579:
855:
312:
764:, a pontifical secretary, introduced the custom of publishing in the forum tables containing the requisite information, besides brief references to victories, triumphs, prodigies, etc. This list was the origin of the public Roman calendar, in which the days were divided into weeks of eight days each, and indicated by the letters A–H. Each day was marked by a certain letter to show its nature; thus the letters F., N., N.P., F.P., Q. Rex C.F., C., EN., stood for
1264:
200:
407:
proceedings were in any way archaeological. Cardinal
Farnese assigned the scholars to watch the diggings. Collecting a team they moved swiftly to rescue what they could, sinking tunnels to the side to search for fragments. Subsequently, more fragments turned up embedded in buildings then in use, showing that the area had been less intensely mined previously, and casting doubt of the location of the original source of the fragments.
451:. The marble entablatures were erected at the order of Augustus, based on information available to the Romans then, although the nature and validity of this information remains unknown. The degree of detail suggests that they were based on previous republican chronicles. The identification of their ancient location is controversial. The two theories are that they were in or part of the
410:
It has been estimated that the consular lists were in four entablatures several feet high: I covering AUC 1-364; II, 365-461; III, 462-600; IV, 601-745, running to 766 in the margin. They were not published, however, as two lists; instead, Marliani in 1549 (first publication, Rome), Sigonius in 1550
402:
had authorized the mining of stone for St. Peter's in 1540 and
Michelangelo was in fact protestingly working on its design also. The pope was following the widespread convention that prevailed in the Renaissance of ripping up the structures of the past to reuse in building structures they considered
470:
for years in which these magistrates were eponymous instead of consuls; that is, once the practice of naming the year after the heads of state began, there had to be a head of state whether king, dictator, consul, master or tribune, regardless of what body held the power. The list features multiple
561:
BCE), but some editors "correct" all the AUC to
Varronian. Similarly the fasti run to the death of Augustus in 13 AD (14 in the Varronian). This is not a difference in the starting date of the republic or the year of Augustus' death, which remain in the same years relative to surrounding events in
406:
A resident colony of quarrymen did not pause in the slightest but went on dismantling buildings. All trace of structures in that part of the forum vanished between August 15 and
September 14, 1546. The stone was sold to cutters for reuse or to lime burners for the creation of cement. None of these
529:
254.2 (second year of the 254th
Olympiad) and that this year was AUC 991, starting by modern calculations January 1, 238 AD. Varro's AUC 1 therefore was 754/753 BC. The identities of Ulpius and Pontianus remain a mystery, as they are only named by Censorinus, but the names are irrelevant to the
479:
year starting with CCXC (the editors typically fill out these schemes; the list is seldom quoted as it is). The length of reign is given for the kings (the sum does not match the first republican AUC). In addition 5-year lustrations ("purgation", a ceremony cleansing the city of sin) and the
415:. The editors took certain freedoms, such as filling in missing magistrates from other records as they thought best and filling in missing dates AUC to give the appearance of a continuous yearly chronicle, at the same time concealing the problems. Typically representations under the name
487:
Feeney argues that the multiple scheme is evidence that the fasti were
Augustan rather than republican. The kings are given precedence at the top and the AUC at the left as though they were superimposed on a formerly republican fasti. Moreover, the 5-year
492:
date to 28 BC when the temple of Mars Ultor ("Mars the
Avenger"), the imperial god, was constructed and took precedence over the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline. After that time the emperor must be one of the censors, who now presided over
548:
were consuls in
Olympiad 207.1, and that this year was 801 AUC, counting from the foundation of Rome at Olympiad 7.1. By modern calculation this is 49 AD. He was relying on the official dating scheme, which must have been the
366:, which serve a double duty as museums and city government buildings. The fasti are located in the Sala della Lupa, the same room as the bronze wolf. More pieces discovered after the Renaissance were placed with it.
918:, the first volume of which was produced in 1915 and which is still updated at irregular intervals. Between 1946 and 1987 the International Association for Classical Archaeology (AIAC) published the
517:, with which the emperor must have been familiar, but he did not forbid their use in unofficial contexts. The AUC chronology does not exactly correspond; it is later than the Varronian by a year.
