4845:
4793:
4108:
4947:
4151:, about 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Pułtusk, and was pivoting on Płońsk. At one stage, the Poles were driven from Pułtusk, and the Germans threatened to turn the Polish flank and thrust on to the Vistula and Warsaw. Pułtusk, however, was regained in the face of withering German fire. Many German tanks were captured after a German attack had pierced the line, but the Polish defenders outflanked them. By 8 September, one of Reichenau's armoured corps, having advanced 225 km (140 mi) during the first week of the campaign, reached the outskirts of Warsaw. Light divisions on Reichenau's right were on the Vistula between Warsaw and the town of
4576:
brothels. Nazi raids in many Polish cities captured young women and girls, who were then forced to work in the brothels frequented by German officers and soldiers. Girls as young as 15 years old, who were classified as "fit for agricultural work in
Germany", were sexually exploited by German soldiers at their destination. On the Soviet side, similar events took place. The issue, with Russian soldiers raping even the women of their supposed allies, was raised with Stalin, who did not realize that it was not understood that "a soldier, who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire and death, has fun with a woman or takes some trifle".
3141:
805:
764:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
456:
444:
429:
414:
264:
5544:
following the Polish campaign, Adolf Hitler presented these German figures: 10,576 KIA, 30,222 WIA, and 3,400 MIA. According to early Allied estimates, including those of the Polish government-in-exile, the number of German KIA casualties was 90,000 and WIA casualties was 200,000 Equipment losses are given as 832 German tanks with approximately 236 to 341 as irrecoverable losses and approximately 319 other armored vehicles as irrecoverable losses (including 165 Panzerspähwagen – of them 101 as irrecoverable losses) 522–561 German planes (including 246–285 destroyed and 276 damaged), 1 German minelayer (M-85) and 1 German torpedo ship ("Tiger")
4634:
4026:
making road transportation for Polish troops very difficult. The propaganda also had some negative consequences for the Polish troops themselves, whose communications, disrupted by German mobile units operating in the rear and civilians blocking roads, were further thrown into chaos by bizarre reports from Polish radio stations and newspapers, which often reported imaginary victories and other military operations. That led to some Polish troops being encircled or taking a stand against overwhelming odds when they thought they were actually counterattacking or would soon receive reinforcements from other victorious areas.
5017:
3251:. When the ambassador requested a copy of the proposals for transmission to the Polish government, Ribbentrop refused, on the grounds that the requested Polish representative had failed to arrive by midnight. When Polish Ambassador Lipski went to see Ribbentrop later on 31 August to indicate that Poland was favorably disposed to negotiations, he announced that he did not have the full power to sign, and Ribbentrop dismissed him. It was then broadcast that Poland had rejected Germany's offer, and negotiations with Poland came to an end. Hitler issued orders for the invasion to commence soon afterwards.
3722:
4738:
751:
401:
251:
721:
693:
389:
377:
365:
353:
341:
327:
313:
237:
949:
936:
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
662:
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
589:
574:
560:
281:
3563:
3914:
3466:
4293:
4861:
suspected friend. The difference is actually not as great as it might seem. The
Russians mobilized a very large force and showed that they were able to move quickly and far from their pre-war positions. They now border on Germany, and the latter is completely unable to expose the Eastern front. A large German army will have to be left behind to monitor it. As far as I know, General Hamelin estimates its strength at least 20 divisions, but there may well be 25 or even more. Therefore, the Eastern front potentially exists.
5112:
4389:. The Soviet invasion was one of the decisive factors that convinced the Polish government that the war in Poland was lost. Before the Soviet attack from the east, the Polish military's plan had called for long-term defence against Germany in south-eastern Poland and to await relief from an attack by the Western Allies on Germany's western border. However, the Polish government refused to surrender or to negotiate peace with Germany. Instead, it ordered all units to evacuate Poland and to reorganize in France.
12784:
4035:
3993:
12904:
3305:. On 31 August, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning. However, partly because of the earlier stoppage, Poland finally managed to mobilize only about 70% of its planned forces (only about 900,000 of 1,350,000 soldiers planned to mobilize in first order), and because of that many units were still forming or moving to their designated frontline positions. The late mobilization reduced combat capability of the Polish Army by about 1/3.
3222:
12913:
4179:
4393:
12925:
3631:
71:
4456:
perfidious—well, the
English ought to know. I believe England thinks this co-operation perfidious because the co-operation of democratic England with bolshevist Russia failed, while National Socialist Germany's attempt with Soviet Russia succeeded. Poland never will rise again in the form of the Versailles treaty. That is guaranteed not only by Germany, but also guaranteed by Russia. – Adolf Hitler, 19 September 1939
4416:, the second-largest battle of the campaign. Lwów capitulated on 22 September because of the Soviet intervention; the city had been attacked by the Germans over a week earlier, and in the middle of the siege, the German troops handed operations over to their Soviet allies. Despite a series of intensifying German attacks, Warsaw, defended by quickly-reorganized retreating units, civilian volunteers and
3969:
material superiority of the enemy and, also assumed the defensive character of Polish operations. The Polish intentions were defending the western regions that were judged as indispensable for waging the war, taking advantage of the propitious conditions for counterattacks by reserve units and avoiding it from being smashed before the beginning of Franco-British operations in
Western Europe. The
3622:; the sale of 150 Spitfires asked by the Polish government was rejected by the Air Ministry). Despite the fact that some of the airplanes had been shipped to Poland (the first transport of purchased aircraft on the ship "Lassel" sailed from Liverpool on 28 August), none of them would take part in combat. In late 1938, the Polish Air Force also ordered 300 advanced
3066:, running through the Polish Corridor. Poland rejected this proposal, fearing that after accepting these demands, it would become increasingly subject to the will of Germany and eventually lose its independence as the Czechs had. Polish leaders also distrusted Hitler. The British were also wary of Germany's increasing strength and assertiveness threatening its
3783:, would have had the armour punching holes in the enemy's front and ranging deep into rear areas, but the campaign in Poland would be fought along more traditional lines. That stemmed from conservatism on the part of the German High Command, which mainly restricted the role of armour and mechanized forces to supporting the conventional infantry divisions.
3175:, Germany neutralized the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and war became imminent. In fact, the Soviets agreed not to aid France or the UK in the event of their going to war with Germany over Poland and, in a secret protocol of the pact, the Germans and the Soviets agreed to divide Eastern Europe, including Poland, into two
4774:
system ... We can manoeuvre, pit one side against the other to set them fighting with each other as fiercely as possible ... The annihilation of Poland would mean one fewer bourgeois fascist state to contend with! What would be the harm if as a result of the rout of Poland we were to extend the socialist system onto new territories and populations?
4234:, retreating from the border area of the Polish Corridor, attacked the flank of the advancing German 8th Army, but the counterattack failed despite initial success. After the defeat, Poland lost its ability to take the initiative and counterattack on a large scale. The German air power was instrumental during the battle. The offensive of the
3790:, with long frontiers totalling almost 5,600 km (3,500 mi). Poland's long border with Germany on the west and north, facing East Prussia, extended 2,000 km (1,200 mi). It had been lengthened by another 300 km (190 mi) on the southern side in the aftermath of the 1938 Munich Agreement. The German incorporation of
4821:
United
Kingdom and France, but the culmination of combined European and Pacific conflicts would result in what was truly a "world war". Thus, what was not seen by most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of a pan-European war, which combined with the
2497:. The Poles feared that their independence would eventually be threatened altogether; historically Hitler had already denounced the right of Poland to independence in 1930, writing that Poles and Czechs were a "rabble not worth a penny more than the inhabitants of Sudan or India. How can they demand the rights of independent states?"
3234:
that they were willing to commence negotiations, but indicated that a Polish representative with the power to sign an agreement had to arrive in Berlin the next day while in the meantime it would draw up a set of proposals. The
British Cabinet was pleased that negotiations had been agreed to but, mindful of how
3481:, when compared with countries such as United Kingdom or Germany, was a relatively indigent and mostly agricultural country. The partitioning powers did not invest in the development of industry, especially in the armaments industry in ethnically Polish areas. Moreover, Poland had to deal with damage caused by
3019:) since Hitler proclaimed that Poland had attacked Germany and that "Germans in Poland are persecuted with a bloody terror and are driven from their homes. The series of border violations, which are unbearable to a great power, prove that the Poles no longer are willing to respect the German frontier."
4866:
Russia is pursuing a cold policy of its own interests. We would prefer that the
Russian armies stand in their present positions as friends and allies of Poland, rather than as invaders. But to protect Russia from the Nazi threat, it was clearly necessary that Russian armies should stand on this line.
4071:
had begun. Later that day, the
Germans attacked Poland's western, southern and northern borders, and German aircraft began raids on Polish cities. The main axis of attack led eastwards from Germany through the western Polish border. Supporting attacks came from East Prussia, in the north, and a joint
3941:
Rivers, despite some Polish generals supporting the idea to be a better strategy. The West Plan allowed the Polish armies to retreat inside the country, but that was supposed to be a slow retreat behind prepared positions intended to give the armed forces time to complete its mobilization and execute
3135:
With minor exceptions German national unification has been achieved. Further successes cannot be achieved without bloodshed. Poland will always be on the side of our adversaries... Danzig is not the objective. It is a matter of expanding our living space in the east, of making our food supply secure,
3034:
by issuing an ultimatum to that effect on 30 September 1938, which was accepted by
Czechoslovakia on 1 October. This region had a Polish majority and had been disputed between Czechoslovakia and Poland in the aftermath of World War I. The Polish annexation of Slovak territory (several villages in the
5529:
Various sources contradict each other so the figures quoted above should only be taken as a rough indication of the strength estimate. The most common range differences and their brackets are: Polish personnel 1,490,900 (official figure of the Polish
Ministry of Foreign Affairs)—or 1,800,000. Polish
4820:
None of the parties to the conflict—Germany, the Western Allies or the Soviet Union—expected that the German invasion of Poland would lead to a war that would surpass World War I in its scale and cost. It would be months before Hitler would see the futility of his peace negotiation attempts with the
4003:
As the prospect of conflict increased, the British government pressed Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz to evacuate the most modern elements of the Polish Navy from the Baltic Sea. In the event of war, the Polish military leaders realized that the ships that remained in the Baltic were likely to be quickly
3976:
The British and the French estimated that Poland would be able to defend itself for two to three months, and Poland estimated it could do so for at least six months. While Poland drafted its estimates based upon the expectation that the Western Allies would honor their treaty obligations and quickly
3233:
yet to be rescheduled. That evening, the German government responded in a communication that it aimed not only for the restoration of Danzig but also the Polish Corridor (which had not previously been part of Hitler's demands) in addition to the safeguarding of the German minority in Poland. It said
3186:
was signed as an annex to the Franco-Polish alliance. In this accord, Britain committed itself to the defence of Poland, guaranteeing to preserve Polish independence. At the same time, the British and the Poles were hinting to Berlin that they were willing to resume discussions—not at all how Hitler
3136:
and solving the problem of the Baltic states. To provide sufficient food you must have sparsely settled areas. There is therefore no question of sparing Poland, and the decision remains to attack Poland at the first opportunity. We cannot expect a repetition of Czechoslovakia. There will be fighting.
5122:
Another question concerns whether Poland inflicted any significant losses on the German forces and whether it surrendered too quickly. While exact estimates vary, Poland cost the Germans about 45,000 casualties and 11,000 damaged or destroyed military vehicles, including 993 tanks and armored cars,
5046:
had been tasked to cover the retreat of Polish infantry. In the evening the Pomeranian Uhlans encountered contingents of the advancing German 20th Infantry Division of Heinz Guderian's XIX Army. Commander Kazimierz Mastalerz ordered an attack, forcing the 20th infantry to withdraw and disperse. The
4773:
A war is on between two groups of capitalist countries ... for the redivision of the world, for the domination of the world! We see nothing wrong in their having a good hard fight and weakening each other ... Hitler, without understanding it or desiring it, is shaking and undermining the capitalist
4768:
The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and the invasion of Poland marked the beginning of a period during which the government of the Soviet Union increasingly tried to convince itself that the actions of Germany were reasonable, and were not developments to be worried about, despite evidence to the contrary.
4277:
on 6 September. From there, it moved on 9 September to Kremenez and, on 13 September to Zaleshiki, on the Romanian border. Rydz-Śmigły ordered the Polish forces to retreat in the same direction, behind the Vistula and San Rivers, beginning the preparations for the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead
4832:
The invasion of Poland led Britain and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. However, they did little to affect the outcome of the September Campaign. No declaration of war was issued by Britain and France against the Soviet Union. This lack of direct help led many Poles to believe that
3626:
light bombers, but due to a delay in starting mass production, none of them were delivered before 1 September. When in the spring of 1939 it turned out that there were problems with the implementation of the new PZL.50 Jastrząb fighter, it was decided to temporarily implement the production of the
3530:
An average Polish infantry division consisted of 16,492 soldiers and was equipped with 326 light and medium machine guns, 132 heavy machine guns, 92 anti-tank rifles and several dozen light, medium, heavy, anti-tank and anti-airplane field artillery. Contrary to the 1,009 cars and trucks and 4,842
5614:
Polish to German forces in the September Campaign: 1,000,000 soldiers, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 435 aircraft (Poland) to 1,800,000 soldiers, 10,000 guns, 2,800 tanks, 3,000 aircraft (Germany). French and participating Allies to German forces in the Battle of France: 2,862,000 soldiers, 13,974 guns,
5553:
Soviet official losses – figures provided by Krivosheev – are currently estimated at 1,475 KIA or MIA presumed dead (Ukrainian Front – 972, Belorussian Front – 503), and 2,383 WIA (Ukrainian Front – 1,741, Belorussian Front – 642). The Soviets lost approximately 150 tanks in combat of which 43 as
4954:
Since October 1939, the Polish army that could escape imprisonment from the Soviets or Nazis were mainly heading for British and French territories. These places were considered safe, because of the pre-war alliance between Great-Britain, France and Poland. Not only did the government escape, but
4025:
emphasized that any German invasion would be easily repelled. That made Polish defeats during the German invasion come as a shock to the civilian population. Lacking training for such a disaster, the civilian population panicked and retreated east, spreading chaos, lowering the troops' morale and
3988:
from East Prussia and the west. Another third was concentrated in the north-central part of the country, between the major cities of Łódź and Warsaw. The forward positioning of Polish forces vastly increased the difficulty of carrying out strategic maneuvres, compounded by inadequate mobility, as
3546:
due to inferiority in numbers and the obsolescence of its fighter planes. However, contrary to German propaganda, it was not destroyed on the ground—in fact it was successfully dispersed before the conflict started and not a single one of its combat planes was destroyed on the ground in the first
4860:
was a perfectly reasonable military demand. It was rejected by Poland, whose arguments, despite their naturalness, cannot be considered satisfactory in the light of current events. As a result, Russia took up the same positions as an enemy of Poland that it might have taken as a very dubious and
3284:
announced the mobilization of Polish troops. However, he was pressured into revoking the order by the French, who apparently still hoped for a diplomatic settlement, failing to realize that the Germans were fully mobilized and concentrated at the Polish border. During the night of 31 August, the
3122:
of 1935. Talks over Danzig and the Corridor broke down, and months passed without diplomatic interaction between Germany and Poland. During this interim period, the Germans learned that France and Britain had failed to secure an alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany, and that the Soviet
5047:
engagement proved to be successful as the German advance had been delayed. However, upon redeployment, the 18th Pomeranians came under sudden and intense machine gun fire of German armored reconnaissance vehicles. Despite their quick retreat, nearly a third of the Uhlans were killed or wounded.
4885:
residential areas, civilians soon became indistinguishable from combatants, and the forthcoming German occupation (both on the annexed territories and in the General Government) was one of the most brutal episodes of World War II, resulting in between 5.47 million and 5.67 million Polish deaths
4115:
Germany attacked from three directions on land. Günther von Kluge led 20 divisions that entered the Polish Corridor and met a second force heading to Warsaw from East Prussia. Gerd von Rundstedt's 35 divisions attacked southern Poland. By 3 September, when von Kluge in the north had reached the
3968:
The Polish General Staff had not begun elaborating the "West" defence plan until 4 March 1939. It was assumed that the Polish Army, fighting in the initial phase of the war alone, would have to defend the western regions of the country. The plan of operations took into account the numerical and
3597:
as light bombers. However, for the September Campaign, not all of those aircraft were mobilized. By 1 September, out of about 120 heavy bombers PZL.37s produced, only 36 PZL.37s were deployed, the rest being mostly in training units. All those aircraft were of indigenous Polish design, with the
3213:
forces would be made available to Britain's empire in the future. The negotiations convinced Hitler that there was little chance the Western Allies would declare war on Germany, and even if they did, because of the lack of "territorial guarantees" to Poland, they would be willing to negotiate a
2360:" according to the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact; this rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete. Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral
5543:
The discrepancy in German casualties can be attributed to the fact that some German statistics still listed soldiers as missing decades after the war. Today the most common and accepted numbers are: 8,082 to 16,343 KIA, 320 to 5,029 MIA, 27,280 to 34,136 WIA. For comparison, in his 1939 speech
4214:
would then move in and repulse the German spearhead, trapping it. For that to happen, Armia Prusy needed to be fully mobilized by 3 September. However, Polish military planners failed to foresee the speed of the German advance and assumed that Armia Prusy would need to be fully mobilized by 16
4103:
increased the pace of the advance which overran Polish airstrips and early warning sites, causing logistical problems for the Poles. Many Polish Air Force units ran low on supplies, and 98 of their number withdrew into neutral Romania. The Polish initial strength of 400 was reduced to 54 by 14
3602:
air force expansion plan, which relied on a strong bomber force. The Polish Air Force consisted of a 'Bomber Brigade', 'Pursuit Brigade' and aircraft assigned to the various ground armies. The Polish fighters were older than their German counterparts; the PZL P.11 fighter—produced in the early
5563:
Various sources contradict each other so the figures quoted above should only be taken as a rough indication of losses. The most common range brackets for casualties are: Poland: 63,000 to 66,300 KIA, 134,000 WIA. The often cited figure of 420,000 Polish prisoners of war represents only those
4575:
A particular fate was reserved for the Polish girls and women who had survived the first bombing raids on Poland. Polish women and girls were raped en masse and then executed. In addition, large numbers of Polish women were routinely captured to force them into prostitution in German military
5172:
Throughout the Polish Campaign, the employment of the mechanized units revealed the idea that they were intended solely to ease the advance and to support the activities of the infantry.... Thus, any strategic exploitation of the armoured idea was still-born. The paralysis of command and the
5073:
If a single image dominates the popular perception of the Polish campaign of 1939, it is the scene of Polish cavalry bravely charging the Panzers with their lances. Like many other details of the campaign, it is a myth that was created by German wartime propaganda and perpetuated by sloppy
4455:
Meantime, Russia felt moved, on its part, to march in for the protection of the interests of the White Russian and Ukrainian people in Poland. We realize now that in England and France this German and Russian co-operation is considered a terrible crime. An Englishman even wrote that it is
5202:
or 1914. According to Cooper, the use of tanks "left much to be desired... Fear of enemy action against the flanks of the advance, fear which was to prove so disastrous to German prospects in the west in 1940 and in the Soviet Union in 1941, was present from the beginning of the war."
9429:
4304:
From the beginning, the German government repeatedly asked Molotov whether the Soviet Union would keep to its side of the partition bargain. The Soviet forces were holding fast along their designated invasion points pending finalization of the five-month-long undeclared war with
4167:
that had already encircled Warsaw. All of the German armies made progress in fulfilling their parts of the plan. The Polish armies split up into uncoordinated fragments, some of which were retreating while others were launching disjointed attacks on the nearest German columns.
6374:
5094:
and auxiliary aircraft were destroyed on the ground. The Polish Air Force, despite being significantly outnumbered and with its fighters outmatched by more advanced German fighters, remained active until the second week of the campaign, inflicting significant damage on the
4018:, there was little chance of an evacuation plan succeeding if it were implemented after hostilities began. Four days after the signing of the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, three destroyers of the Polish Navy executed the Peking Plan and so evacuated to Great Britain.
3977:
start an offensive of their own, the French and the British expected the war to develop into trench warfare, much like World War I. The Polish government was not notified of the strategy and based all of its defence plans on promises of quick relief by the Western Allies.
