1221:
1288:
1523:
1434:
1382:
1323:
1284:, and received half of the parcel's output. Sharecroppers also often received their farming tools and all other goods from the landowner they were contracted with. Landowners dictated decisions relating to the crop mix, and sharecroppers were often in agreements to sell their portion of the crop back to the landowner, thus being subjected to manipulated prices. In addition to this, landowners, threatening to not renew the lease at the end of the growing season, were able to apply pressure to their tenants. Sharecropping often proved economically problematic, as the landowners held significant economic control.
1145:
5137:
287:
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920:
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145:
1031:. Local merchants usually provide food and other supplies to the sharecropper on credit. In exchange for the land and supplies, the cropper would pay the owner a share of the crop at the end of the season, typically one-half to two-thirds. The cropper used his share to pay off their debt to the merchant. If there was any cash left over, the cropper kept it—but if their share came to less than what they owed, they remained in debt.
43:
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approximately one-third of all farm units in the state in the 1930s, with white people making up two thirds or more of the sharecroppers. In
Mississippi, by 1900, 36% of all white farmers were tenants or sharecroppers, while 85% of black farmers were. In Georgia, fewer than 16,000 farms were operated by black owners in 1910, while, at the same time, African-Americans managed 106,738 farms as tenants.
84:
1038:, became closely associated with sharecropping. Under this system, a planter or merchant extended a line of credit to the sharecropper while taking the year's crop as collateral. The sharecropper could then draw food and supplies all year long. When the crop was harvested, the planter or merchants who held the lien sold the harvest for the sharecropper and settled the debt.
1046:. This form of tenure tends to be replaced by paid salaries as markets penetrate. Decentralized sharecropping involves virtually no role for the landlord: plots are scattered, peasants manage their own labor and the landowners do not manufacture the crops. This form of tenure becomes more common when markets penetrate.
1453:
Sharecropping may have been harmful to tenants, with many cases of high interest rates, unpredictable harvests, and unscrupulous landlords and merchants often keeping tenant farm families severely indebted. The debt was often compounded year on year leaving the cropper vulnerable to intimidation and
1472:
Some economists have argued that sharecropping is not as exploitative as it is often perceived. John Heath and Hans P. Binswanger write that "evidence from around the world suggests that sharecropping is often a way for differently endowed enterprises to pool resources to mutual benefit, overcoming
1240:
Southern landowners thus found themselves with a great deal of land but no liquid assets to pay for labor. They also maintained the "belief that gangs afforded the most efficient means of labor organization", something nearly all formerly enslaved people resisted. Preferring "to organize themselves
1342:
Sharecropping continued to be a significant institution in many states for decades following the Civil War. By the early 1930s, there were 5.5 million white tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and mixed cropping/laborers in the United States; and 3 million Blacks. In
Tennessee, sharecroppers operated
1358:
to push for better treatment. The success of these actions frightened and enraged landlords, who responded with aggressive tactics. Landless farmers who fought the sharecropping system were socially denounced, harassed by legal and illegal means, and physically attacked by officials, landlords'
1105:
In settler colonies of colonial Africa, sharecropping was a feature of the agricultural life. White farmers, who owned most of the land, were frequently unable to work the whole of their farm for lack of capital. They, therefore, had
African farmers to work the excess on a sharecropping basis.
1506:
approach" argued that sharecropping incentivized laborers by giving them a vested interest in the crop. American plantations were wary of this interest, as they felt that would lead to
African Americans demanding rights of partnership. Many black laborers denied the unilateral authority that
1241:
into kin groups", as well as "minimize chances for white male-black female contact by removing their female kin from work environments supervised closely by whites", black southerners were "determined to resist the old slave ways". Not with standing, many formerly enslaved people, now called
1041:
Sociologist
Jeffery M. Paige made a distinction between centralized sharecropping found on cotton plantations and the decentralized sharecropping with other crops. The former is characterized by long lasting tenure. Tenants are tied to the landlord through the
1563:
theories of share-contracting, wherein tenancy is more of a partnership than a labor contract and both landlord and tenant provide multiple inputs. It has also been argued that the sharecropping institution can be explained by factors such as
1556:(1974, 1988), suggested that if share tenancy is only a labor contract, then it is only pairwise-efficient and that land-to-the-tiller reform would improve social efficiency by removing the necessity for labor contracts in the first place.
1253:, developed as a result. Large plantations were subdivided into plots that could be worked by sharecroppers. Initially, sharecroppers in the American South were almost all formerly enslaved black people, but eventually cash-strapped
3810:
1551:
He also showed that in the presence of transaction costs, share-contracting may be preferred to either wage contracts or rent contracts—due to the mitigation of labor shirking and the provision of risk sharing.
1135:
historiographical devices such as "feudalism" or "slavery" often qualified by weak prefixes like "semi-" or "quasi-" are not helpful in understanding the antecedents and functions of sharecropping in Africa.
3538:
1548:(1969), challenged this view, showing that with sufficient competition and in the absence of transaction costs, share tenancy will be equivalent to competitive labor markets and therefore efficient.
971:
Sharecropping has a long history and there is a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the system. Some are governed by tradition, and others by law. The
3803:
1213:. Many believed that this policy would be extended to all formerly enslaved people and their families as repayment for their treatment at the end of the war. In the summer of 1865, President
964:
is a legal arrangement in which a landowner allows a tenant (sharecropper) to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land. Sharecropping is not to be conflated with
3796:
2476:
1401:
became economical beginning in the late 1930s and early 1940s. As a result, many sharecroppers were forced off the farms, and migrated to cities to work in factories, or became
1311:(where the farmer was extended credit for seed and other supplies by the merchant), a rent labor system (where the farmer rents the land but keeps their entire crop), and the
1315:(worker earns a fixed wage but keeps none of their crop). Sharecropping as historically practiced in the American South is considered more economically productive than the
1027:
Under a sharecropping system, landowners provided a share of land to be worked by the sharecropper, and usually provided other necessities such as housing, tools, seed, or
1161:
1117:
and then to farm laborers. In the 1960s, generous subsidies to white farmers meant that most farmers could afford to work their entire farms, and sharecropping faded out.
3546:
1421:
About two-thirds of sharecroppers were white, the rest black. Sharecroppers, the poorest of the poor, organized for better conditions. The racially integrated
3602:
Southworth, Caleb (2002). "Aid to
Sharecroppers: How Agrarian Class Structure and Tenant-Farmer Politics Influenced Federal Relief in the South, 1933–1935".
