705:"In front of you", Barbato told the judges, "we provided the documents and evidence of our innocence. My friends thought it necessary to support their defence legally; I will not do so. Not because I have no confidence in you, but it is the law that does not concern me. So I do not defend myself. You have to sentence: we are the elements that destroy your sacred institutions. You have to sentence: it is logical, human. I will always pay tribute to your loyalty. But we say to our friends outside: do not ask for pardon, do not ask for amnesty. Socialist civilization should not begin with an act of cowardice. We demand a condemnation, we do not ask for mercy. Martyrs are more useful to the holy cause than any propaganda. Condemn us!".
398:, especially in Catania, the movement got its real impetus with the establishment of the Fascio of Palermo on June 29, 1892. The Leagues rapidly radiated over all Sicily. In the spring of 1893 the leaders of the movement decided to carry their propaganda to the peasants and miners of the countryside. Between March and October the number of fasci grew from 35 to 162 with more than 200,000 members. From that moment on the dynamics of the movement started to change; no longer the workers and craftsmen in the urban centres, but rather the peasants became the driving force behind the organisation. The centre of gravity moved from the city to the countryside.
746:
wing', Crispi introduced a bill in July 1894 to take over large estates and uncultivated land. The idea was to rent out the land on long leases in medium-sized holdings and leaseholders would be given reduced credit and tax concessions. While the bill failed to convince the
Radicals and democrats of Crispi's good intentions, it angered the Sicilian landowners. After the suppression of the Fasci those were now unwilling to make any concessions. Under the leadership of Di Rudiní, they battled against the bill. When Crispi fell from power after Adwa in March 1896, their proponent Di Rudiní became Prime Minister and the Sicilian landowners were safe.
386:. Disturbances continued throughout the year. The Fasci started out as urban movements, animated by artisans, which evolved into a more popular and combative mass movement with the adherence of sulphur miners, and in a later stage with the involvement of peasants and sharecroppers. In the autumn of 1893, labour conflicts in the cities and the mines came together with the protests and claims of the farmers. The movement reached its greatest breadth in the manifestations against taxes, involving the lowest tiers of the city and the countryside, becoming difficult, if not impossible, to control by its leaders.
641:
of unrest to provoke a revolution on the island. However, the majority took an opposite view, arguing the need to proceed peacefully. A revolt was not only inappropriate, but it would be detrimental to the movement. The meeting condemned the violent incidents in various parts of the island, and launched an appeal to stay calm and not to retaliate. In the end De Felice
Giuffrida accepted the position of the majority. But the die was cast for the authorities to arrest De Felice, Montalto, Petrina, and others. Garibaldi Bosco, Barbato and Verro were arrested on board the steamship
813:: "I could not believe it myself. They spoke loudly and clearly, with ease and astonishing courage." One of the most prominent women was Marietta De Felice Giuffrida, the daughter of Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida – one of the founders of the movement. Only 14 years old, she accompanied her father throughout Sicily to help him setting up Fasci in the interior. She was "extraordinarily animated by the spirit of socialism, who spoke to the people with a fervour of a missionary, and because of her sex and age, she commanded the fascination of the masses".
738:
237:, the Fasci were millenarian insofar as the socialism preached by the movement was seen by the Sicilian peasantry as a new religion, the true religion of Christ – betrayed by the priests, who were on the side of the rich – that foretold the dawn of a new world, without poverty, hunger and cold, in accordance with God’s will. The Fasci, which included many women, were encouraged by the messianic belief that the start of a new reign of justice was looming and the movement spread like an epidemic.
549:
promised important measures of land reform for the near future. He was not blind to the misery and the need for social reform. Before 1891 he had been the patron of the
Sicilian working-class and many of their associations had been named after him. Colajanni, the chief architect of Giolitti’s fall by exposing the scandal around Banca Romana, was first offered the Ministry of Agriculture, which he refused, then sent to Sicily on a mission of appeasement.
501:
immediate suppression of the Fasci. Despite the heavy pressure from the King, the army and conservative circles in Rome, however, Giolitti would neither treat strikes – which were not illegal – as a crime nor dissolve the Fasci nor authorise the use of firearms against popular demonstrations. His policy was "to allow these economic struggles to resolve themselves through amelioration of the condition of the workers" and not to interfere in the process.
768:. In the fall of 1901, Sicilian peasants – following the example of numerous agrarian strikes that were affecting the whole of Italy – again set off a wave of agrarian unrest, conscious of the fact that in a way they resumed "the march abruptly interrupted in 1894 by the repression of the Fasci". Just as the Fasci movement, one of the main goals of the 1901 strikes and was a revision of the land leases to undermine the economic power of the
789:
not have the right to vote at the time). They patrolled the taverns to prevent the men from betraying the duty of militancy with bottles of wine. They also took care of many organizational aspects and were particularly active in proselytizing for the movement, decorating the stage of the rallies, preparing ceremonies such as the inauguration opening of the flag of the Fasci, and welcoming the leaders who came to the towns with flowers.
479:(Corleone Covenants), are considered by historians to be the first trade union collective contract in capitalist Italy. In September, the state authorities intervened and some of the landowners were persuaded to capitulate. Elsewhere the strike continued until November 1893. Railwaymen of Catania and Palermo, the sulphur-miners and many other workers followed their example winning higher wages or better working conditions.
694:
877:(The Old and the Young) retraces the history of the failure and repression of the Fasci Siciliani in the period from 1893–94. Although Pirandello was not an active member of this movement, he had close ties of friendship with some of its leading ideologists: Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Enrico La Loggia, Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida and Francesco De Luca.
