Fall of the Republic of Venice

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recall to the motherland the inhabitants of the Terraferma who detached themselves from it, and who nonetheless conserved for their brothers in the capital their ancient attachment, convinced, moreover, that the intention of the French government is to increase the power and happiness of the Venetian people, associating its fate with that of the free peoples of Italy, announces solemnly to all of Europe, and especially the Venetian people, the free and frank reform that he has believed necessary to the constitution of the Republic. Only the nobles were entitled by right of birth to the administration of the State; these nobles themselves today renounce voluntarily that right, so that the most meritorious among the entire nation shall in future be admitted to public service. The last vote of the Venetian nobles, by making the glorious sacrifice of their titles, is to see all the children of the fatherland at once equal and free, to enjoy, in the bosom of brotherhood, the benefices of democracy, and honour, from respect of the laws, the most sacred title that they have acquired, that of Citizens.

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already been agreed with the previous ones ; but two articles give us supreme comfort, seeing one assuring our Holy Religion, and with the other the means of sustenance of our fellow citizens . While iron and fire are always threatened if one does not adhere to their demands; and in this moment we are encircled by sixty thousand men fallen from Germany, victorious and freed from the fear of Austrian arms. We will therefore conclude, as is proper, with recommending to You to always turn to the Lord God and to his most holy Mother, so that they will deign, after so many scourges, which deservedly have tried us for our errors, to look at us anew with the eyes of their mercy, and lift at least in part the many anguishes that oppress us.

2131: 974:, and the preparation for defence of Verona, the principal military stronghold. The French occupiers were initially constrained by keeping up appearances, and consented not to interfere with the Venetian forces that intended to retake control of the cities of Venetian Lombardy. This is borne out by the agreement, signed on 1 April, with which Venice agreed to pay one million lire per month to Napoleon, to finance his campaign against Austria. In this way, the Republic hoped to expedite a speedy conclusion of that conflict, with its concomitant departure of the French occupying troops, and secure a certain freedom of action against the Lombard revolutionaries. 1022: 36: 833: 689: 886:. For Bergamo, which was in rebellion, no information was available, and the inquisitors awaited for news from the neighbouring forts and valleys. The situation in Brescia was still calm and under Battagia's control, as well as Crema, where they recommended the reinforcement of its garrison. An anti-French mood prevailed in Verona, while Padua and Treviso were quiet, although the Venetian authorities kept the former under close watch in case of trouble from the students of the 700: 93: 482: 429:). However, the state of Venetian defences was parlous: arms were lacking, and the fortifications were in disrepair. Venetian Lombardy was soon invaded by masses of refugees fleeing the war, and shattered or fleeing detachments of Austrian troops, who were soon followed by the first infiltrations by French contingents. Only with great difficulty did the Venetian authorities manage to prevent first the Austrians of General Kerpen, and then the pursuing French of 437:. Napoleon himself finally arrived before the city, bringing a proposal of alliance with Venice, which gave no reply to it. In view of the bad state of the defences, both the Venetian government as well as the authorities in the Terraferma put up only a weak resistance to the crossing of Venetian territory by the retreating Austrians, but firmly refused the requests of the Habsburg ambassador to provide, even secretly, food and supplies to the Austrian forces. 230: 1046: 1292: 1391: 406: 1439:) the French consular agent was assassinated. The spread of the news concerning the terms agreed at Leoben then led the population to push for a rapid occupation by the Austrians. On 1 July, the Austrians entered Zara, and were greeted by pealing bells and artillery shots in salute. The flags of the Republic, which had been flying up to that point, were led in procession to the cathedral, where the population paid them homage. At 1624: 1492: 868:, Napoleon defeated Archduke Charles, thus opening the way to Austria proper. On the next day, the Venetian Senate issued affirmations of gratitude to the towns and forts remaining loyal to the Republic, and for the first time ordered them to take defensive measures. The barricading of the Lagoon of Venice, the establishment of armed patrols in the Dogado, and the recall of naval units stationed in Istria, were ordered. The 1780: 1552: 1336:

rebel against the authority of the Municipality of Venice, seeking to institute their own administrations, while the rise in the public debt, no longer supported by revenue from its possessions, the suspension of bank returns, and the other fiscal measures, pushed part of the population to ever more manifest forms of insufferance. On 4 June, in St Mark's Square, the Tree of Liberty (

533:, the core of the Venetian state. New taxes were raised and voluntary contributions were requested to provide for the rearmament of the state. Finally, the Republic's ambassador at Paris was ordered to protest to the Directory of the violation of its neutrality. At the same time, Venetian diplomats in Vienna remonstrated at the Habsburg forces' bringing war to the Terraferma. 1539:. On 17 October, the Treaty of Campoformio was signed. Thus, in accordance to the secret clauses of Leoben, the territories of the Republic of Venice, formally still extant as the "Provisional Municipality", were consigned to the Austrian empire, while the Provisional Municipality and all the other Jacobin administrations established by the French ceased to exist. 943:

operate with the greatest circumspection towards the French, thus essentially replacing the concept of "absolute defence" with the vague hope of not giving Napoleon a pretext for entering in an open conflict with Venice. On 24 March, nevertheless, arrived the new pledges of allegiance from the citizens of Vicenza and Padua, shortly after followed by Verona,

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who controlled the city's citadel; however, Battagia, so as not to endanger the population, which was still largely pro-Venetian, decided to abandon the city with his troops. News of this arrived in Venice only on 20 March, after Battagia arrived at Verona. The government seemed to rally at the news: a ducal letter was sent to all

1274:. The crowd raised the Flag of St. Mark on the three masts in the square, attempted to reinstate the Doge, and attacked the houses and properties of Venetian Jacobins. The magistrates, fearful of having to answer to the French, attempted to pacify the crowd, and patrols of men from the Arsenal and shots of artillery fired at 1756:

In 19th-century national-mined historiography, the matter was largely avoided by both French and Italians as an embarrassing episode. For the former, the betrayal of the democratic municipalities at Campo Formio was explained away by emphasizing the long decline of the Republic, and the corresponding

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on 4 September 1797, the Republican hardliners took control in France, pushing for a resumption of hostilities with Austria. On 29 September, Napoleon was given orders from the Directory to annul the accord of Leoben and issue an ultimatum to the Austrians, so as to leave them without any possibility

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Because on the next day the last deadline for the armistice granted by Napoleon was to expire, after which the French would have forced their entry into the city, it was eventually agreed to send them the necessary transports to carry 4,000 men, of whom 1,200 were destined for Venice and the rest for

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opened fire, sinking the ship and killing its captain. The Venetian government, however, still hesitated to seize the moment, and still hoped to avoid an open conflict, even at the loss of its mainland possessions: it refused to mobilize the army, or send reinforcements to Verona, which was forced to