1220:
4105:
2586:
1425:
made gains for sharecroppers in the 1930s. Sharecropping had diminished in the 1940s due to the Great
Depression, farm mechanization, and other factors.
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3848:
1217:, as one of the first acts of Reconstruction, instead ordered all land under federal control be returned to the owners from whom it had been seized.
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1823:
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1113:
outlawed the ownership of land by
Africans in areas designated for white ownership and effectively reduced the status of most sharecroppers to
841:
801:
319:
1053:; they owed the landowner a smaller share of their crops, as the landowner did not have to provide them with as much in the way of supplies.
1896:, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe and Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, March 2003 (200Kb PDF)
1287:
2082:
1209:, which announced that he would temporarily grant newly freed families 40 acres of this seized land on the islands and coastal regions of
4037:
1073:. Use of the sharecropper system has also been identified in England (as the practice of "farming to halves"). It was widely used in the
2551:
1085:, which was economically devastating to the Southern states. It is still used in many rural poor areas of the world today, notably in
1912:
4974:
4098:
4012:
3003:
903:
1656:
Mandle, Jay R. Not Slave, Not Free: The
African American Economic Experience Since the Civil War. Duke University Press, 1992, 22.
2194:
The
Rockabilly Legends; They Called It Rockabilly Long Before they Called It Rock and Roll by Jerry Naylor and Steve Halliday DVD
1874:
1183:
1078:
3487:
Liebowitz, Jonathan J. (1989). "Tenants, Sharecroppers, and the French Agricultural Depression of the Late Nineteenth Century".
1201:
After the war, plantations and other lands throughout the South were seized by the federal government. In January 1865, General
3295:
Adams, Jane; Gorton, D. (2009). "This Land Ain't My Land: The Eviction of Sharecroppers by the Farm Security Administration".
4062:
4057:
2285:
2266:
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1807:
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1454:
shortchanging. Nevertheless, it appeared to be inevitable, with no serious alternative unless the croppers left agriculture.
948:
1245:, having no land or other assets of their own, needed to work to support their families. A sharecropping system centered on
209:
4072:
1157:
1733:
181:
4091:
4030:
3939:
2802:
Murrell, Peter (Spring 1983). "The Economics of Sharing: A Transactions Cost Analysis of Contractual Choice in Farming".
2547:(Lesotho, p. 221) Research Paper No. 130, December 1998, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison accessed at
1522:
1229:
4052:
3964:
1539:
3539:"Out Yonder on the Road": Working Class Self-Representation and the 1939 Roadside Demonstration in Southeast Missouri"
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2208:
2179:
2125:
2065:
1966:
246:
228:
188:
126:
70:
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that it became widespread in the South. It is theorized that sharecropping in the United States originated in the
5205:
4067:
4042:
4025:
2759:
2368:
2229:
883:
868:
863:
369:
4020:
3770:
3424:
Garrett, Martin A.; Xu, Zhenhui (2003). "The Efficiency of Sharecropping: Evidence from the Postbellum South".
1853:
873:
836:
831:
349:
195:
166:
162:
108:
56:
3174:
Shetty, Sudhir (1988). "Limited liability, wealth differences, and the tenancy ladder in agrarian economies".
1433:
5165:
2804:
2056:
New South – New Law: The legal foundations of credit and labor relations in the Postbellum agricultural South
1703:
in Rural History Today, Issue 6:2004 p.5, accessed at British Agricultural History Society, 16 February 2013.
1422:
1351:
1327:
1149:
334:
17:
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4184:
3919:
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1875:"Rural Landlords, Rural Tenants, and the Sharecropping Complex in Gokwe, Northwestern Zimbabwe, 1980s–2002"
1381:
354:
329:
264:
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1981:
Ronald L. F. Davis "The U. S. Army and the Origins of Sharecropping in the Natchez District—A Case Study"
1668:
Ronald L. F. Davis "The U. S. Army and the Origins of Sharecropping in the Natchez District—A Case Study"
177:
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1206:
990:
339:
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and Pandey, 2000), intertemporal discounting (Roy and Serfes, 2001), price fluctuations (Sen, 2011) or
5241:
5191:
4496:
4169:
4149:
3924:
3076:; Priyanka Pandey (2000). "Contract choice in agriculture with joint moral hazard in effort and risk".
2280:. Arthur F. Raper and Ira De A. Reid. Chapell Hill 1941. The University of North Carolina Press, 2011,
1446:
1347:
1331:
1322:
660:
379:
314:
3362:
5025:
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3647:
3325:
Allen, D. W.; Lueck, D. (1992). "Contract Choice in Modern Agriculture: Cash Rent versus Cropshare".
2701:
1346:
Around this time, sharecroppers began to form unions protesting against poor treatment, beginning in
1191:
941:
635:
99:
3265:
Ray, Tridip; Nirvikar Singh (2001). "Limited liability, contractual choice and the tenancy ladder".
1469:
will hurt them and not the landlord. Therefore, they tend to demand lower rents than sharecroppers.
4419:
4276:
2253:
The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues By Giles Oakley Edition: 2. Da Capo Press, 1997, p. 185.
2203:
The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues By Giles Oakley Edition: 2. Da Capo Press, 1997, p. 184.
1202:
898:
732:
645:
630:
568:
494:
2899:
Hallagan, William (1978). "Self-selection by contractual choice and the theory of sharecropping".
1831:
1507:
landowners hoped to achieve, further complicating relations between landowners and sharecroppers.
5063:
4839:
4741:
4736:
4454:
4331:
2332:
796:
791:
682:
650:
155:
2631:
Roumasset, James (1979). "Sharecropping, Production Externalities and the Theory of Contracts".
1319:
plantations using enslaved workers, though less productive than modern agricultural techniques.
4964:
4901:
4849:
4812:
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3131:
2497:
2483:
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1527:
1503:
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1144:
1074:
893:
878:
749:
742:
504:
296:
3103:
Roy, Jaideep; Konstantinos Serfes (2001). "Intertemporal discounting and tenurial contracts".
2413:
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4911:
4628:
4246:
4241:
4134:
2440:
2000:
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present
1956:
1715:
Joseph D. Reid, "Sharecropping as an understandable market response: The postbellum South."
1565:
1495:
Workers work on the land and earn a fixed wage from the land owner but keep some of the crop.
1406:
1393:
with the creation of tenant farmers following the failure of many small farms throughout the
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563:
499:
472:
268:
5246:
5015:
4956:
4449:
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4261:
4236:
4216:
3981:
3959:
3205:
2757:(March 1973). "Sharecropping As An Understandable Market Response: The Post-Bellum South".