4718:
as civil heads, respectively. Thus the entirety of occupied Poland was divided into four military districts (West Prussia, Posen, Lodz, and Krakau). Frank was at the same time appointed "supreme chief administrator" for all occupied territories. On 28 September, another
4087:, and most German forces, including 85% of armoured forces, were engaged in Poland. Despite some Polish successes in minor border battles, the German technical, operational and numerical superiority forced the Polish armies to retreat from the borders towards Warsaw and
4765:(mountain infantry regiment) attacked a reconnaissance detachment of the Soviet 24th Tank Brigade; after a few casualties on both sides, the parties turned to negotiations. The German troops left the area, and the Red Army troops entered Lwów on 22 September.
7438:Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk)
4175:, a recently discovered methamphetamine, which enabled the constant movement of the troops, who no longer felt the need to sleep for several days. The drug would later also be used, this time officially distributed, in the invasions of France and the USSR.
4596:
Altogether, the civilian losses of Polish population amounted to about 150,000 to 200,000. Roughly 1,250 German civilians were also killed during the invasion. (Also, 2,000 died fighting Polish troops as members of ethnic German militia forces such as the
4995:. He made one film about German crimes against civilians during the invasion. In colour, he photographed Polish soldiers, fleeing civilians, bombed houses, and a German bomber He 111 destroyed by the Polish Army in Warsaw. His photographs and film
3489:. Preparations for a defensive war with Germany were ongoing for many years, but most plans assumed fighting would not begin before 1942. To raise funds for industrial development, Poland sold much of the modern equipment it produced. In 1936, a
4194:
and Polish Upper Silesia in the first week. The Polish plan for border defence was a dismal failure. The German advance, as a whole, was not slowed. On 10 September, the Polish commander-in-chief, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, ordered a general
9422:
4610:
The invasion of Poland marked the beginning of the Holocaust ("holocaust by bullets"), not only in its strict sense of the genocide of Jews, but also in its broader meaning of mass killings of various ethnic, political or social groups.
465:
4723:
modified the arrangements of August: all of Lithuania was shifted to the Soviet sphere of influence; in exchange, the dividing line in Poland was moved in Germany's favour, eastwards towards the Bug River. On 8 October, Germany formally
5164:(BPC Publishing 1966), attribute German victory to "enormous development in military technique which occurred between 1918 and 1940", and cite that "Germany, who translated (British inter-war) theories into action... called the result
4332:
By 17 September, the Polish defence had already been broken and the only hope was to retreat and reorganize along the Romanian Bridgehead. However, the plans were rendered obsolete nearly overnight when the over 800,000-strong Soviet
4955:
also the national gold supply was evacuated via Romania and brought to the West, notably London and Ottawa. The approximately 75 tonnes (83 short tons) of gold was considered sufficient to field an army for the duration of the war.
5587:
P-11c (+43 reserve), 30 P-7 (+85 reserve), 118 P-23 Karaś light bombers, 36 P-37 Łoś bombers (armed in line, additionally a few of the total number produced were used in combat), 84 reconnaissance RXIII Lublin, RWD14 Czapla (+115
3096:, still hoped to strike a deal with Hitler regarding Danzig (and possibly the Polish Corridor). Chamberlain and his supporters believed war could be avoided and hoped Germany would agree to leave the rest of Poland alone. German
6210:"Ergebnisse der Volks- und Berufszählung Vom 1. November 1923 in der Freien Stadt Danzig mit einem Anhang: Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. August 1924". Verlag des Statistischen Landesamtes der freien Stadt Danzig. 1926.
8412:, pp. 326–325 – lists 236 tanks as totally destroyed and 457 damaged, of which 180 were repaired and the remainder scrapped, giving 180 + 277 = 513 tanks destroyed or scrapped following damage, and 319 armoured cars lost.
4898:, in concentration camps, and in numerous ad hoc massacres, where civilians were rounded up, taken to a nearby forest, machine-gunned, and then buried, whether they were dead or not. Among the 100,000 people murdered in the
4816:
and Lithuania, with the majority eventually making their way to France or Britain. Most of the Polish Navy succeeded in evacuating to Britain as well. German personnel losses were less than their enemies (c. 16,000 killed).
2245:
had approved the pact. One of the aims of the invasion was to divide Polish territory at the end of the operation; Poland was to cease to exist as a country and all Poles ("inferior people") were to be exterminated. The
4059:, in the Free City of Danzig, on the Baltic Sea. However, in many places, German units crossed the Polish border even before that time. Around then, the Luftwaffe attacked a number of military and civilian targets,
3238:
had been forced to sign his country away under similar circumstances just months earlier, regarded the requirement for an immediate arrival of a Polish representative with full signing powers as an unacceptable
1639:
3801:
Hitler demanded that Poland be conquered in six weeks, but German planners thought that it would require three months. They intended to exploit their long border fully with the great enveloping manoeuver of
3753:, and pursued a doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces. The infantry, far from completely mechanized but fitted with fast-moving artillery and logistic support, was to be supported by
3130:
In May, in a statement to his generals while they were in the midst of planning the invasion of Poland, Hitler made it clear that the invasion would not come without resistance as it had in Czechoslovakia:
2492:
if it agreed to wage war against the Soviet Union, but the concessions the Poles were expected to make meant that their homeland would become largely dependent on Germany, functioning as little more than a
5564:
captured by the Germans, as Soviets captured about 250,000 Polish POWs themselves, making the total number of Polish POWs about 660,000–690,000. In terms of equipment the Polish Navy lost one destroyer (
5243:
attacks have "tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery on Polish units. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the
6014:
4136:. On 7 September, the defenders of Warsaw had fallen back to a 48 km (30 mi) line paralleling the Vistula River, where they rallied against German tank thrusts. The defensive line ran between
8668:
4199:
to the south-east, towards the Romanian Bridgehead. Meanwhile, the Germans were tightening their encirclement of the Polish forces west of the Vistula (in the Łódź area and, still farther west, around
5090:
was not destroyed on the ground in the first days of the war. Though numerically inferior, it had been redeployed from major air bases to small camouflaged airfields shortly before the war. Only some
5074:
scholarship. Yet such myths have also been embraced by the Poles themselves as symbols of their wartime gallantry, achieving a cultural resonance in spite of their variance with the historical record.
4468:
they had captured), the Red Army reached the line of rivers Narew, Bug, Vistula and San by 28 September, in many cases meeting German units advancing from the other direction. Polish defenders on the
4757:) approached, the commanders agreed that the German troops would withdraw and the Soviet troops would enter the city, saluting each other. At Brest-Litovsk, Soviet and German commanders held a joint
5131:. Furthermore, the Polish Army was preparing the Romanian Bridgehead, which would have prolonged Polish defence, but the plan was invalidated by the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939.
7447:
7351:: he German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office. Moscow, 16 September 1939. Source: The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Last. Retrieved 14 November 2006
4769:
On 7 September 1939, just a few days after France and Britain joined the war against Germany, Stalin explained to a colleague that the war was to the advantage of the Soviet Union, as follows:
4904:
operations in 1939–1940, approximately 61,000 were members of the Polish intelligentsia: scholars, clergy, former officers, and others, whom the Germans identified as political targets in the
4325:
ordered his forces into Poland on 17 September. It was agreed that the Soviets would relinquish its interest in the territories between the new border and Warsaw in exchange for inclusion of
6191:
A ridiculous hundred million Slavs : concerning Adolf Hitler's world-view, Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History Polish Academy of Sciences, Jerzy Wojciech Borejsza p. 49, Warsaw 2017
4972:, a journalist and war correspondent, is a first-hand account of the battles that led to the falls of Poland, the Low Countries, and France. It includes a rare eyewitness description of the
3516:'s mobility played a decisive role. Poland acknowledged the benefits of mobility but was unable to invest heavily in many of the expensive, unproven inventions since then. In spite of this,
6203:
4852:
The different attitude of the Anglo-French allies of Poland towards Nazi Germany and the USSR was argued at this time, for example, by the future head of the British government, Churchill:
4644:
wrote in December 1939 that "the German campaign was a masterpiece. Nothing quite like it has been seen in military history". The country was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union.
5554:
irrecoverable losses, while hundreds more suffered technical failures. However, Russian historian Igor Bunich estimates Soviet manpower losses at 5,327 KIA or MIA without a trace and WIA.
5177:... German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional manoeuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the
3123:
Union was interested in an alliance with Germany against Poland. Hitler had already issued orders to prepare for a possible "solution of the Polish problem by military means" through the
4856:
Russians were guilty of gross treachery during the recent negotiations, but Marshal Voroshilov's demand that the Russian armies, if they were allies of Poland, should occupy Vilnius and
4720:
4210:
The Polish defensive plan called for a strategy of encirclement. It would allow the Germans to advance in between two Polish Army groups in the line between Berlin and Warsaw-Lodz, and
4671:, were established in conquered Greater Poland and Pomerelia, respectively. Based on laws of 21 May 1935 and 1 June 1938, the German military delegated civil administrative powers to
3606:
The Polish Air Force's decisions to strengthen its resources came too late, mostly due to budget limitations. As a "last minute" order in the summer of 1939, Poland bought 160 French
3980:
Polish forces were stretched thinly along the Polish-German border and lacked compact defence lines and good defence positions along disadvantageous terrain. That strategy also left
7867:
3929:. Polish policy centred on their protection, especially since many politicians feared that if Poland retreated from the regions disputed by Germany, Britain and France would sign a
3435:), and an assortment of 550 transport and 350 reconnaissance aircraft. In total, Germany had close to 4,000 aircraft, most of them modern. A force of 2,315 aircraft was assigned to
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treaty with Germany like the 1938 Munich Agreement and allow Germany to stay in those regions. The fact that none of Poland's allies had specifically guaranteed Polish borders or
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before German forces withdrew westward behind a new demarcation line. Just three days earlier, however, the parties had a more hostile encounter near Lwów, when the German 137th
4745:
Even though water barriers separated most of the spheres of interest, the Soviet and German troops met on numerous occasions. The most remarkable event of this kind occurred at
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days of the conflict. In the era of fast progress in aviation the Polish Air Force lacked modern fighters, vastly due to the cancellation of many advanced projects, such as the
1713:
1312:
12963:
2368:, German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland. The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered.
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was another Polish concern. These reasons made the Polish government disregard French advice to deploy the bulk of its forces behind natural barriers, such as the Vistula and
1552:
3362:. It held that these divisions should act in coordination with other elements of the military, punching holes in the enemy line and isolating selected units, which would be
7691:
Niemiecka dywersja w Polsce w 1939 r. w świetle dokumentów policyjnych i wojskowych II Rzeczypospolitej oraz służb specjalnych III Rzeszy. Część 1 (marzec–sierpień 1939 r.)
4886:(about one-sixth of the country's total population, and over 90% of its Jewish minority)—including the mass murder of 3 million Polish citizens (mainly Jews as part of the
2452:
had long sought to annex territories belonging to Poland, it was Hitler's own idea and not a realization of any pre-1933 Weimar plans to invade and partition Poland, annex
4369:, had about 25 battalions. Rydz-Śmigły ordered them to fall back and not to engage the Soviets. That, however, did not prevent some clashes and small battles, such as the
4250:
ran out of ammunition and retreated to the forests but were then smoked out by the Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 17s dropping 100 kg (220 lb) incendiaries. The
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1930s—had a top speed of only 365 km/h (227 mph), far less than German bombers. To compensate, the pilots relied on its maneuverability and high diving speed.
11355:
6107:"Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: the Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939–1945
4801:
4203:) and penetrating deeply into eastern Poland. Warsaw, which had undergone heavy aerial bombardment since the first hours of the war, was attacked on 9 September and was
3497:
had approximately a million soldiers, but not all were mobilized by 1 September. Latecomers sustained significant casualties when public transport became targets of the
3190:
However, there was one exception: on the night of 25–26 August, a German sabotage group which had not heard anything about a delay of the invasion made an attack on the
11100:
8877:
Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945
4976:. In August 1939, Leixner joined the Wehrmacht as a war reporter, was promoted to sergeant and, in 1941, published his recollections. The book was originally issued by
3921:
The Polish determination to deploy forces directly at the German-Polish border, prompted by the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, shaped the country's defence plan, "
10708:
4649:
3081:, believing that Polish independence and territorial integrity would be defended with their support if it were to be threatened by Germany. On the other hand, British
208:
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was one of the factors behind the German brutality directed at civilians that had worked relentlessly to convince the Germans into believing that Jews and Slavs were
12706:
10724:
9357:
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Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009
2524:. Many Germans also wanted the urban port city of Danzig and its environs (comprising the Free City of Danzig) to be reincorporated into Germany. Danzig city had a
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A group of German and Italian war correspondents, who visited the battlefield noticed the dead cavalry men and horses among the armored vehicles. Italian reporter
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Meanwhile, Polish forces tried to move towards the Romanian Bridgehead area, still actively resisting the German invasion. From 17 to 20 September, Polish armies
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Corps—commanded by General Heinz Guderian—had occupied the city, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade (commanded by
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on 13 September. Around then, advanced German forces also reached Lwów, a major city in eastern Poland, and 1,150 German aircraft bombed Warsaw on 24 September.
3202:. On the morning of 26 August, this group was repelled by Polish troops. The German side described all this as an incident "caused by an insane individual" (see
4804:), with 420,000 others being captured by the Germans and 240,000 more by the Soviets (for a total of 660,000 prisoners). Up to 120,000 Polish troops escaped to
3501:. The Polish military had fewer armored forces than the Germans, and these units, dispersed within the infantry, were unable to effectively engage the Germans.
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with orders to kill without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need.
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Andreas Toppe, Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899–1940, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, p. 398,
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5699:Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.– М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. – С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93.
90:
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2006:
3352:. 453 tanks were assigned into four light divisions, while another 225 tanks were in detached regiments and companies. Most notably, the Germans had seven
2329:. On 3 September, based on their alliance agreements with Poland, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany; in the end their aid to Poland was
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came to besieged Warsaw on 7 September 1939 in the time of German bombardment. He photographed the beginning of the war by using one roll of colour film (
13908:
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11137:
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4521:) attacked civilian targets and columns of refugees along the roads to terrorize the Polish people, disrupt communications and target Polish morale. The
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Polish units often lacked the ability to retreat from their defensive positions, as they were being overrun by more mobile German mechanized formations.
1706:
1305:
165:
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rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organized local revolts, robbing and killing civilians. Those movements were quickly disciplined by the
3775:, eventually isolating segments of the enemy, surrounding, and destroying them. The prewar "armoured idea", which an American journalist in 1939 dubbed
3262:, but under the pressure from Great Britain and France, the mobilization was cancelled. When the final mobilization started, it added to the confusion.
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hoped to frame the conflict. Thus, he wavered and postponed his attack until 1 September, managing to in effect halt the entire invasion "in mid-leap".
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in 1940 even though the Anglo-French forces were much closer to parity with the Germans in numerical strength and equipment and were supported by the
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fighter PZL P 11.G Kobuz. Nevertheless, due to the outbreak of the war, not one of the ordered 90 aircraft of this type were delivered to the army.
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quickly destroyed the bridges across the Bzura River. Then, the Polish forces were trapped out in the open and were attacked by wave after wave of
3314:
224:
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Stanley S. Seidner, "Reflections from Rumania and Beyond: Marshal Śmigły-Rydz Rydz in Exile", The Polish Review vol. xxii, no. 2, 1977, pp. 29–51.
5235:
and the importance of other arms in the campaign. They argue that Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the
3846:'s 10th Army, in the centre with Army Group South's armour, was to deliver the decisive blow with a northeastward thrust into the heart of Poland.
3665:, but only 140 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war. Poland had also a few relatively modern imported designs, such as 50
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was strongly in favour of annexation by Germany, as were many of the ethnic German inhabitants of the Polish territory that separated the German
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to claim that German forces were acting in self-defence, one of the first acts of war took place on 1 September 1939. At 04:45, the old German
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and smaller support vessels. Most Polish surface units followed Operation Peking, leaving Polish ports on 20 August and escaping by way of the
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majority, and had been separated from Germany after Versailles and made into the nominally independent Free City. Hitler sought to use this as
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on 28 October 1939 from the Soviet Union. On 8 and 13 September 1939, the German military district in the area of Posen, commanded by general
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By 12 September, all of Poland west of the Vistula had been conquered except for the isolated Warsaw. The Polish government, led by President
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In case of a failure to defend most of the territory, the army was to retreat to the south-east of the country, where the rough terrain, the
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organized by multiple elements of the German government, tens of thousands of Polish civilians were shot at 760 mass execution sites by the
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3485:. This resulted in the need to build a defense industry from scratch. Between 1936 and 1939, Poland invested heavily in the newly created
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over Central Europe was also at stake. In private, Hitler said in May that Danzig was not the important issue to him, but the creation of
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4273:, and the high command, led by Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, left Warsaw in the first days of the campaign and headed southeast, reaching
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Poland also never officially surrendered to the Germans. Under German occupation, there was continued resistance by forces such as the
4042:
Following several German-staged incidents, such as the Gleiwitz incident, part of Operation Himmler, which German propaganda used as a
3067:
2407:
2338:
1960:
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Kredite für NS-Verbrechen. Die Deutsche Kreditinstituten im Polen und die Ausraubung der polnischen un jüdischen Bevölkerung 1939–1945
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was notorious throughout the campaign for burning villages and committing atrocities in numerous Polish towns, including massacres in
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tankettes attached to infantry divisions and cavalry brigades. A standard tank of the Polish Army during the invasion of 1939 was the
14017:
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11327:
9717:
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6244:
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565 to 697 airplanes and 370 artillery pieces. As for duration, the September Campaign lasted about a week and a half less than the
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On 26 August, Hitler tried to dissuade the British and the French from interfering in the upcoming conflict, even pledging that the
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7347:: The German Ambassador in the Soviet Union, (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office. Moscow, 10 September 1939 – 9:40 p.m. and
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1999:
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In any case, this line exists and, consequently, the Eastern front has been created, which Nazi Germany will not dare to attack...
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On 23 May 1939, Hitler explained to his officers that the object of the aggression was not Danzig, but the need to obtain German
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93:
destroying the Polish border post (re-enactment); German tank and armored car formation; German and Soviet troops shaking hands;
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9486:. National Archives and Records Administration (German. Series: Motion Picture Films. G-2 Army Military Intelligence Division).
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Overall, the Germans enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority. Poland had only about 600 aircraft, of which only
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compromise favourable to Germany after its conquest of Poland. Meanwhile, the increased number of overflights by high-altitude
2797:
2568:
2392:
1801:
7557:
Bytwerk, Randall. "The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda." Quarterly Journal of Speech 91, no. 1 (February 2005): 37–62
4352:, and other international treaties, both bilateral and multilateral. Soviet diplomacy had lied that they were "protecting the
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September and air opposition virtually ceased, with the main Polish air bases destroyed during the first 48 hours of the war.
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horses in the average German infantry division, the average Polish infantry division had 76 cars and trucks and 6,939 horses.
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The object of the war is … physically to destroy the enemy. That is why I have prepared, for the moment only in the East, my
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7952:Черчилль У. Вторая мировая война. – М.: Воениздат, 1991. с. 204/Churchill U. World War II. – Moscow: Voenizdat, 1991. p. 204
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ceasefire went into effect on 16 September 1939. Now cleared of any "second front" threat from the Japanese, Soviet Premier
4063:, the first large-scale city bombing of the war. At 08:00, German troops, still without a formal declaration of war issued,
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A main attack over the western Polish border, which was to be carried out by Army Group South, commanded by Colonel General
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to become the CdZ of the West Prussian military district. On 3 October 1939, the military districts centered on and named "
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Although the Polish military had prepared for conflict, the civilian population remained largely unprepared. Polish prewar
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2021:
1992:
186:
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tanks: 100–880, 100 is the number of modern tanks, while the 880 number includes older tanks from the World War I era and
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minorities of eastern Poland since the Polish government had abandoned the country and the Polish state ceased to exist".
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Germany had a substantial numeric advantage over Poland and had developed a significant military before the conflict. The
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5578:) and several support craft. Equipment loses included 132 Polish tanks and armored cars 327 Polish planes (118 fighters)
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said they were only obligated to declare war on Germany due to the first clause of the Anglo-Polish Agreement in 1939.
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poorly protected. One-third of Poland's forces were massed in or near the Polish Corridor, making them vulnerable to a
3183:
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With the surprise signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August, the result of secret Nazi–Soviet talks held in
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on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of
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Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
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5899:...paved the way for the joint invasion and occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that September.
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4076:) from the German-allied Slovak Republic, in the south. All three assaults converged on the Polish capital, Warsaw.
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On 22 August, just over a week before the onset of war, Hitler delivered a speech to his military commanders at the
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Panzertruppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1933–1942 (v. 1)
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3,384 tanks, 3,099 aircraft 2 (Allies) to 3,350,000 soldiers, 7,378 guns, 2,445 tanks, 5,446 aircraft (Germany).