537:, and many peasants, probably a majority in the strike centres, were left without tenancies when the planting season ended in mid-December. In December 1893, the failure of the Giolitti government to restore public order gave rise to a general demand that Crispi should return to power. Giolitti had to resign on November 24, 1893, as a result of the
613:. The Fasci were outlawed, the army and the police killed scores of protesters, and wounded hundreds. Thousands of militants, including all the leaders, were put in jail or sent into internal exile. Some 1,000 persons were deported to the penal islands without trial. All working-class societies and cooperatives were dissolved and the
757:
of the rebellion many peasants had no choice but to vote with their feet and opted for emigration. Others remained, and a year later, in 1895, protests against unjust taxes and about the issue of communal land resumed in many towns in Sicily. The disbandment of the military troops that had to maintain order had to be postponed.
760:
According to
Hobsbawm, the Fasci were a prime example of primitive agrarian movement that became modern by aligning itself with socialism and communism. Many of its leaders continued in the Socialist Party and continued the struggle for land rights and land reform once they were released. Despite the
756:
Many former adherents of the Fasci left Sicily. Life had grown hard and employment difficult to find because of their involvement with the movement. For those in Sicily who wanted to change their life for the better in those days, there were only two alternatives: rebel or emigrate. After the failure
520:
Nonetheless, Giolitti acknowledged the need to stifle the agitation. From May 1893 onwards, leaders of the Fasci were arrested occasionally and police and military reinforcements were sent to Sicily. In the autumn of 1893 the leadership lost control over the Fasci and the popular agitation got out of
490:
which was attended by some 1,500 people, including workers and small producers. The miners demanded that the minimum age to be raised to 14 years for those who worked in the sulfur mines, the decrease of working hours and setting a minimum wage. Small producers demanded measures to avoid exploitation
788:
The role of women in the Fasci
Siciliani was substantial, but is regularly overlooked in historical accounts. Women were often at the forefront of demonstrations and strikes, speaking in public meetings and conferences. During municipal elections they made sure that men were going to vote (women did
592:
The disorders were not the product of a revolutionary plot, but Crispi chose to believe otherwise. On the basis of dubious documents and reports, Crispi claimed that there was an organised conspiracy to separate Sicily from Italy; the leaders of the Fasci conspired with the clerics and were financed
123:
in the years between 1889 and 1894. The Fasci gained the support of the poorest and most exploited classes of the island by channeling their frustration and discontent into a coherent programme based on the establishment of new rights. Consisting of a jumble of traditionalist sentiment, religiosity,
801:
had their own meeting hall where they held their own meetings; they carried their own banner when participating in protest marches. For the Fasci the women abandoned the Church, but not the religious sentiment, to protest against the priests, who had tried to frighten them and isolate them with the
728:
recognized the excessive brutality of the repression. Many Fasci members were pardoned and released from jail. Di Rudinì made it clear though that a reorganization of the Fasci would not be tolerated. After their release, De Felice, Barbato and Bosco were met by a large crowd of supporters in Rome,
640:
In the early days of
January, 1894 a meeting of the Central Committee of the Fasci took place in Palermo to discuss the position of the movement. Two sharply contrasting positions emerged. De Felice Giuffrida, known for his anarchist tendencies, supported the need to take advantage of the situation
552:
Crispi's good intentions got lost in the outcry for strong measures. In the three weeks of uncertainty before the government was formed, the rapid spread of violence drove many local authorities to defy
Giolitti’s ban on the use of firearms. In December 1893, 92 peasants lost their lives in clashes
358:
The keenest socialist among the Fasci leaders was
Garibaldi Bosco. In August 1892, he attended the Socialist Party’s congress at Genoa and on his return obediently purged his Fascio of its anarchist and other non-socialist members. His ideal of a united democratic front was shared by the father of
131:
that rapidly spread throughout the island, and was marked by violent social conflict, almost rising to the point of insurrection. The leaders of the movement were not able to keep the situation from getting out of control. The proprietors and landowners asked the government to intervene, and Prime
745:
The brutal repression backfired to some extent. The Fasci leaders used the military tribunals to make impassioned and well-reported speeches in their defence. The tribunals were too repressive and revolted the
Liberal consciences of many Northern Italians. In an attempt to regain his former 'left
548:
in southern France escalated into a more generalized working-class revolt supported by anarchists and violent riots in Rome and Naples. Italy seemed to be slipping to a revolution. By the time Crispi returned to power in
December 1893, Italy appeared to many to be on the brink of collapse. Crispi
257:
led to a steep decrease in wheat prices. The island’s main sources of wealth – wine, fruit and sulphur – suffered a heavy blow. The dominant landowning class channeled most of the economic burden on to the peasantry, in the form of higher rents and discriminatory local taxation. As social tension
87:
State of emergency in January 1894, dissolving the organizations, arresting its leaders and restoring order through the use of extreme force. The revolt inspired social reforms and social legislation, including workman's compensation and pension schemes. The suppression of the strikes also led to
474:
On 31 July 1893 a peasant conference at Corleone drafted model agrarian contracts for labourers, sharecroppers and tenants and presented them to the landowners. When those refused to negotiate, a strike against landowners and against state taxes broke out over a large part of western Sicily. The
160:
as well as artisans, intellectuals, and industrial workers. The immediate demands of the movement were fair land rents, higher wages, lower local taxes and distribution of misappropriated common land. Between 1889 and 1893 some 170 Fasci were established in Sicily. According to some sources the
684:
ridiculed the conspiracy of Crispi, poking fun at "the famous treaty between the Emperor of Russia, the President of the French Republic, and Mr De Felice". The so-called "Treaty of Bisacquino" was so named not because it was signed in the Sicilian town, but because it had been invented by the
500:
The successful struggle convinced the Sicilian ruling elite that the "upheaval" had to be stopped. They were seized by panic and some even demanded the closing of all schools to halt the spread of subversive doctrines. Prefects and frightened local councils bombarded Rome with requests for the
860:
mobilized to boycott it, providing the necessary manpower to work on the lands that the peasants refused to cultivate. After that, Verro broke away from the mafiosi, and – according to police reports – became their most bitter enemy. He was killed by the Mafia in 1915 when he was the mayor of
701:
The trials of the central committee of the Fasci, that took place in Palermo in April and May 1894, were the final blow to the movement. In spite of an eloquent defence, which turned the Court into a political platform and thrilled every socialist in the country, they were condemned to heavy
271:
36:
307:("Workers leagues") constituted in Central and North Italy from 1871 – did not develop was that it brought together not individual workers but the workers' associations of the city, which retained their independence, their status and economic orientation). Other leaders included
161:
movement reached a membership of more than 300,000 by the end of 1893. The Fasci constituted autonomous organizations with their own insignia (red rosettes), uniforms and sometimes even musical bands, and their own local halls for reunions and congresses. They were called Fasci (
262:(1887–1891) and coincided with unpopular tax increases and ratification of a series of laws curtailing personal freedom. The Italian economy had been sliding into a deep recession since the late 1880s. New protective tariffs had been introduced in
266:
on agricultural and industrial goods, followed by a trade war with France, which badly damaged Italian commerce and affected Italy’s agricultural exports, the only potentially dynamic economic sector of Southern Italy. Many farmers suffered severely.
