Battle of Fort Sumter

1359:(cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace), starting fires that could have proven more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells. At 7 p.m. on April 12, a rain shower extinguished the flames and, at the same time, the Union gunners stopped firing for the night. They slept fitfully, concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort. During the darkness, the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour. The following morning, the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings. By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire. The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine, where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored. The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety, but two-thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed. He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea, but the tide kept floating them back together into groups, some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds. He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing, but the Confederates did the same, firing the hot shots almost exclusively. Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees. When the fort had to pause its firing, the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort's aid. 1284:—to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum. Anderson refused, although he reportedly commented, "I shall await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to pieces, we shall be starved out in a few days." The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard. At 1 a.m. on April 12, the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard: "If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter, and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter, we will abstain from opening fire upon you." After consulting with his senior officers, Maj. Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon, April 15, unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies. Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply, which he handed to Anderson at 3:20 a.m.: "Sir: by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard, commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States, we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time." Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat, shook hands with each one, and said "If we never meet in this world again, God grant that we may meet in the next." 1478: 1395:, a former U.S. senator, had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had endured enough. He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island, waving a white handkerchief from his sword, dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan's Island. Meeting with Major Anderson, he said, "You have defended your flag nobly, Sir. You have done all that it is possible to do, and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight. On what terms, Major Anderson, will you evacuate this fort?" Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said "evacuate," not "surrender." He was low on ammunition, fires were burning out of control, and his men were hungry and exhausted. Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor, enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man, Anderson agreed to a truce at 2:00 p.m. 1589: 1562: 1514: 1538: 183: 1490: 1502: 963: 1329:, were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie. Moreover, although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage, the fort was quite low on ammunition and was nearly out at the end of the 34-hour bombardment. A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more, in some cases using socks from Anderson's personal wardrobe. Because of the shortages, Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns: two aimed at Cummings Point, two at Fort Moultrie, and two at the Sullivan's Island batteries. 1526: 1293: 1550: 793:, that he was sending supply ships, which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter, which Major Anderson refused. Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Anderson agreed to evacuate. There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused the death of two U.S. Army soldiers. The event often regarded as the "First Bloodshed of the Civil War" was the 1574: 57: 886: 1378: 1611: 166: 1260:. Fox's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only, and if he was opposed by the Confederates, to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men. This time, Maj. Anderson was informed of the impending expedition, although the arrival date was not revealed to him. On April 6, Lincoln notified Pickens that "an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in men, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, in case of an attack on the fort." 1134: 6660: 1718: 1368: 1304:, a noted Virginia secessionist, who declined, saying, "I could not fire the first gun of the war.") The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, the floating battery, and Cummings Point. Under orders from Beauregard, the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor, with 2 minutes between each shot; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition, which he calculated would last for only 48 hours. 1415:, and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew; these were the first military fatalities of the war. The salute was stopped at fifty shots. Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion. Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston, where Galloway died a few days later; Fielding was released after six weeks. The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer, the 1403:, a former mayor of Charleston, and Roger Pryor—sailed to Sumter, unaware of Wigfall's visit. Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall's authority, telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days, and he threatened to resume firing. Meanwhile, General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers, offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented, so the agreement was reinstated. 6614: 6545: 3877: 1427: 205: 6555: 3532: 3887: 1445:

being available, and no provision but pork remaining, I accepted terms of evacuation, offered by Gen. Beauregard, being the same offered by him on the 11th inst., prior to the commencement of hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14th inst., with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns.

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the uppermost of its three tiers—the barbette tier—where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead. The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault, and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort. However, the land-based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high-arcing ballistic

1011:. On December 30, the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured, resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia. The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions armed with weapons captured from the arsenal were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area, including an unusual 1308:, another noted Virginia secessionist, had traveled to Charleston to be present at the beginning of the war, and after the signal round, fired one of the first shots at Sumter, a 64-pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point. The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston's residents (including diarist 1069: 1730:. It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time. The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells. The state tree of South Carolina, the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities. This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the 1220:. Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts, and how. They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result. Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy. 1477: 1233:

President Davis, like his counterpart in Washington, preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor. Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states, whose allegiance was undetermined; before Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, five states had voted

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wrote, "Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states." The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy. The ensuing war lasted four years, effectively ending in April

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Lincoln's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina, not the new Confederate government, which Lincoln did not recognize. Pickens consulted with Beauregard, the local Confederate commander. Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter's surrender, and if

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The South sent delegations to Washington, D.C., and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with

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fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point, but he missed. Given the available manpower, Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns. He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely. The fort's best cannons were mounted on

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believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises. Buchanan, a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat, had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens, promising

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Sir—Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only

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in Florida. As small craft were sent toward the fort with supplies, the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back. Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships. The next day, heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was

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positions), and on the center parade field. Unfortunately for the defenders, the original mission of the fort—harbor defense—meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic, with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from

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President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson's move to Sumter, unaware of the authorization Anderson had received. Nevertheless, he refused Pickens's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor. Since the garrison's supplies were limited, Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies,

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was the oldest—it was the site of fortifications since 1776—and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison. However, it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor, and its defenses against land-based attacks were feeble; during the crisis, the Charleston newspapers commented

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The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War. Following the surrender, Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union. With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln

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The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2:30 p.m., April 13. No one from either side was killed during the bombardment. During the 100-gun salute to the U.S. flag—Anderson's one condition for withdrawal—a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark, mortally

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ou are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor, and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity. The smallness of your force will not permit you, perhaps, to occupy more than one of the three forts, but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be

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Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860–1861. Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited. The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could. Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns, operated by 650 officers and men, but construction had met with

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In contrast to Moultrie, Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and, though unfinished, was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world. In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed, but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier, who

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advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state's secession as an independent commonwealth. This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations—including Forts Sumter and Pickens—should be obtained.

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had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy, specifically to take command of the siege. Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw, and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the

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protested but took no action. Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union, and while he thought that there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede, he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it.

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On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president. He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter. A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at

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regarded as an act of hostility, and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance. You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act.

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that he would not "immediately" occupy it. From Major Anderson's standpoint, he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another. He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11, written by Major General

1203:, and three 8-inch Columbiads, the latter in the so-called Iron Battery, protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars. About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort, if necessary, including the local militia, young boys, and older men. 1398:

Fort Sumter raised Wigfall's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island, where he was hailed as a hero. The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard—Stephen D. Lee,

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opposed this decision: he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack "will lose us every friend at the North. You will only strike a hornet's nest. ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death. It is unnecessary. It puts us in the wrong. It is fatal."