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received from Napoleon a letter in which the latter complained about the anti-French general uprising of the Terraferma. On 10 April, after the French captured a Venetian ship loaded with arms in Lake Garda, they accused Venice of having broken its neutrality by instigating anti-Jacobin revolts among

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Confronted with the spread of popular uprisings in favour of Venice and the rapid advance of Venetian forces, the French were finally forced to aid the Lombard Jacobins, revealing their true intentions. On 6 April a Venetian cavalry ensign was arrested for treason by the French and led to Brescia. On

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a letter by the Venetian ambassadors sent to deal with Napoleon, who informed the Venetian government of the French general's increasingly evasive and suspicious attitude. In return, the government considered it necessary to inform the main magistrates of the Terraferma, who had gathered a Verona, to

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The Venetian government, desiring to give an ultimate degree of perfection to the republican system that for centuries forms the glory of this country, and to make the citizens of this capital enjoy more and more a liberty that safeguards at once religion, individuals, and property, and hastening to

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Meanwhile, confronted with the precipitating deterioration of the political situation, and the risks raised by the provisions of Leoben, the cities of the Terraferma agreed to participate in a conference at Venice to decide the common fate of the Most Serene Republic's former territories. The union

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In reality, however, the inquisitors were not aware that at Brescia the previous day (18 March), a group of notables, desiring to liberate themselves from Venetian rule, had launched a revolt. Amidst the general indifference, they could count only on the support of the Bergamasque, and the French,

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that in exchange for providing Venice to Austria, France would receive Austria's holdings in the Netherlands. France provided an opportunity for the population to vote on accepting the now public terms of the treaty that yielded them to Austria. On 28 October, Venice voted to accept the terms. The

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Foscarini protested the damage inflicted by the French troops during their advance, Napoleon replied by threatening to pass Verona through iron and fire, and of marching on Venice itself, claiming that the Republic had shown itself as favouring the enemies of France by not declaring war after the

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On the same day at Milan a peace treaty was signed. On the request of the Municipality, conforming to the terms of the treaty, the French troops entered the city; the first foreign troops to set foot in Venice since its establishment a millennium earlier. At the same time, the provinces began to

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As much as we are with a very distressed and troubled soul, even after having taken with near unanimity the two previous resolutions, and having declared so solemnly the public will, we are also resigned to the divine decisions. The decision presented to You is not but a consequence of what has

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The appearance of French warships in the Adriatic led Venice to renew the ancient decree that prohibited the entry of foreign fleets into the Venetian Lagoon, and informed Paris of that. Flotillas and fortifications were established along the lagoon's shores with the mainland, as well as in the

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On 1 June, Foscarini, in an effort not to provoke Napoleon further, agreed to the entry of French troops into Verona. The Venetian territories thus officially became a field of battle between the opposing camps, while in many cities the French occupation created a difficult cohabitation between

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before embarking on a ship, but the terrified patricians feared that it signalled a popular revolt. The vote was immediately taken, and with 512 votes in favour, 5 abstentions, and 20 against, the Republic was declared abolished. As the assembly dispersed in haste, the Doge and the magistrates

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On 28 October, in Venice, the people were summoned by parish to express its acceptance of the French decisions, or to resist them: of 23,568 votes, 10,843 were for submitting. While the heads of the Provisional Municipality were trying to resist, sending envoys to Paris, the activities of the

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On the same occasion Napoleon accused Venice of having refused an alliance with France, that would have consented to the restoration of the rebellious cities, with the sole purpose of maintaining its army under arms and thus cut the path of retreat for the French army in case of a defeat.

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extraordinary Francesco Battagia, in an effort to restore order, issued a general amnesty for any acts disturbing the public order. However, Battagia was already fearing the loss of Brescia, the city where he resided, and to which the Bergamasque revolutionaries were marching, as well.

275:, as a guest of the Venetian Republic. This led to fierce protests from the French representatives, so that Louis' right of asylum was revoked, and he was forced to depart Verona on 21 April. As a sign of protest, the French prince demanded that his name be removed from the 624:, to allow the separation of French and Austrian forces, who in the meantime had concluded a truce. At the same time, diplomatic efforts were under way to induce Venice to abandon its neutrality and enter a joint alliance with France and the Ottoman Empire against 763:. At the same time, in the Terraferma, the French soldiers progressively took over the Venetian defensive system by assuming control over cities and fortresses. While the Venetian government continued to instruct its magistrates, placed at the head of the various 1253:, the disembarkation of a 4,000-strong contingent of French soldiers, and the handover of certain magistrates who had championed resistance. During the session, the assembly was thrown into panic at the sound of gunshots from the Square of St Mark's: the 1146:

was to expire in four days. The Venetian government made attempts to affect a reconciliation, informing Napoleon on 1 May that it intended to reform its constitution on a more democratic basis, but on 2 May the French declared war on the Republic.

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On the morning of 12 May, between rumours of conspiracies and the imminent French attack, the Great Council met for the last time. Despite the presence of only 537 of the 1,200 patricians that formed its full membership, and hence the lack of a

1565:, the representatives of the Municipality were publicly upbraided by the people, and abandoned power, while the French occupiers gave themselves over to unbridled plunder. Of the 184 ships in the Arsenal, those already equipped were sent to 660:), maintained order and safety. In Bergamo also, troops were silently recruited in the neighbouring valleys, taking care to avoid conflict with the French occupiers, but only "to restrain the populace's fervour, without debasing it", as the 1188:

and Dalmatia, as well as the intact defences of the city itself and its lagoon. However, the patriciate was seized by terror at the prospect of a popular uprising. As a result, the order went out to demobilize even the loyal Balkan troops

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On the morning of 13 May, still in the name of the Most Serene Prince, and with the usual coat of arms of Saint Mark, three proclamations were issued, which threatened by death anyone who dared to rise up, ordered the restitution to the

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of the French intention to support and promote the revolts against the "tyrannical government" of the Republic. The Signoria responded by issuing a proclamation urging all its subjects to remain calm and respect the state's neutrality.

962:. The French intervention became increasingly audacious, with French cavalry employed in suppressing the resistance of Crema, and then, on 31 March, with French artillery bombarding Salò, which had rebelled against the Jacobins. 147:. He chose to go through Venice, which was officially neutral. Reluctantly, the Venetians allowed the formidable French army to enter their country so that it might confront Austria. However, the French covertly began supporting 198:

On 18 January 1798, the Austrians took control of Venice and ended the plunder. Austria's control was short-lived, however, as Venice would be back under French control by 1805. It then returned to Austrian hands in 1815 as the

1073:. On the same day, however, events precipitated themselves at Verona. The population, and a part of the Venetian troops quartered there, tired of French arrogance and oppression, rose in revolt. The episode, known as the " 592:

It mortifies my soul to see that, only a century after that important era, Your Excellencies are reduced to thinking only about the defence of the estuary, without thinking of turning your thought even a line further than

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revolutionaries within Venice, and the Venetian senate began quiet preparations for war. The Venetian armed forces were depleted and hardly a match for the battle-tested French or even a local uprising. After the

982:. On the next day, a proclamation called the population of the Terraferma to abandon Venice, which had up till then been preoccupied only by the security of its own capital. At the same time, the French general 1669:

and began large-scale public works in a city that was to become one of the capitals of his empire. In the Square of St Mark's, a new wing was constructed in what was to be a royal residence for Napoleon: the

1116:, the bewildered Venetian emissaries were openly threatened with war by Napoleon, who boasted that he had 80,000 men and twenty gunships ready to overthrow the Republic. The French general announced that: 894:

Bergamo: the rebel leaders are supported by the French, and try to discredit the Republic, communications are disrupted, notices from the valleys and localities and forts of the province are being awaited.