1292:
1258:
1210:
1195:
1110:
934:
687:
640:
309:
202:
3046:
Eswaran, Mukesh; Ashok Kotwal (1985). "A theory of contractual structure in agriculture".
2171:
1909:
1049:
Farmers who farmed land belonging to others but owned their own mule and plow were called
8:
5236:
4934:
4797:
4353:
4221:
4206:
4154:
4144:
3976:
3776:
3384:
Good and Faithful Labor: From Slavery to Sharecropping in the Natchez District, 1860–1890
2477:"Chapter 3: Policy-Induced Effects of Natural Resource Degradation: The Case of Colombia"
1264:
American sharecroppers worked a section of the plantation independently, usually growing
655:
3403:
Ferleger, Louis (1993). "Sharecropping Contracts in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South".
1492:
Workers can rent plots of land from the owner for a certain sum and keep the whole crop.
286:
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1999:
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477:
359:
62:
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3251:
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1938:
1881:
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4919:
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4321:
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2446:
2419:
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2262:
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2212:
2204:
2175:
2121:
2061:
1962:
1855:
Land Tenure Lexicon: A glossary of terms from English and French speaking West Africa
1803:
1782:
1770:
1577:
1360:
1233:
1120:
The arrangement has reappeared in other African countries in modern times, including
1012:
806:
779:
727:
697:
546:
489:
452:
94:
4412:
3575:
2569:
2346:
2116:
Royce, Edward (1993). "The Rise of Southern Sharecropping". In Royce, Edward (ed.).
1359:
agents, or in extreme cases, angry mobs. Sharecroppers' strikes in Arkansas and the
5141:
5115:
4869:
4633:
4358:
4306:
4159:
3853:
3707:
3678:
3666:
3631:
3563:
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3433:
3334:
3304:
3274:
3247:
3220:
3183:
3148:
3112:
3085:
3073:
3012:
2983:
2943:
2908:
2850:
2813:
2768:
2685:
2640:
2598:
2152:. 2nd edition. Cambridge England ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 149.
1762:
1573:
1560:
1498:
No money changes hands but the worker and land owner each keep a share of the crop.
1465:. It is preferred to cash tenancy because cash tenants take all the risks, and any
1390:
1308:
1187:
1165:
1043:
1035:
784:
692:
677:
415:
374:
4556:
3160:
1559:
Reid (1973), Murrel (1983), Roumasset (1995) and Allen and Lueck (2004) provided
5120:
5105:
5100:
4792:
4698:
4678:
4578:
4566:
4551:
4531:
4526:
4390:
4341:
4316:
4296:
3997:
3836:
3698:
Virts, Nancy (1991). "The Efficiency of Southern Tenant Plantations, 1900–1945".
3132:"A theory of sharecropping: the role of price behavior and imperfect competition"
2725:
2666:
2555:
2164:
1916:
1699:
1553:
1535:
1514:, albeit not as owners, in places where ownership rights are vested only in men.
1466:
1458:
754:
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511:
447:
430:
4583:
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4638:
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4378:
4363:
4291:
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3152:
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2754:
2729:
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1477:
1413:. By the end of the 1960s, sharecropping had disappeared in the United States.
1402:
1375:
1214:
1028:
965:
553:
4819:
3711:
2772:
2587:"Transaction Costs, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements"
2485:
Agriculture and the Environment: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development
2322:
2135:
1766:
1303:
In the Reconstruction Era, sharecropping was one of few options for penniless
1261:
ordered the arrangements for freedmen and wrote and enforced their contracts.
5215:
5090:
5068:
4844:
4753:
4703:
4688:
4623:
4618:
4603:
4573:
4536:
4516:
4476:
4471:
4441:
4407:
4346:
4326:
4311:
4271:
4179:
4083:
3831:
3308:
3238:
Sengupta, Kunal (1997). "Limited liability, moral hazard and share tenancy".
2532:
Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War
2018:
Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War
1774:
1629:
1614:
1599:
1442:
1355:
1114:
1050:
1019:(المزارعة), are examples of legal systems that have supported sharecropping.
826:
759:
442:
435:
3818:
1859:
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, 2000
1750:
1257:
farmers were integrated into the system. During Reconstruction, the federal
1148:
Sharecroppers on the roadside after they were evicted for membership in the
5035:
4854:
4834:
4802:
4731:
4718:
4693:
4673:
4643:
4368:
4336:
4114:
3554:
Shaban, R. A. (1987). "Testing Between Competing Models of Sharecropping".
3201:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1581:
1569:
1481:
1410:
1132:
764:
722:
667:
625:
582:
558:
3001:
Reid, Joseph D. Jr. (1976). "Sharecropping and agricultural uncertainty".
2972:(1998). "Renegotiation-proof tenurial contracts as screening mechanisms".
1910:
Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers
259:
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4726:
4613:
4608:
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4593:
4521:
4511:
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3934:
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where he illustrated the inefficiency of agricultural share-contracting.
1511:
1316:
1312:
1171:
774:
600:
590:
531:
516:
425:
410:
384:
278:
31:
3449:
Cry from the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmer's Union and the New Deal
2871:
The Nature of the Farm: Contracts, Risk, and Organization in Agriculture
976:
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4546:
4481:
4466:
4424:
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4201:
3888:
3719:
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3024:
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2825:
2780:
2697:
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1986:
1720:
1673:
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included both blacks and poor whites, who used meetings, protests, and
1307:
to support themselves and their families. Other solutions included the
1254:
1094:
769:
717:
712:
605:
595:
484:
462:
457:
3508:
2839:
Roumasset, James (March 1995). "The nature of the agricultural firm".
1700:
Farming to Halves: A New Perspective on an Absurd and Miserable System
1457:
Landlords opt for sharecropping to avoid the administrative costs and
5110:
5073:
5020:
5000:
4995:
4653:
4139:
4126:
4118:
3898:
3583:
Singh, N. (1989). "Theories of Sharecropping". In Bardhan, P. (ed.).
2875:
1335:
1281:
1250:
1175:
985:
981:
707:
3739:
The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860–1880
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2912:
2817:
2689:
2644:
144:
4969:
4896:
4824:
4561:
4436:
4226:
3567:
3516:
Reid, Joseph D. Jr. (1975). "Sharecropping in History and Theory".