521:
hand. Peasant squatters seized land, violent crowds demonstrated for work and against local misgovernment, tax offices were burnt down and clashes with the police grew more frequent and bloody. The violent social conflict almost rose to the point of
792:
Women were among the most ardent. In some municipalities the women organized themselves into women's sections and in others even in exclusively female Fasci. The strongest and most numerous presence of women was in the Fascio of
124:
and socialist consciousness, the movement reached its apex in the summer of 1893, when new conditions were presented to the landowners and mine owners of Sicily concerning the renewal of sharecropping and rental contracts.
258:
rose, a handful of young and hitherto quite unknown socialist intellectuals – many of them recent graduates of Palermo University – seized their opportunity. The movement grew under the first government of Prime minister
553:
with the police and army. Government building were burned as well as flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished. Eleven people were killed on December 10, 1893, in
824:
should be considered as dangerous. The women had developed "highly successful propaganda activities and revolutionary agendas, through which they exercised considerable influence on the other Fasci in the region".
702:
sentences of imprisonment. On May 30, 1894, the leaders of the movement received their sentence: Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida to 18 years and Rosario Bosco, Nicola Barbato and Bernardino Verro to 12 years in jail.
528:
However, his attitude could not be maintained. Landowners were infuriated by the unwillingness of the government to use force, while the peasants were annoyed by the unwillingness to redistribute land from the
1563:
1709:
1679:
809:, of the Fascio of Piana, urged the audience to ensure the registration of women. The presence and political sophistication of the female representatives at the congress surprised the editor of the
753:. The industrial workmen’s compensation scheme from 1883 was made obligatory with the employer bearing all costs; and a voluntary fund for contributory disability and old age pensions was created.
176:
leanings, few of their supporters were revolutionaries. Nevertheless, the peasants who assembled into the Fasci were eager for social justice and convinced that a new world was about to be born. A
1220:
1846:
849:
in alliance with Verro. The Mafia was sometimes needed to enforce flying pickets with credible threats of violence and to make the strike costly to landowners by destroying their property.
561:). The protestors carried the portrait of the King taken from the municipality and burned tax files. On December 17, 1893, many people were wounded when troops fired on a manifestation in
1578:
136:
declared a state of emergency in January 1894, dissolving the organizations, arresting its leaders and restoring order through the use of extreme force. Some reforms followed, including
1608:
833:
Some historians emphasize that the leagues were engaged in class struggle against a coalition of landowners and mafiosi and ignore evidence of strategic alliances between the Fasci and
510:
401:
On May 21–22, 1893, a congress was held in Palermo attended by 500 delegates from nearly 90 leagues and socialist circles. A Central Committee was elected, composed of nine members:
1384:
1176:
959:" (as in a bundle of sticks), but also "league", and was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different (and sometimes opposing) orientations.
1238:
606:
339:. While the ruling elite depicted the men of the Fasci as treasonous socialists, communists and anarchists seeking to overthrow the monarchy; in fact many were devout
1861:
749:
Nevertheless, the revolt inspired social reforms. In 1898, two measures of social legislation were passed by the minister of the treasury of Di Rudini’s cabinet,
802:
threat of excommunication. In Piana the women organised a boycott of annual religious procession in protest of the priest’s opposition to the movement in 1893.
2393:
1945:
245:
The Fasci were the result of the revolt of the Sicilian peasants against the introduction of capitalist relationships into the rural economy aggravated by the
764:
With the dissolution of the Fasci, the unrest on Sicily did not subside. In January 1898, peasants demanding work and bread ransacked the town hall in
1456:
1041:
709:
1768:
301:, was arrested in July of that year and not released until 1892. Another reason why the first Fascio of Messina – formed after the example of the
842:
1258:
303:
1892:
426:
1911:
1544:
2487:
156:
The Fasci movement was made up of a federation of scores of associations that developed among farm workers, tenant farmers, and small
2226:
545:
928:
169:", as in a bundle of sticks, but also "league") because everyone can break a single stick, but no one can break a bundle of sticks.