4373:, as soldiers and locals attempted to defend the city. The Soviets executed numerous Polish officers, including
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The German assault was originally scheduled to begin at 4:00 a.m. on 26 August. However, on 25 August, the
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on the shore of the Baltic Sea held out until 2 October. The last operational unit of the Polish Army, General
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Sword, Keith Sword (1991). "British Reactions to the Soviet Occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939".
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The German invasion saw atrocities committed against Polish men, women and children. The German forces (both
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rivers, valleys, hills and swamps would provide natural lines of defence against the German advance, and the
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8597:"The Luftwaffe's Campaigns in Poland and the West 1939–1940: A Case Study of handling Innovation in Wartime"
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The tank force consisted of two armored brigades, four independent tank battalions and some 30 companies of
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heavy bombers were modern and comparable to their German counterparts. The Polish Air Force had roughly 185
3179:; the western one-third of the country was to go to Germany and the eastern two-thirds to the Soviet Union.
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5224:, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies". (emphasis in original)
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is the strategy that Germany first used in Poland. Many early post-war histories, such as Barrie Pitt's in
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economically subordinate to Germany. As part of this long-term policy, Hitler at first pursued a policy of
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within the territory of the former Polish state. Many of the military exiles who escaped Poland joined the
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9513:(1943). Film Bulletin n. 48 US Department of the Army, Signal Corps Photographic Center. Internet Archive.
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Poland's terrain was well suited for mobile operations when the weather co-operated; the country had flat
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From within Poland, the German minority would assist by engaging in diversion and sabotage operations by
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Dispositions of the opposing forces on 31 August 1939, with the German order of battle overlaid in pink.
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of 320,000 of Polish citizens, when all who were deemed dangerous to the Soviet regime were subject to
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Map showing the advances made by the Germans, and the disposition of all troops from 1 to 14 September
3925:". Poland's most valuable natural resources, industry and population were along the western border in
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8145:"Chapter 2. The Soviet-German invasion and the Polish exodus (1939–1940) – Polish forces in the West"
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lost 285 aircraft to all operational causes, with 279 more damaged, and the Poles lost 333 aircraft.
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managed to hold their positions long after they had been surrounded by German forces. The enclave of
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Reply of the German Chancellor to the Communication of 28 August 1939, from His Majesty's Government
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Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study
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river. Two days later, his left wing was well to the rear of Łódź and his right wing at the town of
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and destroyed. This would be followed up by less-mobile mechanized infantry and foot soldiers. The
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History of the invasion with focus on precise locations and events, as experienced by real people.
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with anti-aircraft machine gun near the Warsaw Central Station in the first days of September 1939
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was probably the most experienced, best-trained and best-equipped air force in the world in 1939.
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Zonder Vrees en Zonder Verwijt. Poolse militairen in West-Europa tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog
6741:
Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II
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Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
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and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established
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Kimmich, Christoph M. (1 January 1969). "The Weimar Republic and the German-Polish Borders".
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broke what remained of the Polish resistance in an "awesome demonstration of air power". The
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that disrupted lines of supply and communications. Together, the new methods were nicknamed "
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in the Far East, successful end of the conflict for the Soviet Union, which occurred in the
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could be transported to Europe, with the bulk of the BEF in France by the end of September.
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Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939: Images and Documents from the Harrison Forman collection
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Deployment of German, Polish and Slovak divisions immediately before the German invasion.
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3555:. However, its pilots were among the world's best trained, as proven a year later in the
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With tensions mounting, Germany turned to aggressive diplomacy. On 28 April 1939, Hitler
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Roberts, Geoffrey (1 January 1992). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany".
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6272:"German Army Attacks Poland; CitiesBombed, Port Blockaded; Danzig Is AcceptedInto Reich"
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light tank. It was the first tank in the world to be equipped with a diesel engine and
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On 29 August, prompted by the British, Germany issued one last diplomatic offer, with
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was set up to collect funds necessary for strengthening the Polish Armed forces. The
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Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide…
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Gawrecká "Československé Slezsko. Mezi světovými válkami 1918–1938", Opava 2004, 21.
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had not been elaborated in detail and concerned only the first stage of operations.
3654:. The 7TP was significantly better armed than its most common opponents, the German
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advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the
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Bombers of the Luftwaffe, Joachim Dressel and Manfred Griehl, Arms and Armour, 1994
5815:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование
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The map shows the beginning of the European part of World War II in September 1939.
3054:
By 1937, Germany began to increase its demands for Danzig, while proposing that an
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German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west the morning after the
2237:. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the
1878:
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1562:
1453:
726:
698:
618:
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9828:
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5873:. Warsaw Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm, 2005, p. 5, 385. ISBN 83-7399-169-7. (in Polish)
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also attacked cities, causing huge losses amongst the civilian population through
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An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war
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6798:"1::Pomoc wojenna Imperium Brytyjskiego dla Polski w okresie II Wojny Światowej"
6422:
A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945
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Website of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs – the Poles on the Front Lines
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Polish cavalry units did not engage German tanks with lances and swords. At the
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1982:
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Vistula River, then some 10 km (6.2 mi) from the German border, and
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7858:[Wehrmacht crimes against Polish prisoners of war in September 1939]
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constituted land long disputed by Poland and Germany, and was inhabited by a
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9463:
6971:(in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. p. 933.
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The Polish Campaign was the first action by Hitler in his attempt to create
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River, west of Warsaw, and lasted from 9 to 19 September. The Polish armies
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3999:: Polish destroyers evacuate the Baltic Sea en route to the United Kingdom.
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in its inventory, of which 2,859 were with the Field Army and 408 with the
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9473:. A website describing the Polish forces in France, UK and the Netherlands
9134:
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8596:
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About 65,000 Polish troops were killed in the fighting (and roughly 3,000
4695:
4451:. In the last week of September, Hitler made a speech in Danzig and said:
4344:
after they had invaded the eastern regions of Poland, in violation of the
4292:
4148:
3861:'s 3rd Army, which was to strike southward from East Prussia, and General
3827:
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and a delay in the introduction of a completely new modern Polish fighter
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Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.
6988:(in Polish). Jerusalem: Sekcja Wydawnicza APW. p. 39. Archived from
6200:
The Second World War: Volume 2 Europe 1939–1943, Tom 2 Robin Havers p. 25
5168:". That idea has been repudiated by some authors. Matthew Cooper writes:
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withdrew from both the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934 and the
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1943:
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gained back those territories taken by Poland in autumn 1938. Lithuania
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of 1928 and the 1933 London Convention on the Definition of Aggression.
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shaped Polish Army organizational and operational doctrine. Unlike the
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Operation Fall Weiss: German Paratroopers in the Poland Campaign, 1939
5847:
Operatsiia Groza, Ili, Oshibka V Tretem Znake: Istoricheskaia Khronika
4875:
and details of this concept would be later formulated in the infamous
4549:
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with Poland, trying to improve opinion in Germany, culminating in the
12045:
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11058:
10856:
10811:
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The Flying pencil, Heinz J. Nowarra, Schiffer Publishing, 1990, p. 25
5746:
5198:, and it was applied in the Polish Campaign, little changed from the
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near Lublin on 6 October, marking the end of the September Campaign.
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Hitler watching German soldiers march into Poland in September 1939.
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139:
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Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947
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8483:
6877:
6486:
Sir N. Henderson to Viscount Halifax (received 9:30 a.m. 31 August)
5531:
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4172:
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Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defence
4565:
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3512:
of World War I, the Polish–Soviet War was a conflict in which the
3473:
Emerging in 1918 as an independent country after 123 years of the
3036:
2258:. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign (
27:
German, Soviet, and Slovak attack at the beginning of World War II
12979:
8858:
Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944
6304:
Zahradnik "Korzenie Zaolzia. Warszawa – Praga – Trzyniec", 16–17.
5011:
4809:
4437:
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was initiated on 1 September 1939 and was the first operation of
3894:
3865:'s 4th Army, which was to attack eastward across the base of the
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3819:
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3704:
ships joined the British merchant fleet and took part in wartime
3583:
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and had some successes against both German infantry and cavalry.
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3294:
3218:
and cross-border troop movements signaled that war was imminent.
3199:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2453:
2313:, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage. Polish forces then
9001:
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory
8647:
Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War
8448:
Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War
7599:
7212:"High Hitler: how Nazi drug abuse steered the course of history"
4088:
3696:, with the goal of engaging and damaging German shipping in the
3293:
attack on the radio station, was staged near the border city of
3044:
2406:. In the aftermath of the invasion, a collective of underground
10926:
9524:
9237:
The Conquest of Poland and the Beginnings of Jewish Persecution
8713:
Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II
8559:
SS-Leibstandarte: The History of the First SS Division, 1934–45
8514:
8488:
7989:
7856:"Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach polskich we wrześniu 1939 roku"
6629:
A History of World War Two, A.J.P. Taylor, Octopus, 1974, p. 35
4813:
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4079:
France and Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September, but
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2337:, and the Polish army was effectively defeated even before the
2251:
34:. For more details on the invasion by the Slovak Republic, see
8369:
7836:
7834:
5078:
In 1939, 10% of the Polish army was made up of cavalry units.
4540:) murdered tens of thousands of Polish civilians (such as the
3598:
bombers being more modern than the fighters, according to the
3301:
by German units posing as Polish troops, as part of the wider
11114:
8898:
8578:
The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure
8461:
The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure
8435:
The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure
6601:
The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure
6432:
6430:
6353:"The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy"
5021:
4935:
4741:
German and Soviet troops shaking hands following the invasion
4306:
4259:
4223:
4129:
4121:
2520:
majority. The Corridor had become a part of Poland after the
2349:
201:
13916:
7948:
7946:
6931:
Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind
5922:
5920:
5722:
5720:
4171:
During this invasion, Hitler's troops made extensive use of
3806:. German units were to invade Poland from three directions:
3767:) to assist the rapid movement of troops and concentrate on
2241:
between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the
7831:
7425:, Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
4921:
between 1939 and 1941 resulted in the death of 150,000 and
4857:
4829:
in 1941 to form the global conflict known as World War II.
4386:
4363:
The Polish border defence forces in the east, known as the
4317:
completed their agreement that ended the conflict, and the
3345:
2472:
of 1934. Earlier, Hitler's foreign policy worked to weaken
9273:
Detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents
9167:] (in German). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.
9161:
Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939
9020:
Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz: Rydz and the Defence of Poland
7667:
7393:
7244:
7242:
7240:
6865:
7TP vol.II, Janusz Magnus#1, Militaria 317, Warszawa 2009.
6427:
6316:
6016:
A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War
5597:
Other treaties violated by the Soviet Union were the 1919
5231:, also address the subject of mythical interpretations of
4517:
From the first day of invasion, the German air force (the
4034:
2309:
to the east. After the mid-September Polish defeat in the
2217:(1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the
30:
For more details on the invasion by the Soviet Union, see
12964:
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
9267:
Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939
8977:
Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity
7943:
7705:
7582:
Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity
7064:
Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the defence of Poland
6849:
6847:
6637:
6635:
6508:
Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the defence of Poland
5917:
5801:"Axis Slovakia: Hitler's Slavic Wedge, 1938–1945", p. 81
5717:
5173:
breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the
4254:
left the army with the task of mopping up survivors. The
4099:
early in the campaign. By destroying communications, the
3992:
3647:
3643:
3635:
8740:
Weapons and Secret Weapons of the German Army, 1933–1945
7184:. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 7 September 1939. p. 9.
6878:
Tullio Pontecorvo, Tobias Lundqvist (1 September 2017).
6040:
4147:
The right wing of the Poles had been hammered back from
3243:. On the night of 30/31 August, German Foreign Minister
2484:. Poland would be granted territory to its northeast in
9423:"The Polish Campaign of September 1939 in Perspective"
7530:
7495:
7483:
7237:
5943:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 313–315.
4533:
3872:
A tertiary attack by part of Army Group South's allied
10186:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
8736:
Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–1945
8132:
Britain and Poland 1939–1943. The Betrayed Ally (1995)
7626:(in Polish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2008
7037:
7010:
6844:
6782:
Mazur, Wojciech (March 2009). "Pomocnik Historyczny".
6683:
6671:
6659:
6647:
6632:
6569:
6528:
Heinrich Himmler: The SS, Gestapo, His Life and Career
6474:
Sir H. Kennard to Viscount Halifax (received 10 a.m.).
6424:, Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, Bernd Greiner, p. 97
5871:
Kampania polska 1939 roku. Początek II wojny światowej
5791:
Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–1945
5335:– the Slovak arsenal was inherited from Czechoslovakia
4683:
to become the CdZ of the Posen military district, and
3610:
fighters and 111 English airplanes (100 light bombers
3358:
divisions, with 2,009 tanks between them, using a new
14064:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
9309:
German Statistics including September Campaign losses
7587:
7560:
7444:. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
7166:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. xvi–xvii.
6948:
6710:
4144:, respectively north-west and north-east of Warsaw.
3798:
meant that Poland's southern flank was also exposed.
3319:
Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939
8415:
8400:
285 aircraft destroyed, 279 damaged of initial force
7354:
6295:
Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN 1997, vol. VI, 981.
5220:
mission that was to characterize authentic armoured
5106:
4796:
Polish troops withdrawn to Hungary in September 1939
4637:
German & Soviet advance in Poland September 1939
4436:'s tiny garrison capitulated on 7 September and the
4055:
opened fire on the Polish military transit depot at
3700:, but they had much less success. In addition, many
3011:
The invasion was referred to by Germany as the 1939
7277:
7275:
7199:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 51–54, 62–64.
7017:
The British-Polish Alliance; Its Origin and Meaning
6927:
6557:
6545:
5147:
4910:, compiled before the war began in September 1939.
4848:
German soldiers removing Polish government insignia
4424:north of Warsaw capitulated on 29 September, after
4155:by 9 September, and List, in the south, was on the
2364:. On 6 October, following the Polish defeat at the
8974:
8758:
8330:Steven J. Zaloga, Ramiro Bujeiro, Howard Gerrard,
8314:("Book of Polish cavalry"), TESCO, Warszawa 1989,
8201:LC Online Catalog – Item Information (Full Record)
7584:Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2003
7369:
7170:
7136:
7134:
5634:
5632:
5144:'s guerillas, and the Leśni ("forest partisans").
4980:, the central publishing house of the Nazi Party.
4525:killed 6,000 to 7,000 Polish civilians during the
3779:, which was advocated by some generals, including
3749:. It called for the start of hostilities before a
3542:) was at a severe disadvantage against the German
9165:War of Annihilation: The Wehrmacht in Poland 1939
9068:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
8363:
6981:
6921:
5601:(to which the Soviet Union adhered in 1934); the
5328:List of German military equipment of World War II
5323:List of World War II military equipment of Poland
4625:War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II
4464:(the Soviets later executed all the officers and
3757:and small numbers of truck-mounted infantry (the
3427:dive bombers, 1,100 conventional bombers (mainly
3372:(air force) provided both tactical and strategic
3334:German order of battle for the invasion of Poland
3254:On 29 August, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs
2763:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance
14160:
8981:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
7955:
7748:
7644:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7548:Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War, p. 102
7272:
6242:
4950:1st Polish Corps on exercise in Scotland in 1941
3390:claimed "Poland was a full demonstration of the
3315:Opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign
2333:. France invaded a small part of Germany in the
8929:Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally
8669:"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field"
8027:"Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll"
7290:Tippelskirch, Kurt. History of Second World War
7131:
6966:
5629:
4939:) or murdered, like the Polish officers in the
4008:were well within operating range of the German
3857:commanded Army Group North, comprising General
2270:) and known in Germany as the Poland campaign (
14095:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
13175:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland
12881:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
9441:by Bradley Lightbody, Last updated 2011-03-30
9345:Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland
8470:
7842:Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front 1943
7826:Kursk: The greatest battle: Eastern Front 1943
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7110:
6900:
6775:
6438:Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943
6397:League of Nations Archives, Palais des Nations
6387:
6243:Snyder, Louis Leo; Montgomery, John D (2003).
5963:
5333:List of Czechoslovakia interwar period weapons
5293:Polish cavalry brigade order of battle in 1939
5012:Combat between Polish cavalry and German tanks
4702:" were set up under command of major generals
3729:The September Campaign was devised by General
3247:read a 16-point German proposal to ambassador
2317:where they prepared for a long defence of the
13902:
12845:
12831:
9540:
9354:Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland
9085:
7156:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
6960:
6462:Viscount Halifax to Sir N. Henderson (Berlin)
6159:
6157:
5809:
5807:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5707:
5705:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5608:
4808:Romania (through the Romanian Bridgehead and
4650:received the city of Vilnius and its environs
4400:during the Soviet invasion, 19 September 1939
4218:The largest battle during this campaign, the
2992:
2321:and awaited expected support and relief from
1816:
1802:
1721:
1707:
1306:
42:. For a list of Polish–German Wars, see, see
9521:(1939). Universal Studios. Internet Archive.
9285:The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database
8621:
8283:
8130:(München 2007), 64–67, Anita J. Prazmowska,
8051:Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota (eds.).
8029:. AFP/Expatica. 30 July 2009. Archived from
7895:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
7728:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7338:
7261:, Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM Warszawa, p. 182.
6880:"Fall Weiss – The German Invasion of Poland"
6702:Zawadzki, Tadeusz (2009). "Porównanie sił".
4004:sunk by the Germans. Furthermore, since the
3885:units that had been prepared before the war.
3559:, in which the Poles played a notable part.
3070:strategy. On 31 March 1939, Poland formed a
3047:) later served as the justification for the
13171:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)
13159:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)
9040:
8817:
8761:Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939
8534:
8504:
8478:
8376:. Cambridge University Press. p. 212.
8277:
7658:
7472:
7470:
7143:
7104:
7029:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6497:Oslon and Cloud,"A Question of Honor" p. 50
6140:. Manchester University Press. p. 92.
6129:
6127:
5966:"Holocaust of non-jewish Poles during WWII"
3794:and creation of the German puppet state of
3064:to connect East Prussia with Germany proper
2751:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
2476:and attempted to manoeuvre Poland into the
2448:. While some dissident elements within the
13909:
13895:
13017:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)
12838:
12824:
9547:
9533:
9041:Taylor, A.J.P.; Mayer, S.L., eds. (1974).
9032:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8955:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
8945:
8923:
8765:. Vol. I. London: Chevron/Ian Allan.
8427:
8360:, London, Europa Publications, 1980. p. 28
8184:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8088:Holocaust of Non-Jewish Poles During WWII.
7742:
7673:
7453:
7399:
7049:
6975:
6934:. Reynal & Hitchcock. pp. 29–30.
6894:
6763:Adam Kurowski 'Lotnictwo Polskie 1939' 129
6595:
6593:
6347:
6345:
6154:
5926:
5804:
5776:
5702:
5685:
5303:Polish resistance movement in World War II
3826:'s 8th Army was to drive eastward against
3439:. Due to its earlier participation in the
2999:
2985:
2542:still in the Corridor, as well as Danzig.
2480:, forming a cooperative front against the
1809:
1795:
1714:
1700:
1313:
1299:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1022:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
13022:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)
13012:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)
9510:Invasion of Poland in 1939 by German Army
9321:Brief Campaign losses and more statistics
9297:The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer
9203:
9189:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9071:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8931:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8895:Poland 1939: The Outbreak of World War II
8733:
8612:
8370:Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983).
7797:. Stanford University Press. p. 58.
7773:Voronezh, 1964. in Russian); Guderian H.
7717:
7257:Czesław Grzelak, Henryk Stańczyk (2005),
7178:"Poles Holding Line 30 Miles From Warsaw"
7004:
5982:Dariusz Baliszewski (19 September 2004),
4968:('Von Lemberg bis Bordeaux'), written by
4065:attacked near the Polish village of Mokra
3638:light tanks in formation during maneuvers
2946:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations
2757:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
233:
189:Lithuania, the Soviet Union, and Slovakia
13918:Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941
13310:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)
9061:
8453:
8169:
7961:
7467:
6772:'Duel for the Sky' by Christopher Shores
6701:
6236:
6133:
6124:
5386:Separated from 12th Army on 28 September
5273:List of Polish divisions in World War II
5110:
5015:
4945:
4915:Polish Institute of National Remembrance
4843:
4791:
4736:
4632:
4391:
4296:Disposition of all troops following the
4291:
4177:
4106:
4081:failed to provide any meaningful support
4072:German-Slovak tertiary attack by units (
4033:
3991:
3912:
3720:
3629:
3561:
3464:
3220:
3139:
3022:Poland participated with Germany in the
2922:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
2438:National Socialist German Workers' Party
2402:, and immediately started a campaign of
277:
12871:History of Polish intelligence services
9086:Zaloga, Steve; Gerrard, Howard (2002).
