India
1962:Agha Mohammad Khan
1879:Agha Mohammad Khan
1826:became the second
1816:
1769:
1744:Islamic Revolution
1713:Lotf Ali Khan Zand
1469:Interim Government
1459:Iranian Revolution
1246:Muzaffarid dynasty
950:864 – 14th century
940:791 – 11th century
866:Rashidun Caliphate
688:Kingdom of Armenia
337:Prehistoric period
173:Lotf Ali Khan Zand
8063:
8062:
7985:
7984:
7950:Polish–Lithuanian
7125:Gurjara-Pratihara
6569:
6568:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6503:
6502:
6410:Opium consumption
6243:
6242:
6079:Ethnic minorities
6053:Iranian languages
5978:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5470:Political parties
5408:Children's rights
5393:Foreign relations
5387:2009 presidential
5334:
5333:
5296:Iranian Kurdistan
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5095:
5094:
5067:COVID-19 pandemic
4926:Revolution (1979)
4872:
4871:
4692:Empire (977–1186)
4649:dynasty (864–928)
4641:dynasty (821–873)
4633:dynasty (819–999)
4586:
4585:
4502:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
4304:
4303:
4295:Succeeded by
4201:978-1-934283-29-5
4184:"Karim Khan Zand"
4142:978-0-19-025033-1
4123:978-0-85772-172-3
4097:"Safavid dynasty"
3687:on 2 October 2011
3617:"Afshar and Zand"
3587:"History of Iran"
3528:978-90-04-15288-5
3501:978-0-521-20095-0
3462:iranicaonline.org
3432:"Karīm Khān Zand"
3412:978-0-19-530513-5
3399:Esposito, John L.
3357:978-0-19-512558-0
3340:Esposito, John L.
3322:978-1-933823-18-8
3295:978-0-226-66102-5
3176:
3175:
2223:eshik-aqasi-bashi
2150:Imperial ideology
2062:Arg of Karim Khan
1890:Arg of Karim Khan
1695:(550–330 BC) and
1618:Dudemāne Zandiyān
1615:
1595:
1594:
1487:
1486:
1440:
1439:
1403:
1402:
1344:
1343:
1286:Afrasiyab dynasty
1186:Khorshidi dynasty
1176:Pishkinid dynasty
1066:Ghaznavid dynasty
886:Abbasid Caliphate
876:Umayyad Caliphate
842:
841:
838:550s–11th century
734:Kingdom of Pontus
678:Achaemenid Empire
642:Anshanite Kingdom
603:
602:
506:Oxus Civilization
414:
413:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
271:
270:
168:• 1789–1794
155:• 1751–1779
8168:
8161:Former countries
7866:
7865:
7531:Austro-Hungarian
7231:Chagatai Khanate
6596:
6589:
6582:
6573:
6572:
6559:
6549:
6548:
6400:National symbols
6254:
6253:
6069:Iranian citizens
6006:
6005:
5997:
5996:
5984:
5983:
5966:Research centers
5655:Economic history
5610:
5609:
5597:
5596:
5531:Guardian Council
5353:
5352:
5340:
5339:
5221:
5220:
5198:Electric history
5193:Military history
5107:Ancient Persians
5015:
5014:shootdown (1988)
4997:
4984:
4981:Iranian Embassy
4951:
4940:
4938:Islamic Republic
4927:
4919:1953 coup d'état
4894:
4881:
4880:
4839:
4836:Khanates of the
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4597:
4596:
4578:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4388:
4375:
4374:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4277:Afsharid dynasty
4274:Preceded by
4241:
4240:
4237:
4224:
4205:
4188:Yarshater, Ehsan
4178:
4165:
4146:
4127:
4104:
4088:
4066:
4044:
4025:
4003:
3997:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3912:
3906:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3683:. Archived from
3677:
3671:
3670:
3650:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3593:. Archived from
3583:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3546:. Archived from
3540:
3534:
3513:
3507:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3439:. Brill Online.
3434:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3391:Frye, Richard N.