3500:
3338:
3016:
2602:
2442:
African American Religion and the Civil Rights Movement in Arkansas
2298:"California Newsreel - Film and Video for Social Change Since 1968"
1824:"The Native Land Act is passed | South African History Online"
1462:
1394:
1364:
1304:
1242:
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1062:
672:
27:
Use of land by a tenant in return for a share of the crops produced
2161:
1363:, the 1939 Missouri Sharecroppers' Strike, were documented in the
1170:
Prior to the Civil War, sharecropping is known to have existed in
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4541:
4431:
3903:
1604:
1485:
1296:
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467:
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1178:. However, it was not until the economic upheaval caused by the
4770:
4763:
4758:
4174:
3871:
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2415:
At Ease in Zion: Social History of Southern Baptists, 1865-1900
1958:
The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the American South
1594:
1265:
1246:
1070:
972:
420:
2150:
One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation
2022:
One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation
1735:
Optimal groundwater management in Pakistan's Indus Water Basin
267:
photo of a cropper family chopping the weeds from cotton near
4859:
1277:
1225:
1121:
1090:
1006:
997:
536:
3743:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
2934:
Allen, Franklin (1982). "On share contracts and screening".
1933:
1931:
1929:
1162:
African-American history of agriculture in the United States
968:, providing the tenant a higher economic and social status.
4780:
4395:
3893:
3883:
3667:"Farm Tenancy Distribution and Trends in the United States"
1273:
702:
402:
2111:
2109:
2107:
1476:
Sharecropping agreements can be made fairly, as a form of
1389:
The sharecropping system in the U.S. increased during the
1350:, Alabama in 1931 and Arkansas in 1934. Membership in the
4708:
2373:
1926:
1502:
According to sociologist Edward Royce, "adherents of the
1416:
1385:
Sharecroppers' chapel at Cotton Museum in Lake Providence
1370:. The plight of a sharecropper was addressed in the song
3819:
Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States
2104:
3206:"Limited liability and the existence of share tenancy"
3102:
2475:
Heath, John & Binswanger, Hans P. (October 1998).
5189:
3072:
2395:"Sharecropping | Slavery By Another Name Bento | PBS"
1517:
1061:
Historically, sharecropping occurred extensively in
3470:
African American Life in the Rural South, 1900–1950
3356:"Black Beach: The Mucklands of Canastota, New York"
3318:
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Three Tenant Families
3045:
2734:
Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School – Discussion Paper
2399:
Sharecropping | Slavery By Another Name Bento | PBS
2036:
169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3849:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
3736:
3446:
3381:
2438:
2163:
2053:
2051:
1749:Chaudhuri, Ananish; Maitra, Pushkar (2000-01-01).
1534:The theory of share tenancy was long dominated by
3264:
5213:
3945:Slave health on plantations in the United States
2039:History of Sumter County, South Carolina, p. 274
1872:
1751:"Sharecropping contracts in rural India: A note"
1510:Sharecropping may allow women to have access to
1488:. There are three different types of contracts.
1131:Economic historian Pius S. Nyambara argued that
3617:"Incentives and Risk Sharing in Share Cropping"
3140:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
2867:
2842:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
2574:(8th ed.). London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
2567:
2474:
1954:
1748:
1538:'s famous footnote in Book VI, Chapter X.14 of
1473:credit restraints and helping to manage risk."
4113:
3950:Treatment of the enslaved in the United States
2671:"Incentives and Risk Sharing in Sharecropping"
2411:
1584:, 1992; Sengupta, 1997; Ray and Singh, 2001).
4099:
3804:
2545:Country Profiles of Land Tenure: Africa, 1996
2162:Larry J. Griffin; Don Harrison Doyle (1995).
2120:. Temple University Press. pp. 181–222.
1943:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
1732:Sanval, Nasim; Steven, Helfand (2016-01-15).
1568:(Hallagan, 1978; Allen, 1982; Muthoo, 1998),
942:
4975:List of organic gardening and farming topics
3585:The Economic Theory of Agrarian Institutions
2418:. University of Alabama Press. p. 130.
1904:
1902:
1731:
1484:that has a variable rental payment, paid in
3294:
2080:
2020:(1986); Roger L. Ransom and David Beckham,
1985:, Vol. 62, No.1 (January, 1977), pp. 60–80
1868:
1866:
1397:. Traditional sharecropping declined after
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4106:
4092:
3811:
3797:
3601:
3388:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
3353:
3324:
2633:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
2465:Sharecropping and Sharecroppers, T J Byres
2445:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 73.
2006:
1672:, Vol. 62, No.1 (January 1977), pp. 60–80
949:
935:
3486:
3423:
3315:
2838:
2630:
1899:
1174:and is believed to have been in place in
247:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3614:
3402:
3237:
3004:Economic Development and Cultural Change
2898:
2724:
2665:
1863:
1521:
1432:
1380:
1321:
1286:
1219:
1182:and the end of slavery during and after
1143:
1056:
258:
5232:Agricultural labor in the United States
2801:
2459:
1572:(Reid, 1976; Eswaran and Kotwal, 1985;
14:
5214:
3664:
3553:
3453:. University of North Carolina Press.
3444:
3173:
2968:
2868:Allen, Douglas W.; Dean Lueck (2004).
2584:
2227:
1417:Sharecropping and socioeconomic status
4087:
3792:
3734:
3697:
3582:
3379:
2933:
2324:Charlie Barnet - Sharecropper's Blues
2228:Geisen, James C. (January 26, 2007).
2148:Ransom, Roger L., and Richard Sutch.
2118:The Origins of Southern Sharecropping
2115:
2032:
2030:
1795:
5160:
3536:
3515:
3489:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3467:
3200:
3000:
2753:
2526:Arthur F. Raper and Ira De A. Reid,
2060:. Louisiana State University Press.
1711:
1709:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1449:, as it appeared in the 19th century
1158:Black land loss in the United States
167:adding citations to reliable sources
138:
77:
36:
5172:
3587:. Clarendon Press. pp. 33–72.
3354:Barbagallo, Tricia (June 1, 2005).
3316:Agee, James; Evans, Walker (1941).
3129:
2271:
1230:Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum
1228:sharecropper's home diorama at the
24:
4002:
3438:10.1002/j.2325-8012.2003.tb00514.x
3288:
2027:
1518:Economic theories of share tenancy
1326:Sharecropper's cabin displayed at
1081:era (1865–1877) that followed the
25:
5258:
3758:
2041:. Library Board of Sumter County.
2014:Becoming Free in the Cotton South
1706:
1659:
1647:
52:This article has multiple issues.
5199:
5171:
5159:
5148:
5147:
5135:
3764:
3472:. University of Missouri Press.