9017:
8995:
8969:
8905:"Nazi Loss in Poland Placed at 290,000"
8798:
8710:
8694:Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939
8691:
8421:
8409:
8021:
8019:
7605:
7536:
7501:
7489:
7477:
7428:
7299:
7114:Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939
7043:
6954:
6853:
6689:
6677:
6665:
6653:
6641:
6590:
6513:
6342:
6163:
6076:
6046:
6012:
6008:
6006:
5976:
5754:"Nazi Loss in Poland Placed at 290,000"
5673:, article on 'Kampania Wrześniowa 1939'
5001:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4929:, forced resettlement, imprisonment in
4337:entered and created the Belarusian and
4186:Polish forces abandoned the regions of
3889:All three assaults were to converge on
3849:A second route of attack from northern
187:Polish territory divided among Germany,
14:
14161:
14028:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)
13824:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
11394:
11372:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
9158:
9104:
8756:
8742:]. Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe.
8575:
8553:
8537:Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape
7891:
7702:Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość. nr 2 (8)/2005
7661:Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape
7593:
7078:
6985:Kampania wrześniowa 1939 roku w Polsce
6907:. Pen & Sword Books. pp. 6–.
6873:
6871:
6810:
6730:
6249:. Transaction Publishers. p. 88.
5938:
5844:
5840:
5838:
4983:The American journalist and filmmaker
4958:
4479:Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna "Polesie"
4383:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
3908:
3151:, a German–Soviet non-aggression pact.
2904:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine
1320:
13890:
13217:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)
12819:
12243:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
11675:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
11321:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
11277:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
10382:Rape during the occupation of Germany
9528:
9181:
8874:
8852:
8779:
8643:
8594:
8263:Polish Cavalry Charges Against Tanks"
8097:Polish American Congress, Washington.
7995:
7933:The Slavonic and East European Review
7930:
7873:from the original on 28 December 2021
7853:
7794:Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945
7790:
7784:
7711:
7566:
7507:
7209:
7194:
7074:
7072:
6781:
6721:Poland's Preparation for World War II
6575:
6563:
6551:
6399:. Geneva: indiana.edu. Archived from
6375:"World History in Context – Document"
6170:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 150–151.
6103:
5964:Moor-Jankowski, Jan (5 August 2019).
5394:
5392:
5216:divisions were not given the kind of
5054:promptly published an article in the
4629:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
3676:The Polish Navy was a small fleet of
3404:played a major role in the campaign.
3109:
2389:incorporated its newly acquired areas
1790:
1695:
1294:
13407:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
13060:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
11365:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
10397:Rape during the liberation of France
9088:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
8897:(Basic Books, 2020) popular history
8801:The German Campaign in Poland (1939)
8332:Poland 1939: the birth of blitzkrieg
8287:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
8016:
7864:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
7624:WProst 24 (Arch. in WayBack Machine)
7617:
6587:B.H. Hart & A.J.P. Taylor, p. 41
6003:
5910:Collier, Martin, and Pedley, Philip
5067:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
4313:. On 15 September 1939, Molotov and
13949:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
13643:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
9209:First to Fight: The Polish War 1939
8875:Majer, Diemut; et al. (2003).
8664:
7885:
7847:
7210:Cooke, Rachel (25 September 2016).
6868:
5835:
5298:Polish contribution to World War II
5081:
4726:annexed the western parts of Poland
4420:, held out until 28 September. The
3834:'s 14th Army was to push on toward
3692:. Submarine forces participated in
3457:Polish army order of battle in 1939
3395:
3386:" (lightning war). While historian
2898:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
40:Invasion of Poland (disambiguation)
24:
14077:Soviet offensive plans controversy
11591:German invasion of the Netherlands
9871:Weather events during World War II
9452:The Mythical Polish Cavalry Charge
9159:Böhler, Jochen (2006). "Preface".
9152:
8911:(Press release). 28 September 1941
8879:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
8518:(in Polish) (1138). Archived from
8122:a.o. Robert Westerby en R.M. Low,
7416:Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty
7069:
6530:, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2007,
6381:
6167:The causes of the Second World War
5869:Czesław Grzelak, Henryk Stańczyk:
5650:Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5389:
5318:Timeline of the invasion of Poland
4489:
4329:in the Soviet "zone of interest".
4281:
4029:
3308:
3184:Polish-British Common Defence Pact
2880:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War
2293:alongside the Germans in northern
2243:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
25:
14210:
12222:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
9393:Detailed German Army organization
9380:Detailed Polish Army organization
9367:Halford Mackinder's Necessary War
9230:
8650:(1st US ed.). Viking Adult.
8126:(London 1940), 1–18, Ingo Loose,
8056:Institute of National Remembrance
7620:"Seksualne niewolnice III Rzeszy"
7442:Institute of National Remembrance
6743:, McFarland & Company, 2004,
5599:Covenant of the League of Nations
5107:Polish resistance to the invasion
5006:
4749:on 22 September. The German 19th
4621:Military Administration in Poland
4496:World War II casualties of Poland
4482:, surrendered after the four-day
4350:Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact
4128:'s armour was already beyond the
2792:Remilitarization of the Rhineland
2470:German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact
2373:period of military administration
2266:) or 1939 defensive war (Polish:
13429:War of the Holy League 1683–1699
13132:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
12923:
12911:
12902:
12782:
9554:
9518:Special Release – Europe At War!
9256:Original reports from The Times
8440:
8403:
8390:
8373:The History of Poland Since 1863
8348:
8324:
8304:
8252:
8238:
8192:
8163:
8137:
8116:
8100:
8080:
8045:
7924:
7912:from the original on 2 June 2023
7818:
7769:Воронеж, 1964. (Krivoshein S.M.
7759:
7679:
7663:. Fawcett Columbine. p. 71.
7652:
7611:
7572:
7551:
7542:
7405:
7293:
7284:
7251:
7203:
7188:
6811:Banach, Michał (21 March 2018).
5591:
5278:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
5187:of the Polish campaign. – Cooper
4835:betrayed by their Western allies
4460:Despite a Polish victory at the
2512:from the rest of the Reich. The
2276:Überfall auf Polen, Polenfeldzug
947:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
803:
762:
749:
719:
691:
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
587:
572:
558:
533:
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
454:
442:
427:
412:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
325:
311:
279:
262:
249:
235:
69:
63:European theatre of World War II
14054:Occupation of the Baltic states
13412:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676
13402:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634
13390:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621
13343:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618
13261:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629
13256:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625
13251:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618
13239:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611
13234:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629
13127:Władysław the White's rebellion
13114:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
13099:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
13065:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)
9003:. London; New York: Routledge.
6859:
6830:
6804:
6790:
6766:
6757:
6695:
6623:
6614:
6605:
6581:
6500:
6491:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6443:
6415:
6367:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6264:
6194:
6185:
6137:Origins of the Second World War
6110:. JHU Press. pp. 188–189.
6097:
6070:
6052:
5957:
5932:
5904:
5876:
5863:
5581:
5557:
5547:
5537:
5502:
5487:
5451:
5436:
5401:
4907:Special Prosecution Book-Poland
4784:Polish Armed Forces in the East
4780:Polish Armed Forces in the West
4159:north and south of the town of
4085:saw only a few minor skirmishes
2727:Nazis' rise to power in Germany
2569:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
2416:Polish Armed Forces in the West
2371:On 8 October, after an initial
13982:Boundary and Friendship Treaty
13594:Greater Poland uprising (1848)
13385:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
13154:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
12469:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
10179:Territorial changes of Germany
10087:Indonesian National Revolution
9395:schemas by Dr. Leo Niehorster
9382:schemas by Dr. Leo Niehorster
9333:Fall Weiß – The Fall of Poland
8824:Refugees in an Age of Genocide
8601:Security and Defence Quarterly
8002:. Cambridge University Press.
7999:Justice and the Genesis of War
7968:. Cambridge University Press.
7197:Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany
6488:Cited in the British Blue Book
6476:Cited in the British Blue Book
6464:Cited in the British Blue book
6452:Cited in the British Blue Book
5676:
5664:
5655:
5523:
5398:Improvised during the invasion
5380:
5368:
5356:
5194:was a strategy dating back to
5044:18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment
4802:prisoners of war were executed
4673:Chiefs of Civil Administration
4266:) of bombs during the battle.
3761:regiments, forerunners of the
3716:
2691:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
2548:Events leading to World War II
2538:, promising to "liberate" the
2474:ties between Poland and France
2418:, an armed force loyal to the
2379:western Poland and the former
152:
75:Left to right, top to bottom:
13:
1:
13501:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667
13469:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
13142:1444 war against the Ottomans
12969:German–Polish War (1028–1031)
12959:German–Polish War (1003–1018)
12876:List of wars involving Poland
11869:Japanese invasion of Thailand
11820:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
11584:German invasion of Luxembourg
9965:Mediterranean and Middle East
9109:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
9090:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
8696:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
8204:. SF Tafel Publishers. 2017.
7962:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005).
7755:. Bellona. GGKEY:YJUTJZKPCPA.
6813:"PZL 46 Sum Następca Karasia"
6060:"The Nazification of Germany"
5638:Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
5622:
5268:History of Poland (1939–1945)
4721:secret German–Soviet protocol
4654:Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg
4542:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
3051:to join the German invasion.
2910:German ultimatum to Lithuania
2856:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania
2425:
2256:German–Soviet Frontier Treaty
2007:Mediterranean and Middle East
13511:War of the Bar Confederation
13506:War of the Polish Succession
11776:Invasion of the Soviet Union
11465:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
10783:Independent State of Croatia
9130:Internetowa encyklopedia PWN
9018:Seidner, Stanley S. (1978).
8174:. Amsterdam. pp. 64–65.
8068:Introduction reproduced here
7771:Between the Storms. Memoirs.
7519:pp. 28–29 with more speech.
6928:Knickerbocker, H.R. (1941).
6326:. Euronet.nl. Archived from
6324:"Elbing-Königsberg Autobahn"
5941:The Sacredness of Human Life
5671:Internetowa encyklopedia PWN
5339:Slovak Air Force (1939–1945)
5258:Eastern Front (World War II)
4837:. British Foreign Secretary
4728:with Greiser and Forster as
4614:
4504:(living space) for Germans.
4449:was defended until 2 October
3120:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
2810:Italo-German "Axis" protocol
2775:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
2344:On 17 September, the Soviet
2215:Polish Defensive War of 1939
1988:Manchuria and Northern Korea
153:German–Soviet–Slovak victory
7:
14023:Commercial Agreement (1940)
14018:Commercial Agreement (1939)
13869:Russian invasion of Ukraine
13762:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
13558:War of the Fourth Coalition
13210:campaign of Stephen Báthory
12760:End of World War II in Asia
12600:Western invasion of Germany
12107:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
12084:Second Battle of El Alamein
11654:Hundred Regiments Offensive
11626:Battle of the Mediterranean
11479:Italian invasion of Albania
9653:Air warfare of World War II
9432:September 26, 2011, at the
9133:(in Polish). Archived from
8799:Kennedy, Robert M. (1980).
8711:Goldman, Stuart D. (2012).
8580:. New York: Stein and Day.
8561:. Staplehurst: Spellmount.
8535:Brownmiller, Susan (1975).
8471:Sources and further reading
8334:, Osprey Publishing, 2002,
7777:Heidelberg, 1951 (English:
7775:Erinnerungen eines Soldaten
7659:Brownmiller, Susan (1975).
7379:. McFarland & Company.
6164:Crozier, Andrew J. (1997).
6064:University of South Florida
5728:"Polish War, German Losses"
5251:
4600:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
4414:Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski
4398:provincial capital of Wilno
4083:. The German-French border
3882:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
3822:and Slovak border. General
3024:partition of Czechoslovakia
2940:Italian invasion of Albania
2934:British guarantee to Poland
2356:that fell into the Soviet "
2352:, the territory beyond the
2339:British Expeditionary Force
1772:Parczew, Jabłoń and Milanów
204:annexed by the Soviet Union
38:. For other invasions, see
10:
14215:
13847:Operation Uphold Democracy
13582:War of the Sixth Coalition
13570:War of the Fifth Coalition
13516:Polish–Russian War of 1792
12891:Warfare in Medieval Poland
12866:History of the Polish Army
12686:Naval bombardment of Japan
12054:First Battle of El Alamein
11973:Battle of Christmas Island
11918:Japanese invasion of Burma
11682:Italian invasion of Greece
11598:German invasion of Belgium
11570:German invasion of Denmark
11543:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
11412:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
9676:Comparative military ranks
9406:Polish Armoured Units 1939
9326:December 23, 2018, at the
9290:November 20, 2023, at the
9125:"Kampania Wrześniowa 1939"
9044:A History of World War Two
8821:; Knox, Katharine (1999).
8170:Huiskamp, Florian (2015).
7019:. London: Mellville Press.
6982:Henryk Piątkowski (1943).
5849:. Vita-Oblik. p. 88.
5031:
4823:Japanese invasion of China
4777:
4618:
4493:
4285:
4048:pre-dreadnought battleship
3903:Second World War in Europe
3737:, and directed by General
3735:chief of the general staff
3711:
3454:
3416:forces consisted of 1,180
3331:
3327:
3312:
3273:to Britain, executing the
3062:system, be built in order
2786:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2429:
2420:Polish government-in-exile
1725:Soviet invasion of Poland
29:
14141:
14103:
14049:Soviet invasion of Poland
14036:
14005:
13957:
13924:
13832:
13809:
13770:
13757:Białystok Ghetto uprising
13742:
13702:
13693:
13628:
13587:French invasion of Russia
13533:
13446:
13375:
13288:
13268:Northern War of 1655–1660
13195:
13186:
13122:
13050:
13041:
13004:
12944:
12935:
12897:
12853:
12847:Polish wars and conflicts
12775:
12607:Bratislava–Brno offensive
12547:
12538:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
12275:
12162:Allied invasion of Sicily
12116:
12022:Aleutian Islands campaign
11994:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
11941:
11932:Greek famine of 1941–1944
11827:Second Battle of Changsha
11732:German invasion of Greece
11700:
11577:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
11552:
11490:
11385:
11266:
10992:
10902:
10750:
10453:
10444:
10202:
10027:
9919:North and Central Pacific
9880:
9642:
9635:
9562:
9464:Polish forces in the West
9373:February 4, 2024, at the
9360:December 6, 2023, at the
9338:December 1, 2023, at the
9278:October 20, 2023, at the
9254:German invasion of Poland
9107:The Polish Army 1939–1945
9047:. London: Octopus Books.
8734:Hahn, Fritz (1986–1987).
8312:Księga kawalerii polskiej
8260:"Poland 1939 (Fall Weiß)
7828:, 2011, pp. 62, 67, 76–80
7767:Междубурье. Воспоминания.
7749:Leszek Moczulski (2009).
7389:– via Google Books.
7316:10.1080/09668139208411994
7259:Kampania polska 1939 roku
7117:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6969:Wojna Obronna Polski 1939
6134:Rothwell, Victor (2001).
5939:Gushee, David P. (2013).
5712:Wojna Obronna Polski 1939
5513:wojna obronna Polski 1939
5364:Slovak invasion of Poland
5156:It is often assumed that
4974:Battle of Węgierska Górka
4881:. The invasion decimated
4812:), and another 20,000 to
4366:Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza
4288:Soviet invasion of Poland
4182:Polish infantry in attack
3688:to join with the British
3487:Central Industrial Region
3450:
3323:Slovak invasion of Poland
3165:'Death's Head' formations
2715:Defense of the Great Wall
2697:Pacification of Manchukuo
2315:withdrew to the southeast
2235:beginning of World War II
1827:
1733:
1666:Slovak invasion of Poland
1659:Soviet invasion of Poland
1332:
1121:
963:
675:
294:
223:
101:
68:
60:
55:
36:Slovak invasion of Poland
32:Soviet invasion of Poland
13997:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
13675:Second Silesian Uprising
12992:1156 war against Germany
12989:1146 war against Germany
12199:Allied invasion of Italy
12176:Solomon Islands campaign
11925:Third Battle of Changsha
11522:First Battle of Changsha
11428:Second Sino-Japanese War
10368:German military brothels
10234:United States war crimes
8692:Forczyk, Robert (2019).
8595:Corum, James S. (2013).
8576:Cooper, Matthew (1978).
8086:Dr. Jan Moor-Jankowski,
7996:Welch, David A. (1995).
7892:Snyder, Timothy (2012).
7608:, pp. 114, 159–161.
7513:Peter David Orr (2005),
7084:Poland's Navy, 1918–1945
6967:collective work (1979).
6013:Kitchen, Martin (1990).
5645:11 December 2013 at the
5349:
5313:The Black Book of Poland
5263:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
5229:The Polish Campaign 1939
5200:French campaigns in 1870
5042:on 1 September 1939 the
5040:Battle of Tuchola Forest
5026:anti-tank rifle (Wz. 35)
4965:From Lemberg to Bordeaux
4788:Polish Underground State
4426:an intense 16-day battle
4379:Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński
3946:with the support of the
3814:, attacking from German
2834:Second Sino-Japanese War
2798:Arab revolt in Palestine
2745:Inner Mongolian Campaign
2646:Second Italo-Senussi War
2456:and Austria, and create
2436:On 30 January 1933, the
2412:Polish Underground State
2408:resistance organizations
1993:pre-war border conflicts
14090:Northern Sea Route Raid
13970:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
13874:Military aid to Ukraine
13685:Third Silesian Uprising
13653:First Silesian Uprising
13648:Polish–Czechoslovak War
13417:Battle of Chocim (1673)
13395:Battle of Chocim (1621)
12621:Second Guangxi campaign
12476:Philippines (1944–1945)
11980:Battle of the Coral Sea
11883:Fall of the Philippines
11529:Battle of South Guangxi
11435:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
10841:Italian Social Republic
9478:War propaganda newsreel
9469:8 February 2016 at the
9302:March 18, 2018, at the
9242:8 November 2012 at the
8673:Studies in Intelligence
8623:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan
7791:Raack, Richard (1995).
7111:Robert Forczyk (2019).
6901:Stephan Janzyk (2017).
6510:, New York, 1978, ch. 2
6019:. Longman. p. 74.
5474:Polish Campaign of 1939
5412:Überfall auf Polen 1939
5206:John Ellis, writing in
4710:, and Hitler appointed
4667:, commanded by general
4442:held until 19 September
4428:. Some isolated Polish
4311:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
4258:alone dropped 388
4248:anti-aircraft batteries
4190:(the Polish Corridor),
3838:and to turn the Poles'
3739:Walther von Brauchitsch
3652:360° Gundlach periscope
3608:Morane-Saulnier M.S.406
3216:reconnaissance aircraft
3149:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3075:with the United Kingdom
2964:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2958:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2268:wojna obronna 1939 roku
2254:under the terms of the
2239:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
14184:World War II invasions
13752:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
13695:World War II in Poland
13355:Zebrzydowski rebellion
13338:Moldavian Magnate Wars
13305:Siege of Danzig (1577)
12206:Armistice of Cassibile
12008:Battle of Dutch Harbor
11959:Battle of the Java Sea
11862:Attack on Pearl Harbor
11762:Syria–Lebanon campaign
11755:Battle of South Shanxi
11725:Invasion of Yugoslavia
11508:Battle of the Atlantic
11122:Korean Liberation Army
10835:(until September 1943)
10792:(until September 1944)
10770:(until September 1944)
9399:April 4, 2024, at the
9386:April 4, 2024, at the
9314:April 7, 2024, at the
9105:Zaloga, Steve (1982).
8780:Jentz, Thomas (1996).
8357:The Air War: 1939–1945
7854:Sudoł, Tomasz (2011).
7516:Peace at Daggers Drawn
7195:Ohler, Norman (2017).
7080:Peszke, Michael Alfred
6223:Cite journal requires
6104:Majer, Diemut (2003).
5888:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
5760:. 1941. Archived from
5308:Siege of Warsaw (1939)
5189:
5119:
5076:
5029:
4951:
4869:
4863:
4849:
4797:
4776:
4763:Gebirgsjägerregimenter
4742:
4638:
4607:during the invasion.)