2043:
The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922
225:
aspirations with urban intellectual leadership often in contact with workers’ organizations and ideas in the more industrialized
2335:
1966:
2102:
2005:
852:
In order to give the strike teeth and to protect himself from harm, Verro became a member of a Mafia group in Corleone, the
816:
The authorities watched the Fasci closely and in a report to the government in Rome noticed that the female Fasci in Piana,
716:. And the theatre applauded. In March 1896, after Crispi had to resign due to the humiliating defeat of the Italian army at
708:
The heavy sentence aroused strong reactions in Italy and in the United States. In Palermo, a group of students went to the
837:. The leagues were not only led by socialists and anarchists; some were run by local gentry and mafiosi. The Mafia bosses
729:
who released the horses form their carriage and dragged them to the hotel, cheering for socialism and denouncing Crispi.
355:
was a true socialist and wanted just what the Fasci were demanding". Nicola Barbato was known as "the workers' apostle".
902:. The play, a monologue depicting a peasant woman whose husband was killed in the events at Caltavuturo, was written by
1927:
2195:
2177:
2157:
2139:
2119:
2085:
2068:
2051:
2034:
1988:
1942:
761:
1894 defeat, permanent movements were set up in some areas of Sicily using modern socialist models of organisation.
2467:
776:
the communist movement In Sicily built on the incipient organisational structures of the Fasci, such as during the
676:, with the goal to detach Sicily from the rest of the country and put it under a Franco-Russian protectorate. The
2457:
467:
206:
2219:
2026:
In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty: Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880-1920
544:
In addition to the unrest in Sicily, a wave of rioting spread through Italy in August 1893, triggered by the
497:, minors that worked in conditions of near-slavery that sparked public outrage and inspired many complaints.
2492:
2274:
418:
290:
797:, where over a thousand of the 3,500 members were women in a town of 9,000 inhabitants. The female Fascio
609:
was dispatched with 40,000 troops. The old order was restored through the use of extreme force, including
2477:
2405:
1648:
1620:
1590:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1444:
1369:
1357:
1346:
1302:
1146:
1014:
882:
657:
1665:
2462:
557:
after a rally that asked for the abolition of taxes on food and disbandment of the local field guards (
382:
occupied communal land that they claimed was theirs, local authorities killed 13 and wounded 21 in the
1432:
721:
586:
446:
137:
2432:
2212:
1889:
2371:
2279:
2264:
1908:
903:
566:
450:
442:
336:
308:
211:
221:
The rural Fasci in particular were a curious phenomenon: both ancient and modern. They combined
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
1996:
805:
At the congress in Palermo in May 1893 where the union of all the Fasci in Sicily was decided,
622:
1693:
1541:
1473:
1319:
1193:
1162:
1096:
1816:
1791:
1745:
1729:
1125:
1112:
677:
665:
487:
438:
2169:
Il movimento antimafia siciliano: Dai Fasci dei lavoratori all'omicidio di Carmelo Battaglia
2111:
Primitive rebels; studies in archaic forms of social movement in the 19th and 20th centuries
2094:
Living the Revolution: Italian Women's Resistance and Radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945
2482:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2016:
1509:
Martial Law Proclaimed In Sicily; Stern Measures Resorted To to Quiet the Anti-Tax Troubles
1485:
Trouble Has Been Long Brewing; Quantities of Arms and Ammunition in Hands of Revolutionists
1398:
899:
890:, is based on the Caltavuturo massacre on January 20, 1893, when during the celebration of
794:
614:
554:
538:
430:
383:
367:. On these and other important issues there was much friction between Catania and Palermo.
201:
894:, a firing squad killed 15 peasants who claimed their right to state-owned land. It won a
725:
371:
8:
2320:
925:
618:
465:. The Congress decided that all Leagues were obliged to join the Italian Workers' Party (
462:
422:
414:
406:
363:. The leader in Catania, De Felice, also maintained contact with leading anarchists like
360:
181:
1649:
Freed Italians Unrepentant; Many Socialists Greet Giuseppe de Felice, Bosco, and Barbato
856:(Little Brothers). However, during the great strike of the Fasci in September 1893, the
2472:
2185:
2076:
737:
634:
610:
534:
2330:
2294:
2191:
2173:
2153:
2135:
2115:
2098:
2081:
2064:
2047:
2030:
2001:
1984:
821:
817:
681:
653:
578:
375:
364:
332:
585:. Two days after, on January 5, thirteen dead and many wounded closed the series in
491:
by large owners. The minimum-age measure was meant to improve the situation for the
200:. Cheers for the King were often heard in their marches that almost resembled quasi-
2410:
2398:
2376:
2325:
2304:
2284:
2269:
906:
and first performed on February 2, 1893, in Palermo to raise money for the victims.
887:
870:
838:
626:
514:
458:
402:
324:
274:
259:
145:
133:
103:
263:
2259:
2168:
2130:
2110:
2093:
2059:
2042:
2025:
1979:
1949:
1915:
1899:, Biblioteca dei Classici italiani di Giuseppe Bonghi (Accessed November 2, 2010)
1896:
1548:
1416:
932:
891:
806:
773:
697:
The heads of the Fasci Siciliani in the courtroom cage at the trial in April 1894
320:
246:
2289:
633:
was crushed as well. The government also seized the opportunity to 'revise' the
2340:
2299:
2254:
1358:
Shot Down by the Soldiers; Four of the Mob Killed in an Anti-Tax Riot in Sicily
834:
750:
717:
669:
602:
483:
454:
434:
410:
395:
316:
298:
226:
222:
185:
141:
569:
on December 25. On January 1, 1894, 20 people were killed and many wounded in
2426:
2249:
777:
254:
250:
234:
157:
128:
1497:
The Italian Government Alarmed; More Troops Called Out for Service in Sicily
895:
574:
522:
1303:
Cabinet Forced To Resign; Italian Ministers Called "Thieves" by the People
1831:. Past & Present, Volume 209, Issue 1, November 2010, Pages 181–222,
379:
344:
1829:"Hora": Social Conflicts and Collective Memories in Piana degli Albanesi
693:
546:
killing of a number of migrant workers in the salt pans of Aigues Mortes
1832:
846:
769:
661:
652:
On February 28, 1894, Crispi presented the "evidence" for a widespread
530:
348:
282:
765:
713:
630:
570:
340:
189:
173:
116:
112:
76:
72:
780:. The Fasci inspired social struggle in Sicily well into the 1950s.