3267:Journal of Development Economics
3240:Journal of Development Economics
3213:Journal of Development Economics
3176:Journal of Development Economics
3105:Journal of Development Economics
3078:Journal of Development Economics
2975:Journal of Development Economics
2335:from the original on 2021-11-09.
2166:The South As an American Problem
1852:Leonard, R. and Longbottom, J.,
1376:Charlie Barnet and His Orchestra
1139:
918:
285:
143:
82:
41:
3785:about landless Southern farmers
3258:
3231:
3194:
3167:
3123:
3096:
3066:
3039:
2994:
2962:
2927:
2892:
2861:
2832:
2795:
2760:The Journal of Economic History
2747:
2718:
2659:
2623:
2578:
2561:
2537:
2520:
2468:
2432:
2405:
2387:
2356:
2339:
2315:
2290:
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2221:
2197:
2188:
2170:. U. of Georgia Press. p.
2155:
2142:
2074:
2045:
1991:
1975:
1948:
1846:
1799:Sharecropping and Sharecroppers
1461:that occurs on plantations and
904:Agriculture and the environment
370:British Agricultural Revolution
154:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
3537:Roll, Jarod (March 16, 2010).
3468:Hurt, R. Douglas Hurt (2003).
2678:The Review of Economic Studies
2591:Journal of Law & Economics
1816:
1789:
1742:
1725:
1691:
1678:
350:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
13:
1:
3671:Law and Contemporary Problems
3279:10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00163-8
3252:10.1016/S0304-3878(96)00444-0
3117:10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00144-9
3090:10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00116-4
2988:10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00050-9
2805:The Bell Journal of Economics
1961:. Cambridge U.P. p. 94.
1955:Sharon Monteith, ed. (2013).
1641:
1423:Southern Tenant Farmers Union
1352:Southern Tenant Farmers Union
1328:Louisiana State Cotton Museum
1150:Southern Tenant Farmers Union
3920:Slavery in the United States
3556:Journal of Political Economy
3380:Davis, Ronald L. F. (1982).
3327:Journal of Law and Economics
3225:10.1016/0304-3878(92)90026-6
3188:10.1016/0304-3878(88)90068-5
2855:10.1016/0167-2681(94)00007-2
2087:The New Georgia Encyclopedia
2037:Gregorie, Anne King (1954).
1983:The Journal of Negro History
1755:Journal of Contemporary Asia
1738:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
1670:The Journal of Negro History
1034:A new system of credit, the
355:Arab Agricultural Revolution
265:Farm Security Administration
7:
5006:Index of pesticide articles
3700:Journal of Economic History
3320:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2585:Cheung, Steven N S (1969).
2439:Johnny E. Williams (2008).
2052:Woodman, Harold D. (1995).
1796:Byres, T. J. (2005-08-02).
1717:Journal of Economic History
1587:
1207:Special Field Orders No. 15
1022:
102:. The specific problem is:
10:
5263:
4150:Climate-friendly gardening
3925:Children of the plantation
3665:Turner, Howard A. (1937).
3624:Review of Economic Studies
3445:Grubbs, Donald H. (1971).
3153:10.1016/j.jebo.2011.03.006
2081:F. N. Boney (2004-02-06).
1447:Lake Providence, Louisiana
1428:
1399:mechanization of farm work
1155:
315:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
29:
5129:
5051:
5026:Plant disease forecasting
4988:
4980:Vegan organic agriculture
4955:
4830:Genetically modified tree
4717:
4260:
4125:
4011:
3990:
3912:
3864:
3824:
3712:10.1017/S0022050700039012
3426:Southern Economic Journal
2936:Bell Journal of Economics
2901:Bell Journal of Economics
2773:10.1017/S0022050700076476
2482:. In Lutz, Ernest (ed.).
1873:Pius S. Nyambara (2003).
1767:10.1080/00472330080000071
1719:(1973) 33#1 pp. 106–130.
1526:A sharecropper family in
1192:Adams County, Mississippi
1109:In South Africa the 1913
1100:
842:Universities and colleges
802:Universities and colleges
5206:Agriculture and agronomy
3309:10.3098/ah.2009.83.3.323
3048:American Economic Review
2568:Alfred Marshall (1920).
2234:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1937:Robert Tracy McKenzie, "
827:Agriculturist profession
646:Agricultural engineering
631:Agricultural cooperative
30:Not to be confused with
3735:Wayne, Michael (1983).
3130:Sen, Debapriya (2011).
2571:Principles of Economics
2412:Rufus B. Spain (1967).
2369:Slavery by Another Name
1921:Mississippi History Now
1566:informational asymmetry
797:Sustainable food system
792:Sustainable agriculture
683:Animal-free agriculture
651:Agricultural technology
271:, in Georgia, US (1941)
4965:Biodynamic agriculture
4902:Postharvest physiology
4850:Landscape architecture
4547:Indonesian home garden
3604:Social Science History
2530:(1941); Gavin Wright,
2016:(2007); Gavin Wright,
1531:
1450:
1386:
1368:Oh Freedom After While
1339:
1300:
1291:Cotton sharecroppers,
1237:
1224:An early 20th century
1194:with its county seat,
1190:, roughly centered in
1153:
1075:Southern United States
925:Agriculture portal
884:History of agriculture
869:Agriculture by country
864:Agricultural machinery
832:Agricultural machinery
750:Mechanised agriculture
320:Austronesian expansion
272:
4212:Historic conservation
3615:Stiglitz, J. (1974).
2730:"Principal And Agent"
1525:
1445:for sharecroppers at
1436:
1407:Western United States
1384:
1325:
1290:
1223:
1156:Further information:
1147:
1057:Application by region
874:Agriculture companies
837:Government ministries
636:Agricultural supplies
473:Convertible husbandry
262:
5142:Gardening portal
5041:Aquamog weed remover
5016:List of insecticides
4013:Lists of plantations
3982:Underground Railroad
3777:King Cotton's Slaves
3773:at Wikimedia Commons
3549:on January 10, 2011.
3518:Agricultural History
3405:Agricultural History
3368:on November 13, 2013
3297:Agricultural History
2003:. Basic Books, 1985.
1372:Sharecropper's Blues
688:Cellular agriculture
641:Agricultural science
310:Neolithic Revolution
163:improve this article
109:improve this article
98:to meet Knowledge's
3977:Fugitive slave laws
3779:, 1936 newsreel by
2755:Reid, Joseph D. Jr.