3387:
3362:
3361:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3141:Rostam Khan Zand
3124:Sayed Morad Khan
2839:Allah Morad Khan
2664:
2663:
2654:Rustam Khan Zand
2638:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2625:سيد مراد خان زند
2620:Sayed Morad Khan
2616:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2581:ابوالفتح خان زند
2572:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2334:, Benedictines,
2251:Religious policy
2229:tofangchi-aghasi
2198:etemad ol-dowleh
2039:
2036:
1921:
1912:
1900:Decline and fall
1732:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1635:
1633:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1528:Military history
1518:Economic history
1496:Related articles
1479:Islamic Republic
1455:
1454:
1418:
1417:
1359:
1358:
1316:Kar-Kiya dynasty
1236:Chobanid dynasty
1226:Ilkhanate Empire
1006:Sallarid dynasty
976:Saffarid dynasty
862:
861:
707:
704:
672:–11th century AD
671:
668:
632:Scythian Kingdom
618:
617:
548:
535:
512:
499:
476:
459:
429:
428:
409:
396:
383:
370:
357:
347:
346:
329:
319:
301:
300:
287:
286:
275:
274:
262:
261:
252:Azad Khan Afghan
248:
247:
241:
240:
225:
224:
92:
75:
61:
43:
42:
28:
27:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8048:American Empire
8033:
8029:African empires
7981:
7864:
7556:Central African
7502:
7320:Romano-Germanic
6906:
6640:Middle Assyrian
6613:
6605:
6600:
6570:
6565:
6529:
6499:
6478:Rap and hip-hop
6449:
6430:Public holidays
6415:Persian gardens
6404:Imperial Anthem
6395:National Jewels
6350:Iranian studies
6239:
6173:
6125:
6057:
6018:Persian (Farsi)
5991:
5970:
5939:
5901:
5894:
5829:Pharmaceuticals
5774:
5765:Venture capital
5740:Rial (currency)
5725:Nuclear program
5604:
5583:
5550:
5509:
5460:Nuclear program
5425:Judicial system
5347:
5330:
5301:Iranian plateau
5228:
5207:
5091:
5013:
4995:
4982:
4950:History (1979–)
4949:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4892:
4868:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4768:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4592:
4582:
4576:
4563:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4480:
4474:
4473:Neo-Babylonian
4466:
4458:
4451:(860 BC–590 BC)
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4419:(c.2300–675 BC)
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4366:
4353:
4340:
4334:
4300:
4291:
4279:
4269:
4263:
4259:Founding year:
4257:
4252:
4221:
4202:
4162:
4143:
4124:
4108:Matthee, Rudi;
4085:
4071:Katouzian, Homa
4063:
4049:Atabaki, Touraj
4041:
4022:
4000:State Hermitage
3988:
3983:
3979:, pp. 1–2.
3975:
3971:
3963:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3651:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3597:on 3 March 2016
3591:farhangsara.com
3585:
3584:
3577:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3544:"Archived copy"
3542:
3541:
3537:
3522:, BRILL, 2009,
3514:
3510:
3487:
3480:
3467:
3465:
3454:
3447:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3388:
3365:
3358:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3263:. 15 March 2010
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3181:
3167:
3127:
3044:
3041:Jafar Khan Zand
3033:
3022:
3011:Akbar Khan Zand
3004:
2994:Koda Morad Khan
2880:
2877:Sadeq Khan Zand
2865:
2862:Karim Khan Zand
2671:
2662:
2645:
2603:علیمراد خان زند
2587:Sadeq Khan Zand
2570:محمدعلی خان زند
2554:Karim Khan Zand
2550:
2506:Vakeel mosque,
2500:
2452:
2415:
2348:
2301:, theologians,