525:. The proprietors and landowners asked the government to intervene.
673:
562:
509:
328:
270:
177:
2204:
35:
1457:
Sicily Under Mob Control; A Series of Antitax Riots in the Island
1370:
Sicily Under Mob Control; A Series of Antitax Riots in The Island
582:
312:
294:
286:
230:
193:
127:
Upon the rejection of these conditions, there was an outburst of
1972:
L'associazionismo a Corleone: Un’inchiesta storica e sociologica
1551:, by Pietro Siino, Società Siciliana per l'Amicizia fra i Popoli
2077:
Militants and Migrants: Rural Sicilians become American workers
1930:, British Film Institute database (access date August 10, 2010)
956:
685:
Director of Public Safety of Bisacquino, the Neapolitan Sessi.
493:
166:
120:
61:
20:
646:
605:
throughout Sicily. Army reservists were recalled and General
352:
215:
204:. Many of the Fasci were part of the Italian Workers' Party (
144:. The suppression of the strikes also led to an increase in
197:
40:
Popular depiction of the crackdown on the Fasci Siciliani (
637:. In Catania 5,000 of the 9,000 electors were struck off.
249:
in agriculture of the 1880s. The agrarian crisis between
111:("Sicilian Workers Leagues"), were a popular movement of
297:
on March 18, 1889, but was dormant after its founder,
184:
in many of their meeting-places, and portraits of the
1952:, La Repubblica (Palermo edition), February 19, 2008
2060:
The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796
1997:
The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 2
1261:, Umberto Santino, Narcomafie, Nr. 2, February 2005
593:by French gold, and war and invasion were looming.
378:in May 1892. On January 20, 1893, when peasants of
1994:Cody, Gabrielle H. & Evert Sprinchorn (2007).
1967:Revolutionary Mafiosi: Voice and Exit in the 1890s
1918:, Rai Internazionale (access date August 10, 2010)
482:In October 1893, a congress of miners was held in
2424:
2080:, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press
2029:, Champaign (IL): University of Illinois Press.
281:The first official Fascio was founded on May 1 (
712:and asked the orchestra to perform the hymn of
172:While many of the leaders were of socialist or
42:Il movimento dei fasci siciliani dei lavoratori
1970:, in: Paolo Viola & Titti Morello (eds.),
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
240:
2220:
935:, Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro
672:, Giuseppe De Felice, the anarchists and the
581:and the next day 18 dead and many wounded in
351:nature, characterised by statements such as "
2183:
1974:(Istituto Gramsci Siciliano, Palermo, 2004).
1779:
1777:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
886:(Saint Sebastian's Day) (1993), directed by
2187:Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870–1925
2114:, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1864:, Città Nuova di Corleone, November 3, 2004
1796:
1685:
1631:
1629:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1137:
1135:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1042:Il tribunale militare fu un abuso di Crispi
741:Illustrations of Fasci Siciliani protesters
214:) that had been founded at a conference in
2227:
2213:
1734:
1654:
1601:
1599:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1117:
1101:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
724:, the new government under Prime Minister
2017:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
1875:The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama
1837:
1774:
1750:
1715:
1700:
1569:
1554:
1462:
1450:
1405:
1399:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
1375:
1308:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1211:
1151:
1055:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
1027:Gli avvenimenti di Sicila e le loro cause
864:
660:: the so-called "International Treaty of
370:Crispi was replaced as prime minister by
1821:
1626:
1514:
1324:
1231:
1229:
1182:
1132:
1060:
1032:
736:
692:
508:
269:
2000:, New York: Columbia University Press.
1596:
1390:
1360:, The New York Times, December 27, 1893
1305:, The New York Times, November 25, 1893
1264:
1244:
1198:
1080:
990:
962:
565:. Another 11 protestors were killed in
533:. Landowners matched the strike with a
374:in February 1891, who was succeeded by
2425:
2097:, University of North Carolina Press.
1880:
1277:
985:In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty
601:On January 3, 1894, Crispi declared a
2208:
1852:
1847:Donne ribelli nella Sicilia dei Fasci
1769:L'anima femminile dei Fasci siciliani
1532:
1511:, The New York Times, January 5, 1894
1499:, The New York Times, January 4, 1894
1487:, The New York Times, January 6, 1894
1459:, The New York Times, January 3, 1894
1447:, The New York Times, January 6, 1894
1226:
629:of anarchists and republicans in the
102:
44:, 1955, by Onofrio and Minico Ducato)
2409:(Saint Sebastian's Day) directed by
2131:Storia dei partiti politici italiani
1833:https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq030
1651:, The New York Times, March 18, 1896
1623:, The New York Times, March 14, 1896
1372:, The New York Times January 3, 1894
1190:Storia dei partiti politici italiani
828:
783:
188:beside those of the revolutionaries
2397:(The Old and the Young) written by
2234:
948:
688:
88:increase in emigration from Sicily.
13:
2184:Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967).