613:. The government resolved to mobilize its forces to avoid such an outcome; under the exhortations of Nani, the Venetian government prepared to order a mobilization and give command of its land forces to 848:

on 2 February 1797, the French removed the last bastion of Habsburg resistance in Italy. The French now began to promote openly the "democratization" of Bergamo, which, under the pressure of general

995:, that had intervened in one of the clashes. On 12 April, on account of the ever more frequent presence of French warships, the Venetians ordered all their ports to maintain the greatest vigilance. 1326:

The Provisional Municipality established itself in the Ducal Palace, in the hall where the Great Council used to convene. On 16 May it issued a proclamation to announce the new order of things:

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acceded to numerous demands, but facing increasing rebellion and the threat of foreign invasion, it abdicated in favor of a transitional government of Jacobins (and thus the French). On 12 May,

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to announce the decision to the crowd gathered below. At the end of the proclamation, the crowd erupted; not, as feared by the patricians, in cries for revolution, but in the cries of

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breaking away. However, pro-Venetian sentiment remained high, and France was forced to reveal its true goals after it provided military support to the underperforming revolutionaries.

1451:("most loyal standard-bearer") and the last Venetian settlement to surrender, the banner was symbolically buried beneath the main altar, followed by a speech of the garrison captain, 1416:, who still controlled the Republic's overseas territories, and establishing a democratic regime. Thus on 27 June, the Provisional Municipality of the Ionian Islands was established. 2394: 425: 1138:

During the next days, the French army proceeded to definitively occupy the Terraferma, up to the shores of the Lagoon of Venice. On 30 April a letter from Napoleon, who was now at

1158:, with 704 votes in favour, 12 against, and 26 abstentions, decided to accept the French demands, including the arrest of the commandant of the Fort of Sant'Andrea, and the three 2354: 2572: 1573:. In order to deprive Austria of any benefits, the fleet's magazines were plundered, the two thousand Arsenal workers were dismissed, and the entire complex was burned down. 1082: 1031: 1698: 1543:

Austrian agents and the deposed patriciate had already opened the way for Austrian occupation. The Provisional Municipality's envoys were arrested in Milan and sent home.

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On 15 May the Doge departed forever the Ducal Palace, and retired to his family's residence. In the last decree of the old government, he announced the birth of the

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The council then proceeded to examine the French demands, brought before it by some Venetian Jacobins, that entailed the abdication of the government in favour of a

1728:. On 20 April 1814, Venice returned to Austrian rule, and with the collapse of the Kingdom of Italy, the entire Veneto followed. The region was incorporated in the 1686: 3033: 767:, to supply the maximum collaboration and to avoid giving rise to any excuse for a conflict, the French ever more openly began to support local revolutionary and 2344: 736:

respectively. Defeated, Wurmser was forced to return to Trent. After reorganizing his troops, Wurmser returned to the attack, advancing along the course of the

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on 2 February 1797, the French dropped any pretext and overtly called for revolution among the territories of Venice. By 13 March, there was open revolt, with

1475:. Moving about without a pass was prohibited. On 12 October, the Municipality announced the discovery of a conspiracy against it. This led the French general 1069:. In the secret annexes of the treaty, the territories of the Terraferma were already conceded to the Habsburg empire, in return for French possession of the 1427:

to their homelands, remained at anchor there, without showing any intention of returning to the Lagoon, nor of imposing the control of the Municipality. At

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inevitability of its demise; for the latter, the "collaboration" of the Venetian elites in the fall of the Republic was evidence of a lack of patriotism.

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on 23 August. The entire Istro-Dalmatian coast thus passed to Austrian hands, provoking the futile protests of the Provisional Municipality of Venice.

305: 1381: 1173:, declared that he was ready to depose his insignia at the hands of the Jacobin leaders, and invited all magistrates to do the same, even though the 2455: 670: 1527:

was decided, but the French did not follow the population's choice. The last meeting between French and Austrians took place on 16 October in the

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ordering the preparation of "absolute defence" and demanding anew their oaths of allegiance to the Republic. On 21 March, while Bonaparte entered

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Padua, beyond being too immune from the poison among some in the city and the student body has many students from the cities beyond the Mincio .

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On 28 December, the French military and a committee of police took power, until the entry of Austrian troops into the city on 18 January 1798.

1195:) present in the city. Pesaro himself was forced to escape the city, after the government ordered his arrest in an effort to please Napoleon. 951:

and, one after the other, the other centres. Numerous delegations even came from the valleys of Bergamo, ready to rise up against the French.

2859: 2737: 17: 289:, that was kept at Venice. The behaviour of the Venetian government also provoked the displeasure and censure of the other European courts. 2684: 2487: 872:, the military heart of the state, was ordered to increase its production, and troops were to be sent from the overseas possessions of the 187:

preference for Austria over France was well founded: the French proceeded to thoroughly loot Venice. They further stole or sank the entire

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On 29 July, the Austrians under Wurmser began their counteroffensive, descending from Tyrol in a two-pronged advance along the shores of

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On the morning of 11 May, in the penultimate convocation of the Great Council, and under the menace of an invasion, the Doge exclaimed:

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As a result, during the autumn and winter, the French consolidated their presence in Italy, so that on 15/16 October, they founded the

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The shock of the Fall of the Republic, and particularly its handing over to the autocratic Austrian Empire, is portrayed in the novel

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were carried off to Paris, while private citizens were imprisoned and forced to hand over their wealth in exchange for their freedom.

3127: 3056: 2985: 1142:, informed the Signoria that he intended to alter the Republic's system of government, but offered to maintain its substance. This 632:

for an Austrian counteroffensive from Tyrol prompted the Republic to officially reject the French proposals with a letter from the

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On 20 April, although the ban on foreign warships entering the Lagoon of Venice had recently been reiterated, the French frigate

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of retaking control of Italy. The general, however, disregarded his instructions, and continued peace talks with the Habsburgs.

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Verona , whose population is said to appear disinclined towards the French, who do not seize being both armed and dangerous.