1686:Agrarian Revolution
1530:, Alabama (c. 1937)
569:Steam sterilization
5227:Agricultural labor
5011:List of fungicides
4776:Companion planting
3844:Plantation economy
2554:2001-11-25 at the
2345:Gordon Marshall, "
2331:. 26 August 2011.
1997:Jones, Jaqueline.
1915:2016-03-04 at the
1834:on 14 October 2010
1546:Steven N.S. Cheung
1532:
1451:
1387:
1340:
1301:
1238:
1203:William T. Sherman
1180:American Civil War
1154:
1083:American Civil War
1005:izdolshchina, the
478:Rotational grazing
360:Columbian exchange
273:
5242:Real property law
5187:
5186:
5059:Community orchard
4885:drought tolerance
4081:
4080:
3782:The March of Time
3769:Media related to
3074:Ghatak, Maitreesh
2528:Sharecroppers All
2286:978-0-8078-9817-8
2278:Sharecroppers All
2267:978-0-306-80743-5
2217:978-0-306-80743-5
1908:Charles Bolton, "
1809:978-1-135-78003-6
1578:limited liability
1361:Missouri Bootheel
1348:Tallapoosa County
1259:Freedmen's Bureau
1234:Greenville, Texas
1111:Natives' Land Act
959:
958:
807:Urban agriculture
780:Rice-duck farming
728:Intensive farming
698:Extensive farming
257:
256:
249:
239:
238:
231:
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137:
136:
129:
100:quality standards
91:This article may
75:
16:(Redirected from
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5174:
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5151:
5150:
5140:
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5116:Plant collecting
5052:Related articles
4989:Plant protection
4170:French intensive
4108:
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4085:
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3854:Plantation house
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3799:
3790:
3789:
3768:
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3742:
3731:
3694:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3646:. Archived from
3621:
3611:
3598:
3579:
3550:
3545:. Archived from
3533:
3512:
3483:
3464:
3452:
3441:
3420:
3399:
3387:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3361:. Archived from
3360:
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3282:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3235:
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2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2726:Stiglitz, Joseph
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2700:. Archived from
2684:(2): 219–255 j.
2675:
2667:Stiglitz, Joseph
2663:
2657:
2656:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2543:Bruce, John W.-
2541:
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2351:Encyclopedia.com
2343:
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2185:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2089:. Archived from
2078:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2025:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1935:
1924:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1880:. Archived from
1879:
1870:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1828:Sahistory.org.za
1820:
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1657:
1654:
1561:transaction cost
1391:Great Depression
1309:crop-lien system
1188:Natchez District
1166:Jim Crow economy
1044:plantation store
951:
944:
937:
923:
922:
921:
785:Rice-fish system
693:Contract farming
678:Animal husbandry
416:Animal husbandry
375:Green Revolution
326:Ancient history
289:
275:
274:
252:
245:
234:
227:
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5121:Turf management
5106:Lists of plants
5101:List of gardens
5047:
4984:
4951:
4713:
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4256:
4121:
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4082:
4077:
4007:
3998:Convict leasing
3986:
3908:
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3837:Ancient planter
3820:
3817:
3761:
3751:
3683:10.2307/1189524
3656:
3654:
3650:
3636:10.2307/2296714
3619:
3595:
3543:Southern Spaces
3480:
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3289:Further reading
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2970:Muthoo, Abhinay
2967:
2963:
2948:10.2307/3003473
2932:
2928:
2913:10.2307/3003586
2897:
2893:
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2878:. p. 258.
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2645:10.2307/1239911
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2556:Wayback Machine
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2012:Eva O'Donovan,
2011:
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1917:Wayback Machine
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1590:
1580:(Shetty, 1988;
1554:Joseph Stiglitz
1536:Alfred Marshall
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1467:harvest failure
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1403:migrant workers
1332:Lake Providence
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5209:
5208:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Garden tourism
5093:
5088:
5086:Groundskeeping
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:free-flowering
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Groundskeeping
4189:
4188:
4187:
4185:computer-aided
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:South Carolina
4060:
4058:North Carolina
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Slave breeding
3937:
3932:
3927:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3828:
3826:
3825:The plantation
3822:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3760:
3759:External links
3757:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3732:
3706:(2): 385–395.
3695:
3677:(4): 424–433.
3662:
3630:(2): 219–255.
3612:
3599:
3593:
3580:
3568:10.1086/261495
3562:(5): 893–920.
3551:
3534:
3524:(2): 426–440.
3513:
3501:10.2307/204363
3495:(3): 429–445.
3484:
3478:
3465:
3459:
3442:
3432:(3): 578–595.
3421:
3400:
3394:
3377:
3351:
3339:10.1086/467260
3333:(2): 397–426.
3322:
3313:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3257:
3246:(2): 393–407.
3230:
3193:
3166:
3147:(1): 181–199.
3122:
3111:(2): 417–436.
3095:
3084:(2): 303–326.
3065:
3054:(3): 352–367.
3038:
3017:10.1086/450897
3011:(3): 549–576.
2993:
2961:
2942:(2): 541–547.
2926:
2907:(2): 344–354.
2891:
2884:
2860:
2849:(2): 161–177.
2831:
2812:(1): 283–293.
2794:
2767:(1): 106–130.
2746:
2717:
2658:
2639:(4): 640–647.
2629:Formalized in
2622:
2603:10.1086/466658
2577:
2560:
2536:
2519:
2506:
2494:The World Bank
2490:Washington, DC
2467:
2458:
2451:
2431:
2424:
2404:
2386:
2355:
2338:
2314:
2289:
2270:
2246:
2220:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2154:
2141:
2136:j.ctt14bt3nz.9
2126:
2103:
2073:
2066:
2044:
2026:
2024:(2nd ed. 2008)
2005:
1990:
1974:
1967:
1947:
1925:
1898:
1862:
1845:
1815:
1808:
1788:
1741:
1724:
1705:
1690:
1677:
1658:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1519:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1478:tenant farming
1430:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1374:, recorded by
1255:indigent white
1215:Andrew Johnson
1184:Reconstruction
1152:(January 1936)
1141:
1138:
1115:tenant farmers
1102:
1099:
1079:Reconstruction
1058:
1055:
1051:tenant farmers
1024:
1021:
1013:Islamic system
966:tenant farming
957:
956:
954:
953:
946:
939:
931:
928:
927:
914:
913:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
860:
859:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
788:
787:
782:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
746:
745:
740:
735:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
664:
663:
658:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
587:
586:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
554:Slash-and-burn
551:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
487:
482:
481:
480:
475:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
413:
407:
406:
401:
400:
397:
396:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
344:
343:
342:
337:
335:Ancient Greece
332:
324:
323:
322:
317:
312:
303:
302:
301:
300:
295:
294:
291:
290:
282:
281:
255:
254:
237:
236:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5259:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5207:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5180:
5179:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Garden centre
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:Floral design
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4935:reforestation
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:Intercropping
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4786:most valuable
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Arboriculture
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4347:Garden square
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Ancient Egypt
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4180:Garden design
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4074:
4073:West Virginia
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4003:Sharecropping
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3970:Interregional
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3832:Planter class
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:Sharecropping
3767:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3750:0-8071-1050-7
3746:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3653:on 2019-04-27
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3594:0-19-828619-8
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3479:0-8262-1471-1
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3460:0-8078-1156-4
3456:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3395:0-313-23134-6
3391:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:(3): 323–51.