1593:, The New York Times, May 31, 1894
577:. On January 2, there two dead in
504:
389:
151:
14:
2504:
2488:Riots and civil disorder in Italy
1980:Modern Italy, 1871 to the present
1542:I Fasci dei lavoratori in Sicilia
1527:Modern Italy, 1871 to the present
1093:Modern Italy, 1871 to the present
293:(an earlier Fascio was set up in
277:, one of the leaders of the Fasci
2190:. London: Methuen & Co Ltd.
2020:, Palermo: Remo Sandron Editore.
1943:Il drammaturgo della rivoluzione
1788:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1726:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1637:Italy from liberalism to fascism
1609:Il «manifesto» di Nicola Barbato
1579:Crispi sciolse i Fasci contadini
1417:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1343:Italy from liberalism to fascism
1241:, La Sicilia, September 14, 2008
1239:La firma dei «Patti di Corleone»
1206:I fasci siciliani : 1892-94
1143:Italy from liberalism to fascism
1075:Il movimento antimafia siciliano
1044:, La Repubblica, 5 February 2009
1011:Italy from liberalism to fascism
34:
2108:Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1959/1971).
2040:De Grand, Alexander J. (2001).
1933:
1921:
1902:
1867:
1862:Verro, una vita contro la mafia
1670:
1642:
1614:
1584:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1438:
1433:1894, a Marineo un'altra strage
1423:
1387:, La Sicilia, December 11, 2011
1363:
1351:
1296:
1259:Movimento contadino e sindacale
1167:
981:Sicilian Radicals in Two Worlds
471:), the predecessor of the PSI.
468:Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani
347:. The movement sometimes had a
207:Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani
2046:, Greenwood Publishing Group.
1849:, La Sicilia, February 6, 2012
1611:, La Sicilia, January 10, 2010
1179:, La Sicilia, February 8, 2009
1047:
1019:
938:
916:
109:Fasci Siciliani dei Lavoratori
1:
2063:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2014:Colajanni, Napoleone (1895).
1983:, Harlow: Pearson Education.
1909:Biography of Pasquale Scimeca
1890:Biografia di Luigi Pirandello
1771:, La Repubblica, 9 March 2010
1621:Pardon for Italian Socialists
1581:, La Sicilia, January 7, 2011
1566:, La Sicilia, January 8, 2012
1435:, La Sicilia, January 2, 2011
1221:Il «battesimo» del socialismo
1177:L’eccidio di «San Sebastiano»
910:
2275:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
2091:Guglielmo, Jennifer (2010).
2057:Duggan, Christopher (2008).
1712:, La Stampa, January 3, 1898
1682:, La Stampa, August 18, 1895
732:
645:that was about to leave for
596:
419:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
394:From its initial origins in
291:Giuseppe de Felice Giuffrida
104:[ˈfaʃʃisitʃiˈljaːni]
7:
2406:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
2166:Scolaro, Gabriella (2008),
2074:Gabaccia, Donna R. (1988).
1928:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
883:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
241:Foundation and rapid growth
10:
2509:
2150:I fasci siciliani: 1892-94
2134:, Naples: Guida Editori.
2023:Debouzy, Marianne (1992).
1958:
1591:Sicilian Rioters Sentenced
1223:, La Sicilia, May 24, 2009
210:, the initial name of the
119:inspiration that arose in
18:
16:Popular movement in Sicily
2385:
2349:
2313:
2242:
2148:Renda, Francesco (1977).
2128:Leoni, Francesco (2001).
1827:Fracchia, Joseph (2010).
1680:Il malcontento in Sicilia
898:and was presented at the
722:First Italo-Ethiopian War
607:Roberto Morra di Lavriano
447:province of Caltanissetta
83:
67:
57:
49:
33:
1564:I contadini in ginocchio
1445:Serious Affair in Sicily
1385:La strage di Giardinello
19:Not to be confused with
2468:Modern history of Italy
2372:Lercara Friddi massacre
2280:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar
2265:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
1873:Cody & Sprinchorn,
904:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
451:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
443:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar
337:Santo Stefano Quisquina
309:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
212:Italian Socialist Party
2458:19th century in Sicily
2386:In literature and film
1977:Clark, Martin (2008).
1710:Gravi fatti in Sicilia
1662:Militants and Migrants
1292:Revolutionary Mafiosi.
1272:The hunchback's tailor
865:In literature and film
742:
698:
517:
278:
138:workmen's compensation
1964:Alcorn, John (2004).
1813:Living the Revolution
740:
696:
512:
488:province of Agrigento
439:province of Agrigento
273:
202:religious processions
2394:I vecchi e i giovani
2367:Giardinello massacre
2362:Caltavuturo massacre
2357:Banca Romana scandal
1470:The Force of Destiny
1316:The Force of Destiny
1159:The Force of Destiny
900:Venice film festival
875:I vecchi e i giovani
795:Piana degli Albanesi
615:freedom of the press
539:Banca Romana scandal
431:province of Siracusa
384:Caltavuturo massacre
359:Sicilian socialism,
218:on August 14, 1892.
71:Popular movement of
2493:Sicilian rebellions
2321:Napoleone Colajanni
2314:Related politicians
955:) literally means "
811:Giornale di Sicilia
720:in Ethiopia during
635:electoral registers
463:province of Palermo
423:province of Catania
415:province of Messina
407:province of Trapani
361:Napoleone Colajanni
229:. According to the
30:
2478:Socialism in Italy
2152:, Turin: Einaudi.