2434: 2070: 1423:, the Venetian magistrates and the local nobles refused to recognize the new government. The fleet, that had repatriated the 1184:

in Dalmatia, which was still securely in Venetian hands. Venice still possessed a fleet, and the still loyal possessions in

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8 April the Senate was informed of raids carried out by Brescian revolutionaries clad in French uniforms up to the gates of

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Bonaparte dopo Capoformio. Lo smembramento della Repubblica di Venezia e i progetti francesi d'espansione nel Mediterraneo,

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All these facts at last induced the Venetian magistrates of the Terraferma to authorize the partial mobilization of the

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and the entry of the valleys leading to Austria, came the first reply: Treviso proclaimed itself fully loyal to Venice.

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Venice was alone among the major states destroyed by the French Revolution to not be restored after Napoleon's defeat.

1315: 1238: 992: 3013: 2993: 2955: 2618: 2523: 2051: 1926: 704: 79: 57: 50: 2905: 2887: 2827: 2817: 1745: 1628: 1610: 1355: 1101: 1026: 1162:, an institution that was particularly offensive to Jacobin sensibilities due to its role as the guarantor of the 3028: 1983:

Tabet, Xavier (1998). "Bonaparte, Venise et les îles ioniennes: de la politique territoriale à la géopolitique".

1729: 1618: 200: 1471:) to begin the repression of political dissent, and decreed the penalty of death for whoever pronounced the cry 1087: 1036: 744:, the Austrians were heavily defeated: forced to a precipitous flight to Mantua, abandoning their artillery and 3152: 2927: 2705: 2655: 1066: 360: 3003: 2975: 2832: 2800: 2788: 2399: 2085: 845: 649: 153: 3132: 3117: 2783: 2608: 2482: 2404: 1408: 849: 693: 629: 614: 610: 2915: 2677: 2359: 1976:

Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima. Vol. VIII, L'ultima fase della Serenissima

1942:

Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima. Vol. VIII, L'ultima fase della Serenissima

1905:

Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima. Vol. VIII, L'ultima fase della Serenissima

1892:

Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima. Vol. VIII, L'ultima fase della Serenissima

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on 21 January 1793, which spurred the monarchies of Europe to common cause against Revolutionary France.

1100:) tried to enter the Porto di Lido, the northern entry to the Lagoon. In response, the artillery on the 440:

In short, however, the situation was critical for the Most Serene Republic: not only Lombardy, but even

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Towards the middle of July the French troops quartered themselves in the cities of Crema, Brescia, and

3162: 2998: 2638: 2384: 2295: 2115: 2080: 1643: 803: 392:. Consequently, on 20 May the French denounced the armistice agreement, and recommenced hostilities. 368: 249: 144: 2429: 1586:) and the treasury of Saint Mark's Church were confiscated, while the Doge's ceremonial galley, the 1307:

of the valuables looted, and finally recognized the Jacobin leaders as deserving of the fatherland.

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The fall of the ancient Republic of Venice was the result of a sequence of events that followed the

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During the course of this conflict, the Republic of Venice had followed its traditional policy of

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On 13 June the French, fearing that the Municipality would not succeed in maintaining control of

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Foscarini. In Venice, night patrols composed of shopkeepers and journeymen, and commanded by two

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for the Terraferma, with the task of overseeing all magistrates in its mainland territories (the

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of Venice, formally abolished the Most Serene Republic of Venice after 1,100 years of existence.

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On 12 May 1997, on the 200th anniversary of the Fall of the Venetian Republic, the separatist

1250: 1077:", quickly reduced the occupation troops to the defensive, reducing them to the city's forts. 1006: 617:, but stopped at the last moment before the joint opposition of the Austrians and the French. 3038: 2633: 2419: 2379: 1651: 1509: 1413: 733: 572:

canals, to block access from the land as well as from the sea. In this regard, on 5 July the

419: 328:. The conduct of the Italian campaign was given to the young (27 years old the time) general 313: 253: 167:

On 25 April, Napoleon openly threatened to declare war on Venice unless it democratised. The

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on 14–15 January 1797, Napoleon decisively defeated Alvinczi and restored French supremacy.

3018: 2877: 2867: 2837: 2613: 2369: 2201: 2161: 1595: 1591: 1515: 1496: 1385: 1258: 1070: 928: 832: 756: 722:, passing through Venetian and Mantuan territory. The two Austrian columns were stopped at 662: 486: 384: 245: 8: 2849: 2822: 2643: 1636: 1499:, carried off by the French to Paris, and returned only after Napoleon's downfall in 1815 1467:), established by the Provisional Municipality of Venice, instituted a Criminal Council ( 1109: 1021: 887: 853: 827: 823: 457: 449: 340: 333: 261: 3008: 2910: 2805: 2778: 2768: 2660: 2283: 2278: 2268: 2244: 2034: 1879:

in "Rivista Marittima", Italian Ministry of Defence, Rome, March 2007, pp. 97–103.

1718: 1632: 1614: 1561: 1524: 1452: 999: 983: 944: 837: 752: 545: 332:, who in April 1796 crossed the Alps with 45,000 men to confront the Austrians and the 329: 286: 234: 129: 125: 101: 1631:

in 1807, during the brief period when Dalmatia formed part of it, before becoming the

779: 195:, a humiliating end for what had once been one of the most powerful navies in Europe. 2842: 2750: 2327: 2305: 2258: 2196: 2176: 2154: 1956: 1922: 1647: 959: 869: 775: 741: 537: 321: 282: 241: 216: 133: 113: 97: 324:, and a diversionary attack against the Austrians and their allies in the south, in 2472: 2334: 2288: 2181: 2098: 1992: 1912: 1666: 1420: 1362: 1263: 1246: 1177: 1174: 1050: 1012: 811: 807: 791: 745: 726: 723: 581: 301: 204: 192: 183: 2533: 2317: 2191: 2171: 1950: 1916: 1582: 1486: 1476: 1150:

On the other hand, on 3 May Venice revoked the general recruitment order for the

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Venice seemed to have lost forever the Terraferma, as in former times during the

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was abolished, and the city's Jews were given the freedom to move about freely.