2269:shaykh ol-eslam
2253:
2174:
2161:Vakil ol-Ra'aya
2156:vakil al-dowleh
2152:
2104:
2090:sites, such as
2076:Iranian history
2058:
2037:
2006:
1989:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1775:, chief of the
1773:Karim Khan Zand
1765:Karim Khan Zand
1757:
1755:Karim Khan Zand
1752:
1727:
1716:
1630:
1627:Karim Khan Zand
1591:
1561:Iran portal
1555:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1533:Women's history
1497:
1489:
1488:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1196:Qutlugh-Khanids
1146:Atabegs of Yazd
1046:Rawadid dynasty
1016:Ziyarid dynasty
956:Tahirid dynasty
854:
852:Medieval period
844:
843:
828:6th century–785
814:Sasanian Empire
784:Kings of Persis
754:Parthian Empire
724:Seleucid Empire
705:
669:
615:
613:Imperial period
605:
604:
519:Akkadian Empire
466:Lullubi Kingdom
426:
416:
415:
364:Zarzian culture
339:
317:
310:
284:
259:
245:
212:
198:
169:
160:Karim Khan Zand
156:
128:Twelver Shi'ism
99:
83:
82:
81:
76:
68:
67:
62:
44:
38:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8174:
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8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8101:Shia dynasties
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8061:
8060:
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6711:Middle Kingdom
6708:
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5579:Supreme Leader
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5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5541:Local councils
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5436:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5418:Women's rights
5415:
5410:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5269:Climate change
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5153:Jiroft culture
5150:
5149:
5148:
5141:Iranic peoples
5138:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5117:Persianization
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4991:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4945:
4943:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4724:(1135/36-1225)
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4603:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4534:(c.295–220 BC)
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4393:Proto-Elamite
4390:
4381:
4379:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4298:House of Qâjâr
4296:
4293:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4253:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4225:
4220:978-0755645992
4219:
4206:
4200:
4179:
4171:"Zand dynasty"
4166:
4161:978-0226660981
4160:
4147:
4141:
4128:
4122:
4116:. I.B.Tauris.
4105:
4089:
4084:978-0415297547
4083:
4067:
4062:978-1137013408
4061:
4045:
4040:978-0300112542
4039:
4026:
4021:978-1137013408
4020:
4004:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3967:, p. 170.
3952:
3950:, p. 169.
3940:
3938:, p. 240.
3928:
3926:, p. 238.
3913:
3911:, p. 237.
3898:
3896:, p. 217.
3886:
3884:, p. 222.
3871:
3869:, p. 221.
3859:
3857:, p. 220.
3847:
3845:, p. 218.
3835:
3823:
3821:, p. 217.
3811:
3809:, p. 128.
3807:Katouzian 2007
3799:
3787:
3785:, p. 279.
3775:
3763:
3751:
3749:, p. 153.
3739:
3727:
3725:, p. 244.
3710:
3708:, p. 243.
3698:
3672:
3666:978-0195309911
3665:
3630:
3608:
3575:
3535:
3508:
3478:
3458:"ZAND DYNASTY"
3445:
3418:
3411:
3395:"Zand Dynasty"
3363:
3356:
3344:"Zand Dynasty"
3342:, ed. (2003).