1948:2014-03-06 at the
1914:2012-03-01 at the
1895:2010-06-20 at the
1547:2016-03-04 at the
931:2011-09-27 at the
743:
699:
625:were suspended. A
611:summary executions
518:
279:
28:
2463:Politics of Italy
2420:
2419:
2336:Antonio Di Rudinì
2331:Giovanni Giolitti
2295:Lorenzo Panepinto
2103:978-0-8078-3356-8
2006:978-0-231-14424-7
845:led the Fasci in
829:Mafia involvement
822:San Giuseppe Jato
818:Belmonte Mezzagno
799:delle lavoratrici
784:The role of women
726:Antonio Di Rudinì
682:Felice Cavallotti
666:French Government
664:", signed by the
627:solidarity revolt
579:Belmonte Mezzagno
559:guardie campestri
477:Patti di Corleone
376:Giovanni Giolitti
372:Antonio Di Rudinì
365:Amilcare Cipriani
333:Lorenzo Panepinto
165:literally means "
92:
91:
2500:
2411:Pasquale Scimeca
2399:Luigi Pirandello
2377:Lunigiana revolt
2326:Francesco Crispi
2305:Bernardino Verro
2285:Giacomo Montalto
2270:Vito Cascioferro
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2165:
2147:
2127:
2013:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1906:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1748:
1742:Primitive rebels
1738:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:Primitive rebels
1689:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1130:
1126:Primitive rebels
1121:
1115:
1109:Primitive rebels
1105:
1099:
1089:
1078:
1071:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1007:
988:
979:Bruno Cartosio,
977:
960:
950:
942:
936:
924:
920:
888:Pasquale Scimeca
871:Luigi Pirandello
839:Vito Cascioferro
689:Trial in Palermo
515:Francesco Crispi
459:Bernardino Verro
403:Giacomo Montalto
325:Bernardino Verro
275:Bernardino Verro
260:Francesco Crispi
247:world depression
180:hung beside the
134:Francesco Crispi
106:
101:
38:
31:
27:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2433:Fasci Siciliani
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2381:
2345:
2309:
2260:Maria Cammarata
2238:
2236:Fasci Siciliani
2233:
2198:
2163:
2145:
2125:
2011:
1961:
1956:
1950:Wayback Machine
1939:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:Wayback Machine
1907:
1903:
1897:Wayback Machine
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1797:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1751:
1739:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1549:Wayback Machine
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1008:
991:
983:, in: Debouzy,
978:
963:
943:
939:
933:Wayback Machine
922:
921:
917:
913:
892:Saint Sebastian
867:
831:
807:Maria Cammarata
786:
774:First World War
735:
691:
599:
513:Prime Minister
507:
505:Rising tensions
392:
390:Initial success
321:Piana dei Greci
243:
154:
152:Characteristics
142:pension schemes
99:
96:Fasci Siciliani
45:
29:Fasci Siciliani
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2350:Related events
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2341:Luigi Luzzatti
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2300:Nicola Petrina
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Nicola Barbato
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2181:
2161:
2143:
2123:
2106:
2089:
2072:
2055:
2038:
2021:
2009:
1992:
1975:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1932:
1920:
1901:
1879:
1866:
1851:
1836:
1820:
1795:
1773:
1749:
1733:
1714:
1699:
1684:
1669:
1653:
1641:
1635:Seton-Watson,
1625:
1613:
1595:
1583:
1568:
1553:
1531:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1422:
1404:
1389:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1341:Seton-Watson,
1323:
1307:
1295:
1276:
1263:
1243:
1225:
1210:
1197:
1181:
1166:
1150:
1141:Seton-Watson,
1131:
1116:
1100:
1079:
1059:
1046:
1031:
1018:
1009:Seton-Watson,
989:
961:
937:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
878:
873:'s 1913 novel
866:
863:
830:
827:
785:
782:
751:Luigi Luzzatti
734:
731:
718:Battle of Adwa
710:Teatro Bellini
690:
687:
670:Czar of Russia
603:state of siege
598:
595:
587:Santa Caterina
567:Lercara Friddi
506:
503:
455:Nicola Barbato
435:Antonio Licata
411:Nicola Petrina
396:Eastern Sicily
391:
388:
317:Nicola Barbato
299:Nicola Petrina
242:
239:
227:Northern Italy
153:
150:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2505:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:1894 in Italy
2451:
2449:
2448:1893 in Italy
2446:
2444:
2443:1892 in Italy
2441:
2439:
2438:1891 in Italy
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Nicola Alongi
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2199:
2197:0-416-18940-7
2193:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2178:1-4092-2951-3
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2158:88-0648-413-3
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2140:88-7188-495-7
2137:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2120:0-7190-0493-4
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2086:0-8135-1318-9
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2069:0-618-35367-4
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2052:0-275-96874-X
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2035:0-252-06252-3
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1989:1-4058-2352-6
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1697:, pp. 101-105
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
986:
982:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
958:
954:
946:
941:
934:
930:
927:
926:Scuola Ducato
919:
915:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
879:
876:
872:
869:
868:
862:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
843:Nunzio Giaimo
840:
836:
826:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
803:
800:
796:
790:
781:
779:
778:Biennio Rosso
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
752:
747:
739:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
703:
695:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
526:
524:
516:
511:
502:
498:
496:
495:
489:
485:
480:
478:
472:
470:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
238:
236:
235:Eric Hobsbawm
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
159:
158:sharecroppers
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:), short for
105:
97:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2404:
2392:
2290:Giovanni Noè
2235:
2186:
2172:, Lulu.com.