4458:
4401:
4301:
4222:, took place near the
4183:
4112:
4039:
4000:
3918:
3726:
3639:
3571:
3479:Second Polish Republic
3470:
3245:Joachim von Ribbentrop
3226:
3169:
3152:
3138:
2632:Occupation of the Ruhr
2614:Franco-Polish alliance
2500:The population of the
2432:Causes of World War II
2275:
2267:
2263:
2248:Soviets invaded Poland
295:Commanders and leaders
172:declare war on Germany
14194:September 1939 events
14127:Falsifiers of History
13965:Relations before 1941
13857:2003 invasion of Iraq
13785:Operation Ostra Brama
13680:Polish–Lithuanian War
13494:Battle of Berestechko
13222:War against Sigismund
12996:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
12370:Second Battle of Guam
12266:Bengal famine of 1943
12236:Second Battle of Kiev
12192:Battle of the Dnieper
11897:Battle of Wake Island
11769:East African campaign
11711:Battle of South Henan
11356:atrocities by Germans
11129:Korean Volunteer Army
10110:Occupation of Germany
9864:Music in World War II
9445:May 20, 2024, at the
9411:30 April 2008 at the
9260:May 11, 2009, at the
8971:Rossino, Alexander B.
8757:Hooton, E.R. (2007).
8717:Naval Institute Press
8539:. Fawcett Columbine.
8508:(19 September 2004).
8396:Bekker, Cajus (1964)
8284:Steve Zaloga (2004).
7618:Gmyz, Cezary (2007).
7579:Rossino, Alexander B.
6737:Michael Alfred Peszke
6717:Michael Alfred Peszke
5845:Bunich, Igor (1994).
5424:vtorshenie v Polshshu
5227:Zaloga and Madej, in
5170:
5114:
5071:
5019:
4978:Franz Eher Nachfolger
4949:
4864:
4854:
4847:
4795:
4778:Further information:
4771:
4740:
4636:
4453:
4412:were crippled at the
4395:
4295:
4286:Further information:
4181:
4126:Walther von Reichenau
4110:
4074:Field Army "Bernolák"
4037:
3995:
3935:territorial integrity
3927:Eastern Upper Silesia
3916:
3724:
3633:
3565:
3491:National Defence Fund
3468:
3396:some other historians
3224:
3161:
3143:
3133:
3058:roadway, part of the
2868:Battle of Lake Khasan
2781:December 9th Movement
2581:Polish–Lithuanian War
2391:into its constituent
2303:Germany–Poland border
2211:War of Poland of 1939
1918:Yugoslavian Partisans
1630:1st Tomaszów Lubelski
1578:2nd Tomaszów Lubelski
1122:Casualties and losses
79:bombers over Poland;
14111:Operation Barbarossa
13987:Population transfers
13638:Polish–Ukrainian War
13489:Khmelnytsky Uprising
13052:Polish–Teutonic wars
12861:Early modern warfare
12656:Surrender of Germany
12134:Battle of West Hubei
12091:Guadalcanal campaign
12061:Battle of Stalingrad
11987:Battle of Madagascar
10761:Albania protectorate
10548:(formerly Swaziland)
10257:Wehrmacht war crimes
10073:Expulsion of Germans
9857:Art and World War II
9755:British contribution
9704:Governments in exile
9457:26 June 2012 at the
9137:on 27 September 2005
8925:Prazmowska, Anita J.
8860:. Hippocrene Books.
8827:. London; New York:
8784:. Atglen: Schiffer.
8666:Fischer, Benjamin B.
8644:Ellis, John (1999).
8506:Baliszewski, Dariusz
8480:Baliszewski, Dariusz
8446:Ellis, John (1999).
8058:(IPN) Warszawa 2009
7779:Memoirs of a Soldier
7421:6 March 2008 at the
7360:Goldman pp. 163, 164
7182:The Gettysburg Times
6882:. My country? Europe
6727:43 (Feb 1979): 18–24
6506:Seidner, Stanley S.
6403:on 27 September 2011
6330:on 27 September 2007
5884:"German-Soviet Pact"
5482:kampania polska 1939
5162:The Second World War
4993:black-and-white film
4679:). Hitler appointed
4581:Operation Tannenberg
4396:Red Army enters the
4120:was approaching the
4069:Battle of the Border
3876:units from Slovakia.
3844:Walter von Reichenau
3747:German ground forces
3620:Supermarine Spitfire
3523:were used as mobile
3475:Partitions of Poland
3360:operational doctrine
3177:spheres of influence
2916:Slovak–Hungarian War
2563:Treaty of Versailles
2522:Treaty of Versailles
2305:to more established
2201:, also known as the
1673:Operation Tannenberg
1336:Battle of the Border
667:Stefan Dąb-Biernacki
607:Władysław Bortnowski
382:Walter von Reichenau
14199:October 1939 events
14189:Invasions of Poland
13932:Anti-Comintern Pact
13735:during World War II
13521:Kościuszko Uprising
13485:1644 Tatar Invasion
13459:Fedorovych uprising
13450:1624 Tatar Invasion
13377:Polish–Ottoman wars
13329:1593 Tatar Invasion
13321:1589 Tatar Invasion
13298:Battle of Lubieszów
13227:Battle of Stångebro
13197:Polish–Swedish wars
13104:Thirteen Years' War
12974:Miecław's Rebellion
12949:Polish–Veletian War
12886:Polish Armed Forces
12854:General and related
12746:Potsdam Declaration
12635:Italy (Spring 1945)
12398:Liberation of Paris
11855:Siege of Sevastopol
10873:(until August 1944)
10776:Wang Jingwei regime
10598:from September 1943
10558:from September 1944
10496:from September 1944
10356:Romanian war crimes
10347:Persecution of Jews
10333:Croatian war crimes
10303:Japanese war crimes
10117:Occupation of Japan
10066:First Indochina War
9778:Military production
9690:Declarations of war
9484:Advance into Poland
9427:, 24 September 2008
8947:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
8629:. Lexington Books.
8614:10.35467/sdq/103158
8482:(10 October 2004).
8354:Overy, Richard J.,
8344:Google Print, p. 50
8093:16 May 2016 at the
7714:, pp. ix, 1–5.
7698:12 May 2019 at the
7688:Tomasz Chinciński,
6246:The new nationalism
5992:(weekly), 38/2004.
5603:Briand-Kellogg Pact
5447:kampania wrześniowa
5196:Frederick the Great
5192:Vernichtungsgedanke
5184:Vernichtungsgedanke
5056:Corriere della Sera
4959:Eyewitness accounts
4892:extermination camps
4716:Arthur Seyß-Inquart
4474:Franciszek Kleeberg
3963:Romanian Bridgehead
3909:Polish defence plan
3824:Johannes Blaskowitz
3792:Bohemia and Moravia
3504:Experiences in the
3277:. On the same day,
3269:sent its destroyer
3198:railway station in
3086:Neville Chamberlain
2948:Apr.–Aug. 1939
2930:Mar.–Aug. 1939
2924:Mar.–Apr. 1939
2870:July–Aug. 1938
2816:Anti-Comintern Pact
2703:January 28 incident
2502:Free City of Danzig
2478:Anti-Comintern Pact
2444:, came to power in
2440:, under its leader
2387:. The Soviet Union
2381:Free City of Danzig
2358:sphere of influence
2319:Romanian Bridgehead
2311:Battle of the Bzura
2264:kampania wrześniowa
2233:, which marked the
1476:Tomaszów Mazowiecki
832:Front Cavalry Group
594:Emil Przedrzymirski
370:Johannes Blaskowitz
136:Free City of Danzig
14169:Invasion of Poland
14044:Invasion of Poland
14013:Economic relations
13862:Occupation of Iraq
13842:War in Afghanistan
13719:Invasion of Poland
13614:fighting in Poland
13535:Poland partitioned
13481:Ostryanyn uprising
13333:Nalyvaiko Uprising
13280:Great Northern War
13244:Battle of Kircholm
13137:Battle of Grotniki
13109:War of the Priests
13082:Battle of Grunwald
12739:Surrender of Japan
12572:Battle of Iwo Jima
12421:Belgrade offensive
11834:Siege of Leningrad
11718:Battle of Shanggao
11647:British Somaliland
11612:Dunkirk evacuation
11563:Norwegian campaign
11501:Invasion of Poland
11328:Japanese prisoners
10296:Italian war crimes
10227:British war crimes
10142:Soviet occupations
9926:South-West Pacific
9813:Allied cooperation
9771:Military equipment
9439:Invasion of Poland
9356:1 September 1939.
8909:The New York Times
8893:Moorhouse, Roger.
8492:(in Polish) (1141)
8073:2012-03-23 at the
7371:Tadeusz Piotrowski
7281:E.R. Hooton, p. 91
7140:E.R. Hooton, p. 87
6992:on 9 February 2008
6840:. 3 February 2014.
6753:Google Print, p. 2
6389:Indiana University
6276:The New York Times
5817:(Krivosheev G.F.,
5764:on 7 February 2009
5758:The New York Times
5732:The Canberra Times
5571:), one minelayer (
5420:вторжение в Польшу
5120:
5034:Charge at Krojanty
5030:
4999:are stored in the
4952:
4850:
4798:
4743:
4704:Gerd von Rundstedt
4639:
4446:Hel Fortified Area
4402:
4302:
4184:
4113:
4052:Schleswig-Holstein
4040:
4001:
3986:double envelopment
3965:could be created.
3919:
3853:. Colonel General
3812:Gerd von Rundstedt
3751:declaration of war
3743:commander in chief
3727:
3640:
3572:
3540:Lotnictwo Wojskowe
3471:
3412:and strafing. The
3388:Basil Liddell Hart
3282:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
3265:On 30 August, the
3227:
3204:Jabłonków incident
3153:
3145:Vyacheslav Molotov
3110:Breakdown of talks
3026:that followed the
3017:Verteidigungskrieg
2970:Invasion of Poland
2960:May–Sep. 1939
2892:First Vienna Award
2769:He–Umezu Agreement
2536:German nationalism
2385:General Government
2219:Republic of Poland
2203:September Campaign
2199:invasion of Poland
2120:French West Africa
1961:South West Pacific
1869:Denmark and Norway
1324:Invasion of Poland
1276:132 tanks and cars
580:Wacław Stachiewicz
566:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
333:Gerd von Rundstedt
197:annexed by Germany
82:Schleswig-Holstein
56:Invasion of Poland
44:Polish–German Wars
14179:Conflicts in 1939
14156:
14155:
13944:Spanish Civil War
13938:Jewish Bolshevism
13884:
13883:
13819:Racibórz Conflict
13811:People's Republic
13805:
13804:
13780:Operation Tempest
13658:Polish–Soviet War
13599:November Uprising
13575:Austro-Polish War
13563:Prussian campaign
13529:
13528:
13424:Great Turkish War
13365:Battle of Humenné
13360:Thirty Years' War
13348:Battle of Kłuszyn
13325:Kosiński uprising
13315:Battle of Byczyna
13182:
13181:
13094:Gollub War (1422)
13089:Hunger War (1414)
13037:
13036:
13027:Battle of Legnica
12978:1072 war against
12954:Battle of Cedynia
12813:
12812:
12771:
12770:
12614:Battle of Okinawa
12513:Burma (1944–1945)
12347:Mariana and Palau
12127:Tunisian campaign
11952:Fall of Singapore
11876:Fall of Hong Kong
11619:Battle of Britain
11472:Operation Himmler
11381:
11380:
11045:Dutch East Indies
10688:Southern Rhodesia
10440:
10439:
10340:Genocide of Serbs
10243:German war crimes
10220:Soviet war crimes
10213:Allied war crimes
10059:Division of Korea
10038:Chinese Civil War
9836:Strategic bombing
9748:Manhattan Project
9063:Weinberg, Gerhard
8988:978-0-7006-1234-5
8854:Lukas, Richard C.
8568:978-1-86227-117-3
7905:978-0-465-03297-6
7866:. 8–9 (129–130).
7674:Piotrowski (1998)
7480:, pp. 20–24)
7454:Piotrowski (1998)
7400:Piotrowski (1998)
6838:"PZL P.11G Kobuz"
6578:, pp. 90–91.
6524:Heinrich Fraenkel
6393:"Chronology 1939"
6079:The Polish Review
6049:, pp. 20–24.
5972:on 5 August 2019.
5950:978-0-8028-4420-0
5927:Piotrowski (1998)
5813:Кривошеев Г. Ф.,
5734:. 13 October 1939
5640:The 1939 Campaign
5498:wojna polska 1939
5432:invázia do Poľska
5422:, transcription:
5142:Henryk Dobrzański
4919:Soviet occupation
4913:According to the
4901:Intelligenzaktion
4755:Semyon Krivoshein
4731:Reichsstatthalter
4527:bombing of Warsaw
4346:Riga Peace Treaty
4118:Georg von Küchler
3863:Günther von Kluge
3859:Georg von Küchler
3557:Battle of Britain
3506:Polish–Soviet War
3441:Spanish Civil War
3344:(army) had 3,472
3303:Operation Himmler
3287:Gleiwitz incident
3279:Marshal of Poland
3258:ordered military
3090:Foreign Secretary
3072:military alliance
3009:
3008:
2804:Spanish Civil War
2739:Italo-Soviet Pact
2709:Geneva Conference
2608:Treaty of Rapallo
2602:Treaty of Trianon
2575:Polish–Soviet War
2283:Gleiwitz incident
2192:
2191:
2113:Strategic bombing
2029:Mediterranean Sea
1784:
1783:
1689:
1688:
1289:
1288:
1270:~675,000 captured
770:Belorussian Front
655:Kazimierz Fabrycy
435:Semyon Timoshenko
358:Günther von Kluge
346:Georg von Küchler
304:Invading command:
219:
218:
95:bombing of Warsaw
16:(Redirected from
14206:
13925:Prior antagonism
13911:
13904:
13897:
13888:
13887:
13775:Italian Campaign
13744:Ghetto uprisings
13731:, and
13700:
13699:
13663:Battle of Warsaw
13604:January Uprising
13543:Denisko uprising
13476:Pavlyuk uprising
13454:Zhmaylo uprising
13434:Battle of Vienna
13293:Danzig rebellion
13193:
13192:
13070:Battle of Płowce
13048:
13047:
13043:Jagiellon Poland
13005:Mongol invasions
12942:
12941:
12927:
12915:
12906:
12840:
12833:
12826:
12817:
12816:
12806:
12799:
12792:
12789:World portal
12787:
12786:
12762:
12755:
12748:
12741:
12732:
12725:
12718:
12709:
12702:
12695:
12688:
12681:
12674:
12665:
12658:
12651:
12649:Prague offensive
12644:
12642:Battle of Berlin
12637:
12630:
12623:
12616:
12609:
12602:
12595:
12588:
12586:Vienna offensive
12581:
12574:
12567:
12565:Battle of Manila
12560:
12540:
12531:
12522:
12515:
12506:
12499:
12492:
12485:
12478:
12471:
12464:
12455:
12446:
12439:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12409:
12400:
12393:
12386:
12379:
12372:
12365:
12358:
12349:
12342:
12333:
12324:
12315:
12308:
12306:Korsun–Cherkassy
12301:
12290:
12268:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12238:
12231:
12224:
12217:
12208:
12201:
12194:
12187:
12178:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12148:Bombing of Gorky
12143:
12136:
12129:
12109:
12102:
12093:
12086:
12079:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12038:
12031:
12024:
12017:
12015:Battle of Midway
12010:
12003:
12001:Battle of Gazala
11996:
11989:
11982:
11975:
11968:
11961:
11954:
11934:
11927:
11920:
11913:
11911:Battle of Borneo
11906:
11904:Malayan campaign
11899:
11892:
11885:
11878:
11871:
11864:
11857:
11850:
11848:Bombing of Gorky
11843:
11841:Battle of Moscow
11836:
11829:
11822:
11815:
11808:
11801:
11785:
11778:
11771:
11764:
11757:
11750:
11741:
11734:
11727:
11720:
11713:
11693:
11684:
11677:
11670:
11663:
11656:
11649:
11642:
11635:
11628:
11621:
11614:
11607:
11605:Battle of France
11600:
11593:
11586:
11579:
11572:
11565:
11545:
11538:
11531:
11524:
11517:
11510:
11503:
11481:
11474:
11467:
11460:
11458:Munich Agreement
11453:
11446:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11414:
11407:
11392:
11391:
11374:
11367:
11358:
11351:
11344:
11343:Soviet prisoners
11337:
11330:
11323:
11314:
11307:
11298:
11291:
11284:
11283:German prisoners
11279:
11259:
11250:
11243:
11236:
11231:
11224:
11217:
11210:
11203:
11196:
11189:
11182:
11175:
11168:
11161:
11154:
11147:
11140:
11131:
11124:
11117:
11110:
11103:
11096:
11089:
11082:
11075:
11068:
11061:
11054:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11026:
11019:
11012:
11005:
10985:
10978:
10971:
10964:
10957:
10950:
10943:
10936:
10929:
10922:
10915:
10895:
10888:
10881:
10874:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10843:
10836:
10828:
10821:
10819:French Indochina
10814:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10763:
10743:
10734:
10727:
10718:
10711:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10683:
10676:
10669:
10666:from August 1944
10657:
10650:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10622:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10589:
10582:
10575:
10568:
10561:
10549:
10541:
10534:
10527:
10520:
10513:
10506:
10499:
10487:
10480:
10473:
10466:
10451:
10450:
10431:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10392:
10377:
10370:
10363:
10358:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10326:
10319:
10312:
10310:Nanjing Massacre
10305:
10298:
10289:
10287:Nuremberg trials
10280:
10273:
10266:
10259:
10252:
10245:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10215:
10195:
10188:
10181:
10172:
10165:
10158:
10151:
10144:
10137:
10128:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10098:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10054:
10047:
10040:
10020:
10011:
10004:
9997:
9988:
9981:
9974:
9967:
9958:
9951:
9944:
9935:
9928:
9921:
9914:
9907:
9900:
9893:
9891:Asia and Pacific
9873:
9866:
9859:
9852:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9822:
9820:Mulberry harbour
9815:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9780:
9773:
9766:
9757:
9750:
9743:
9734:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9671:
9662:
9655:
9640:
9639:
9628:
9621:
9612:
9605:
9598:
9591:
9584:
9577:
9570:
9549:
9542:
9535:
9526:
9525:
9488:Internet Archive
9226:
9205:Moorhouse, Roger
9200:
9178:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9120:
9101:
9082:
9058:
9037:
9031:
9023:
9014:
8992:
8980:
8966:
8942:
8920:
8918:
8916:
8890:
8871:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8814:
8795:
8776:
8764:
8753:
8730:
8707:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8675:. Archived from
8661:
8640:
8618:
8616:
8591:
8572:
8550:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8484:"Wojna sukcesów"
8464:
8459:Matthew Cooper,
8457:
8451:
8444:
8438:
8433:Matthew Cooper,
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8367:
8361:
8352:
8346:
8328:
8322:
8310:Henryk Smaczny,
8308:
8302:
8301:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8229:
8225:
8223:
8215:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8183:
8175:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8147:. Archived from
8141:
8135:
8120:
8114:
8104:
8098:
8084:
8078:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8023:
8014:
8013:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7959:
7953:
7950:
7941:
7940:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7872:
7861:
7851:
7845:
7838:
7829:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7788:
7782:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7746:
7740:
7730:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7643:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7555:
7549:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7474:
7465:
7451:
7445:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7414:
7411:Sanford, p. 23;
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7352:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7282:
7279:
7270:
7255:
7249:
7246:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7154:
7141:
7138:
7129:
7128:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7088:Hippocrene Books
7076:
7067:
7060:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7028:
7020:
7013:Edward Raczyński
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6875:
6866:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6842:
6841:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6755:
6734:
6728:
6725:Military Affairs
6714:
6708:
6707:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6630:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6603:
6599:Matthew Cooper,
6597:
6588:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6517:
6511:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6434:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6349:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6305:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6268:
6262:
6260:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6010:
6001:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5968:. Archived from
5961:
5955:
5954:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5880:
5874:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5811:
5802:
5799:
5793:
5789:Kamil Cywinski,
5787:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5724:
5715:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5661:ER Hooton, p. 85
5659:
5653:
5636:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5527:
5515:
5506:
5500:
5491:
5485:
5472:; also known as
5455:
5449:
5440:
5434:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5387:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5344:Western betrayal
5283:Oder–Neisse line
5176:
5125:Battle of France
5088:Polish Air Force
5082:Polish Air Force
5052:Indro Montanelli
4825:in 1937 and the
4662:
4585:ethnic cleansing
4583:, a campaign of
4536:and the regular
4375:prisoners of war
4371:Battle of Grodno
4256:Stukageschwaders
4061:including Wieluń
3944:counteroffensive
3764:panzergrenadiers
3570:fighter aircraft
3536:Polish Air Force
3525:mounted infantry
3350:Replacement Army
3249:Nevile Henderson
3068:balance of power
3056:extraterritorial
3028:Munich Agreement
3001:
2994:
2987:
2886:Munich Agreement
2822:Suiyuan campaign
2670:Great Depression
2658:Locarno Treaties
2545:
2544:
2377:directly annexed
2179:French Indochina
1822:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1236:
1231:5,327 casualties
1230:
1223:
1217:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:Slovak Republic:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1023:
1017:Slovak Republic:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
956:
952:
951:
950:
939:
938:
937:
927:
926:
925:
915:
914:
913:
903:
902:
901:
891:
890:
889:
879:
878:
877:
867:
866:
865:
855:
854:
853:
808:
807:
806:
767:
766:
765:
754:
753:
752:
730:
727:Army Group South
724:
723:
722:
702:
699:Army Group North
696:
695:
694:
684:Invading armies:
665:
664:
663:
653:
652:
651:
641:
640:
639:
629:
628:
627:
619:Tadeusz Kutrzeba
617:
616:
615:
605:
604:
603:
596:
592:
591:
590:
577:
576:
575:
563:
562:
561:
552:
538:
537:
536:
526:
525:
524:
514:
513:
512:
502:
501:
500:
490:
489:
488:
478:
477:
476:
469:
461:Nikifor Medvedev
459:
458:
457:
449:Vasily Kuznetsov
447:
446:
445:
438:
432:
431:
430:
417:
416:
415:
406:Ferdinand Čatloš
404:
403:
402:
392:
391:
390:
380:
379:
378:
368:
367:
366:
356:
355:
354:
344:
343:
342:
330:
329:
328:
316:
315:
314:
305:
289:
285:
283:
282:
273:
268:
266:
265:
255:
253:
252:
245:
241:
239:
238:
205:
191:
118:
111:1 September 1939
103:
102:
73:
53:
52:
21:
14214:
14213:
14209:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14204:
14203:
14159:
14158:
14157:
14152:
14137:
14099:
14032:
14001:
13953:
13920:
13915:
13885:
13880:
13828:
13801:
13795:Warsaw Uprising
13766:
13738:
13689:
13630:Second Republic
13624:
13548:Napoleonic Wars
13525:
13442:
13371:
13284:
13178:
13164:Battle of Orsha
13147:Battle of Varna
13118:
13033:
13000:
12985:Siege of Głogów
12931:
12930:
12919:
12895:
12849:
12844:
12814:
12809:
12802:
12795:
12781:
12779:
12767:
12758:
12751:
12744:
12737:
12728:
12721:
12714:
12705:
12700:Atomic bombings
12698:
12691:
12684:
12677:
12670:
12661:
12654:
12647:
12640:
12633:
12626:
12619:
12612:
12605:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12577:
12570:
12563:
12556:
12543:
12536:
12525:
12518:
12511:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12481:
12474:
12467:
12458:
12449:
12442:
12433:
12426:
12419:
12412:
12403:
12396:
12391:Eastern Romania
12389:
12384:Warsaw Uprising
12382:
12377:Tannenberg Line
12375:
12368:
12363:Western Ukraine
12361:
12352:
12345:
12336:
12327:
12318:
12311:
12304:
12293:
12284:
12271:
12264:
12255:
12248:
12241:
12234:
12227:
12220:
12213:
12204:
12197:
12190:
12181:
12174:
12167:
12160:
12155:Battle of Kursk
12153:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12125:
12112:
12105:
12096:
12089:
12082:
12073:
12066:
12059:
12052:
12043:
12034:
12027:
12020:
12013:
12006:
11999:
11992:
11985:
11978:
11971:
11966:St Nazaire Raid
11964:
11957:
11950:
11937:
11930:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11874:
11867:
11860:
11853:
11846:
11839:
11832:
11825:
11818:
11811:
11804:
11790:
11781:
11774:
11767:
11760:
11753:
11748:Anglo-Iraqi War
11746:
11739:Battle of Crete
11737:
11730:
11723:
11716:
11709:
11696:
11687:
11680:
11673:
11668:Eastern Romania
11666:
11659:
11652:
11645:
11638:
11631:
11624:
11617:
11610:
11603:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11575:
11568:
11561:
11548:
11541:
11534:
11527:
11520:
11513:
11506:
11499:
11486:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11442:
11433:
11426:
11419:
11410:
11403:
11377:
11370:
11363:
11354:
11347:
11342:
11333:
11326:
11319:
11310:
11303:
11294:
11287:
11282:
11275:
11262:
11255:
11246:
11239:
11234:
11229:Western Ukraine
11227:
11220:
11213:
11206:
11199:
11192:
11185:
11178:
11173:Northeast China
11171:
11164:
11157:
11150:
11143:
11136:
11127:
11120:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11092:
11085:
11078:
11071:
11064:
11057:
11050:
11043:
11036:
11029:
11022:
11015:
11008:
11001:
10988:
10981:
10974:
10967:
10960:
10953:
10946:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10911:
10898:
10891:
10884:
10879:Slovak Republic
10877:
10869:
10862:
10855:
10850:Empire of Japan
10848:
10839:
10831:
10824:
10817:
10810:
10803:
10796:
10788:
10781:
10774:
10766:
10759:
10746:
10739:
10730:
10723:
10714:
10707:
10700:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10672:
10660:
10653:
10646:
10639:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10592:
10585:
10578:
10571:
10564:
10552:
10544:
10537:
10530:
10523:
10516:
10509:
10502:
10490:
10483:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10436:
10427:
10420:
10413:
10406:
10395:
10380:
10373:
10366:
10362:Sexual violence
10361:
10354:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10322:
10315:
10308:
10301:
10294:
10285:
10276:
10269:
10262:
10255:
10248:
10241:
10232:
10225:
10218:
10211:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10177:
10168:
10161:
10154:
10147:
10140:
10131:
10122:
10115:
10108:
10101:
10092:
10085:
10080:Greek Civil War
10078:
10071:
10064:
10057:
10050:
10043:
10036:
10023:
10016:
10007:
10000:
9993:
9984:
9977:
9970:
9963:
9954:
9947:
9940:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9905:South-East Asia
9903:
9896:
9889:
9876:
9869:
9862:
9855:
9848:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9818:
9811:
9804:
9797:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9764:Military awards
9762:
9753:
9746:
9739:
9730:
9723:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9688:
9681:
9674:
9667:
9658:
9651:
9631:
9624:
9617:
9608:
9601:
9594:
9589:
9580:
9573:
9566:
9558:
9553:
9471:Wayback Machine
9459:Wayback Machine
9447:Wayback Machine
9434:Wayback Machine
9413:Wayback Machine
9401:Wayback Machine
9388:Wayback Machine
9375:Wayback Machine
9362:Wayback Machine
9340:Wayback Machine
9328:Wayback Machine
9316:Wayback Machine
9304:Wayback Machine
9292:Wayback Machine
9280:Wayback Machine
9262:Wayback Machine
9244:Wayback Machine
9233:
9223:
9213:The Bodley Head
9197:
9175:
9155:
9153:Further reading
9150:
9149:
9140:
9138:
9123:
9117:
9098:
9079:
9055:
9025:
9024:
9011:
8997:Sanford, George
8989:
8963:
8939:
8914:
8912:
8903:
8887:
8868:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8811:
8792:
8773:
8750:
8727:
8704:
8682:
8680:
8679:on 13 June 2007
8658:
8637:
8588:
8569:
8547:
8525:
8523:
8495:
8493:
8473:
8468:
8467:
8458:
8454:
8445:
8441:
8432:
8428:
8420:
8416:
8408:
8404:
8395:
8391:
8384:
8368:
8364:
8353:
8349:
8329:
8325:
8309:
8305:
8298:
8282:
8278:
8268:
8266:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8227:
8226:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8177:
8176:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8152:
8151:on 4 March 2016
8143:
8142:
8138:
8124:The Polish Gold
8121:
8117:
8105:
8101:
8095:Wayback Machine
8085:
8081:
8075:Wayback Machine
8050:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8033:on 6 April 2012
8025:
8024:
8017:
8010:
7994:
7990:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7965:A World at Arms
7960:
7956:
7951:
7944:
7929:
7925:
7915:
7913:
7906:
7898:. Basic Books.
7890:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7859:
7852:
7848:
7839:
7832:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7789:
7785:
7765:Кривошеин С.М.
7764:
7760:
7747:
7743:
7731:
7718:
7710:
7706:
7700:Wayback Machine
7685:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7657:
7653:
7637:
7636:
7629:
7627:
7616:
7612:
7604:
7600:
7592:
7588:
7577:
7573:
7565:
7561:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7512:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7475:
7468:
7452:
7448:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7423:Wayback Machine
7412:
7410:
7406:
7398:
7394:
7387:
7368:
7364:
7359:
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7343:
7339:
7298:
7294:
7289:
7285:
7280:
7273:
7256:
7252:
7247:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7208:
7204:
7193:
7189:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7155:
7144:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7109:
7105:
7098:
7077:
7070:
7061:
7050:
7042:
7038:
7022:
7021:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6993:
6980:
6976:
6965:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6926:
6922:
6915:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6852:
6845:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6809:
6805:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6780:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6735:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6700:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6598:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6574:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6550:
6546:
6518:
6514:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6472:
6468:
6460:
6456:
6448:
6444:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6386:
6382:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6358:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6241:
6237:
6224:
6222:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6178:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6102:
6098:
6075:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6011:
6004:
5981:
5977:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5918:
5912:Germany 1919–45
5909:
5905:
5892:
5890:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5821:Greenhill 1997
5812:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5788:
5777:
5767:
5765:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5695:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5647:Wayback Machine
5637:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5582:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5507:
5503:
5492:
5488:
5462:kampania polska
5456:
5452:
5441:
5437:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5254:
5174:
5154:
5116:Polish soldiers
5109:
5084:
5036:
5014:
5009:
4961:
4878:Generalplan Ost
4790:
4656:
4631:
4617:
4506:Nazi propaganda
4498:
4492:
4490:Civilian deaths
4462:Battle of Szack
4422:Modlin Fortress
4298:Soviet invasion
4290:
4284:
4282:Soviet invasion
4271:Ignacy Mościcki
4220:Battle of Bzura
4205:put under siege
4097:air superiority
4032:
4030:German invasion
3911:
3867:Polish Corridor
3842:flank. General
3769:localized parts
3719:
3714:
3702:merchant marine
3694:Operation Worek
3553:PZL.50 Jastrząb
3469:Polish Infantry
3463:
3453:
3429:Heinkel He 111s
3376:, particularly
3336:
3330:
3325:
3311:
3309:Opposing forces
3112:
3005:
2976:
2975:
2836: 1937–1945
2806: 1936–1939
2800: 1936–1939
2788: 1935–1936
2747: 1933–1936
2711: 1932–1934
2699: 1931–1942
2686:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2648: 1923–1932
2634: 1923–1925
2597:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2583: 1919–1920
2577: 1919–1920
2558:
2557:
2540:German minority
2514:Polish Corridor
2450:Weimar Republic
2434:
2428:
2287:Slovak military
2227:Slovak Republic
2207:Polish Campaign
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2075:Other campaigns
2069:Southern France
1978:Burma and India
1973:South-East Asia
1968:Franco-Thai War
1823:
1817:
1815:
1785:
1780:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1690:
1685:
1654:
1588:Kampinos Forest
1422:Slovak invasion
1392:Węgierska Górka
1357:Lasy Królewskie
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1264:133,700 wounded
1261:
1255:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
978:
959:
948:
946:
945:
935:
933:
923:
921:
917:Pomeranian Army
911:
909:
899:
897:
887:
885:
875:
873:
863:
861:
857:Carpathian Army
851:
849:
846:
845:
838:
811:Ukrainian Front
804:
802:
763:
761:
760:
750:
748:
720:
718:
717:
692:
690:
689:
686:
685:
671:
661:
659:
649:
647:
643:Antoni Szylling
637:
635:
625:
623:
613:
611:
601:
599:
588:
586:
585:
573:
571:
559:
557:
554:
553:
551:Polish command:
550:
544:
534:
532:
522:
520:
516:Ivan Sovetnikov
510:
508:
498:
496:
486:
484:
474:
472:
463:
455:
453:
443:
441:
428:
426:
425:
420:Mikhail Kovalev
413:
411:
410:
400:
398:
388:
386:
376:
374:
364:
362:
352:
350:
340:
338:
326:
324:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
280:
278:
263:
261:
259:
250:
248:
247:
236:
234:
231:
200:
188:
185:
180:
143:
132:eastern Germany
109:
74:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14212:
14202:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14174:1939 in Poland
14171:
14154:
14153:
14151:
14150:
14142:
14139:
14138:
14136:
14135:
14130:
14123:
14121:Katyń massacre
14118:
14113:
14107:
14105:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14097:
14092:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:Naval cruiser
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14040:
14038:
14034:
14033:
14031:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14009:
14007:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13978:
13977:
13967:
13961:
13959:
13955:
13954:
13952:
13951:
13946:
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13926:
13922:
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13914:
13913:
13906:
13899:
13891:
13882:
13881:
13879:
13878:
13877:
13876:
13866:
13865:
13864:
13859:
13849:
13844:
13838:
13836:
13834:Third Republic
13830:
13829:
13827:
13826:
13821:
13815:
13813:
13807:
13806:
13803:
13802:
13800:
13799:
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13797:
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13787:
13777:
13771:
13768:
13767:
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13764:
13759:
13754:
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13746:
13740:
13739:
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13736:
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13716:
13715:
13714:
13703:
13697:
13691:
13690:
13688:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13671:
13670:
13668:Kiev offensive
13665:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13634:
13632:
13626:
13625:
13623:
13622:
13621:
13620:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13590:
13589:
13579:
13578:
13577:
13567:
13566:
13565:
13555:
13553:Peninsular War
13550:
13545:
13539:
13537:
13531:
13530:
13527:
13526:
13524:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
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13496:
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13483:
13478:
13473:
13472:
13471:
13461:
13456:
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13447:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13440:
13439:
13438:
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13409:
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13399:
13398:
13397:
13387:
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13379:
13373:
13372:
13370:
13369:
13368:
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11813:Battle of Kiev
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10422:Rape of Manila
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10052:Decolonization
10048:
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9781:
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9232:
9231:External links
9229:
9228:
9227:
9222:978-1847924605
9221:
9201:
9196:978-0691096032
9195:
9179:
9174:978-3596163076
9173:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9121:
9116:978-0850454178
9115:
9102:
9097:978-1841764085
9096:
9083:
9078:978-0521443173
9077:
9059:
9054:978-0706403992
9053:
9038:
9015:
9010:978-0415338738
9009:
8993:
8987:
8967:
8962:978-0786429134
8961:
8943:
8938:978-0521483858
8937:
8921:
8901:
8891:
8886:978-0801864933
8885:
8872:
8867:978-0781809016
8866:
8850:
8838:978-0714647838
8837:
8815:
8810:978-0892010646
8809:
8796:
8791:978-0887409158
8790:
8777:
8772:978-1903223710
8771:
8754:
8749:978-3763758302
8748:
8731:
8726:978-1591143291
8725:
8708:
8703:978-1472834959
8702:
8689:
8662:
8657:978-0670807734
8656:
8641:
8636:978-0739104842
8635:
8619:
8607:(1): 158–189.
8592:
8587:978-0812824681
8586:
8573:
8567:
8555:Butler, Rupert
8551:
8545:
8532:
8522:on 14 May 2007
8502:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8452:
8439:
8426:
8422:Seidner (1978)
8414:
8402:
8389:
8383:978-0521275019
8382:
8362:
8347:
8323:
8303:
8297:978-0275982782
8296:
8276:
8251:
8246:"Julien Bryan"
8237:
8228:|website=
8210:
8191:
8162:
8136:
8115:
8112:978-8376290676
8099:
8079:
8064:978-8376290676
8044:
8015:
8009:978-0521558686
8008:
7988:
7975:978-0521618267
7974:
7954:
7942:
7923:
7904:
7884:
7846:
7840:Clark, Lloyd,
7830:
7824:Clark, Lloyd,
7817:
7804:978-0804724159
7803:
7783:
7758:
7741:
7716:
7704:
7678:
7676:, p. 301.
7666:
7651:
7610:
7606:Rossino (2003)
7598:
7586:
7571:
7569:, p. 174.
7559:
7550:
7541:
7539:, p. 289.
7537:Seidner (1978)
7529:
7506:
7504:, p. 279.
7502:Seidner (1978)
7494:
7492:, p. 226.
7490:Seidner (1978)
7482:
7466:
7446:
7427:
7404:
7402:, p. 295.
7392:
7386:978-0786403714
7385:
7362:
7353:
7337:
7303:Soviet Studies
7292:
7283:
7271:
7250:
7236:
7202:
7187:
7169:
7142:
7130:
7124:978-1472834942
7123:
7103:
7097:978-0781806725
7096:
7090:. p. 37.
7068:
7048:
7046:, p. 304.
7044:Seidner (1978)
7036:
7003:
6974:
6959:
6955:Seidner (1978)
6947:
6941:978-1417992775
6940:
6920:
6914:978-1473894631
6913:
6893:
6867:
6858:
6856:, p. 122.
6854:Seidner (1978)
6843:
6829:
6803:
6789:
6786:. 3/2009: 103.
6774:
6765:
6756:
6729:
6709:
6694:
6692:, p. 158.
6690:Seidner (1978)
6682:
6680:, p. 135.
6678:Seidner (1978)
6670:
6668:, p. 270.
6666:Seidner (1978)
6658:
6656:, p. 177.
6654:Seidner (1978)
6646:
6644:, p. 162.
6642:Seidner (1978)
6631:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6589:
6580:
6568:
6556:
6544:
6512:
6499:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6436:Clark, Lloyd,
6426:
6414:
6380:
6366:
6341:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6288:
6263:
6256:978-0765805508
6255:
6235:
6225:|journal=
6202:
6193:
6184:
6177:978-0631186014
6176:
6153:
6147:978-0719059582
6146:
6123:
6117:978-0801864933
6116:
6096:
6069:
6051:
6047:Sanford (2005)
6039:
6026:978-0582034082
6025:
6002:
5975:
5956:
5949:
5931:
5929:, p. 115.