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The Austrian administration did not last for long. On December 26th, 1805, the

1532: 1480: 1406:, sailed with a fleet from Venice, with the intention of deposing the Venetian 1346: 1296: 1170: 688: 633: 625: 541: 502: 356: 344: 325: 277: 224: 172: 3091: 2577: 2528: 2467: 2462: 2263: 2064: 1655: 1570: 787: 760: 585: 188: 1996: 1154:

of Dalmatia. Then, in yet another attempt to appease Napoleon, on 4 May the

2565: 2273: 2108: 2093: 1978:(in Italian). Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 263–355. 1907:(in Italian). Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 191–262. 958:, followed on 27 March by Crema, where on the next day they proclaimed the 874: 719: 565: 553: 476: 461: 343:, Napoleon managed to knock Sardinia out of the war, and then moved on the 176: 109: 1944:(in Italian). Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 83–142. 1350:

was burned, while the new symbol of a winged lion bearing the inscription

699: 556:; on 23 June the Pope had to accept the French occupation of the northern 3066: 1750: 1528: 1431:

the goods of the pro-revolutionaries were looted, while at Sebenico (now

783: 481: 268: 92: 2697: 1894:(in Italian). Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 1–80. 1724:

The second period of French rule ended with the fall of Napoleon in the

1650:

to France: on 26 May of the same year, Napoleon, having been proclaimed

1590:, was denuded of all its sculptures, which were burned in the island of 229: 3076: 1676: 1444: 1304: 1291: 1163: 1045: 715: 267:

The pretender to the French throne, Louis Stanislas Xavier (the future

105: 1432: 1390: 1262:

deposed their insignia and presented themselves at the balcony of the

444:

were threatened with invasion. First the Austrian commander-in-chief,

405: 139:

In 1796, the young general Napoleon had been sent by the newly formed

3071: 2728: 2650: 2238: 2003: 1761: 1587: 1341: 1191: 1143: 1139: 501:

In the face of imminent threat, the Senate ordered the recall of the

1870:

La caduta della Repubblica di Venezia ed i suoi ultimi cinquant'anni

182:

The French and the Austrians had secretly agreed on 17 April in the

1623: 1546: 1536: 1222:, Doge Ludovico Manin opened the session with the following words: 998:

On 15 April, finally, Napoleon's ambassador to Venice informed the

987:

the inhabitants of the valleys of Brescia and Bergamo. The general

932: 473:

events at Peschiera, and by harbouring the French pretender Louis.

388:) were now in the direct path of the French army's advance towards 136:

on 12 May 1797, ending approximately 1,100 years of its existence.

1491: 1577: 1436: 1212: 979: 799: 768: 621: 549: 507: 498:

French troops, the Venetian military, and the local inhabitants.

352: 161: 157: 148: 1665:

Venice thus returned to French control. Napoleon suppressed the

1321: 955: 413:

At the approach of the French army, already on 12 May 1796, the

2745: 2252: 2149: 1566: 1440: 1428: 1275: 1219: 1185: 1121: 1065:, with the representatives of the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, 1062: 1058: 948: 810:(15–17 November) blocked the Austrian advance. Finally, in the 561: 540:

signed an armistice with Napoleon. On 10 June, the heir to the

529: 512: 490: 441: 389: 272: 1487:

The Treaty of Campoformio and the end of Venetian independence

1483:, and to proceed to the arrest and incarceration of hostages. 852:, rose in revolt against Venice on 13 March, establishing the 308:

against the First Coalition: a principal attack east over the

1701:

was suppressed, and the basilica became the cathedral of the

1551: 1403: 1395: 1181: 1057:

On 17 April 1797, Napoleon signed a preliminary armistice at

939: 737: 493:, which opened its gates to Napoleon's troops on 1 June 1796. 465: 400: 351:, the Austrian governor of Milan, retired with his family to 309: 1717:, Dalmatia passed under direct French administration as the 1113: 954:

On 25 March, however, the Lombard revolutionaries occupied

794:

on 4 November. The Austrians pushed the French back in the

644:, had been appointed to join, and in practice replace, the 355:, in Venetian territory. Six days later, after winning the 304:. For 1796, the Directory ordered the launching of a grand 1120:

I want no more Inquisition, no more Senate, I shall be an

1569:, and the rest were scuttled, thus putting an end to the 1503: 965: 1580:

were emptied of valuables and artworks. The state mint (

477:

Opening of the Venetian territories to Napoleon's troops

1921:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1007:

The "Preliminaries of Leoben" and the "Veronese Easter"

628:. However, the news of the preparations of the general 1848: 1846: 1344:

of the Republic was cut to pieces, and the nobility's

468:. To the complaints of the Venetians, who through the 256:

against the monarchic powers of Europe, allied in the

233:

The young French general, and future ruler of France,

1690:

in 1866), named after Napoleon's stepson and viceroy

452:

by ruse, and then, on 29 May, the French division of

1775: 683: 300:, and installed the more conservative regime of the 128:

was dissolved and dismembered by the French general

1843: 1831: 1819: 1458: 367:, while the Habsburg forces withdrew to defend the 1108:On 25 April, on the feast day of Venice's patron, 460:. On the night of 29/30 May, Napoleon crossed the 104:are shown in green, both on the Italian mainland ( 1952:Venice: The Remarkable History of the Lagoon City 991:denounced the attacks suffered by a battalion of 560:, allowing the French to occupy the port city of 3089: 1713:was established until 1809, when, following the 1547:Plundering of Venice and the handover to Austria 817: 260:(1792), particularly following the execution of 908:Treviso does not offer particular observations. 882:reported to the Senate on the condition of the 464:in force, forcing the Austrians to withdraw to 395: 1281: 1213:12 May 1797: the Fall of the Venetian Republic 1202:Tonight we are not secure even in our own bed. 896:Brescia, through the prudent direction of the 840:, commander of the French forces in the Veneto 375:likewise sought an armistice with the French. 347:, controlled by the Habsburg forces. On 9 May 2713: 2019: 1479:, military governor of the city, to decree a 1463:On 22 July, a Committee of Public Salvation ( 1382:French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799) 1322:Establishment of the Provisional Municipality 599: 382:, but its possessions in northern Italy (the 1753:, a Venetian noble from the Ionian Islands. 1594:to recover their gold leaf. Even the bronze 1705:. In 1808, Dalmatia too was annexed to the 1680:; a new avenue was opened in the city, the 1398:, a city occupied on 1 July 1797 by Austria 1368: 669:On 31 July, on his part, Napoleon occupied 601:Provveditore generale alle Lagune e ai Lidi 576:responsible for the defence of the Lagoon, 548:, and two days later, Napoleon invaded the 296:, France put an end to the turmoils of the 2720: 2706: 2026: 2012: 1969: 1794:On the Extinction of the Venetian Republic 401:Arrival of the French in Venetian Lombardy 359:, Napoleon entered Milan, and forced King 2727: 2377: Administrative magistracies 1898: 1890:Del Negro, Piero (1998). "Introduzione". 1889: 1257:fired their muskets in salutation of the 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 1901:"La fine della Repubblica aristocratica" 1622: 1550: 1490: 1389: 1290: 1286: 1044: 1020: 831: 774:On 29 October the Austrians, amassed in 698: 687: 480: 404: 285:, and that he be returned the armour of 228: 91: 43:This article includes a list of general 1559:On 21 November, during the traditional 14: 3090: 2033: 1948: 1504:Conclusion of the Austro-French treaty 1340:) was raised: during the ceremony the 1311:the islands and forts surrounding it. 966:Venice's anti-Jacobin counteroffensive 938:The following day, however, came from 536:On 5 June, the representatives of the 3158:Wars involving the Republic of Venice 2701: 2007: 1982: 1935: 1852: 1837: 1825: 989:Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis 271:), spent a period of time in 1794 in 1911: 1419:Meanwhile, in Istria, Dalmatia, and 878:to the Terraferma. On 19 March, the 248:, 14 July 1789), and the subsequent 143:to confront Austria, as part of the 29: 2352: Judicial magistracies 1378:Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands 1243:Municipalità Provvisoria di Venezia 1094: 778:, attempted a new offensive, under 24: 3034:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 2425:Riformatori dello studio di Padova 1886:, Pietro Naratovich, Venice, 1853. 1872:, Pietro Naratovich, Venice, 1855. 1316:Provisional Municipality of Venice 1239:Provisional Municipality of Venice 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 3174: 2390:Provveditori sopra beni communali 2367: Fiscal magistracies 1711:Provveditore generale di Dalmazia 1576:Churches, convents, and numerous 1352:DIRITTI DELL'UOMO E DEL CITTADINO 1295:The abdication of the last Doge, 1166:nature of the Venetian Republic. 684:Failure of the Austrian offensive 203:until its incorporation into the 3128:History of Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2129: 1778: 1746:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 1356:Rights of Man and of the Citizen 320:) into the German states of the 100:in 1789. The territories of the 34: 27:Dissolution of the state in 1797 3057:Historical separatist movements 2395:Provveditori sopra beni inculti 1862: 1654:the previous year, was crowned 1361:A month later, on 11 July, the 790:on 2 November, and arriving at 636:on 22 July. In the meantime, a 527:, to ensure the defence of the 3113:1797 in the Republic of Venice 3098:Fall of the Republic of Venice 2231: Principal organs 1806: 1764:party staged an occupation of 902:Crema requires some garrison. 900:extraordinary, is still firm . 361:Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia 13: 1: 3138:History of the Ionian Islands 2400:Esecutori contro la bestemmia 2086:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio 1972:"La municipalità democratica" 1970:Scarabello, Giovanni (1998). 1884:Storia documentata di Venezia 1814:Storia Documentata di Venezia 1555:Map of northern Italy in 1803 1447:, which enjoyed the title of 818:Revolt of Bergamo and Brescia 740:, but on 8 September, at the 707:, painted at the time of the 409:Map of northern Italy in 1796 210: 18:Fall of the Venetian Republic 2573:Venetian commercial shipping 2483:Provveditore Generale da Mar 1611:Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814) 1604: 1409:provveditore generale da Mar 1278:restored order in the city. 806:(12 November) and above all 694:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 630:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 611:War of the League of Cambrai 396:Occupation of the Terraferma 7: 3052:Active separatist movements 2090:Wars of expansion in Italy 1955:. Oxford University Press. 1918:Venice, A Maritime Republic 1771: 1730:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1707:Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy 1619:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1465:Comitato di Salute Pubblica 1282:French occupation of Venice 1049:Ducal audience, painted by 1029:, whose artillery sunk the 798:on 6 November, and entered 580:, recalling the victorious 201:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 10: 3179: 3148:War of the First Coalition 2478:Captain General of the Sea 2415:Cinque savi alla mercanzia 1985:Cahiers de la Méditerranée 1726:War of the Sixth Coalition 1608: 1507: 1375: 1010: 821: 802:. However, the battles of 731:Castiglione delle Stiviere 505:, the conscription of the 214: 191:and destroyed much of the 3047: 2984: 2966: 2936: 2896: 2858: 2759: 2736: 2673: 2639:Accademia degli Incogniti 2599: 2592: 2514: 2507: 2443: 2296:Procurators of Saint Mark 2223: 2216: 2145: 2138: 2127: 2044: 1899:Del Negro, Piero (1998). 1738: 850:Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers 250:French Revolutionary Wars 145:French Revolutionary Wars 1799: 1699:Primicerius of St Mark's 1449:fedelissima gonfaloniera 1105:capitulate on 24 April. 1098: Italy's Liberator 856:. Three days later, the 796:Second Battle of Bassano 552:, which belonged to the 515:, and the creation of a 363:to sign the humiliating 318:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 306:double-pronged offensive 294:Constitution of Year III 3062:Independence referendum 2604:Scuole Grandi of Venice 1997:10.3406/camed.1998.1230 1949:Romano, Dennis (2024). 