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were responsible for the construction of the Charleston forts, but they reported to their headquarters in Washington, not directly to Anderson. The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates, eight musicians, and 43 noncombatant workmen.

770:, was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston. Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter. Conditions in the fort deteriorated due to shortages of men, food, and supplies as the 947:

functioned as a lighthouse keeper, and a small party of civilian construction workers. Under the cover of darkness on December 26, six days after South Carolina declared its secession, Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie, ordering its guns

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and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns' reach. Fort Sumter's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level, which themselves, because of the limited elevation allowed by their

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was forced to withdraw. Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire, but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement.

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After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February, there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in

7260: 1573: 935:. Throughout the fall, South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable. As tensions mounted, the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a 3522: 1725:

The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12, 1961, at the Charleston post office. The stamp was designed by

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The Battle of Fort Sumter and First Victory of the Southern Troops. April 13, 1861. Full accounts of the Bombardment, with Sketches of the Scenes, Incidents, etc. Compiled chiefly from the detailed reports of the Charleston

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In a letter delivered January 31, 1861, Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because, "I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina."

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defenders, whose food was running low. He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia, training them to operate the guns they manned. Major Anderson had been Beauregard's artillery instructor at

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for 90 days. Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly. There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves. Other governors from

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A photographic view of the Hot shot Furnace at right shoulder angle and a 10-in. columbard cannon pointing to Charleston; Exterior view of Gorge and Sally Port Ft Sumter April 1861 after its surrender

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At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Lt. Henry S. Farley, acting upon the command of Capt. George S. James, fired a single 10-inch mortar round from Fort Johnson. (James had offered the first shot to

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On April 4, as the supply situation on Sumter became critical, President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition, to be commanded by a former naval captain (and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy)

1241:, and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia's loyalty. When asked about that offer, Abraham Lincoln commented, "A state for a fort is no bad business." 1077:

numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861. Anderson's garrison consisted of just 85 men, primarily made up of two small artillery

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failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. The ship was hit three times, which caused no major damage but nonetheless kept the supplies from reaching Anderson.

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Pickens, therefore, ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized. State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie (capturing 56 guns), Fort Johnson on

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that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled. When the garrison began clearing away the dunes, the papers objected.

1537: 845:, and by February 1861 six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the 6712: 6707: 1117:

By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns, but they had insufficient men to operate them all. The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions, or

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The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets, 3,400 rifles, over 1,000 pistols, and a few artillery pieces including five 24-pound field howitzers.

1549: 7030: 6856: 6032: 1678:, September 1863), but was repulsed and no further attempts were made. The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. 1489: 95: 5487: 5482: 660: 1391:

The fort's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13, raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender. Col.

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fortification, in the harbor close to downtown Charleston, capturing 24 guns and mortars, while the small U.S. Army garrison retired to Fort Sumter to join

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the fort before the relief expedition arrived. The Confederate cabinet, meeting in Montgomery, endorsed Davis's order on April 9. Only Secretary of State

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The record of Fort Sumter, from its occupation by Major Anderson, to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens

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Following the battle, there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action. Lincoln's immediate call for

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had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions. A native of Kentucky, he was a protégé of

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approached the harbor entrance on January 9, 1861, it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island, which was staffed by cadets from

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also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy. The battle is usually recognized as the first of the American Civil War.

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The seceding states seized Federal properties within their boundaries, including buildings, arsenals, and fortifications. President

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Major Anderson held his fire, awaiting daylight. His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast. At 7 a.m., Capt.

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with him north, where it became a widely known symbol of the battle and rallying point for supporters of the Union. This inspired

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Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four-year duration of the war, leaving a hole in the

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Panormanic View of Left shoulder Angle at left with a 2nd Hot Shot furnace and Left face at right; Ft Sumter 1861; flying the

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had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles. Instead, it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship,

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to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by

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Ships from Fox's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12. Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer

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During the early months of 1861, the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege. In March,

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fort, there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters. The Confederates targeted these with

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of the Army, and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison's previous commander, Col.

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in panes of fifty stamps each. The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps.

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wrote, "Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade", and Gov.

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it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government. However, Secretary of State

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Beauregard, a trained military engineer, built up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter.

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and its gun carriages burned, and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter.

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This article is about the 1861 battle that began the American Civil War. For the 1863 battle, see

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Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot, when Ruffin did not actually do so.

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The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence

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The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of U.S. President

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on December 20, 1860, its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in

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The Demon of Unrest: A Saga of Hubris, Heartbreak, and Heroism at the Dawn of the Civil War

3457: 3165: 3056: 2960: 2925: 1265: 1199:, the Confederates had emplaced seven 10-inch mortars, two 42-pounders, a British 12-pound 573: 526: 430: 390: 8: 7079: 6744: 6466: 6258: 6147: 6021: 5666: 5619: 5366: 5326: 5311: 5204: 5053: 4725: 4685: 4560: 4521: 4491: 4446: 4406: 4006: 3996: 3818: 3772: 3337: 3317: 2990: 1337: 1225: 1148: 1138: 1023: 850: 759: 385: 375: 210: 2918: 1419:, where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox's relief ship 973:

South Carolina authorities considered Anderson's move to be a breach of faith. Governor

962: 948: 7179: 7154: 7069: 7059: 6876: 6312: 6182: 5708: 5693: 5574: 5532: 5504: 5341: 5306: 5153: 5113: 4630: 4600: 4590: 4466: 4461: 4441: 4436: 4416: 4166: 4069: 3986: 3934: 3369: 3311: 3278: 3248:"The Defence of Sumter. Detailed Account of the Defence of the Fort, by Major Anderson" 3232: 3073: 3041: 2895: 2846: 2593: 1851: 1683: 1679: 1336:, most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m., and one of the two warships, 1213: 1098: 1094: 709: 705: 435: 338: 145: 48: 5286: 3382:"The Problem in Charleston Harbor: Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War" 2386:"Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, October 20, 1882, Image 4" 6999: 6554: 5810: 5412: 5346: 5281: 5184: 5103: 5063: 4665: 4471: 4426: 4041: 3475: 3465: 3443: 3417: 3401: 3364: 3351: 3343: 3321: 3293: 3177: 3142: 3110: 3087: 3059: 3025: 2994: 2983: 2964: 2953: 2937: 2899: 2865: 2830: 2759: 1629: 1620: 1246: 1229: 724: 305: 1348:

left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13.