5916:
5903:
5875:
5862:
5856:978-5859760039
5855:
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5250:
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5146:
5108:
5105:
5083:
5080:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5007:Misconceptions
5005:
4960:
4957:
4941:Katyn massacre
4888:final solution
4833:they had been
4759:victory parade
4692:Albert Forster
4681:Arthur Greiser
4616:
4613:
4603:, which was a
4590:Einsatzgruppen
4494:Main article:
4491:
4488:
4484:Battle of Kock
4315:Shigenori Tōgō
4283:
4280:
4192:Greater Poland
4031:
4028:
4006:Danish straits
3971:operation plan
3948:Western Allies
3931:separate peace
3910:
3907:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3855:Fedor von Bock
3847:
3781:Heinz Guderian
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3600:Ludomił Rayski
3586:fighters, 175
3518:Polish cavalry
3510:trench warfare
3452:
3449:
3433:Dornier Do 17s
3410:terror bombing
3329:
3326:
3310:
3307:
3192:Jablunkov Pass
3111:
3108:
3083:Prime Minister
3060:Reichsautobahn
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:Sep. 1939
2967:
2966:Aug. 1939
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2942:Apr. 1939
2937:
2936:Mar. 1939
2931:
2925:
2919:
2918:Mar. 1939
2913:
2912:Mar. 1939
2907:
2906:Mar. 1939
2901:
2900:Mar. 1939
2895:
2894:Nov. 1938
2889:
2888:Sep. 1938
2883:
2882:Sep. 1938
2877:
2876:Aug. 1938
2874:Bled Agreement
2871:
2865:
2859:
2858:Mar. 1938
2853:
2852:Mar. 1938
2847:
2837:
2831:
2828:Xi'an Incident
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
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2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
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2724:
2721:Battle of Rehe
2718:
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2678:
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2635:
2629:
2626:Corfu incident
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2549:
2430:Main article:
2427:
2424:
2366:Battle of Kock
2350:Eastern Poland
2335:Saar Offensive
2327:United Kingdom
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2144:Baltic Nations
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1939:
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1937:
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1614:Southern Front
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1532:Northern Front
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1470:4–10 September
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1397:Tuchola Forest
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1153:30,300 wounded
1148:
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1116:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:3,300 aircraft
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1013:2,315 aircraft
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
977:
976:
969:
966:
965:
961:
960:
958:
957:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
844:Polish armies:
843:
842:
841:
839:
837:
836:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
786:Dzerzhinsk CMG
783:
778:
758:
747:
746:
741:
736:
715:
714:
713:
708:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
676:Units involved
673:
672:
670:
669:
657:
645:
633:
631:Juliusz Rómmel
621:
609:
597:
583:
569:
549:
548:
547:
545:
543:
542:
530:
528:Filipp Golikov
518:
506:
504:Vasily Chuikov
494:
492:Ivan Zakharkin
482:
470:
451:
439:
423:
408:
396:
384:
372:
360:
348:
336:
322:
319:Fedor von Bock
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
274:
228:
227:
221:
220:
217:
216:
215:
209:Vilnius region
206:
198:
192:
182:
176:
175:
174:
173:
166:United Kingdom
162:
149:
145:
144:
126:
124:
120:
119:
115:6 October 1939
107:
99:
98:
85:attacking the
66:
65:
58:
57:
51:
50:
26:
18:Fall of Poland
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14211:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14166:
14164:
14149:
14148:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14128:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14116:Eastern Front
14114:
14112:
14109:
14108:
14106:
14102:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14089:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14072:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14041:
14039:
14035:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14010:
14008:
14004:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13976:
13973:
13972:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13962:
13960:
13956:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13939:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13929:
13927:
13923:
13919:
13912:
13907:
13905:
13900:
13898:
13893:
13892:
13889:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13867:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13835:
13831:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13816:
13814:
13812:
13808:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13790:Lwów uprising
13788:
13786:
13783:
13782:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13772:
13769:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13749:
13747:
13745:
13741:
13734:
13733:contributions
13730:
13726:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13713:
13712:Eastern Front
13710:
13709:
13708:
13705:
13704:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13692:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13660:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13631:
13627:
13619:
13618:Eastern Front
13615:
13612:
13611:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13583:
13580:
13576:
13573:
13572:
13571:
13568:
13564:
13561:
13560:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13536:
13532:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13495:
13492:
13491:
13490:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13470:
13467:
13466:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13449:
13448:
13445:
13435:
13432:
13431:
13430:
13427:
13426:
13425:
13422:
13418:
13415:
13414:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13396:
13393:
13392:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13382:
13380:
13378:
13374:
13366:
13363:
13362:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13353:
13349:
13346:
13345:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13320:
13316:
13313:
13312:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13299:
13296:
13295:
13294:
13291:
13290:
13287:
13281:
13278:
13274:
13271:
13270:
13269:
13266:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13245:
13242:
13241:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13232:
13228:
13225:
13224:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13211:
13208:
13207:
13206:
13203:
13202:
13200:
13198:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13185:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13165:
13162:
13161:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13124:
13121:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13071:
13068:
13067:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13053:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13040:
13028:
13025:
13024:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13003:
12997:
12994:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12934:
12926:
12922:
12921:
12920:
12914:
12910:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12900:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12852:
12848:
12841:
12836:
12834:
12829:
12827:
12822:
12821:
12818:
12805:
12801:
12798:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12785:
12778:
12777:
12774:
12761:
12757:
12754:
12750:
12747:
12743:
12742:
12740:
12736:
12731:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12723:Kuril Islands
12720:
12717:
12713:
12708:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12697:
12694:
12690:
12687:
12683:
12680:
12676:
12673:
12669:
12664:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12653:
12650:
12646:
12643:
12639:
12636:
12632:
12629:
12625:
12622:
12618:
12615:
12611:
12608:
12604:
12601:
12597:
12594:
12590:
12587:
12583:
12580:
12576:
12573:
12569:
12566:
12562:
12559:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12550:
12546:
12539:
12535:
12530:
12529:
12524:
12523:
12521:
12517:
12514:
12510:
12505:
12501:
12500:
12498:
12494:
12491:
12490:Syrmian Front
12487:
12484:
12480:
12477:
12473:
12470:
12466:
12463:
12462:
12457:
12454:
12453:
12448:
12445:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12436:Market Garden
12432:
12429:
12425:
12422:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12402:
12399:
12395:
12392:
12388:
12385:
12381:
12378:
12374:
12371:
12367:
12364:
12360:
12357:
12356:
12351:
12348:
12344:
12341:
12340:
12335:
12332:
12331:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12317:
12314:
12310:
12307:
12303:
12300:
12296:
12295:Monte Cassino
12292:
12289:
12288:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12278:
12274:
12267:
12263:
12258:
12254:
12251:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12240:
12237:
12233:
12230:
12226:
12223:
12219:
12216:
12212:
12207:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12196:
12193:
12189:
12186:
12185:
12180:
12177:
12173:
12170:
12166:
12163:
12159:
12156:
12152:
12149:
12145:
12142:
12138:
12135:
12131:
12128:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12119:
12115:
12108:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12095:
12092:
12088:
12085:
12081:
12078:
12077:
12072:
12069:
12065:
12062:
12058:
12055:
12051:
12048:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12019:
12016:
12012:
12009:
12005:
12002:
11998:
11995:
11991:
11988:
11984:
11981:
11977:
11974:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11960:
11956:
11953:
11949:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11940:
11933:
11929:
11926:
11922:
11919:
11915:
11912:
11908:
11905:
11901:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11887:
11884:
11880:
11877:
11873:
11870:
11866:
11863:
11859:
11856:
11852:
11849:
11845:
11842:
11838:
11835:
11831:
11828:
11824:
11821:
11817:
11814:
11810:
11807:
11803:
11799:
11798:
11793:
11789:
11784:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11773:
11770:
11766:
11763:
11759:
11756:
11752:
11749:
11745:
11740:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11729:
11726:
11722:
11719:
11715:
11712:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11703:
11699:
11692:
11691:
11686:
11683:
11679:
11676:
11672:
11669:
11665:
11662:
11661:Baltic states
11658:
11655:
11651:
11648:
11644:
11641:
11637:
11634:
11630:
11627:
11623:
11620:
11616:
11613:
11609:
11606:
11602:
11599:
11595:
11592:
11588:
11585:
11581:
11578:
11574:
11571:
11567:
11564:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11551:
11544:
11540:
11537:
11533:
11530:
11526:
11523:
11519:
11516:
11512:
11509:
11505:
11502:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11489:
11480:
11476:
11473:
11469:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11455:
11452:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11441:
11436:
11432:
11429:
11425:
11424:
11422:
11418:
11413:
11409:
11408:
11406:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11384:
11373:
11369:
11366:
11362:
11357:
11353:
11350:
11346:
11345:
11341:
11336:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11318:
11313:
11309:
11306:
11305:United States
11302:
11297:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11285:
11281:
11278:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11269:
11265:
11258:
11254:
11249:
11245:
11242:
11241:Quốc dân Đảng
11238:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11226:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11212:
11209:
11205:
11202:
11198:
11195:
11191:
11188:
11184:
11181:
11177:
11174:
11170:
11167:
11163:
11160:
11156:
11153:
11149:
11146:
11142:
11139:
11135:
11130:
11126:
11123:
11119:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11109:
11105:
11102:
11098:
11095:
11091:
11088:
11084:
11081:
11077:
11074:
11070:
11067:
11063:
11060:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11046:
11042:
11039:
11035:
11032:
11028:
11025:
11021:
11018:
11014:
11011:
11007:
11004:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10984:
10980:
10977:
10973:
10970:
10966:
10963:
10959:
10956:
10952:
10949:
10945:
10942:
10941:Liechtenstein
10938:
10935:
10931:
10928:
10924:
10921:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10901:
10894:
10890:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10858:
10854:
10851:
10847:
10842:
10838:
10837:
10834:
10830:
10827:
10823:
10820:
10816:
10813:
10809:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10780:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10749:
10742:
10738:
10733:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10725:United States
10722:
10717:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10656:
10652:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10638:
10635:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10588:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10574:
10570:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10540:
10536:
10533:
10529:
10526:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10508:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10486:
10482:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10468:
10465:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10456:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10443:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10419:
10416:
10415:Comfort women
10412:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10399: /
10398:
10394:
10391:
10388: /
10387:
10384: /
10383:
10379:
10376:
10375:Camp brothels
10372:
10369:
10365:
10364:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10348:
10344:
10341:
10337:
10336:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10321:
10318:
10314:
10311:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10300:
10297:
10293:
10288:
10284:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10264:The Holocaust
10261:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10250:forced labour
10247:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10235:
10231:
10228:
10224:
10221:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10205:
10201:
10194:
10190:
10187:
10183:
10180:
10176:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10157:
10153:
10150:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10121:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10107:
10104:
10103:Marshall Plan
10100:
10097:
10096:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10077:
10074:
10070:
10067:
10063:
10060:
10056:
10053:
10049:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10035:
10034:
10032:
10030:
10026:
10019:
10015:
10010:
10006:
10005:
10003:
9999:
9996:
9992:
9987:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9962:
9957:
9956:Eastern Front
9953:
9950:
9949:Western Front
9946:
9945:
9943:
9939:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9923:
9920:
9916:
9913:
9909:
9906:
9902:
9899:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9879:
9872:
9868:
9865:
9861:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9847:
9844:
9843:Puppet states
9840:
9837:
9833:
9830:
9826:
9821:
9817:
9814:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9796:
9793:
9789:
9786:
9785:Naval history
9782:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9768:
9765:
9761:
9756:
9752:
9751:
9749:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9733:
9732:United States
9729:
9726:
9722:
9719:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9708:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9694:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9666:
9661:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9641:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9611:
9607:
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9234:
9224:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9183:Gross, Jan T.
9180:
9176:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9157:
9156:
9136:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9112:
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9103:
9099:
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9084:
9080:
9074:
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9069:
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9016:
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8990:
8984:
8979:
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8972:
8968:
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8958:
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8953:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8900:
8899:online review
8896:
8892:
8888:
8882:
8878:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8840:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8825:
8820:
8819:Kushner, Tony
8816:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8763:
8762:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8732:
8728:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8589:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8546:0-449-90820-8
8542:
8538:
8533:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8510:"Most honoru"
8507:
8503:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8462:
8456:
8449:
8443:
8436:
8430:
8423:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8399:
8393:
8385:
8379:
8375:
8374:
8366:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8299:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8280:
8265:. Panzerworld
8264:
8262:
8255:
8247:
8241:
8233:
8221:
8213:
8211:9781543059250
8207:
8203:
8202:
8195:
8187:
8181:
8173:
8166:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8083:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8048:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8011:
8005:
8001:
8000:
7992:
7977:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7958:
7949:
7947:
7938:
7934:
7927:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7888:
7869:
7865:
7857:
7850:
7844:, 2011, p. 62
7843:
7837:
7835:
7827:
7821:
7806:
7800:
7796:
7795:
7787:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7762:
7754:
7753:
7745:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7713:
7708:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7662:
7655:
7647:
7641:
7625:
7621:
7614:
7607:
7602:
7596:, p. 45.
7595:
7594:Butler (2001)
7590:
7583:
7580:
7575:
7568:
7563:
7554:
7545:
7538:
7533:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7498:
7491:
7486:
7479:
7473:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7408:
7401:
7396:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7366:
7357:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7296:
7287:
7278:
7276:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7191:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7165:
7164:
7163:Inside Europe
7159:
7158:Gunther, John
7153:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7107:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7045:
7040:
7032:
7026:
7018:
7014:
7007:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6978:
6970:
6963:
6957:, p. 68.
6956:
6951:
6943:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6924:
6916:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6897:
6881:
6874:
6872:
6862:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6839:
6833:
6818:
6814:
6807:
6799:
6793:
6785:
6778:
6769:
6760:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6686:
6679:
6674:
6667:
6662:
6655:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6566:, p. 91.
6565:
6560:
6554:, p. 88.
6553:
6548:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6520:Roger Manvell
6516:
6509:
6503:
6494:
6487:
6482:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6440:, 2011, p. 26
6439:
6433:
6431:
6423:
6418:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6376:
6370:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6239:
6230:
6217:
6206:
6197:
6188:
6179:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6048:
6043:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6009:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5921:
5914:(2000) p. 146
5913:
5907:
5900:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5872:
5866:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5658:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5628:
5611:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5584:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5560:
5550:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5395:
5393:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5148:First use of
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5137:Armia Krajowa
5132:
5130:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:Steven Zaloga
5059:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4927:Sovietization
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4747:Brest-Litovsk
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4514:(subhumans).
4513:
4512:
4511:Untermenschen
4507:
4503:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4470:Hel Peninsula
4467:
4463:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4377:like General
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:Joseph Stalin
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4007:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:and from the
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:of the enemy
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3669:tanks and 38
3668:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3612:Fairey Battle
3609:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:Upper Silesia
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3106:for Germany.
3105:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:Defensive War
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:May 1939
2953:
2952:Pact of Steel
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:Danzig Crisis
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:May 1938
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:March on Rome
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:rapprochement
2463:
2462:puppet states
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:Sovietization
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:defense lines
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Syria–Lebanon
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:Pacific Ocean
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Eastern Front
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:Western Front
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:Campaigns of
1812:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
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1694:
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1681:
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1674:
1670:
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1663:
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1646:
1643:
1641:
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1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Wólka Węglowa
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:Wola Cyrusowa
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:Kępa Oksywska
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1258:66,000 killed
1254:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1224:2,383 wounded
1220:
1214:
1212:
1211:Soviet Union:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1159:3,500 missing
1155:
1149:
1147:17,269 killed
1143:
1141:
1140:Nazi Germany:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1036:33+ divisions
1032:
1030:
1029:Soviet Union:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
983:
982:Nazi Germany:
980:
979:
974:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
955:
944:
942:
941:Prussian Army
932:
930:
920:
918:
908:
906:
896:
894:
884:
882:
872:
870:
860:
858:
848:
847:
840:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
812:
801:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
771:
759:
757:
756:Bernolák Army
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
728:
716:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
700:
688:
687:
680:
679:
674:
668:
658:
656:
646:
644:
634:
632:
622:
620:
610:
608:
598:
595:
584:
582:
581:
570:
568:
567:
556:
555:
546:
541:
540:Ivan Tyulenev
531:
529:
519:
517:
507:
505:
495:
493:
483:
481:
471:
467:
462:
452:
450:
440:
437:
436:
424:
422:
421:
409:
407:
397:
395:
385:
383:
373:
371:
361:
359:
349:
347:
337:
335:
334:
323:
321:
320:
309:
308:
299:
298:
293:
290:
288:
275:
272:
271:
258:
246:
244:
230:
229:
226:
222:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
190:
184:
183:
178:
177:
171:
167:
163:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
121:
116:
112:
108:
105:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:Danzig Police
88:
84:
83:
78:
72:
67:
64:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
14145:
14125:
14087:
14070:
14043:
13975:negotiations
13723:Polish
13718:
13707:World War II
13464:Smolensk War
13205:Livonian War
13188:Commonwealth
12937:Piast Poland
12918:
12797:Bibliography
12780:
12593:Project Hula
12558:Vistula–Oder
12527:
12460:
12451:
12435:
12405:
12354:
12338:
12329:
12320:
12286:
12183:
12098:
12074:
12044:
11795:
11688:
11633:North Africa
11500:
11335:Soviet Union
11289:Soviet Union
11215:Soviet Union
10983:Vatican City
10893:Vichy France
10798:German Reich
10695:Soviet Union
10681:South Africa
10674:Sierra Leone
10627:Newfoundland
10446:Participants
10429:Marocchinate
10133:
10124:
10094:
9972:North Africa
9933:Indian Ocean
9792:Nazi plunder
9683:Cryptography
9556:World War II
9517:
9509:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9424:
9208:
9186:
9164:
9160:
9139:. Retrieved
9135:the original
9128:
9106:
9087:
9067:
9043:
9019:
9000:
8976:
8951:
8928:
8913:. Retrieved
8908:
8894:
8876:
8857:
8842:. Retrieved
8823:
8800:
8781:
8760:
8739:
8735:
8712:
8693:
8681:. Retrieved
8677:the original
8672:
8646:
8626:
8604:
8600:
8577:
8558:
8536:
8524:. Retrieved
8520:the original
8513:
8494:. Retrieved
8487:
8460:
8455:
8447:
8442:
8434:
8429:
8417:
8410:Forczyk 2019
8405:
8398:Angriffshohe
8397:
8392:
8372:
8365:
8356:
8350:
8331:
8326:
8311:
8306:
8286:
8279:
8269:20 September
8267:. Retrieved
8261:
8254:
8240:
8200:
8194:
8171:
8165:
8153:. Retrieved
8149:the original
8139:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8118:
8102:
8082:
8052:
8047:
8035:. Retrieved
8031:the original
7998:
7991:
7979:. Retrieved
7964:
7957:
7939:(1): 81–101.
7936:
7932:
7926:
7914:. Retrieved
7894:
7887:
7875:. Retrieved
7863:
7849:
7841:
7825:
7820:
7808:. Retrieved
7793:
7786:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7761:
7752:Wojna polska
7751:
7744:
7712:Lukas (2001)
7707:
7690:
7681:
7669:
7660:
7654:
7628:. Retrieved
7623:
7613:
7601:
7589:
7581:
7574:
7567:Corum (2013)
7562:
7553:
7544:
7532:
7514:
7509:
7497:
7485:
7478:Sanford 2005
7449:
7430:
7407:
7395:
7375:
7365:
7356:
7340:
7310:(1): 57–78.
7307:
7301:
7295:
7286:
7258:
7253:
7227:. Retrieved
7216:The Observer
7215:
7205:
7196:
7190:
7181:
7172:
7162:
7113:
7106:
7083:
7063:
7039:
7016:
7006:
6994:. Retrieved
6990:the original
6984:
6977:
6968:
6962:
6950:
6930:
6923:
6903:
6896:
6886:21 September
6884:. Retrieved
6861:
6832:
6820:. Retrieved
6816:
6806:
6792:
6783:
6777:
6768:
6759:
6740:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6703:
6697:
6685:
6673:
6661:
6649:
6625:
6616:
6607:
6600:
6583:
6576:Jentz (1996)
6571:
6564:Jentz (1996)
6559:
6552:Jentz (1996)
6547:
6540:Google Books
6527:
6515:
6507:
6502:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6437:
6421:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6401:the original
6396:
6383:
6369:
6357:. Retrieved
6332:. Retrieved
6328:the original
6318:
6309:
6300:
6291:
6279:. Retrieved
6275:
6266:
6245:
6238:
6216:cite journal
6205:
6196:
6187:
6166:
6136:
6106:
6099:
6085:(4): 37–45.
6082:
6078:
6072:
6054:
6042:
6030:. Retrieved
6015:
5989:
5985:Most honoru.