1245:), the planting in the 1156:Great Council of Venice 1124:to the state of Venice. 692:The Austrian commander 446:Jean-Pierre de Beaulieu 433:, from passing through 118:Venetian Ionian Islands 64:more precise citations. 2873:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2430:Magistrato alla Sanità 2385:Provveditori all'Armar 1703:Patriarchate of Venice 1660:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1639: 1556: 1523:with the newly formed 1500: 1459:The "Terror" in Venice 1399: 1333: 1299: 1235: 1210: 1132: 1083:Le Libérateur d'Italie 1054: 1042: 1032:Le Libérateur d'Italie 920: 841: 718:and the course of the 711: 703:The Austrian Archduke 696: 607: 600: 494: 410: 237: 121: 3153:Wars involving France 2456:Conflicts and battles 2420:Magistrato alle pompe 2380:Magistrato alle acque 2345:Correttori alle Leggi 2116:Ottoman–Venetian wars 2081:Venetian–Genoese wars 1936:Preto, Paolo (1998). 1913:Lane, Frederic Chapin 1697:In 1807, the post of 1692:Eugène de Beauharnais 1677:Procuratie Nuovissime 1652:Emperor of the French 1646:ceded the Habsburgs' 1626: 1554: 1510:Treaty of Campoformio 1508:Further information: 1494: 1414:Carlo Aurelio Widmann 1393: 1376:Further information: 1328: 1294: 1287:Last acts of the Doge 1224: 1200: 1180:urged him to flee to 1118: 1053:between 1770 and 1775 1048: 1024: 892: 835: 822:Further information: 702: 691: 646:provveditore generale 590: 517:provveditore generale 484: 470:provveditore generale 420:provveditore generale 408: 314:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 254:First French Republic 232: 95: 2614:Venetian Renaissance 2370:Camerlenghi di Comun 2162:Domini di Terraferma 1715:Treaty of Schönbrunn 1596:Horses of Saint Mark 1592:San Giorgio Maggiore 1516:Coup of 18 Fructidor 1497:Horses of Saint Mark 1386:Septinsular Republic 1338:Albero della Libertà 1259:Banner of Saint Mark 1160:Inquisitori di Stato 1071:Austrian Netherlands 931:, taking control of 915:Inquisitori di Stato 913:Report of the three 880:Inquisitori di Stato 864:On 16 March, at the 757:Transpadane Republic 666:magistrates put it. 663:Inquisitori di Stato 385:Domini di Terraferma 246:Fall of the Bastille 110:overseas possessions 3133:History of Lombardy 3118:History of Dalmatia 3009:Indian subcontinent 2923:Denmark (Greenland) 2644:Accademia Veneziana 2609:Gothic architecture 2340:Avogadoria de Comùn 1875:Frasca, Francesco: 1868:Dandolo, Girolamo: 1766:St Mark's Campanile 1644:Treaty of Pressburg 1637:First French Empire 1272:Viva la Repubblica! 1247:Square of St Mark's 1232:Doge Ludovico Manin 1207:Doge Ludovico Manin 1169:On 8 May the Doge, 1110:Mark the Evangelist 1102:Fort of Sant'Andrea 1027:Fort of Sant'Andrea 890:. The report read: 888:University of Padua 866:Battle of Valvasone 854:Republic of Bergamo 828:Republic of Brescia 824:Republic of Bergamo 458:Desenzano del Garda 450:Peschiera del Garda 262:Louis XVI of France 3024:Republic of Venice 2994:All-Russian Empire 2661:Carnival of Venice 2360:Lords of the Night 2284:Savi di Terraferma 2279:Savi del Consiglio 2269:Signoria of Venice 2245:promissione ducale 2071:Chrysobull of 1082 2036:Republic of Venice 1882:Romanin, Samuele: 1719:Illyrian Provinces 1640: 1633:Illyrian Provinces 1615:Illyrian Provinces 1562:Festa della Salute 1557: 1525:Cisalpine Republic 1501: 1453:Giuseppe Viscovich 1400: 1358:") was presented. 1300: 1129:Napoleon Bonaparte 1055: 1043: 1000:Signoria of Venice 984:Jean-Andoche Junot 842: 782:, by crossing the 753:Cispadane Republic 712: 697: 642:Francesco Battagia 495: 411: 369:Bishopric of Trent 349:Archduke Ferdinand 341:lightning campaign 330:Napoleon Bonaparte 292:In 1795, with the 287:Henry IV of France 238: 235:Napoleon Bonaparte 130:Napoleon Bonaparte 126:Republic of Venice 122: 108:), as well as its 102:Republic of Venice 96:The states of the 3143:History of Veneto 3123:History of Istria 3085: 3084: 2956:Western Australia 2695: 2694: 2669: 2668: 2588: 2587: 2503: 2502: 2328:State Inquisitors 2259:Commune of Venice 2212: 2211: 1812:Samuele Romanin, 1648:Venetian Province 1394:The cathedral of 993:Polish volunteers 960:Republic of Crema 870:Arsenal of Venice 846:capture of Mantua 742:Battle of Bassano 615:William of Nassau 538:Kingdom of Naples 322:Holy Roman Empire 283:Venetian nobility 242:French Revolution 217:French Revolution 154:capture of Mantua 134:Habsburg Monarchy 114:Venetian Dalmatia 98:Italian Peninsula 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 3170: 3163:Looting in Italy 2722: 2715: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2687: 2680: 2597: 2596: 2519:Economic history 2512: 2511: 2473:Venetian Arsenal 2451:Military history 2435:Grand chancellor 2378: 2368: 2353: 2335:Council of Forty 2289:Savi agli Ordini 2255:(abolished 1423) 2232: 2221: 2220: 2182:Venetian Albania 2143: 2142: 2133: 2099:Wars in Lombardy 2037: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1979: 1966: 1962:978-0-19085998-5 1945: 1932: 1908: 1895: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1667:religious orders 1629:Kingdom of Italy 1469:Giunta Criminale 1443:(in present-day 1421:Venetian Albania 1363:Ghetto of Venice 1233: 1208: 1178:Francesco Pesaro 1175:ducal councillor 1130: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1051:Francesco Guardi 1040: 1013:Treaty of Leoben 918: 917:of 19 March 1797 812:Battle of Rivoli 724:Lonato del Garda 679: 605: 603: 582:War of the Morea 546:Louis of Bourbon 371:. On 17 May the 252:that pitted the 205:Kingdom of Italy 193:Venetian Arsenal 184:Treaty of Leoben 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3043: 2980: 2962: 2932: 2892: 2854: 2755: 2732: 2726: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2665: 2584: 2499: 2439: 2410:Savi all'eresia 2376: 2366: 2351: 2230: 2208: 2134: 2125: 2040: 2035: 2032: 1963: 1929: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1741: 1672:Ala Napoleonica 1621: 1607: 1549: 1531:of the ex-Doge 1512: 1506: 1489: 1477:Antoine Balland 1473:Viva San Marco! 1461: 1388: 1374: 1324: 1289: 1284: 1268:Viva San Marco! 1251:tree of liberty 1234: 1231: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1131: 1128: 1097: 1085: 1075:Veronese Easter 1034: 1019: 1017:Veronese Easter 1011:Main articles: 1009: 968: 919: 912: 907: 905: 903: 901: 895: 830: 820: 780:József Alvinczi 776:Venetian Friuli 709:Napoleonic Wars 686: 673: 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2136: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2104:War of Ferrara 2101: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2076:Fourth Crusade 2073: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1991:(1): 131–141. 1980: 1967: 1961: 1946: 1933: 1927: 1909: 1896: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1855:, p. 133. 1842: 1840:, p. 135. 1830: 1828:, p. 134. 