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Battles of the Lower Seaboard Theater and Gulf Approach of the American Civil War

7043: 6907: 6496: 5785: 5634: 5527: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5387: 5356: 5266: 5209: 5199: 5158: 4186: 4156: 3976: 3808: 3439: 3307: 3204: 2978: 2933: 1717: 1633: 1412: 1316: 1253: 1180: 1152: 1086: 1004: 822: 778: 763: 532: 1821: 1594:

At Left North west castmates ; at right can be seen the start of the right angle

704:, by the South Carolina militia. It ended with the surrender of the fort by the 5564: 5512: 5351: 5316: 5276: 5168: 5148: 5143: 5098: 4377: 4218: 4206: 3255: 2884:

We Have the War Upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860 – April 1861

2857: 2598: 1659: 1281: 1106: 1102: 1090: 920: 873: 830: 743: 740: 720: 425: 3479: 1367: 7224: 7194: 5832: 5432: 5427: 5417: 5392: 5301: 5296: 5138: 5133: 5118: 5088: 5058: 4396: 4021: 3486: 3355: 3114: 3052: 2887: 1644: 1641: 1392: 1343:, never did arrive. Unbeknownst to Fox, it had been ordered to the relief of 1305: 1277: 1269: 1256:, who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the 1200: 1196: 1164: 1000: 983: 898: 842: 732: 731:

of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable

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was created from a revision of this article dated 21 November 2017

7139: 6301: 6278: 6268: 6263: 5800: 5742: 5654: 5629: 5542: 5522: 5321: 5219: 3584: 3491:

Lincoln and His Admirals: Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. Navy, and the Civil War

3333: 3325: 3013: 1408: 1344: 1309: 1217: 1188: 1184: 1151:

took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston; on March 1, President

1020: 7164: 7119: 7025: 5073: 4111: 4091: 3431: 1467:, described as a "symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes." A 1356: 1301: 894: 885: 697: 693: 139: 2671:"Fight for the Colors, the Ohio Battle Flags Collection, Civil War Room" 1292: 1003:. On December 27, an assault force of 150 men seized the Union-occupied 7159: 7134: 7051: 6979: 6456: 5331: 5093: 4294: 4289: 3017: 2955:

Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War

1426: 1176: 1039:, which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates. As 1019:

small arms, and 200 soldiers. The original intent was to send the Navy

982:, Assistant Adjutant General of the Army, approved by Secretary of War 771: 7020: 5720: 3903: 3130: 3126: 1471:

was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers.

1326: 1168: 893:

Several forts had been constructed in Charleston's harbor, including

838: 3436:

Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War

901:, which were not among the sites seized initially. Fort Moultrie on 889:

Charleston Harbor, showing forts and Confederate artillery positions

7204: 7189: 5725: 2929: 1610: 1238: 1172: 1126: 1118: 746:

to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship

3595:

Discussion of transfer of federal property within state boundaries

2648:

See Ft Sumter Map "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War Vol 1 p.54

1195:

had one 24-pounder and four 10-inch mortars. At Cummings Point on

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soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns.

302: 6523:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

3048: 1701:

Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to

1614:

Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender

1686:. On April 14, 1865, four years to the day after lowering the 1179:, and four 24-pounders. Outside of Moultrie were five 10-inch 954: 7004: 3302:: Columbia, S.C., South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office. 1666:, June 1862), then by naval assault against Fort Sumter (the 936: 4245: 3634: 2399:

Humanities, National Endowment for the (September 9, 1897).

2317: 1709:, who was president of the university before the war began. 3578: 3569: 2384:

Humanities, National Endowment for the (October 20, 1882).

1216:, where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification— 3082:. Oxford History of the United States. New York City, NY: 2716: 2269: 1068: 781:, inaugurated March 4, 1861, following his victory in the 2499: 2497: 2257: 2221: 2087: 1958: 1628:

were undiplomatic in their responses. For example, Gov.

1555:

View of Left gorge angle Sally Port would be at far left

865:, but failed to resolve the crisis. The remaining eight 3220:

Correspondence and other papers relating to Fort Sumter

2185: 1895: 1871: 1859: 2985:

The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

2728: 3590:

Details of requests for surrender prior to the battle

3313:

Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860–61

3158:

The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations

2605: 2557: 2494: 2422: 2353: 2233: 2135: 2111: 2051: 1970: 3398:

Thunder in the Harbor: Fort Sumter and the Civil War

2784:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from 2651: 2521: 2470: 2458: 2434: 2329: 2305: 2293: 2209: 1982: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1097:, First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H, First Lt. 804:

to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional

7256:

Battles of the American Civil War in South Carolina

2760:"Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History" 2533: 2509: 2482: 2446: 2412: 2410: 2341: 2281: 2147: 2123: 2099: 2075: 1999: 1997: 1936: 1934: 1919: 3577:: Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news ( 3040: 2982: 2952: 2917: 2845: 1946: 1883: 1507:Right angle gorge of Ft Sumter—Sally port at right 2740: 2589:"Major Anderson's dispatch to the War Department" 2245: 1907: 1781: 1606:Celebrations at the end of the American Civil War 1442:Hon. S. Cameron, Sec'y. of War, Washington, D. C. 1183:, two 32-pounders, two 24-pounders, and a 9-inch 1093:. There were six other officers present: Surgeon 7222: 6970:United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard 6209:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 3101:Ripley, Warren (1992). Wilcox, Arthur M. (ed.). 2569: 2545: 2407: 2365: 2197: 2063: 1994: 1931: 1430:Major Robert Anderson's telegram, April 18, 1861 7266:Confederate victories of the American Civil War 3600:Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Fort Sumter 3209: 2009: 1802: 1543:View of gorge and Sally port; Left gorge Angle 6033:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 3121: 2323: 6650:Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard 6599: 6585: 3919: 3620: 3400:. El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie. 1841: 1839: 1696:returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag 661: 288: 241:Provisional Forces of the Confederate States 3411: 1296:Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates 1130:infantry conducting an amphibious assault. 849:and established their temporary capital at 7241:19th-century in Charleston, South Carolina 6592: 6578: 3926: 3912: 3627: 3613: 3283:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3237:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2398: 2383: 1836: 1101:of the 1st U.S. Artillery, and Second Lt. 668: 654: 295: 281: 3306: 3008:Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J (2001). 2673:. Ohio Historical Society. Archived from 1690:in surrender, Robert Anderson (by then a 7251:Battles and conflicts without fatalities 4122:Treatment of slaves in the United States 3636:South Carolina in the American Civil War 3565:National Park Service battle description 3548:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3531: 3416:. Chelsea, Michigan: Scarborough House. 3245: 3079:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 3007: 2597:. April 19, 1861. p. 1 – via 2191: 1716: 1609: 1495:Views of Ft Sumter; View of right angle 1425: 1376: 1366: 1291: 1132: 1067: 961: 884: 869:declined pleas to join the Confederacy. 5865:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 4037:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 3379: 3332: 2920:Brother against Brother: The War Begins 2805: 2803: 2403:– via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. 2388:– via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. 2169:. National Park Service. Archived from 1063: 14: 7223: 5850:Modern display of the Confederate flag 3933: 3456: 3414:Sumter: The First Day of the Civil War 3291: 3199:Bibliography of the American Civil War 2695: 1694:, although ill and in retired status) 1109:and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the 880: 7271:History of Charleston, South Carolina 6573: 6068: 5457: 5021: 4244: 4047:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 3945: 3907: 3608: 3430: 3135:The Civil War: An Illustrated History 3072: 2657: 2299: 2263: 2227: 2093: 1901: 1865: 640:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 276: 3886: 2822: 2800: 2129: 1280:, Col. James A. Chisholm, and Capt. 1206: 1089:, and Company H, commanded by Capt. 821:On December 20, 1860, shortly after 235:1st United States Artillery Regiment 230:1st United States Artillery Regiment 6975:United States Coast Guard Pipe Band 6204:Committee on the Conduct of the War 5880:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3380:Hatcher, Richard W. (Winter 2010). 3246:Anderson, Robert (April 19, 1861). 3155: 3038: 1808: 1796: 24: 7031:West Indies anti-piracy operations 6645:Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard 6618:Category:United States Coast Guard 6274:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 6069: 5613:impeachment managers investigation 3992:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 3727:Second Battle of Charleston Harbor 3518: 3192: 3100: 2977: 2950: 2878: 2862:University of South Carolina Press 2843: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2611: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2515: 2503: 2488: 2452: 2428: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2287: 2275: 2251: 2239: 2203: 2153: 2141: 2117: 2105: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2015: 2003: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1925: 1913: 1889: 1721:Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 1423:, resting outside the harbor bar. 550:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 406:End of slavery in British colonies 25: 7302: 7276:Origins of the American Civil War 6995:United States Coast Guard Cutters 5699:Reconstruction military districts 4147:Abolitionism in the United States 4102:Plantations in the American South 4017:Origins of the American Civil War 3707:First Battle of Charleston Harbor 3499: 2912: 2848:The Siege of Charleston 1861–1865 2527: 2476: 2464: 2440: 2416: 2335: 2311: 2215: 1988: 1940: 1877: 1668:First Battle of Charleston Harbor 1276:Beauregard dispatched aides—Col. 539:The Impending Crisis of the South 381:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 7291:Sieges of the American Civil War 6811:Maritime Law Enforcement Academy 6658: 6613: 6612: 6553: 6544: 6543: 5682:Enforcement Act of February 1871 5655:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 3885: 3876: 3875: 3530: 3396:Hatcher, Richard W. III (2023). 1587: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1536: 1524: 1519:View of the Gorge and Sally Port 1512: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1435:Steamship Baltic, oft Sandy Hook 203: 181: 164: 55: 6750:Research and Development Center 6467:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 6329:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 5890:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3043:The Civil War Battlefield Guide 2774: 2752: 2696:Widmer, Todd (April 14, 2011). 2689: 2663: 2642: 2617: 2581: 2392: 2377: 2167:"Fort Sumter National Monument" 2159: 2029:"Fort Sumter National Monument" 2021: 1753: 1744: 7236:1861 in the American Civil War 7210:Operation Enduring Freedom HOA 6965:United States Coast Guard Band 6816:Joint Maritime Training Center 6635:Secretary of Homeland Security 5570:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 1814: 1772: 1531:View of western part of Gorge 1287: 692:) (April 12–13, 1861) was the 27:1861 American Civil War battle 13: 1: 6640:Commandant of the Coast Guard 5985:Ladies' Memorial Associations 5687:Enforcement Act of April 1871 5583:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5458: 3570:Fort Sumter National Monument 2702:opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com 1083:Company E, 1st U.S. Artillery 1072:Fort Sumter before the battle 847:Confederate States of America 827:presidential election of 1860 811: 6933:Steamboat Inspection Service 6118:Confederate revolving cannon 5860:Sons of Confederate Veterans 5731:South Carolina riots of 1876 5709:Indian Council at Fort Smith 5660:South Carolina riots of 1876 5625:Knights of the White Camelia 4117:Slavery in the United States 3819:Union forces occupy Columbia 3732:Second Battle of Fort Sumter 3722:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 3717:Battle of Grimball's Landing 3412:Hendrickson, Robert (1990). 