5983:
5978:
5970:the original
5959:
5940:
5934:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5891:. Retrieved
5887:
5878:
5870:
5865:
5846:
5831:(in Russian)
5818:
5814:
5797:
5790:
5766:. Retrieved
5762:the original
5757:
5748:
5736:. Retrieved
5731:
5711:
5697:(in Russian)
5678:
5666:
5657:
5610:
5593:
5583:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5549:
5539:
5525:
5512:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5470:Polenfeldzug
5469:
5461:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5382:
5376:17 September
5370:
5358:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5135:
5133:
5129:Maginot line
5121:
5100:
5096:
5085:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5037:
4996:
4985:Julien Bryan
4982:
4963:
4962:
4953:
4934:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4851:
4839:Lord Halifax
4831:
4819:
4799:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4750:
4744:
4729:
4708:Wilhelm List
4676:
4669:Walter Heitz
4665:West Prussia
4642:John Gunther
4640:
4609:
4605:fifth column
4598:
4595:
4588:
4578:
4574:
4537:
4531:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4499:
4477:
4459:
4454:
4434:Westerplatte
4409:
4405:
4403:
4364:
4362:
4331:
4303:
4268:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4209:
4185:
4170:
4146:
4114:
4100:
4092:
4078:
4057:Westerplatte
4050:
4041:
4020:
4015:
4011:Kriegsmarine
4009:
4002:
3982:supply lines
3979:
3975:
3967:
3952:
3920:
3898:
3888:
3880:
3832:Wilhelm List
3803:
3800:
3785:
3776:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3731:Franz Halder
3728:
3675:
3656:
3641:
3605:
3594:
3589:
3582:and some 95
3573:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3503:
3498:
3472:
3444:
3436:
3423:
3413:
3400:
3391:
3381:
3378:dive bombers
3367:
3353:
3339:
3337:
3264:
3260:mobilization
3253:
3230:
3228:
3210:
3208:
3189:
3181:
3170:
3162:
3157:Obersalzberg
3154:
3134:
3129:
3116:unilaterally
3113:
3101:
3094:Lord Halifax
3053:
3049:Slovak state
3021:
3016:
3010:
2969:
2841:
2733:Tanggu Truce
2637:
2529:
2510:East Prussia
2499:
2495:client state
2482:Soviet Union
2442:Adolf Hitler
2435:
2393:Byelorussian
2370:
2343:
2331:very limited
2280:
2231:Soviet Union
2223:Nazi Germany
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2137:
2136:
2125:Indian Ocean
2086:Ecuador–Peru
2074:
2073:
2043:Middle East
2017:North Africa
2005:
2004:
1944:Asia-Pacific
1942:
1941:
1836:
1829:
1820:World War II
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1640:Janów Forest
1613:
1612:
1531:
1530:
1469:
1468:
1434:Westerplatte
1428:Baltic coast
1427:
1426:
1334:
1322:
1282:327 aircraft
1246:
1229:
1218:1,475 killed
1210:
1180:
1177:246 aircraft
1171:800 vehicles
1139:
1130:
1114:800 aircraft
1081:39 divisions
1069:
1042:11+ brigades
1028:
1016:
989:66 divisions
981:
972:
809:
768:
725:
697:
578:
564:
433:
418:
394:Wilhelm List
331:
317:
276:
270:Soviet Union
260:
232:
225:Belligerents
159:World War II
151:
138:(modern-day
87:Westerplatte
81:
61:Part of the
48:
13609:World War I
12528:Bodenplatte
12414:Gothic Line
11640:West Africa
11187:Philippines
11166:Netherlands
11031:Czech lands
10969:Switzerland
10913:Afghanistan
10864:Philippines
10732:Puerto Rico
10648:Philippines
10634:New Zealand
10620:Netherlands
10573:Free France
10324:Prosecution
10125:Osoaviakhim
9995:West Africa
9979:East Africa
9626:Conferences
9504:Reel 4 of 4
9500:Reel 3 of 4
9496:Reel 2 of 4
9492:Reel 1 of 4
9425:Polish News
9141:10 December
9022:. New York.
8683:10 December
8290:. Praeger.
7686:(in Polish)
7435:(in Polish)
7413:(in Polish)
6822:30 November
6817:smartage.pl
5209:Brute Force
4991:) and much
4970:Leo Leixner
4931:labor camps
4923:deportation
4827:Pacific War
4657: [
4554:Bolesławiec
4215:September.
4212:Armia Prusy
3997:Peking Plan
3717:German plan
3667:Renault R35
3549:PZL.38 Wilk
3495:Polish Army
3483:World War I
3275:Peking Plan
3267:Polish Navy
3079:with France
3035:regions of
3032:Český Těšín
2684: 1930s
2595: 1920s
2556: 1910s
2531:casus belli
2410:formed the
2354:Curzon Line
2108:Air Warfare
2022:East Africa
1491:Borowa Góra
1402:Częstochowa
1200:114 wounded
1087:16 brigades
1054:4,736 tanks
1024:3 divisions
1007:2,750 tanks
954:Warsaw Army
929:Poznań Army
905:Modlin Army
881:Lublin Army
869:Kraków Army
480:Ivan Boldin
464: [
211:granted to
179:Territorial
14163:Categories
14133:Baltic Way
14082:Basis Nord
14059:Winter War
13992:Axis talks
13729:resistance
13273:The Deluge
12628:West Hunan
12461:Pointblank
11797:Silver Fox
11783:Summer War
11536:Winter War
11515:Phoney War
11296:Azerbaijan
11257:Yugoslavia
11152:Luxembourg
10994:Resistance
10741:Yugoslavia
10606:Luxembourg
10408:Sook Ching
10204:War crimes
9806:Technology
9799:Opposition
9741:Lend-Lease
9718:Australian
9711:Home front
9669:Blitzkrieg
9619:Casualties
9610:Commanders
9582:Operations
9248:Yad Vashem
8915:17 January
8844:2 November
8803:. Zenger.
8340:1841764086
8320:8300025553
8155:10 January
8037:4 November
7981:2 November
7810:2 November
7738:3486582062
7525:1413748295
7349:Telegram 2
7267:8373991697
6996:2 November
6749:078642009X
6536:1602391785
6359:11 January
6334:11 January
6032:2 November
5827:1853672807
5768:16 January
5738:17 January
5623:References
5288:Phoney War
5233:Blitzkrieg
5222:blitzkrieg
5166:Blitzkrieg
5158:Blitzkrieg
5150:Blitzkrieg
5061:Historian
5032:See also:
4989:Kodachrome
4873:Lebensraum
4712:Hans Frank
4619:See also:
4502:Lebensraum
4358:Belarusian
4264:short tons
4153:Sandomierz
4023:propaganda
3942:a general
3899:Fall Weiss
3840:Carpathian
3830:. General
3804:Fall Weiss
3777:Blitzkrieg
3698:Baltic Sea
3690:Royal Navy
3682:submarines
3678:destroyers
3624:PZL.46 Sum
3616:Hurricanes
3576:PZL.37 Łoś
3455:See also:
3398:disagree.
3392:Blitzkrieg
3383:Blitzkrieg
3332:See also:
3313:See also:
3291:false flag
3256:Józef Beck
3236:Emil Hácha
3231:Fall Weiss
3147:signs the
3127:scenario.
3125:Case White
3103:Lebensraum
2862:May Crisis
2846: 1937
2830: 1936
2824: 1936
2818: 1936
2812: 1936
2794: 1936
2777: 1935
2771: 1935
2765: 1935
2759: 1935
2753: 1934
2741: 1933
2735: 1933
2729: 1933
2723: 1933
2717: 1933
2705: 1932
2693: 1931
2672: 1929
2666: 1929
2664:Young Plan
2660: 1925
2654: 1924
2652:Dawes Plan
2642: 1925
2639:Mein Kampf
2628: 1923
2622: 1922
2616: 1921
2610: 1920
2604: 1920
2571: 1919
2565: 1919
2426:Background
2375:, Germany
2229:, and the
2149:Yugoslavia
2130:Madagascar
2093:Antarctica
2064:Dodecanese
1884:Resistance
1852:Winter War
1842:Phoney War
1603:Krasnobród
1593:Krasnystaw
1449:Worek Plan
1444:Danzig Bay
1206:2 aircraft
1194:11 missing
1093:4,300 guns
1048:4,959 guns
1001:9,000 guns
995:6 brigades
975:2,000,000+
134:, and the
14104:Aftermath
13958:Political
13077:Great War
12693:Manchuria
12579:Indochina
12355:Bagration
11806:Lithuania
11451:Anschluss
11248:Viet Minh
11145:Lithuania
11087:Hong Kong
10857:Manchukuo
10812:Azad Hind
10471:Australia
10271:Aftermath
10134:Paperclip
10029:Aftermath
9829:Total war
9697:Diplomacy
9660:In Europe
9028:cite book
8829:Routledge
8450:, pp. 3–4
8230:ignored (
8220:cite book
8180:cite book
7458:pp. 54–56
7324:0038-5859
7224:0029-7712
7062:Seidner,
7025:cite book
6706:(3): 112.
5998:0209-1747
5988:Tygodnik
5532:tankettes
5246:Wehrmacht
5218:strategic
5179:Luftwaffe
5101:Luftwaffe
5097:Luftwaffe
4896:Auschwitz
4689:Gauleiter
4615:Aftermath
4570:Włocławek
4558:Torzeniec
4538:Wehrmacht
4523:Luftwaffe
4519:Luftwaffe
4440:garrison
4430:garrisons
4354:Ukrainian
4339:Ukrainian
4327:Lithuania
4252:Luftwaffe
4240:Luftwaffe
4236:Luftwaffe
4188:Pomerelia
4165:Bug River
4157:San River
4149:Ciechanów
4101:Luftwaffe
4093:Luftwaffe
4016:Luftwaffe
3923:Plan West
3686:North Sea
3671:Vickers E
3544:Luftwaffe
3499:Luftwaffe
3461:Plan West
3445:Luftwaffe
3414:Luftwaffe
3394:theory",
3374:air power
3369:Luftwaffe
3364:encircled
3241:ultimatum
3211:Wehrmacht
2850:Anschluss
2458:satellite
2400:republics
2397:Ukrainian
2299:Wehrmacht
2297:. As the
2000:Australia
1896:Alps 1940
1889:1944–1945
1752:Kodziowce
1387:Fraustadt
1372:Grudziądz
1188:37 killed
1165:236 tanks
1107:tankettes
1099:210 tanks
1072:1,000,000
893:Łódź Army
827:12th Army
791:10th Army
781:11th Army
744:14th Army
739:10th Army
213:Lithuania
117:(35 days)
77:Luftwaffe
14147:Category
14037:Military
14006:Economic
13852:Iraq War
12804:Category
12753:document
12663:document
12520:Ardennes
12504:Budapest
12452:Crossbow
12330:Overlord
12169:Smolensk
11387:Timeline
11222:Slovakia
11208:Thailand
11059:Ethiopia
11024:Bulgaria
10948:Portugal
10886:Thailand
10768:Bulgaria
10546:Eswatini
10539:Ethiopia
10492:Bulgaria
10317:Unit 731
10278:Response
10095:Keelhaul
10045:Cold War
10018:Americas
10009:timeline
10002:Atlantic
9882:Theaters
9467:Archived
9455:Archived
9443:Archived
9430:Archived
9409:Archived
9397:Archived
9384:Archived
9371:Archived
9358:Archived
9336:Archived
9324:Archived
9312:Archived
9300:Archived
9288:Archived
9276:Archived
9258:Archived
9240:Archived
9207:(2019).
9185:(2002).
9065:(1994).
8999:(2005).
8973:(2003).
8949:(1998).
8927:(1995).
8856:(2001).
8625:(2004).
8557:(2001).
8526:24 March
8496:24 March
8437:, p. 176
8091:Archived
8071:Archived
7910:Archived
7868:Archived
7696:Archived
7640:cite web
7419:Archived
7373:(1998).
7345:Telegram
7160:(1940).
7082:(1999).
7066:, p. 312
7015:(1948).
6784:Polityka
6704:Polityka
6281:26 April
6091:25776872
5714:, p. 851
5643:Archived
5588:reserve)
5252:See also
5152:strategy
5092:trainers
5069:(2004):
4646:Slovakia
4562:Goworowo
4418:militias
4335:Red Army
4319:Nomonhan
4173:Pervitin
4161:Przemyśl
3820:Moravian
3796:Slovakia
3759:Schützen
3580:PZL P.11
3568:PZL P.11
3521:brigades
3418:fighters
3402:Aircraft
3295:Gleiwitz
3271:flotilla
3098:hegemony
3088:and his
2844:incident
2348:invaded
2346:Red Army
2325:and the
2295:Slovakia
2291:advanced
2169:Bulgaria
2098:Atlantic
2081:Americas
2034:Adriatic
1777:Wytyczno
1762:Władypol
1680:Timeline
1645:Cześniki
1625:Jarosław
1620:Przemyśl
1598:Łomianki
1548:Kałuszyn
1496:Piotrków
1417:Bukowiec
1412:Katowice
1382:Jordanów
1367:Pszczyna
1352:Krojanty
1347:Chojnice
1249:~874,700
1237:43 tanks
964:Strength
822:6th Army
817:5th Army
796:4th Army
776:3rd Army
734:8th Army
711:4th Army
706:3rd Army
257:Slovakia
123:Location
13727:,
13725:history
13616:on the
12980:Bohemia
12730:Shumshu
12497:Hungary
12444:Estonia
12428:Lapland
12406:Dragoon
12339:Neptune
12321:Ichi-Go
12287:Tempest
12229:Changde
12184:Cottage
12076:Jubilee
11792:Finland
11690:Compass
11396:Prelude
11349:Finland
11235:Vietnam
11201:Romania
11073:Germany
11052:Estonia
11038:Denmark
11017:Belgium
11010:Austria
11003:Albania
10934:Ireland
10920:Andorra
10904:Neutral
10871:Romania
10805:Hungary
10790:Finland
10662:Romania
10554:Finland
10532:Denmark
10478:Belgium
10464:Algeria
10170:Romania
10156:Hungary
9912:Pacific
9636:General
9590:Leaders
9575:Battles
9568:Outline
9250:website
9246:on the
7630:27 June
7440:Polish
7229:20 June
6542:, p. 76
6407:29 July
6066:. 2005.
5893:27 July
5652:, 2005.
5416:Russian
5237:panzers
5020:Polish
4810:Hungary
4806:neutral
4698:" and "
4579:During
4550:Złoczew
4438:Oksywie
4232:Pomorze
4197:retreat
4142:Pułtusk
4124:River,
4095:gained
4044:pretext
3959:Dniestr
3895:Vistula
3851:Prussia
3816:Silesia
3755:Panzers
3745:of the
3712:Details
3706:convoys
3673:tanks.
3634:Polish
3593:Bs, 35
3588:PZL.23
3584:PZL P.7
3566:Polish
3514:cavalry
3406:Bombers
3328:Germany
3200:Silesia
2506:exclave
2490:Belarus
2486:Ukraine
2454:Bohemia
2446:Germany
2362:Romania
2289:forces
2174:Hungary
2164:Romania
2013:Africa
1913:Balkans
1908:Britain
1862:Lapland
1857:Karelia
1847:Finland
1757:Husynne
1635:Jaworów
1506:Pułtusk
1407:Mikołów
243:Germany
181:changes
14071:Lützow
12707:Debate
12679:Taipei
12672:Borneo
12250:Tarawa
11444:Europe
11405:Africa
11194:Poland
11180:Norway
11159:Malaya
11138:Latvia
11080:Greece
11066:France
10962:Sweden
10927:Bhutan
10655:Poland
10641:Norway
10613:Mexico
10580:Greece
10566:France
10504:Canada
10485:Brazil
10455:Allies
10401:Serbia
10390:Poland
10163:Poland
10149:Baltic
9942:Europe
9644:Topics
9596:Allied
9219:
9193:
9171:
9113:
9094:
9075:
9051:
9007:
8985:
8959:
8935:
8883:
8864:
8835:
8807:
8788:
8769:
8746:
8723:
8700:
8654:
8633:
8584:
8565:
8543:
8515:Wprost
8489:Wprost
8463:, p. 4
8380:
8338:
8318:
8294:
8208:
8110:
8062:
8006:
7972:
7916:2 June
7902:
7877:1 June
7801:
7736:
7523:
7462:p. 199
7383:
7332:152247
7330:
7322:
7265:
7222:
7121:
7094:
7011:Count
6938:
6911:
6747:
6534:
6355:. Yale
6253:
6174:
6144:
6114:
6089:
6023:
5996:
5990:Wprost
5947:
5853:
5825:
5568:Wicher
5509:Polish
5494:Polish
5478:Polish
5466:German
5458:Polish
5443:Polish
5428:Slovak
5408:German
5214:panzer
5175:
5099:. The
5028:, 1938
4936:Gulags
4814:Latvia
4786:, and
4751:Panzer
4700:Krakau
4685:Danzig
4663:, and
4627:, and
4546:Błonie
4444:; the
4410:Lublin
4406:Kraków
4381:. The
4348:, the
4342:fronts
4278:area.
4275:Lublin
4244:Stukas
4228:Poznań
4201:Poznań
4138:Płońsk
4134:Kielce
4091:. The
4067:. The
3891:Warsaw
3874:Slovak
3836:Kraków
3788:plains
3733:, the
3657:Panzer
3618:and 1
3477:, the
3451:Poland
3443:, the
3422:Ju 87
3420:, 290
3355:Panzer
3321:, and
3173:Moscow
2526:German
2518:Polish
2323:France
2272:German
2260:Polish
2252:Poland
2225:, the
2213:, and
2103:Arctic
1935:Sicily
1837:Poland
1831:Europe
1747:Grodno
1573:Brześć
1568:Kobryń
1563:Modlin
1553:Węgrów
1538:Warsaw
1454:Gdynia
1439:Danzig
1342:Wieluń
1247:Total:
1133:59,000
1131:Total:
1070:Total:
973:Total:
287:Poland
284:
267:
254:
240:
195:Danzig
170:France
161:starts
148:Result
140:Gdańsk
128:Poland
14088:Komet
12483:Leyte
12313:Narva
12299:Anzio
12257:Makin
12215:Burma
12099:Torch
12068:Rzhev
12029:Kiska
11115:Korea
11101:Japan
11094:Italy
10976:Tibet
10955:Spain
10833:Italy
10594:Italy
10587:India
10511:China
10386:Japan
9986:Italy
9898:China
9850:Women
9163:[
8738:[
7871:(PDF)
7860:(PDF)
7328:JSTOR
6087:JSTOR
5374:From
5362:See:
5350:Notes
5241:Stuka
5024:with
5022:uhlan
4997:Siege
4933:(the
4894:like
4890:) in
4883:urban
4661:]
4566:Mława
4307:Japan
4262:(428
4224:Bzura
4130:Warta
4122:Narew
3955:Stryj
3773:front
3614:, 10
3595:Karaś
3590:Karaś
3437:Weiss
3424:Stuka
3346:tanks
3196:Mosty
3041:Orava
3037:Čadca
2842:Panay
2184:Japan
2159:Italy
2138:Coups
2039:Malta
1983:Japan
1951:China
1930:Italy
1767:Szack
1742:Wilno
1558:Wilno
1543:Bzura
1521:Barak
1516:Łomża
1511:Radom
1501:Różan
1481:Wizna
1377:Mława
1362:Mokra
468:]
202:Kresy
12549:1945
12277:1944
12118:1943
12046:Blue
12036:Attu
11943:1942
11702:1941
11554:1940
11492:1939
11421:Asia
11268:POWs
11108:Jews
10826:Iraq
10752:Axis
10702:Tuva
10518:Cuba
9603:Axis
9347:and
9217:ISBN
9191:ISBN
9169:ISBN
9143:2005
9111:ISBN
9092:ISBN
9073:ISBN
9049:ISBN
9034:link
9005:ISBN
8983:ISBN
8957:ISBN
8933:ISBN
8917:2009
8881:ISBN
8862:ISBN
8846:2011
8833:ISBN
8805:ISBN
8786:ISBN
8767:ISBN
8744:ISBN
8721:ISBN
8698:ISBN
8685:2005
8652:ISBN
8631:ISBN
8582:ISBN
8563:ISBN
8541:ISBN
8528:2005
8498:2005
8378:ISBN
8336:ISBN
8316:ISBN
8292:ISBN
8271:2020
8232:help
8206:ISBN
8186:link
8157:2016
8134:, 21
8108:ISBN
8060:ISBN
8039:2009
8004:ISBN
7983:2011
7970:ISBN
7918:2023
7900:ISBN
7879:2023
7812:2011
7799:ISBN
7734:ISBN
7646:link
7632:2024
7521:ISBN
7381:ISBN
7320:ISSN
7263:ISBN
7231:2024
7220:ISSN
7119:ISBN
7092:ISBN
7031:link
6998:2011
6936:ISBN
6909:ISBN
6888:2020
6824:2018
6745:ISBN
6532:ISBN
6409:2013
6361:2009
6336:2009
6283:2016
6251:ISBN
6229:help
6172:ISBN
6142:ISBN
6112:ISBN
6034:2011
6021:ISBN
5994:ISSN
5945:ISBN
5895:2022
5851:ISBN
5823:ISBN
5770:2009
5740:2009
5575:Gryf
5573:ORP
5566:ORP
5239:and
5086:The
4858:Lvov
4714:and
4706:and
4696:Lodz
4568:and
4466:NCOs
4408:and
4387:NKVD
4356:and
4230:and
4140:and
4089:Lwów
4014:and
3957:and
3828:Łódź
3741:the
3661:and
3534:The
3459:and
3431:and
3341:Heer
3289:, a
3194:and
3077:and
3045:Spiš
3043:and
2840:USS
2488:and
2395:and
2197:The
2154:Iraq
2057:Iran
2047:Iraq
1901:1944
1879:1940
1737:Lwów
1650:Lwów
1608:Kock
1486:Łódź
1105:670
168:and
164:The
106:Date
8609:doi
7312:doi
5248:."
5065:in
4687:'s
4677:CdZ
4572:).
4476:'s
3939:San
3648:7TP
3644:TKS
3636:7TP
3297:in
3206:).
2508:of
2460:or
2278:).
2221:by
1459:Hel
1227:or
14165::
12297:/
9502:,
9498:,
9494:,
9490::
9215:.
9211:.
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9030:}}
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