1818: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786:History portal 1773: 1770: 1740: 1737: 1606: 1603: 1548: 1545: 1533:Ludovico Manin 1505: 1502: 1488: 1485: 1481:state of siege 1460: 1457: 1373: 1367: 1323: 1320: 1297:Ludovico Manin 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1229: 1214: 1211: 1204: 1171:Ludovico Manin 1126: 1008: 1005: 967: 964: 910: 819: 816: 685: 682: 671:Brescia Castle 598:Giacomo Nani, 595: 542:Duchy of Parma 503:Venetian fleet 478: 475: 417:had created a 402: 399: 397: 394: 357:Battle of Lodi 345:Duchy of Milan 326:northern Italy 225:Napoleonic era 212: 209: 173:Ludovico Manin 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3175: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3108:1797 in Italy 3106: 3104: 3103:1796 in Italy 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2968:South America 2965: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2928:United States 2926: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2898:North America 2895: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 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2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301:Great Council 2299: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2264:Minor Council 2262: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2065:Pax Nicephori 2062: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987:(in French). 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1928:0-8018-1445-6 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1687:Via Garibaldi 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656:King of Italy 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1571:Venetian navy 1568: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1327: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1298: 1293: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1004: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 985: 981: 975: 973: 963: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 916: 909: 899: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876: 871: 867: 862: 859: 855: 851: 847: 839: 834: 829: 825: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 761:client states 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 710: 706: 701: 695: 690: 681: 677: 672: 667: 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 602: 594: 589: 587: 586:Ottoman Turks 583: 579: 575: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 531: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509: 504: 499: 492: 488: 483: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 427: 422: 421: 416: 407: 393: 391: 387: 386: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 279: 274: 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 236: 231: 226: 222: 218: 208: 206: 202: 196: 194: 190: 189:Venetian Navy 185: 180: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 3029:Soviet Union 3023: 2751:South Africa 2619:Architecture 2566:Via de Zenta 2274:Full College 2243: 2167:Stato da Màr 2120: 2109:Italian Wars 2094:War of Padua 2063: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1951: 1941: 1938:"Le riforme" 1917: 1904: 1891: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1863:Bibliography 1833: 1821: 1813: 1808: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1723: 1710: 1696: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1641: 1600: 1581: 1575: 1560: 1558: 1541: 1521: 1513: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1448: 1424: 1418: 1407: 1401: 1371:Stato da Mar 1370: 1369:Loss of the 1360: 1351: 1345: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1271: 1267: 1264:Ducal Palace 1254: 1242: 1236: 1225: 1216: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1168: 1159: 1151: 1149: 1137: 1133: 1119: 1107: 1081: 1079: 1056: 1030: 997: 976: 971: 969: 953: 937: 924: 921: 914: 898:provveditore 897: 893: 883: 879: 875:Stato da Mar 873: 863: 858:provveditore 857: 843: 773: 771:activities. 764: 750: 720:Brenta River 713: 668: 661: 657: 645: 638:provedditore 637: 619: 608: 591: 584:against the 578:Giacomo Nani 574:provedditore 573: 570: 566:Adriatic Sea 554:Papal States 535: 528: 516: 506: 500: 496: 469: 462:Mincio River 439: 424: 418: 412: 383: 377: 338: 291: 276: 266: 239: 197: 181: 166: 138: 123: 76: 67: 48: 3067:Irredentism 2833:Philippines 1751:Ugo Foscolo 1682:Via Eugenia 1627:Napoleon's 1347:libro d'oro 1086: [ 1035: [ 786:, then the 784:Tagliamento 734:on 5 August 727:on 3 August 674: [ 511:militia in 487:Porta Nuova 278:libro d'oro 269:Louis XVIII 175:, the last 62:introducing 3092:Categories 3077:Separatism 3039:Yugoslavia 2999:Bangladesh 2986:Historical 2731:by country 2729:Secessions 2306:Patriciate 2224:Government 1853:Tabet 1998 1838:Tabet 1998 1826:Tabet 1998 1749:(1798) by 1662:at Milan. 1609:See also: 1514:After the 1445:Montenegro 1412:in Corfu, 1305:Procuratie 1164:oligarchic 1067:Francis II 925:reggimenti 884:reggimenti 765:reggimenti 759:as French 716:Lake Garda 650:patricians 426:reggimenti 380:neutrality 334:Piemontese 215:See also: 211:Background 106:Terraferma 45:references 3072:Secession 2946:Australia 2818:Indonesia 2806:Khalistan 2774:Hong Kong 2651:Bucentaur 2624:Humanists 2239:Dogaressa 2139:Geography 1762:Lega Nord 1732:in 1815. 1684:(renamed 1658:with the 1605:Aftermath 1588:Bucintoro 1425:Schiavoni 1342:gonfalone 1255:Schiavoni 1192:Schiavoni 1144:ultimatum 1140:Palmanova 844:With the 658:cittadini 588:, wrote: 558:Legations 302:Directory 207:in 1866. 70:July 2018 2951:Tasmania 2828:Pakistan 2794:Xinjiang 2679:Category 2634:Painting 2444:Military 2355:Auditors 2217:Politics 2177:Dalmatia 2155:Sestieri 2057:Timeline 1915:(1973). 1772:See also 1709:, and a 1537:Codroipo 1230:— 1205:— 1127:— 933:Tarvisio 929:Gradisca 911:— 836:General 804:Caldiero 755:and the 654:burghers 652:and two 596:— 519:for the 456:entered 454:Augereau 431:Berthier 132:and the 116:and the 3019:Prussia 2938:Oceania 2911:Alberta 2868:Belgium 2843:Siberia 2593:Culture 2524:Coinage 2508:Economy 2405:Censori 2052:History 2045:History 1816:, Vol X 1635:of the 1578:palazzi 1441:Perasto 1437:Croatia 1433:Šibenik 1152:cernide 1095:transl. 980:Legnano 972:cernide 945:Bassano 800:Vicenza 769:Jacobin 705:Charles 622:Bergamo 564:on the 550:Romagna 508:cernide 448:, took 353:Bergamo 312:(under 281:of the 162:Bergamo 158:Brescia 149:Jacobin 58:improve 2976:Brazil 2916:Quebec 2906:Canada 2878:Russia 2860:Europe 2850:Turkey 2838:Russia 2811:Sikkim 2784:Taiwan 2738:Africa 2318:Senate 2253:Concio 2192:Cyprus 2172:Istria 2150:Dogado 2039: 1959: 1925: 1739:Legacy 1617:, and 1567:Toulon 1384:, and 1276:Rialto 1220:quorum 1186:Istria 1122:Attila 1063:Styria 1059:Leoben 949:Rovigo 808:Arcole 792:Brenta 626:Russia 562:Ancona 530:Dogado 513:Istria 491:Verona 442:Veneto 390:Vienna 273:Verona 223:, and 47:, but 2883:Spain 2801:India 2789:Tibet 2779:Macau 2769:China 2686:Index 2629:Music 2534:Zecca 2488:Ranks 2311:Zonta 2202:Morea 2197:Crete 1800:Notes 1674:, or 1583:zecca 1535:, in 1529:villa 1404:Corfu 1396:Zadar 1249:of a 1112:, at 1090:] 1039:] 940:Udine 838:Junot 788:Piave 746:train 738:Adige 678:] 593:that. 466:Tyrol 435:Crema 339:In a 310:Rhine 2823:Iraq 2761:Asia 2746:Mali 2656:Flag 2578:Muda 2529:Lira 2234:Doge 2121:Fall 1957:ISBN 1923:ISBN 1495:The 1429:Traù 1270:and 1182:Zara 1114:Graz 1025:The 1015:and 956:Salò 826:and 729:and 634:Doge 525:Lido 523:and 485:The 316:and 177:doge 160:and 124:The 1993:doi 1061:in 489:of 3094:: 1989:57 1974:. 1940:. 1903:. 1845:^ 1768:. 1721:. 1694:. 1613:, 1435:, 1380:, 1354:(" 1318:. 1088:it 1037:it 947:, 748:. 680:. 676:it 568:. 544:, 336:. 219:, 2721:e 2714:t 2707:v 2027:e 2020:t 2013:v 1999:. 1995:: 1965:. 1931:. 1241:( 1189:( 1093:( 656:( 604:) 244:( 120:) 112:( 83:) 77:( 72:) 68:( 54:. 20:)

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