3302:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3202:Basu, Kaushik
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2885:9780262511858
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2707:on 2019-04-27
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2558:June 19, 2006
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2509:
2507:0-8213-4249-5
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2454:
2452:9781604731866
2448:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2425:9780817350383
2421:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2347:Sharecropping
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:0-306-80743-2
2256:
2250:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:0-306-80743-2
2206:
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2181:9780820317526
2177:
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2158:
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2133:
2129:
2127:9781566390699
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:on 2012-08-29
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:"Poor Whites"
2077:
2069:
2067:0-8071-1941-5
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2048:
2040:
2033:
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2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2002:
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1994:
1988:
1984:
1978:
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1968:9781107036789
1964:
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1939:Sharecropping
1934:
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1930:
1923:, March 2004.
1922:
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1887:on 2006-03-26
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1802:. Routledge.
1801:
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1761:(1): 99–107.
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1528:Walker County
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1356:labor strikes
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1151:
1146:
1140:United States
1137:
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1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:and colonial
1068:
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983:
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978:
974:
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962:Sharecropping
952:
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929:
926:
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905:
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894:Meat industry
892:
890:
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880:
879:Biotechnology
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760:Paludiculture
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661:Biotechnology
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542:Sharecropping
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330:Ancient Egypt
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219:December 2020
211:
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201:
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194:
190:
187:
183:
180: –
179:
175:
174:Find sources:
168:
164:
158:
157:
152:This article
150:
146:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
110:
105:
104:tense issues.
101:
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59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Sharecroppers
5176:
5164:
5152:
5133:
5036:Weed control
4925:horticulture
4855:Olericulture
4835:Hydroculture
4825:Fruticulture
4803:Floriculture
4732:Permaculture
4719:Horticulture
4115:Horticulture
3956:Slave trade
3930:Field slaves
3780:
3738:
3703:
3699:
3674:
3670:
3655:. Retrieved
3648:the original
3627:
3623:
3607:
3603:
3584:
3559:
3555:
3547:the original
3542:
3521:
3517:
3492:
3488:
3469:
3448:
3429:
3425:
3411:(3): 31–46.
3408:
3404:
3383:
3370:. Retrieved
3363:the original
3330:
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2834:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2738:. Retrieved
2733:
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2702:the original
2681:
2677:
2661:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2597:(1): 23–42.
2594:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2563:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2511:. Retrieved
2484:
2470:
2461:
2441:
2434:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2350:
2341:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2302:Newsreel.org
2301:
2292:
2277:
2273:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2223:
2199:
2190:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2117:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:the original
2086:
2076:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1977:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1920:
1889:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1858:
1854:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1827:
1818:
1798:
1791:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1727:
1716:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1669:
1635:Wage slavery
1625:Sharemilking
1620:Sharefarming
1610:Rent-seeking
1570:moral hazard
1558:
1550:
1540:
1533:
1509:
1504:neoclassical
1501:
1482:sharefarming
1475:
1471:
1456:
1452:
1420:
1411:World War II
1388:
1371:
1367:
1345:
1341:
1338:(2013 photo)
1302:
1280:, and other
1263:
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1200:
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1048:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1004:
1000:
993:
984:
975:
970:
961:
960:
765:Permaculture
723:Horticulture
668:Agroforestry
626:Agribusiness
583:Hydroculture
559:Smallholding
547:
541:
340:Ancient Rome
269:White Plains
243:
225:
216:
206:
199:
192:
185:
173:
161:Please help
156:verification
153:
123:
117:January 2024
114:
107:Please help
103:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
5247:Land tenure
5178:WikiProject
4947:Monoculture
4942:Viticulture
4920:agriculture
4880:propagation
4820:Hügelkultur
4742:sustainable
4727:Agriculture
4669:Therapeutic
4649:Shakespeare
4460:Renaissance
4252:Xeriscaping
4247:Sustainable
4242:Square foot
4232:Proplifting
4197:Garden tool
4165:Foodscaping
4053:Mississippi
3991:Other labor
3935:House negro
3877:King Cotton
3610:(1): 33–70.
3273:: 289–303.
3219:: 203–220.
2496:. pp.
1512:arable land
1317:gang system
1313:wage system
1293:Hale County
1172:Mississippi
1133:Eurocentric
1077:during the
1001:połownictwo
775:Polyculture
601:Hydroponics
591:Aquaculture
532:Paddy field
517:Monoculture
411:Agrivoltaic
385:Monoculture
306:Prehistory
279:Agriculture
111:if you can.