2167:
2164:(in Italian)
2149:
2146:(in Italian)
2129:
2126:(in Italian)
2109:
2092:
2075:
2058:
2041:
2024:
2015:
2012:(in Italian)
1995:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1940:(in Italian)
1935:
1923:
1904:
1887:(in Italian)
1882:
1874:
1869:
1859:(in Italian)
1854:
1844:(in Italian)
1839:
1828:
1823:
1812:
1787:
1784:(in Italian)
1766:(in Italian)
1741:
1736:
1725:
1722:(in Italian)
1717:
1707:(in Italian)
1702:
1692:
1687:
1677:(in Italian)
1672:
1661:
1656:
1644:
1639:, pp. 185-86
1636:
1616:
1606:(in Italian)
1586:
1576:(in Italian)
1571:
1561:(in Italian)
1556:
1539:(in Italian)
1534:
1526:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1469:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1430:(in Italian)
1425:
1415:
1412:(in Italian)
1407:
1402:, pp. 178-79
1397:
1392:
1382:(in Italian)
1377:
1365:
1353:
1342:
1315:
1310:
1298:
1291:
1271:
1266:
1256:(in Italian)
1236:(in Italian)
1218:(in Italian)
1213:
1205:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1174:(in Italian)
1169:
1158:
1153:
1142:
1124:
1119:
1108:
1103:
1092:
1074:
1054:
1049:
1039:(in Italian)
1034:
1026:
1021:
1010:
987:, pp. 120-21
984:
980:
952:
944:
940:
923:(in Italian)
918:
896:Golden Globe
881:
874:
857:
853:
851:
832:
815:
810:
804:
798:
791:
787:
772:. After the
763:
759:
755:
748:
744:
707:
704:
700:
651:
642:
639:
600:
591:
575:Pietraperzia
558:
551:
543:
527:
523:insurrection
519:
499:
492:
481:
476:
473:
466:
400:
393:
369:
357:
304:Fasci operai
302:
285:), 1891, in
280:
244:
220:
205:
171:
162:
155:
126:
108:
95:
93:
68:Participants
41:
25:
2483:Syndicalism
1811:Guglielmo,
1396:Colajanni,
1274:, pp. 47-48
1053:Colajanni,
1025:Colajanni,
623:association
555:Giardinello
427:Luigi Leone
380:Caltavuturo
345:monarchists
223:millenarian
79:inspiration
2427:Categories
1740:Hobsbawm,
1691:Hobsbawm,
1660:Gabaccia,
1347:pp. 165-67
1270:De Grand,
1208:, p. 10–11
1123:Hobsbawm,
1113:pp. 98-101
1107:Hobsbawm,
1097:pp. 124-25
1015:pp. 162-63
911:References
861:Corleone.
847:Bisacquino
770:gabellotti
662:Bisacquino
658:parliament
654:conspiracy
531:latifundia
475:so-called
283:Labour Day
233:historian
146:emigration
113:democratic
73:democratic
2473:Socialism
1877:, p. 1073
1817:pp. 36-39
1792:pp. 31-34
1786:Scolaro,
1730:pp. 89-92
1724:Scolaro,
1414:Scolaro,
1073:Scolaro,
880:The film
835:the Mafia
766:Siculiana
733:Aftermath
714:Garibaldi
631:Lunigiana
597:Crackdown
571:Gibellina
349:messianic
341:Catholics
190:Garibaldi
174:anarchist
132:Minister
117:socialist
77:socialist
53:1889–1894
1946:Archived
1912:Archived
1893:Archived
1666:pp.66-67
1545:Archived
1529:, p. 126
1468:Duggan,
1314:Duggan,
1290:Alcorn,
1157:Duggan,
929:Archived
858:Fratuzzi
854:Fratuzzi
563:Monreale
461:for the
445:for the
437:for the
429:for the
421:for the
413:for the
405:for the
329:Corleone
182:red flag
178:crucifix
100:Italian:
58:Location
2243:Leaders
1959:Sources
1525:Clark,
1420:, p. 57
1204:Renda,
1188:Leoni,
1129:, p. 96
1091:Clark,
1057:, p. 17
1029:, p. 14
680:deputy
678:Radical
674:Vatican
643:Bagnara
619:meeting
583:Marineo
535:lockout
486:in the
313:Palermo
295:Messina
287:Catania
231:Marxist
194:Mazzini
129:strikes
84:Outcome
2413:(1993)
2401:(1913)
2194:
2176:
2156:
2138:
2118:
2101:
2084:
2067:
2050:
2033:
2004:
1987:
1474:p. 342
1320:p. 340
1194:p. 251
1163:p. 339
1147:p. 161
1077:, p.18
957:faggot
945:Fascio
668:, the
494:carusi
484:Grotte
331:, and
167:faggot
163:fascio
121:Sicily
62:Sicily
21:Fascio
1746:p. 99
953:fasci
647:Tunis
353:Jesus
216:Genoa
2192:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1985:ISBN
841:and
820:and
621:and
573:and
457:and
343:and
264:1887
255:1892
253:and
251:1888
198:Marx
196:and
186:King
140:and
115:and
94:The
75:and
50:Date
1790:,
949:pl.
656:in
335:in
327:in
319:in
311:in
289:by
2429::
1815:,
1798:^
1776:^
1752:^
1744:,
1728:,
1664:,
1628:^
1598:^
1516:^
1472:,
1345:,
1326:^
1318:,
1279:^
1246:^
1228:^
1192:,
1161:,
1145:,
1134:^
1111:,
1095:,
1082:^
1062:^
1013:,
992:^
964:^
951::
649:.
617:,
589:.
541:.
453:,
449:,
441:,
433:,
425:,
417:,
409:,
323:,
315:,
192:,
148:.
2228:e
2221:t
2214:v
2200:.
2180:.
2160:.
2142:.
2122:.
2105:.
2088:.
2071:.
2054:.
2037:.
2008:.
1991:.
947:(
98:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