3039:Kennedy, Frances H. (1998). 2782:"Civil War Centennial Issue" 2762:. Louisiana State University 2324:Ward, Burns & Burns 1990 1822:"Fort Sumter Battle Summary" 1766: 1676:Second Battle of Fort Sumter 1672:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 1599: 1362: 816: 783:election of November 6, 1860 514:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall 476:Secession of Southern states 32:Second Battle of Fort Sumter 7: 7286:Secession crisis of 1860–61 6985:Coast Guard service numbers 6826:Chaplain of the Coast Guard 6472:New York City riots of 1863 6297:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6048:United Confederate Veterans 5885:Children of the Confederacy 5875:United Confederate Veterans 5870:Southern Historical Society 5022: 4502:Price's Missouri Expedition 3972:Timeline leading to the War 3946: 3712:First Battle of Fort Wagner 3691:Second Battle of Pocotaligo 3376:. J. B. Lippincott Company. 3103:The Civil War at Charleston 1712: 1682:outflanked the city in the 955:President Buchanan and the 917:1st U.S. Artillery regiment 509:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy 353:End of Atlantic slave trade 10: 7307: 7145:2nd Battle of the Atlantic 7125:1st Battle of the Atlantic 7095:Overland Relief Expedition 7085:Battle of Galveston Harbor 6440:Confederate Secret Service 6028:Grand Army of the Republic 5920:Grand Army of the Republic 5738:Southern Claims Commission 3814:Skirmish at Congaree Creek 3676:First Battle of Pocotaligo 3493:. Oxford University Press. 3374:Lincoln and the First Shot 3271:Charleston, South Carolina 3225:Charleston, South Carolina 3196: 3156:Welcher, Frank J. (1989). 2815: 1703:Louisiana State University 1653:New Appomattox Court House 1603: 933:American Revolutionary War 787:governor of South Carolina 702:Charleston, South Carolina 596:Recapture of Anthony Burns 466:1860 presidential election 441:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 89:Charleston, South Carolina 62:Bombardment of Fort Sumter 29: 7090:Battle of Portland Harbor 7013: 6895: 6844: 6763: 6667: 6656: 6627: 6607: 6601:United States Coast Guard 6539: 6515: 6428:Confederate States dollar 6400: 6342: 6287: 6239:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 6234:Emancipation Proclamation 6196: 6128:Medal of Honor recipients 6085: 6081: 6064: 6016:Confederate Memorial Hall 5998: 5977: 5935: 5907: 5898: 5818:Confederate Memorial Hall 5791:Confederate History Month 5771:Civil War Discovery Trail 5751: 5672:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 5503: 5478:Reconstruction Amendments 5468: 5464: 5453: 5375: 5244: 5237: 5177: 5041: 5034: 5030: 5017: 4959: 4706: 4699: 4530: 4386: 4345: 4313: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4240: 4137: 4087:Emancipation Proclamation 4055: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3871: 3850: 3829: 3789:Campaign of the Carolinas 3781: 3748: 3699: 3668: 3642: 3022:Stanford University Press 2844:Burton, E. Milby (1970). 2629:Olana State Historic Site 1649:Army of Northern Virginia 975:Francis Wilkinson Pickens 791:Francis Wilkinson Pickens 545:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue 520:American Slavery As It Is 316: 258: 245: 216: 193: 157: 71: 54: 46: 41: 7170:Coast Guard Squadron One 7036:Capture of the schooner 6806:Training Center Yorktown 6801:Training Center Petaluma 6796:Training Center Cape May 6502:U.S. Sanitary Commission 6413:Battlefield preservation 6319:Marching Through Georgia 6244:Hampton Roads Conference 6219:Confiscation Act of 1862 6214:Confiscation Act of 1861 5990:U.S. national cemeteries 5796:Confederate Memorial Day 5781:Civil War Trails Program 5650:New Orleans riot of 1866 3804:Skirmish at James Island 3799:Battle of Broxton Bridge 3794:Action at Rivers' Bridge 3686:Battle of Simmon's Bluff 3681:Battle of Secessionville 3386:Hallowed Ground Magazine 3300:Columbia, South Carolina 3254:. p. 1 – via 3174:Indiana University Press 3109:, SC: Post and Courier. 2823:Buchanan, James (1911). 2725:, pp. 52–53, 72–73. 2278:, pp. 225–231, 249. 1778:Dyer, Volume III, p. 831 1737: 1707:William Tecumseh Sherman 1698:he had lowered in 1861. 1664:Battle of Secessionville 1228:. Pickens was among the 843:United States of America 727:. On December 26, Major 717:declaration of secession 568:Trial of Reuben Crandall 481:Peace Conference of 1861 456:Caning of Charles Sumner 7130:Great Mississippi Flood 6990:Coast Guardsman's Creed 6423:Confederate war finance 6043:Southern Cross of Honor 6011:1938 Gettysburg reunion 6006:1913 Gettysburg reunion 5704:Reconstruction Treaties 5677:Enforcement Act of 1870 5560:Freedman's Savings Bank 4177:Lane Debates on Slavery 4002:Lincoln–Douglas debates 3348:D. Appleton and Company 3084:Oxford University Press 3010:Civil War High Commands 2625:"Our Banner in the Sky" 1880:, pp. 25, 127–129. 1824:. National Park Service 1049:William Stewart Simkins 768:Confederate States Army 461:Lincoln–Douglas debates 7231:1861 in South Carolina 7185:Action of 1 March 1968 7014:Battles and operations 6923:Revenue Cutter Service 6896:History and traditions 6845:Uniforms and equipment 6764:Personnel and training 6482:Richmond riots of 1863 6408:Baltimore riot of 1861 6188:U.S. Military Railroad 6108:Confederate Home Guard 5840:Historiographic issues 5806:Historical reenactment 4305:Revenue Cutter Service 4172:William Lloyd Garrison 4081:Dred Scott v. Sandford 3526: 3506:Listen to this article 3292:Harris, W. A. (1862). 2951:Detzer, David (2001). 2882:(September 11, 2012). 2698:"Lincoln Declares War" 1967:, pp. 1–2, 82–83. 1722: 1615: 1453: 1451:Major First Artillery. 1431: 1388: 1374: 1351:Although Sumter was a 1297: 1141: 1073: 993: 970: 890: 795:Baltimore riot of 1861 609:Virginia v. John Brown 602:Dred Scott v. Sandford 504:Nat Turner's Rebellion 194:Commanders and leaders 7175:Operation Market Time 7075:Battle of Fort Sumter 7065:Mexican–American War 6755:Coast Guard Auxiliary 6692:Investigative Service 6447:Great Revival of 1863 6324:Maryland, My Maryland 6113:Confederate railroads 5776:Civil War Roundtables 5645:Meridian riot of 1871 5640:Memphis riots of 1866 4197:George Luther Stearns 4182:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 4075:Crittenden Compromise 3660:Port Royal Experiment 3650:Battle of Fort Sumter 3585:Crisis at Fort Sumter 3575:Battle of Fort Sumter 3525: 3339:Diary of Mary Chesnut 3197:Further information: 3137:. New York City, NY: 2989:. New York City, NY: 2959:. New York City, NY: 2033:National Park Service 1847:"Fort Sumpter Fallen" 1728:Charles R. Chickering 1720: 1613: 1465:Our Banner in the Sky 1461:Frederic Edwin Church 1455:Anderson carried the 1433: 1429: 1386:Frederic Edwin Church 1382:Our Banner in the Sky 1380: 1370: 1295: 1237:secession, including 1136: 1085:, commanded by Capt. 1071: 1009:Major Robert Anderson 999:, and the battery on 988: 965: 888: 686:Attack on Fort Sumter 682:Battle of Fort Sumter 635:Battle of Fort Sumter 590:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 471:Crittenden Compromise 259:Casualties and losses 254:500–6,000 (estimated) 138:Confederacy captures 111:32.75222°N 79.87472°W 42:Battle of Fort Sumter 7105:Battle of Manila Bay 7100:Spanish–American War 6938:Bureau of Navigation 6882:Ship decommissioning 6821:Aviation Association 6334:Daar kom die Alibama 6249:National Union Party 5925:memorials to Lincoln 5845:Lost Cause mythology 5550:Eufaula riot of 1874 5538:Confederate refugees 4751:District of Columbia 4378:Union naval blockade 4224:Underground Railroad 4012:Nullification crisis 3768:Battle of Honey Hill 3655:Battle of Port Royal 3557:More spoken articles 3057:Houghton Mifflin Co. 2991:Simon & Schuster 2737:, pp. 820, 841. 