3328:
3321:
3301:
3294:
3274:
3255:"ZAND DYNASTY"
3246:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:Zaki Khan Zand
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:Zaki Khan Zand
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:لطفعلی خان زند
2628:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2549:
2546:
2499:
2496:
2451:
2448:
2414:
2411:
2347:
2344:
2319:Husayn ibn Ali
2252:
2249:
2173:
2170:
2151:
2148:
2136:Hatef Esfahani
2114:identified by
2103:
2100:
2096:Naqsh-e Rostam
2057:
2054:
2042:Mohammad Sadiq
2005:
2002:
1988:
1987:Foreign policy
1985:
1977:Vakilol Ro'aya
1926:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1844:Vakilol Ro'aya
1783:, a branch of
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Heads of state
1510:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1306:Timurid Empire
1302:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:Nasrid dynasty
1092:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
990:pre-879 – 1215
988:
986:Ghurid dynasty
982:
981:
978:
972:
971:
968:
966:Samanid Empire
962:
961:
958:
952:
951:
948:
946:Alid dynasties
942:
941:
938:
932:
931:
928:
922:
921:
918:
912:
911:
908:
902:
901:
898:
892:
891:
888:
882:
881:
878:
872:
871:
868:
855:
850:
849:
846:
845:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
710:
709:
700:
694:
693:
690:
684:
683:
680:
674:
673:
664:
658:
657:
654:
648:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
624:
616:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
544:
542:Avestan period
538:
537:
531:
525:
524:
521:
515:
514:
508:
502:
501:
495:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
472:
462:
461:
455:
453:Jiroft culture
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
427:
424:Ancient period
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
411:
410:5th millennium
405:
399:
398:
397:6th millennium
392:
386:
385:
379:
373:
372:
366:
360:
359:
353:
340:
335:
334:
331:
330:
322:
321:
312:
311:
304:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
281:
272:
269:
268:
263:
255:
254:
249:
237:
236:
231:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
176:
170:
167:
164:
163:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
93:
85:
84:
77:
70:
69:
63:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8173:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8054:
8053:Soviet empire
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:Miscellaneous
8036:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7637:German Empire
7635:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7377:Turco-Persian
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6374:news agencies
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Privatization
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5204:
5203:Years in Iran
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:Turco-Persian
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4996:War (1980–88)
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:Qara Qoyunlu
4786:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4736:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:550 BC–AD 224
4483:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:Neo-Assyrian
4439:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4255:House of Zand
4251:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4110:Floor, Willem
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:Matthee, Rudi
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:. Routledge.
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4008:Amanat, Abbas
4005:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3856:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3797:, p. 15.
3796:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3773:, p. 75.
3772:
3767:
3761:, p. 14.
3760:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3702:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3618:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3571:
3565:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3463:
3459:
3456:Perry, John.
3452:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3235:
3234:www.asnad.org
3231:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Tribe of Zand
3183:
3182:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3164:Lotf Ali Khan
3126:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2835:
2832:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2720:
2718:
2711:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2632:
2631:Lotf Ali Khan
2629:
2621:
2618:
2610:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:Saadi Shirazi
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2338:, Capuchins,
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2278:Soltan Hoseyn
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2237:vazir-e divan
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:qollar-aghasi
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:Lotf Ali Khan
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Saadi Shirazi
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1607:دودمان زندیان
1604:
1600:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:Modern period
1409:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:Afsharid Iran
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:Hotak dynasty
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:Seljuk Empire
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:Buyid dynasty
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
996:Sajid dynasty
994:
993:
989:
987:
984:
983:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
967:
964:
963:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
914:
913:
909:
907:
904:
903:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
853:
848:
847:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
788:132 BC–224 AD
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:141 BC–222 AD
777:
775:
772:
771:
768:147 BC–224 AD
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:247 BC–224 AD
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
718:320s BC–17 AD
717:
715:
712:
711:
706: 323 BC
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:331 BC–428 AD
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:550 BC–330 BC
681:
679:
676:
675:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:626 BC–539 BC
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:635 BC–550 BC
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
623:
622:Median Empire
620:
619:
614:
609:
608:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
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566:
563:
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486:
484:
481:
480:
473:
471:
467:
464:
463:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
443:Proto-Elamite
441:
440:
436:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
419:
406:
404:
403:Dalma culture
401:
400:
393:
391:
388:
387:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:20,000–10,000
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:36,000–18,000
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
338:
333:
332:
328:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
308:
303:
302:
282:
280:
279:Qajar dynasty
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:Afsharid Iran
264:
257:
256:
253:
250:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
230:
227:
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97:
91:
86:
80:
74:
66:
60:
52:
47:
37:
29:
26:
22:
8076:Zand dynasty
7804:Contemporary
7685:
7654:Indo-Persian
7642:Nazi Germany
7586:Contemporary
7488:Vijayanagara
7387:Great Seljuk
7298:Thessalonica
7226:Golden Horde
6866:Carthaginian
6645:Neo-Assyrian
6630:Neo-Sumerian
6508:Other topics
6492:
6420:Persian name
6359:Islamization
6301:
6261:Architecture
6214:universities
6159:Zoroastrians
6154:Christianity
6144:Baháʼí Faith
6094:Azerbaijanis
6001:Demographics
5815:Construction
5803:Central Bank
5745:Space Agency
5640:Child labour
5475:Principlists
5455:Cyberwarfare
5403:Human rights
5368:Constitution
5163:Azerbaijanis
5132:Indo-Persian
5112:Greater Iran
4983:siege (1980)
4942:1979–present
4819:
4593:early modern
4591:Medieval and
4385:Kura-Araxes
4284:Ruling house
4282:
4265:Deposition:
4254:
4245:
4233:
4230:"Nāder Shāh"
4210:
4191:
4174:
4151:
4132:
4113:
4100:
4074:
4052:
4030:
4011:
3999:
3972:
3943:
3931:
3889:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3771:Atabaki 2012
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3685:the original
3681:"New Page 1"
3675:
3655:
3621:. Retrieved
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3590:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:the original
3538:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3492:
3488:
3473:
3466:. Retrieved
3461:
3440:
3436:
3402:
3347:
3311:
3304:
3284:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3258:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:
3223:
3162:
3122:
3039:
3028:
3017:
2999:
2875:
2860:
2633:, 1789–1794
2614:جعفر خان زند
2611:, 1785–1789
2600:, 1782–1785
2592:صادق خان زند
2589:, 1779–1782
2559:کریم خان زند
2556:, 1751–1779
2548:Rulers/kings
2521:
2515:
2514:As noted by
2513:
2473:
2461:
2417:Many of the
2416:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2376:Ottoman Iraq
2368:Mughal India
2359:
2349:
2340:Augustinians
2325:
2323:
2315:passion play
2296:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2256:
2254:
2247:colleagues.
2241:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2211:qurchi-bashi
2209:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2140:
2132:Azar Bigdeli
2120:Hazin Lahiji
2112:
2105:
2079:
2069:
2066:Vakil Bazaar
2059:
2056:Architecture
2030:
2023:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1894:Vakil Bazaar
1887:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1840:Safavid king
1817:
1770:
1737:
1736:As noted by
1735:
1686:
1599:Zand dynasty
1598:
1596:
1523:LGBT history
1483:1979–present
1432:Pahlavi Iran
1395:Zand dynasty
1394:
1363:Safavid Iran
1326:Qara Qoyunlu
1216:Kurt dynasty
1056:Hasanwayhids
856:
834:Qarinvandids
738:281 BC–62 BC
728:312 BC–63 BC
341:
234:Succeeded by
233:
228:
32:Zand dynasty
25:
7392:Khwarezmian
7325:Carolingian
7130:Rashtrakuta
6834:Shaishunaga
6733:Hellenistic
6716:New Kingdom
6706:Old Kingdom
6525:Tehrangeles
6488:Traditional
6225:Nationality
6163:persecution
6148:persecution
6099:Circassians
6048:Neo-Aramaic
6028:Azerbaijani
5900:State-owned
5825:Health care
5788:Agriculture
5625:Brain drain
5564:Ambassadors
5259:Earthquakes
4796:Aq Qoyunlu
4745:Muzaffarid
4722:Eldiguzids
4714:Anushtegin
4540:Kingdom of
4516:Kingdom of
4508:Kingdom of
4500:Atropatene
4492:Achaemenid
4433:Kingdom of
4378:3400–539 BC
4248:Royal house
3795:Amanat 2012
3759:Amanat 2012
3747:Amanat 2017
3554:21 February
2844:Bay Agha II
2660:Family tree
2432:viticulture
2364:Murshidabad
2274:molla-bashi
2264:hidden imam
2202:sadr-e azam
2182:Pars Museum
2038: 1775
1939:Abu al-Fath
1867:Mesopotamia
1642:Balochistan
1206:Mihrabanids
1166:Hazaraspids
926:Baduspanids
804:Paratarajas
798:19 AD–224/5
316:History of
229:Preceded by
8070:Categories
7962:Portuguese
7843:Revival Le
7833:Vietnamese
7476:Later Tran
7446:Vietnamese
7342:Singhasari
7330:Holy Roman
6954:Bulgarian
6890:Satavahana
6861:Phoenician
6797:Achaemenid
6758:Indo-Greek
6738:Macedonian
6652:Babylonian
6425:Philosophy
6384:newspapers
6365:Literature
6270:architects
6265:Achaemenid
6185:Corruption
5645:Corruption
5485:Reformists
5480:Propaganda
5378:Corruption
5363:Censorship
5306:Lake Urmia
4994:Iran–Iraq
4690:Ghaznavid
4568:AD 224–651
4532:Frataraka
4364:Prehistory
4292:1760–1794
3936:Perry 1979
3924:Perry 1979
3909:Perry 1979
3894:Perry 2022
3882:Perry 1979
3867:Perry 1979
3855:Perry 1979
3843:Perry 1979
3831:Perry 1979
3819:Perry 1979
3783:Perry 1979
3735:Perry 1979
3723:Perry 1979
3706:Perry 1979
3267:6 February
3239:6 February
3216:References
2672:Budaq Khan
2609:Jafar Khan
2346:Population
2332:Carmelites
2092:Persepolis
2084:Achaemenid
1951:Jafar Khan
1836:Ismail III
1805:Karim Khan
1793:Nader Shah
1777:Zand tribe
1693:Achaemenid
1658:Azerbaijan
1422:Qajar Iran
1336:Aq Qoyunlu
1320:1370s–1592
1156:Salghurids
1136:Eldiguzids
1106:Shabankara
1080:990/1–1117
824:Zarmihrids
744:Fratarakas
698:Atropatene
636:652–625 BC
626:678–550 BC
134:Government
96:Karim Khan
21:Zand tribe
7955:Couronian
7593:Ethiopian
7581:Manchukuo
7536:Brazilian
7382:Ghaznavid
7352:Srivijaya
7303:Trebizond
7288:Byzantine
7270:North Sea
7265:Norwegian
7253:Almoravid
7236:Ilkhanate
7206:Majapahit
7179:Muromachi
7088:Solomonic
7073:Ethiopian
6987:Caliphate
6920:Aragonese
6748:Ptolemaic
6390:Mythology
6296:Calendars
6286:Astronomy
6195:Education
6104:Georgians
6089:Assyrians
6084:Armenians
6010:Languages
5902:companies
5865:Transport
5845:Petroleum
5630:Companies
5569:President
5556:Officials
5490:Terrorism
5439:Air Force
5383:Elections
5321:Provinces
5316:Mountains
5226:Geography
5146:languages
4884:1925–1979
4812:Afsharid
4773:1370–1925
4761:Chobanid
4655:Saffarid
4607:Rashidun
4575:Sasanian
4556:Kings of
4548:Parthian
4524:Seleucid
4465:Scythian
4425:Kassites
4409:Akkadian
3532:p. xxxix.