32:Cropsharing
5237:Landowners
5216:Categories
4840:Indigenous
4737:stock-free
4709:Zoological
4589:Pollinator
4482:Greenhouse
4425:Sharawadgi
4413:Vietnamese
4374:East Asian
4282:Australian
4237:Raised bed
4202:Green wall
3865:Cash crops
3657:2019-07-06
3372:2008-06-04
2740:2009-06-14
2711:2019-07-06
2616:2009-06-14
2513:2011-04-01
2379:7 December
2307:22 October
2097:2006-05-18
1891:2006-05-18
1838:22 October
1688:, page 373
1642:References
1541:Principles
1439:commissary
1282:cash crops
1249:, a major
1095:Bangladesh
1011:, and the
855:Categories
770:Plantation
718:Free range
713:Feed ratio
606:Aeroponics
596:Aquaponics
463:Free-range
458:Fertilizer
189:newspapers
57:improve it
5111:Perennial
5074:Floristry
5021:Pesticide
5001:Herbicide
4996:Fungicide
4890:hardiness
4654:Shrubbery
4634:Sculpture
4455:landscape
4384:Cantonese
4359:Container
4354:Community
4322:Byzantine
4317:Butterfly
4307:Botanical
4207:Guerrilla
4155:Community
4145:Butterfly
4140:Arboretum
4135:Allotment
4127:Gardening
4119:gardening
4048:Louisiana
3899:Sugarcane
3728:154991172
3347:153707520
3033:154402121
2876:MIT Press
2789:155056632
2611:154860968
2239:April 23,
1783:154416728
1775:0047-2336
1463:haciendas
1336:Louisiana
1251:cash crop
1176:Tennessee
1036:crop lien
1009:mezzadria
991:Castilian
986:masoveria
889:Livestock
708:Farmhouse
490:Intensive
453:Extensive
63:talk page
5154:Category
5064:Features
4970:Grafting
4930:forestry
4912:Tropical
4897:Pomology
4870:cuttings
4865:breeding
4699:Wildlife
4679:Tropical
4629:Scottish
4579:Pleasure
4567:Paradise
4562:Charbagh
4532:Monastic
4527:Medieval
4437:Floating
4391:Japanese
4342:Communal
4332:Colonial
4297:Biblical
4262:Types of
4227:Parterre
4068:Virginia
4043:Kentucky
3965:Internal
3960:Atlantic
3576:55141070
3204:(1992).
3182:: 1–22.
2982:: 1–26.
2728:(1988).
2669:(1974).
2552:Archived
2333:Archived
1987:in JSTOR
1913:Archived
1721:in JSTOR
1674:in JSTOR
1588:See also
1459:shirking
1395:Dustbowl
1378:in 1944.
1365:newsreel
1305:freedmen
1243:freedmen
1126:Zimbabwe
1087:Pakistan
1063:Scotland
1023:Overview
1017:muzara‘a
977:métayage
673:Agronomy
537:Ranching
93:require
5166:Commons
5079:Ikebana
5031:Pruning
4957:Organic
4907:Roguing
4793:Cutting
4684:Victory
4659:Spanish
4639:Sensory
4584:Prairie
4552:Persian
4542:Orchard
4507:Kitchen
4502:Keyhole
4497:Italian
4492:Islamic
4487:Hanging
4446:French
4432:Fernery
4420:English
4379:Chinese
4364:Cottage
4292:Baroque
4264:gardens
4217:History
4038:Georgia
4026:Florida
4021:Alabama
3913:Slavery
3904:Tobacco
3720:2122582
3691:1189524
3644:2296714
3530:3741281
3417:3744228
3060:1814805
3025:1153005
2956:3003473
2921:3003586
2826:3003555
2781:2117145
2698:2296714
2653:1239911
2549:UMN.edu
2534:(1986).
2353:, 1998.
2329:YouTube
1605:Peonage
1486:arrears
1429:Impacts
1409:during
1405:in the
1297:Alabama
1270:tobacco
1211:Georgia
1205:issued
1196:Natchez
1067:Ireland
1007:Italian
994:mediero
982:Catalan
733:animals
656:Digital
619:Related
564:Terrace
548:Colonia
527:Organic
522:Orchard
512:Natural
495:animals
468:Grazing
448:Dryland
431:poultry
403:On land
380:Organic
297:History
203:scholar
95:cleanup
5192:Portal
4916:Urban
4813:Taiwan
4808:Canada
4771:Botany
4764:Saikei
4759:Bonsai
4704:Winter
4689:Walled
4624:School
4619:Sacred
4574:Physic
4537:Mughal
4517:Market
4472:German
4450:formal
4442:Flower
4408:Korean
4327:Cactus
4312:Bottle
4272:Alpine
4222:Native
4175:Garden
4160:Forest
3889:Indigo
3872:Cotton
3747:
3726:
3718:
3689:
3642:
3591:
3574:
3528:
3509:204363
3507:
3476:
3457:
3415:
3392:
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3159:
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2215:
2207:
2178:
2134:
2124:
2064:
1965:
1806:
1781:
1773:
1595:Coolie
1574:Ghatak
1299:, 1936
1266:cotton
1247:cotton
1164:, and
1101:Africa
1093:, and
1071:Africa
998:Slavic
996:, the
989:, the
980:, the
973:French
421:cattle
205:
198:
191:
184:
176:
5222:Crops
4860:Plant
4798:Flora
4747:urban
4694:Water
4674:Trial
4644:Shade
4604:Roman
4477:Greek
4467:Front
4369:Dutch
4337:Color
3724:S2CID
3716:JSTOR
3687:JSTOR
3651:(PDF)
3640:JSTOR
3620:(PDF)
3572:S2CID
3526:JSTOR
3505:JSTOR
3413:JSTOR
3366:(PDF)
3359:(PDF)
3343:S2CID
3209:(PDF)
3157:S2CID
3135:(PDF)
3056:JSTOR
3029:S2CID
3021:JSTOR
2952:JSTOR
2917:JSTOR
2822:JSTOR
2785:S2CID
2777:JSTOR
2705:(PDF)
2694:JSTOR
2674:(PDF)
2649:JSTOR
2607:S2CID
2480:(PDF)
2132:JSTOR
1885:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1779:S2CID
1278:sugar
1232:, in
1226:Texas
1122:Ghana
1091:India
820:Lists
743:crops
505:crops
485:Hobby
443:Dairy
436:sheep
210:JSTOR
196:books
4781:Crop
4614:Rose
4609:Roof
4599:Rock
4594:Rain
4557:Bāgh
4522:Mary
4512:Knot
4396:Roji
4287:Back
4117:and
4031:Leon
3894:Rice
3884:Hemp
3745:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3474:ISBN
3455:ISBN
3390:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2736:(12)
2502:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2381:2021
2309:2023
2282:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2241:2019
2213:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2062:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1840:2023
1804:ISBN
1771:ISSN
1582:Basu
1437:The
1274:rice
1236:2015
1124:and
1003:and
738:pigs
703:Farm
500:pigs
426:pigs
182:news
4664:Tea
4401:Zen
4302:Bog
3708:doi
3679:doi
3632:doi
3564:doi
3497:doi
3434:doi
3335:doi
3305:doi
3275:doi
3248:doi
3221:doi
3184:doi
3149:doi
3113:doi
3086:doi
3013:doi
2984:doi
2944:doi
2909:doi
2851:doi
2814:doi
2769:doi
2686:doi
2641:doi
2599:doi
2374:PBS
2349:,"
2172:168
1941:",
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1763:doi
1480:or
1441:or
1330:in
1015:of
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3007:.
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2845:.
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2808:.
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