2677:on December 11, 2013 1660:Union naval blockade 1105:of Company H. Capt. 1064:Preparations for war 806:four Southern states 766:of the newly formed 574:Commonwealth v. Aves 431:Nashville Convention 421:Mexican–American War 391:Nullification crisis 7281:P. G. T. Beauregard 7080:Battle of Pig Point 6918:Life-Saving Service 6836:Three-star admirals 6791:Coast Guard Academy 6745:National Ice Center 6492:Supreme Court cases 6259:Radical Republicans 6038:Old soldiers' homes 6022:Confederate Veteran 5948:artworks in Capitol 5667:Reconstruction acts 5528:Colfax riot of 1873 4492:Richmond-Petersburg 4097:Fugitive slave laws 4027:Popular sovereignty 4007:Missouri Compromise 3997:Kansas-Nebraska Act 3773:Battle of Tulifinny 3464:. New York: Crown. 3392:on January 1, 2015. 3370:Current, Richard N. 3318:Harper and Brothers 3162:The Eastern Theater 3074:McPherson, James M. 2614:, pp. 311–313. 2566:, pp. 308–309. 2530:, pp. 157–160. 2506:, pp. 292–300. 2479:, pp. 152–157. 2467:, pp. 152–154. 2443:, pp. 147–153. 2431:, pp. 268–271. 2362:, pp. 256–267. 2338:, pp. 139–141. 2314:, pp. 133–136. 2266:, pp. 268–271. 2242:, pp. 212–214. 2230:, pp. 261–263. 2218:, pp. 136–137. 2192:Eicher & Eicher 2144:, pp. 124–125. 2120:, pp. 155–161. 2096:, pp. 264–266. 2060:, pp. 131–136. 1991:, pp. 121–122. 1979:, pp. 110–120. 1904:, pp. 246–248. 1868:, pp. 235–235. 1567:View of Left flank 1226:Montgomery, Alabama 1185:Dahlgren smoothbore 1149:P. G. T. Beauregard 1139:P. G. T. Beauregard 881:Forts of Charleston 760:P. G. T. Beauregard 690:Fall of Fort Sumter 446:Kansas–Nebraska Act 386:Missouri Compromise 376:Northwest Ordinance 341: 211:P. G. T. Beauregard 116:32.75222; -79.87472 107: / 18:Fall of Fort Sumter 7180:Operation Sealords 7155:Operation Overlord 7110:Battle of Cárdenas 7070:American Civil War 7060:Great Lakes Patrol 6928:Lighthouse Service 6877:Ship commissioning 6831:Four-star admirals 6313:A Lincoln Portrait 6254:Politicians killed 6178:U.S. Balloon Corps 6173:Union corps badges 5953:memorials to Davis 5823:Disenfranchisement 5694:Reconstruction era 5575:Timber Culture Act 5533:Compromise of 1877 4497:Franklin–Nashville 4167:Frederick Douglass 4070:Cornerstone Speech 3987:Compromise of 1850 3935:American Civil War 3527: 3252:The New York Times 2880:Cooper, William J. 2788:on October 4, 2013 2594:The New York Times 1852:The New York Times 1723: 1684:Carolinas campaign 1680:William T. Sherman 1616: 1437:Thursday, April 18 1432: 1407:wounding privates 1389: 1375: 1298: 1214:Pensacola, Florida 1142: 1111:Corps of Engineers 1099:Jefferson C. Davis 1095:Samuel W. Crawford 1074: 971: 891: 825:'s victory in the 797:, one week later. 785:. He notified the 710:American Civil War 706:United States Army 436:Compromise of 1850 339:American Civil War 332: 188:Confederate States 146:American Civil War 49:American Civil War 7246:April 1861 events 7218: 7217: 7000:Coast Guard Bears 6738:Shipbuilding Yard 6567: 6566: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6365:Italian Americans 6350:African Americans 6307:John Brown's Body 6060: 6059: 6056: 6055: 5973: 5972: 5811:Robert E. Lee Day 5555:Freedmen's Bureau 5518:Brooks–Baxter War 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5233: 5232: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5004: 4422:Northern Virginia 4368:Trans-Mississippi 4341: 4340: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4128:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4065:African Americans 3901: 3900: 3523: 3449:978-0-679-44747-4 3365:Secondary sources 3344:Fairfax, Virginia 3183:978-0-253-36453-1 3148:978-0-394-56285-8 3123:Ward, Geoffrey C. 3105:(16th ed.). 3093:978-0-19-503863-7 3065:978-0-395-74012-5 3031:978-0-8047-3641-1 3000:978-0-684-84944-7 2970:978-0-15-100641-0 2943:978-0-8094-4700-8 2914:Davis, William C. 2905:978-0-307-96088-7 2871:978-0-87249-345-2 2542:, pp. 53–55. 2518:, pp. 51–55. 2491:, pp. 49–51. 2455:, pp. 46–49. 2350:, pp. 39–42. 2290:, pp. 33–35. 2156:, pp. 29–30. 2108:, pp. 17–20. 2084:, pp. 12–16. 1928:, pp. 29–31. 1892:, pp. 67–69. 1855:. April 15, 1861. 1630:Claiborne Jackson 1621:75,000 volunteers 1247:William H. Seward 1207:Decisions for war 1167:had three 8-inch 802:75,000 volunteers 757:Brigadier General 737:Sullivan's Island 725:Charleston Harbor 678: 677: 527:Uncle Tom's Cabin 334:Events leading to 329: 328: 307:Charleston Harbor 271: 270: 153: 152: 144:Beginning of the 79:April 12–13, 1861 16:(Redirected from 7298: 7190:Persian Gulf War 6913:Coast Guard City 6662: 6661: 6616: 6615: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6571: 6570: 6557: 6547: 6546: 6370:Native Americans 6355:German Americans 6148:Partisan rangers 6143:Official Records 6083: 6082: 6066: 6065: 5958:memorials to Lee 5905: 5904: 5466: 5465: 5455: 5454: 5242: 5241: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5019: 5018: 4992:Washington, D.C. 4786:Indian Territory 4746:Dakota Territory 4704: 4703: 4621:Chancellorsville 4412:Jackson's Valley 4402:Blockade runners 4278: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4242: 4241: 4202:Thaddeus Stevens 4192:Lysander Spooner 4152:Susan B. Anthony 3954: 3953: 3943: 3942: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3889: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3547: 3545: 3534: 3533: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3483: 3453: 3427: 3393: 3388:. Archived from 3359: 3329: 3308:Doubleday, Abner 3303: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3259: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3217:(January 1861). 3211:Anderson, Robert 3187: 3152: 3118: 3097: 3069: 3046: 3035: 3004: 2988: 2979:Eicher, David J. 2974: 2958: 2947: 2923: 2909: 2875: 2851: 2840: 2810: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2173:on June 28, 2011 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2035:. Archived from 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1955:, pp. 6, 8. 1950: 1944: 1938: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1843: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1779: 1776: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1688:Fort Sumter Flag 1591: 1581:Confederate Flag 1576: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1469:chromolithograph 1457:Fort Sumter Flag 1372:Fort Sumter Flag 1258:Star of the West 1175:, five 32-pound 1053:Star of the West 1041:Star of the West 1036:Star of the West 1013:floating battery 980:Don Carlos Buell 957:Star of the West 925:general in chief 863:Washington, D.C. 859:peace conference 749:Star of the West 708:, beginning the 670: 663: 656: 629:Star of the West 486:Corwin Amendment 451:Ostend Manifesto 416:Texas annexation 411:Texas Revolution 342: 331: 311: 308: 297: 290: 283: 274: 273: 207: 186: 185: 169: 168: 122: 121: 119: 118: 117: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 73: 72: 66:Currier and Ives 64:, a portrait by 59: 39: 38: 21: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7200:Afghanistan War 7009: 6908:Coast Guard Act 6891: 6872:List of cutters 6840: 6759: 6706: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6623: 6603: 6598: 6568: 6563: 6527: 6511: 6396: 6360:Irish Americans 6338: 6283: 6192: 6183:U.S. Home Guard 6123:Field artillery 6077: 6076: 6052: 5994: 5969: 5931: 5900: 5894: 5786:Civil War Trust 5753: 5747: 5635:Ethnic violence 5620:Kirk–Holden war 5499: 5460: 5437: 5371: 5229: 5173: 5026: 5001: 4955: 4708: 4695: 4526: 4507:Sherman's March 4487:Bermuda Hundred 4382: 4337: 4309: 4265: 4264: 4228: 4187:J. Sella Martin 4157:James G. Birney 4133: 4051: 3977:Bleeding Kansas 3965: 3948: 3937: 3932: 3902: 3897: 3867: 3846: 3825: 3809:Action at Aiken 3777: 3756:Sinking of USS 3744: 3695: 3664: 3638: 3633: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3538:This audio file 3535: 3528: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3472: 3450: 3440:Alfred A. Knopf 3424: 3276: 3275: 3262: 3230: 3229: 3205:Primary sources 3201: 3195: 3193:Further reading 3190: 3184: 3160:. Vol. 1, 3149: 3094: 3066: 3032: 3001: 2971: 2944: 2934:Time-Life Books 2906: 2872: 2837: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2397: 2393: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1916:, pp. 4–5. 