3168:1789–1794
3045:1785–1789
3005:1782–1785
2881:1779–1781
2866:1751–1779
2704:Inaq Khan
2423:New Julfa
2419:Armenians
2400:New Julfa
2310:dervishes
1947:Ali Morad
1943:Zaki Khan
1859:Azad Khan
1855:Shah Rukh
1621:) was an
1612:romanized
1436:1925–1979
1426:1789–1925
1399:1751–1794
1389:1736–1796
1379:1722–1729
1367:1501–1736
1340:1468–1508
1330:1406–1468
1310:1370–1507
1300:1359–1596
1296:Mar'ashis
1290:1349–1504
1280:1335–1357
1270:1337–1376
1266:Sarbadars
1260:1337–1376
1250:1335–1393
1240:1335–1357
1230:1256–1335
1220:1244–1396
1210:1236–1537
1200:1223-1306
1190:1184-1597
1180:1155–1231
1170:1155–1424
1160:1148–1282
1150:1141–1319
1140:1135–1225
1130:1077–1231
1120:1037–1194
1110:1030–1355
1100:1029–1236
1090:1008–1141
936:Justanids
906:Bavandids
774:Characene
536:1500–1155
523:2400–2150
513:2400–1700
500:2550-2020
460:3100–2200
447:3200–2700
437:3400–2000
384:6000–5000
211:conquest
124:Religion
49:1751–1794
7935:Japanese
7898:Scottish
7878:American
7870:Colonial
7799:Imperial
7767:Moroccan
7703:Japanese
7681:Afsharid
7540:Burmese
7526:Austrian
7481:Later Le
7456:Early Le
7441:Venetian
7367:Tiwanaku
7280:Hellenic
7243:Moroccan
7174:Kamakura
7164:Japanese
7147:Saffarid
7100:Georgian
7014:Chalukya
6992:Rashidun
6982:Calakmul
6950:Bruneian
6829:Haryanka
6807:Sasanian
6802:Parthian
6753:Bactrian
6743:Seleucid
6723:Goguryeo
6701:Egyptian
6635:Assyrian
6625:Akkadian
6616:Colonies
6551:Category
6444:football
6435:Scouting
6345:Iranians
6335:Folklore
6131:Religion
6043:Georgian
6023:Armenian
5884:shipping
5879:railways
5869:airlines
5835:Industry
5700:Taxation
5514:Councils
5430:Military
5345:Politics
5326:Wildlife
5291:Caucasus
5173:Persians
5100:See also
4924:Iranian
4891:Pahlavi
4804:Safavid
4780:Timurid
4683:977–1432
4663:Ziyarid
4639:Tahirid
4631:Samanid
4623:Abbasid
4615:Umayyad
4600:632–1090
4417:Lullubi
4401:Elamite
4095:(2008).
4073:(2007).
3564:cite web
3468:24 March
3393:(2009).
3228:Werner.
3179:See also
2691:Bay Agha
2492:Karabakh
2088:Sasanian
2046:Zand art
2026:Ottomans
1863:Ottomans
1801:Khorasan
1697:Sasanian
1670:de facto
1646:Khorasan
1550:Timeline
1508:Monarchs
1086:Kakuyids
1076:Annazids
1070:977–1186
1060:959–1095
1050:955–1070
1040:934–1062
1026:Ilyasids
1020:930–1090
1010:919–1062
980:861–1003
930:665–1598
910:651–1349
896:Dabuyids
890:750–1258
549:1500–500
529:Kassites
487:2700–539
477:3100-675
343:BCE / BC
307:a series
305:Part of
137:Monarchy
98:in 1776.
8002:largest
7997:Empires
7977:Swedish
7972:Spanish
7967:Russian
7930:Italian
7905:Chinese
7893:English
7888:British
7883:Belgian
7858:Vietnam
7848:Tay son
7794:Tsarist
7789:Russian
7784:Ottoman
7750:Dzungar
7745:Khoshut
7718:Mexican
7713:Maratha
7696:Pahlavi
7676:Safavid
7671:Iranian
7598:Haitian
7561:Chinese
7521:Ashanti
7493:Wagadou
7419:Eastern
7414:Western
7397:Timurid
7357:Tibetan
7347:Songhai
7337:Serbian
7258:Almohad
7248:Idrisid
7152:Samanid
7142:Tahirid
7137:Iranian
7115:Kannauj
7095:Genoese
7031:Chinese
7024:Eastern
7019:Western
7007:Fatimid
7002:Abbasid
6997:Umayyad
6970:Burmese
6930:Ayyubid
6925:Angevin
6895:Xianbei
6883:Eastern
6878:Western
6824:Magadha
6787:Iranian
6780:Xiongnu
6765:Hittite
6674:Chinese
6662:Kassite
6611:Ancient
6603:Empires
6494:Ey Iran
6442: (
6402: (
6378:student
6376: (
6372: (
6357: (
6325:Cuisine
6310:Fashion
6298: (
6278: (
6263: (
6249:Culture
6197: (
6161: (
6146: (
6119:Turkmen
6071: (
6062:Peoples
6033:Kurdish
5989:Society
5890:Tourism
5867: (
5857: (
5847: (
5827: (
5820:Defense
5790: (
5780:Sectors
5767: (
5727: (
5632: (
5613:General
5602:Economy
5492: (
5462: (
5432: (
5385: (
5370: (
5356:General
5311:Islands
5247:largest
5237:Borders
4706:Seljuk
4698:Ghurid
4647:Alavid
4457:Median
4449:Urartu
4371:Ancient
4351:History
4190:(ed.).