914:
in modern languages have been used formally for quasi-official writings of a diachronic character. Some examples are the official history and traditions of a regiment, in
Scotland the
926:
now contains reports on excavations since the year 2000 in 13 countries, particularly Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Malta and
Albania. It is accompanied by an online journal,
756:, were a kind of official year-book, with dates and directions for religious ceremonies, court-days, market-days, divisions of the month, and the like. Until 304 BC the lore of the
715:", were annually exhibited in public on a white table, on which the memorable events of the year, with special mention of the prodigies, were set down in abbreviated manner. Other
1090:
882:, contains the months of January, March, April, and December, and a portion of February. The tablets give an account of festivals, and also of the triumphs of Augustus and
826:
after he remodelled the Roman year. Upon the cultivators fewer feasts, sacrifices, ceremonies and holidays were enjoined than on the inhabitants of cities; and the rustic
419:
are not that. There were in fact two different original lists placed under that name to which were added fragments found in 1816-1818, 1872–1878 and a final one from the
846:, the fairs, signs of zodiac, increase and decrease of the days, the tutelary gods of each month, and certain directions for rustic labours to be performed each month.
553:. In Varro's chronology this is AUC 802. Simple subtraction shows that AUC 1 in Augustus' fasti is 753/752 BC. The fasti give to the start of the republic a date of AUC
513:. His republic begins in the year 510/509 BC by modern calculation. These were the official imperial dates. Many other dates and chronologies existed, notably those of
275:, their birthdays, offices, days consecrated to them, with feasts and ceremonies established in their honor or for their prosperity. They came to be denominated
1362:
Fasti Consulares ac Triumphi Acti a Romulo Rege usque as Ti. Caesarem. Eisusdem in Fastos et Triumphos, Id Est in Universam Romanam Historiam Commentarius
1353:
Fasti Consulares ac Triumphi Acti a Romulo Rege usque as Ti. Caesarem. Eisusdem in Fastos et Triumphos, Id Est in Universam Romanam Historiam Commentarius
922:. It contained summary notices of excavations through the area of the Roman Empire. The Fasti went online and discontinued paper publication in 2000: the
632:
411:(Modena), Robortelli in 1555 (Venice) and others chose to combine the information into a unified list, which was carried forward under the name
521:, who went over Varro's calculations, he says, explains that Ulpius and Pontianus were consuls in the 1014th year from the re-founding of the
1284:
613:
were on four panels, I covering AUC 1-452; II, 453-532; III, 533-625 and IV, 628-735, ending in 19 BC. The triumphs begin with those of
494:
342:
and other magistrates, often with the principal events that happened during their consulates, but sometimes not. An example is the
1279:
1098:
484:
conducting them are stated, which list is sometimes called the fasti censorii by moderns and stated as a third fasti capitolini.
362:, who designed the complex of three palaces on the hill, also restored the tables of the fasti. The Palazzo today is one of the
394:, who were standing at the top of the trench in which a portion of wall was showing, featuring inscriptional material between
1317:
1238:
158:
92:
358:, who kept them temporarily in his villa after their excavation from the Roman forum in 1545 or 1546 (funded by Farnese).
601:, together with the name of the conquered people. Fragments of such a list were found mixed in with the fragments of the
1071:
1132:
239:
186:, which were simple lists of property, or assets, such as land or documents, or transactions transferring property.
641:
left off. The last triumph recorded by Panvinio, which he described as a Roman triumph "over the infidel," was the
17:
1462:
386:. Both lists were restored as distinct records. The restoration was based nearly entirely on the observations of
1309:
930:, which publishes full and interim reports on archaeological sites in Italy. See under "External links" below.
424:
221:
649:
355:
911:
1488:
1124:
887:
68:
916:
Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae: the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation
471:
dating schemes. To the right are years from the beginning of the republic preceded by an. or ann. for
818:
is a poetical description of the Roman festivals of the first six months, written to illustrate the
653:
347:
316:
263:, were concerned with the several festivals, and everything relating to religious practice and the
162:, meaning "that which is permitted", that is, "that which is legitimate in the eyes of the gods."
1483:
1344:
The Roman History from the Building of Rome to the Ruin of the Commonwealth Illustrated with Maps
1155:
210:
1397:
510:
497:
at Mars Ultor instead of Jupiter (the setting of this nail marked the transition of the year).
217:
1380:
972:
264:
652:
into Rome on April 5, 1536, which took place while Charles was marching northward after his
541:
506:
462:
The fasti state a list of kings followed by the republican consuls for each year, with the
134:
8:
962:
712:
456:
1030:
948:
features a pontiff calling out the fasti in the Forum at the beginning of each episode.