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1715: 1634:Beriah Magoffin 1608: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1583: 1577: 1568: 1565: 1556: 1553: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1508: 1505: 1496: 1493: 1484: 1481: 1452: 1450: 1449:ROBERT ANDERSON 1448: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1413:Edward Galloway 1365: 1317:Abner Doubleday 1290: 1264:it did not, to 1254:Gustavus V. Fox 1209: 1153:Jefferson Davis 1087:Abner Doubleday 1066: 1005:Castle Pinckney 968:Robert Anderson 960: 929:John L. Gardner 913:Robert Anderson 903:Sullivan Island 883: 823:Abraham Lincoln 819: 814: 779:Abraham Lincoln 764:general officer 729:Robert Anderson 674: 645: 644: 623: 615: 614: 563: 555: 554: 533:Bleeding Kansas 499: 491: 490: 371: 363: 362: 348: 336: 330: 325: 312: 306: 303: 301: 238: 234: 232: 228: 200:Robert Anderson 180: 163: 115: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 96: 94: 93: 92: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7304: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7150:Battle of Guam 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7049: 7041: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6944:Semper Paratus 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6781:Enlisted ranks 6778: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6733:Radio stations 6730: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6699: 6697:Legal Division 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6507:Women soldiers 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6462:Naming the war 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6098:Campaign Medal 6095: 6089: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073:Related topics 6070: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5911: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801:Decoration Day 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5757: 5755: 5754:Reconstruction 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5608:second inquiry 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5565:Homestead Acts 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513:Alabama Claims 5509: 5507: 5505:Reconstruction 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5493:15th Amendment 5490: 5488:14th Amendment 5485: 5483:13th Amendment 5474: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5114:J. E. Johnston 5111: 5109:A. S. Johnston 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5049:R. H. Anderson 5045: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4911:South Carolina 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4886:North Carolina 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4611:Fredericksburg 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4551:Wilson's Creek 4548: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4363:Lower Seaboard 4360: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4219:Harriet Tubman 4216: 4215: 4214: 4207:Charles Sumner 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4042:States' rights 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3883: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737:Attack on USS 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3572: 3567: 3550: 3536: 3529: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500:External links 3498: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3487:Symonds, Craig 3484: 3470: 3454: 3448: 3428: 3422: 3409: 3406:978-1611215939 3394: 3377: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3330: 3304: 3289: 3260: 3256:newspapers.com 3243: 3215:Pickens, F. W. 3194: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3153: 3147: 3119: 3098: 3092: 3070: 3064: 3047:(2 ed.). 3036: 3030: 3005: 2999: 2975: 2969: 2948: 2942: 2910: 2904: 2876: 2870: 2841: 2835: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2799: 2773: 2751: 2749:, p. 834. 2739: 2727: 2715: 2688: 2662: 2660:, p. 274. 2650: 2641: 2616: 2604: 2599:newspapers.com 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2419:, p. 146. 2406: 2391: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2302:, p. 272. 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2254:, p. 212. 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2194:, p. 810. 2184: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2132:, p. 178. 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2039:on May 4, 2011 2020: 2008: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1943:, p. 120. 1930: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1835: 1813: 1801: 1799:, p. 699. 1780: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1752: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1732:rotary process 1714: 1711: 1637:1865 with the 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1475: 1447: 1434: 1364: 1361: 1289: 1286: 1282:Stephen D. Lee 1230:states' rights 1208: 1205: 1107:John G. Foster 1103:Norman J. Hall 1091:Truman Seymour 1065: 1062: 959: 953: 921:Winfield Scott 882: 879: 874:James Buchanan 837:declaring its 831:South Carolina 818: 815: 813: 810: 744:James Buchanan 741:U.S. President 721:South Carolina 715:Following the 676: 675: 673: 672: 665: 658: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 632: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 605: 598: 593: 586: 577: 570: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 542: 535: 530: 523: 516: 511: 506: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 426:Wilmot Proviso 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 401:Tariff of 1828 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 355: 349: 346: 345: 327: 326: 324: 323: 317: 314: 313: 304:Operations in 300: 299: 292: 285: 277: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 243: 242: 239: 237: 236: 222: 219: 218: 217:Units involved 214: 213: 208: 196: 195: 191: 190: 178: 160: 159: 155: 154: 151: 150: 149: 148: 142: 128: 124: 123: 87: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7303: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195:War on terror 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6960:Racing Stripe 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6776:Officer ranks 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477:Photographers 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452:Gender issues 6450: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6279:War Democrats 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6269:Union Leagues 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Turning point 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138:Naval