3986:Sources
3401:(ed.).
2622:, 1789
2578:, 1779
2567:, 1779
2488:Derbent
2480:Shirvan
2450:Coinage
2436:prelate
2384:Baghdad
2336:Jesuits
2327:farmans
2306:seyyeds
2298:akhunds
1993:Bushehr
1828:capital
1789:Kurdish
1750:History
1731:
1720:
1682:Bushire
1674:Bahrain
1666:de jure
1662:Georgia
1654:Armenia
1634:
1623:Iranian
1614::
1603:Persian
1276:Injuids
1030:932–968
1000:889–929
970:819–999
960:821–873
920:651–760
900:642–760
880:661–750
870:632-661
858:CE / AD
818:224–651
808:125–300
764:Elymais
708:–226 AD
599:720-670
595:Saparda
589:750-521
585:Zikirti
579:850–616
575:Mannaea
569:860–590
559:911–609
493:Marhaši
207:•
184:History
162:(first)
118:Persian
104:Capital
7940:Mongol
7925:German
7920:French
7910:Danish
7853:Dainam
7828:Tongan
7816:Somali
7811:Sokoto
7777:'Alawi
7755:Kalmyk
7735:Mongol
7728:Second
7708:Korean
7659:Mughal
7649:Indian
7632:German
7625:Second
7615:French
7608:Second
7544:Second
7516:Afghan
7508:Modern
7434:Kyrgyz
7429:Uighur
7424:Second
7404:Turkic
7372:Toltec
7308:Epirus
7293:Nicaea
7216:Mongol
7169:Yamato
7105:Huetar
6963:Second
6900:Rouran
6849:Shunga
6844:Maurya
6819:Kushan
6792:Median
6770:Hunnic
6728:Harsha
6561:Portal
6320:Cinema
6302:Nowruz
6199:higher
6073:abroad
6038:Hebrew
5944:Places
5840:Mining
5665:Energy
5242:Cities
5158:Aryans
4877:Modern
4828:Qajar
4671:Buyid
4339:topics
4217:
4198:
4158:
4139:
4120:
4081:
4059:
4037:
4018:
4002:: 1–9.
3663:
3526:
3505:p. 64.
3499:
3409:
3354:
3319:
3292:
2530:Shiraz
2508:Shiraz
2498:Legacy
2490:, and
2464:abbasi
2444:bazaar
2372:Bengal
2308:, and
2303:Alavid
2293:Qazvin
2226:, and
2186:Shiraz
2128:Kashan
2126:, and
2071:maidan
2064:, the
1824:Tehran
1820:Shiraz
1797:Zagros
1689:Shiraz
1660:, and
662:Sogdia
565:Urartu
309:on the
187:
175:(last)
145:
108:Shiraz
79:Emblem
7990:Lists
7945:Omani
7915:Dutch
7821:Isaaq
7772:Saadi
7740:Oirat
7723:First
7691:Qajar
7620:First
7603:First
7576:China
7549:Third
7409:First
7362:Tikal
7313:Morea
7283:Roman
7201:Latin
7196:Khmer
7191:Kanem
7157:Buyid
7083:Zagwe
7078:Aksum
7068:Chola
6975:First
6958:First
6945:Bornu
6940:Benin
6935:Aztec
6873:Roman
6854:Gupta
6839:Nanda
6775:White
6455:Music
6440:Sport
6370:Media
6355:Islam
6291:Blogs
6235:Women
6190:Crime
6178:Other
6139:Islam
6109:Kurds
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