1302:
1149:
646:
363:
100:
were the records of this business. In addition to the word's general sense, there were
1420:
1313:
1128:
957:
573:
346:, a modern name assigned because they were deposited in 1547 in the courtyard of the
378:
were discovered as 30 marble fragments in the forum. With them were 26 fragments of
176:
itself came to denote lists organized by time. The temporal structure distinguished
166:
were the days on which business might be transacted without impiety, in contrast to
944:
895:
833:
629:
545:
387:
306:
1346:. Vol. VI (new ed.). London: C & J Rivington, etc. pp. 369–484.
1242:
760:
remained the exclusive and lucrative monopoly of the priesthood; but in that year
578:
1339:
1327:
1002:
982:
967:
939:
879:
841:
674:
667:
587:
476:
444:
351:
320:
80:
403:
even more magnificent. The scholars were collaborating to save what they could.
64:
1436:
1342:(1823). "The Capitoline Marbles; or, Consular Calendars: an Ancient Monument".
977:
854:
761:
707:
117:
35:
1445:
1364:(in Latin). Hanoviae, MDCIX: Apud Claudium Marnium & heredes Ioan. Aubrii.
1477:
1288:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 192–193.
1275:
1270:
823:
690:
gives a partial record of the consuls from AD 86 to 93, and from 112 to 116.
598:
522:
399:
391:
311:
272:
109:
1377:"FastiOnline: A database of archaeological excavations since the year 2000"
891:
814:
606:
481:
359:
339:
42:
31:
642:
420:
153:
87:
1414:
518:
338:
were official chronicles in which years were denoted by the respective
268:
224: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
76:
56:
1072:"Picturing the Roman triumph: putting the Fasti Capitolini in context"
597:
contained a list in chronological order of persons who had obtained a
475:, "in the year." To the left every ten years is a numeral stating the
459:, or that they were on a commemorative arch Augustus had constructed.
67:
records or plans of official and religiously sanctioned events. After
886:. There are two complete calendars in existence, an official list by
871:
863:
292:
128:
199:
1121:
Latin Epigraphy: An Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions
883:
526:
448:
395:
168:
60:
1269:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
172:, days on which assemblies and courts could not convene. The word
27:
Roman annals listing the names of magistrates and important events
683:
679:
614:
182:
1154:. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book Company. p.
112:
celebrated by Roman generals. The divisions of time used in the
288:
127:
encouraged the writing of history in the form of chronological
609:
and are in the same room at the Palazzo dei Conservatori. The
1376:
1304:
Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History
728:
52:
637:, Giacomo Strada, Venice, 1557, continued where the ancient
279:, "great", by way of distinction from the bare calendar, or
1219:
514:
1355:(in Latin). Venetiis, MDLVI: Apud Paulum Manutium, Aldi F.
1241:. Dwalker.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. 1929-10-02. Archived from
830:
contained little more than the ceremonies of the calends,
634:
De fasti et triumphi Romanorum a Romulo usque ad Carolum V
1053:
1051:
878:), discovered in 1770, arranged by the famous grammarian
870:
A considerable number of fasti have been discovered. The
505:
The republican dates given to the right are those of the
686:, and probably dating to the early second century. The
133:, "annals", which in turn influenced the development of
86:
Public business, including the official business of the
1207:
1469:. London, Chicago: John Murray, University of Chicago.
1048:
447:
from the first year of the first king to the death of
1412:
1395:
104:
that recorded specific kinds of events, such as the
1007:. Cassell & Company, Limited. 1892. p. 218
530:
argument. The republic began in Varro's view in AUC
327:in the foreground and behind her an entablature of
1301:
628:, and partially restored. Renaissance antiquarian
34:. For the inscribed versions of the calendar, see
1400:. Translated by Kline, A.S. Poetry in Translation
1091:"Chapter 2: The New Discoveries of the Sacra Via"
562:either case; instead, the year of AUC 1 differs.
443:The unified list states the magistrates for each
1475:
1151:Introduction to the study of Latin inscriptions
423:in 1888, unrestored. All the fragments became
1465:. In Smith, William; Thayer, William (eds.).
1088:
812:were partly fasti and partly nefasti. Ovid's
287:thus came to be used in the general sense of
1419:(in Latin). Thomas Keightley (Contributor).