battles 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901:and memorials 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5761:Commemoration 5759: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603:first inquiry 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5523:Carpetbaggers 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5452: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:West Virginia 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4866:New Hampshire 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4826:Massachusetts 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566:Hampton Roads 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556:Fort Donelson 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452:Morgan's Raid 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Anaconda Plan 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4373:Pacific Coast 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4107:Positive good 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4022:Panic of 1857 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982:Border states 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3894: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3739:New Ironsides 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3539: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3471:9780385348744 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3334:Chesnut, Mary 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888:New York City 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2836:9781623767440 2832: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2806: 2804: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2704:. Opinionator 2703: 2699: 2692: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2645: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2578:, p. 20. 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2554:, p. 41. 2553: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2374:, p. 37. 2373: 2368: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2326:, p. 38. 2325: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2206:, p. 36. 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2072:, p. 35. 2071: 2066: 2059: 2054: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2006:, p. 78. 2005: 2000: 1998: 1990: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1879: 1874: 1867: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1775: 1771: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1692:major general 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:Robert E. Lee 1643: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626:border states 1622: 1612: 1607: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1446: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1401:Porcher Miles 1396: 1394: 1393:Louis Wigfall 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1306:Edmund Ruffin 1303: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1278:James Chesnut 1274: 1271: 1270:Robert Toombs 1267: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1204: 1202: 1201:Blakely rifle 1198: 1197:Morris Island 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171:, two 8-inch 1170: 1166: 1165:Fort Moultrie 1161: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047:, among them 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Morris Island 998: 992: 987: 985: 984:John B. Floyd 981: 976: 969: 964: 958: 952: 950: 944: 943:in the city. 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 907: 904: 900: 899:Fort Moultrie 896: 887: 878: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 857:. A February 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 809: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 758: 753: 751: 750: 745: 742: 738: 734: 733:Fort Moultrie 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 652: 651: 649: 648: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 630: 626: 625: 619: 618: 611: 610: 606: 604: 603: 599: 597: 594: 592: 591: 587: 585: 583: 578: 576: 575: 571: 569: 566: 565: 559: 558: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540: 536: 534: 531: 529: 528: 524: 522: 521: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 367: 366: 359: 358:Panic of 1857 356: 354: 351: 350: 344: 343: 340: 335: 322: 319: 318: 315: 309: 298: 293: 291: 286: 284: 279: 278: 275: 266: 263: 262: 257: 253: 250: 249: 244: 240: 231: 227: 224: 223: 221: 220: 215: 212: 209: 206: 201: 198: 197: 192: 189: 184: 179: 176: 172: 171:United States 167: 162: 161: 156: 147: 143: 141: 137: 136: 135: 133: 129: 126: 125: 120: 90: 86: 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 67: 63: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7140:World War II 7074: 7052: 7044: 7037: 6728:Air Stations 6687:Intelligence 6669:Organization 6611: 6418:Bibliography 6401:Other topics 6343:By ethnicity 6311: 6264:Trent Affair 6163:Signal Corps 6020: 5743:White League 5630:Ku Klux Klan 5543:Confederados 5470:Constitution 5342:D. D. Porter 5195:Breckinridge 4906:Rhode Island 4901:Pennsylvania 4656:Spotsylvania 4616:Stones River 4596:2nd Bull Run 4546:1st Bull Run 4540: 4432:Stones River 4333:Marine Corps 4300:Marine Corps 4139:Abolitionism 4126: 4079: 3891: 3761: 3757: 3738: 3649: 3490: 3461: 3458:Larson, Erik 3438:. New York: 3435: 3432:Klein, Maury 3413: 3397: 3390:the original 3385: 3373: 3338: 3316:. New York: 3312: 3294: 3264: 3251: 3219: 3161: 3157: 3134: 3102: 3077: 3042: 3014:Stanford, CA 3009: 2984: 2954: 2919: 2883: 2847: 2825: 2790:. Retrieved 2786:the original 2776: 2764:. Retrieved 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706:. Retrieved 2701: 2691: 2679:. Retrieved 2675:the original 2665: 2653: 2644: 2632:. Retrieved 2619: 2607: 2592: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2394: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175:. Retrieved 2171:the original 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041:. Retrieved 2037:the original 2023: 2018:, p. 7. 2011: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1850: 1826:. Retrieved 1816: 1811:, p. 1. 1804: 1774: 1755: 1746: 1724: 1700: 1657: 1639:surrender of 1617: 1464: 1454: 1439: 1420: 1416: 1409:Daniel Hough 1405: 1397: 1390: 1381: 1350: 1345:Fort Pickens 1339: 1333: 1331: 1322:trajectories 1314: 1310:Mary Chesnut 1299: 1275: 1262: 1257: 1251: 1243: 1234: 1222: 1218:Fort Pickens 1210: 1193:James Island 1189:Fort Johnson 1162: 1143: 1116: 1075: 1058: 1052: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021:sloop-of-war 1017: 997:James Island 994: 989: 972: 956: 945: 908: 892: 871: 867:slave states 820: 799: 776: 762:, the first 754: 747: 714: 689: 685: 681: 679: 634: 627: 607: 600: 588: 581: 572: 537: 525: 518: 320: 310:(April 1861) 158:Belligerents 130: 61: 47:Part of the 36: 7165:Vietnam War 7120:World War I 7026:War of 1812 6224:Copperheads 5936:Confederate 5828:Black Codes 5154:E. K. Smith 5035:Confederate 4982:New Orleans 4977:Chattanooga 4841:Mississippi 4741:Connecticut 4709:territories 4700:Involvement 4661:Cold Harbor 4651:Fort Pillow 4641:Chattanooga 4636:Chickamauga 4586:Seven Pines 4576:New Orleans 4541:Fort Sumter 4482:Valley 1864 4315:Confederacy 4112:Slave Power 4092:Fire-Eaters 3837:Confederate 3166:Bloomington 2766:January 24, 2681:October 17, 2634:January 12, 1705:by General 1619:called for 1357:heated shot 1302:Roger Pryor 1288:Bombardment 1177:smoothbores 1137:Brig. 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Battle of Fort Sumter

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