1112:
1097:. Templeton Foundation Press. Archived from
1024:
1022:
509:; that is, those calculated by the scholar,
189:
75:continued to be used for similar records in
839:
831:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
751:
745:
894:version of the official calendar, made by
586:, a portion recording triumphs during the
1467:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquity
1019:
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
1334:. Vol. I. Oxford: University Press.
1326:
1274:
1225:
1213:
1057:
853:
577:
544:observed that Gaius Pompeius Gallus and
310:
1089:Lanciani, Rodolfo Amadeo (1997–2009) .
791:quando rex (sacrorum) comitiavit fastus
14:
1476:
1460:
1299:
1147:
1118:
1434:
1338:
1069:
933:
928:Fasti Online Documents & Research
148:is the plural of the Latin adjective
565:
431:, "Fragments Called Capitolini" and
398:. They conferred with Michelangelo.
222:adding citations to reliable sources
193:
1359:
1350:
298:
24:
1028:
659:
429:Fragmenta Quae Dicuntur Capitolini
25:
1500:
1443:
1369:
1308:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:
693:
624:were unearthed together with the
1379:. International Association for
1262:
1148:Egbert, James Chidester (1896).
1070:Beard, Mary Ritter (July 2003).
198:
1293:
1231:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1095:New Tales of Old Rome 1899–1901
901:
849:
734:
435:, "Other Remaining Fragments."
433:Cetera Quae Supersunt Fragmenta
283:("everyday records"). The word
209:needs additional citations for
1398:"Fasti: on the Roman Calendar"
1310:University of California Press
1171:
1162:
1141:
1082:
1063:
995:
13:
1:
1413:Publius Ovidius Naso (2005).
1396:Publius Ovidius Naso (2004).
1332:Origines Kalendariae Italicae
988:
369:
331:, one of several in the hall
140:
7:
1239:"Scottish Ministers Online"
1195:Greswell (1854), pp. 36-43.
1186:Greswell (1854), pp. 31-32.
1125:University of Chicago Press
1119:Sandys, John Edwin (1927).
951:
782:in some unexplained sense,
315:The Sala della Lupa in the
10:
1505:
1177:Feeney (208), pp. 172-180.
1004:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
678:is a list of consuls from
665:
571:
495:banging in the yearly nail
438:
304:
152:, most commonly used as a
123:The yearly records of the
90:, had to be transacted on
30:For the poem by Ovid, see
29:
1461:Ramsay, William (2009) .
906:In modern times the word
862:, with the entry on the "
500:
190:Roman official chronicles
605:, were also restored by
348:Palazzo dei Conservatori
317:Palazzo dei Conservatori
156:. The word derives from
1285:Encyclopædia Britannica
63:-based lists, or other
1435:Smith, Andrew (2011).
1300:Feeney, Denis (2008).
1204:Sandys (1927), p. 170.
1168:Greswell (1854), p. 4.
1031:"Fasti ROMAN CALENDAR"
867:
840:
832:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
752:
746:
590:
511:Marcus Terentius Varro
332:
96:, "allowed days". The
1381:Classical Archaeology
973:List of Roman consuls
857:
581:
314:
1127:. pp. 168–171.
507:Varronian chronology
455:, or palace, of the
218:improve this article
135:Roman historiography
1446:"Fasti Triumphales"
1228:, pp. 192–193.
963:Chronography of 354
920:Fasti Archaeologici
630:Onofrio Panvinio's
525:(776 BC); that is,
457:College of Pontiffs
382:, since called the
1489:Latin inscriptions
1437:"Fasti Capitolini"
942:television series
934:In popular culture
868:
717:fasti sacerdotales
703:Annales Pontificum
647:Holy Roman Emperor
591:
582:Segment XX of the
364:Capitoline Museums
356:Alessandro Farnese
333:
293:historical records
116:were based on the
1421:Project Gutenberg
1383:(AIAC). 2004–2007
1360:Sigonii, Caroli.
1351:Sigonii, Caroli.
1319:978-0-520-25119-9
958:Menologia rustica
876:Fasti praenestini
860:Fasti Praenestini
858:A section of the
711:, "Annals of the
654:conquest of Tunis
622:Fasti Triumphales
595:Fasti Triumphales
584:Fasti triumphales
574:Fasti Triumphales
567:Fasti triumphales
546:Quintus Verranius
468:tribuni militares
384:fasti triumphales
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413:fasti capitolini
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723:") include the
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211:verification
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650:Charles V
396:pilasters
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230:July 2014
141:Etymology
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