Case Blue - Knowledge

2717: 2554: 2065: 1926:, and by the end of 1941, Hitler had nearly exhausted Germany's reserves, which left him with only two significant sources of oil, the country's own synthetic production and the Romanian oilfields, with the latter supplying 75% of Germany's oil imports in 1941. Aware of his declining oil resources, and fearful of enemy air attacks on Romania (Germany's main source of crude oil), Hitler's strategy was increasingly driven by the need to protect Romania and acquire new resources, essential if he wanted to continue waging a prolonged war against a growing list of enemies. In late 1941, the Romanians warned Hitler that their stocks were exhausted and they were unable to meet German demands. For these reasons, the Soviet oilfields were extremely important to Germany's industry and armed forces as the war became global, the power of the Allies grew, and shortages started to occur in Axis resources. 56: 1940: 3433: 3482: 3145: 3239: 3065: 3359: 3467:

attempt was made with Hoth turning his forces west directly through the center of 64th Army. The attack was unexpectedly successful and Fourth Panzer Army got behind 62nd and 64th Armies with the chance to encircle and cut off 62nd Army. Weichs ordered Sixth Army to complete the encirclement; a Soviet counter-attack held up the advance for three days and the Soviets escaped and retreated towards Stalingrad. The rapid German advance caused a slump in morale among the Soviet troops, who retreated in chaos, abandoning the outer defences of the city. After defeating the last Soviet counterattacks, Sixth Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with Fourth Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad.

3331:

ready. Nevertheless, the force could still deliver damaging blows. Attacks on the refineries reminded Richthofen of the attacks on Sevastopol several months earlier. Thick black smoke rose from the refineries to a height of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). On 12 October, further raids caused even more destruction. It had been a strategic mistake not to have made greater efforts to hit the oil refineries at Grozny and Baku sooner, as their destruction would have been a greater blow to the Soviets than the loss of Stalingrad, where most of the air fleet was deployed. On 19 November, the Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad compelled Richthofen to once more withdraw his units north to the Volga and bring an end to the aerial offensive.

2053: 631: 613: 602: 591: 580: 567: 556: 545: 527: 508: 497: 479: 466: 453: 440: 242: 3136:(VVS) brought in about 800 bombers, a third of which were operational. With the transfer of air cover and flak units, Soviet bombers were free to harass the German advance. The quality of the Soviet resistance increased, with many of the forces used coming from local levies, who Kleist thought were willing to fight harder for their homeland. German units were especially bogged down by fighting Georgian alpine and mountain troops, who greatly contributed to stalling their advance. The quantity of replacements and supplies the Soviets committed increased, and faced with these difficulties, the Axis advance slowed after 28 August. 2988: 752: 347: 179: 2370: 731: 664: 3648:

unable to hold the Volga line, Soviet offensives almost cut off Army Group A in the Caucasus and it was forced to withdraw. The surrender of Sixth Army was a huge blow to German morale and it came as a great shock to Hitler. Despite the destruction of Sixth Army, the Soviets were able to only force the German Army back from the Caucasus, delaying the final decision on the Eastern Front. The Soviet command overestimated its capabilities and pushed its forces forward to the limit of its supply lines, which led to defeat at the Third Battle of Kharkov and left the Germans able to fight the

778: 209: 674: 415: 404: 393: 380: 369: 325: 314: 303: 290: 277: 264: 148: 224: 3518:, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of Sixth Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of Fourth Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers. Third Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and Fourth Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September. Third Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six 765: 358: 194: 3209:

The port fell on 10 September, after a four-day battle, the final German victory in the Caucasus. It left the heights south of the port and several coast roads in the hands of 47th Soviet Army. Attempts to push out of Novorossiysk were costly failures and the Axis also failed to break the defences on the coastal plain from Novorossiysk to Tuapse, having only the strength to stabilize the line. Romanian Army losses were particularly high and the Romanian 3rd Mountain Division was nearly wiped out by a Soviet counter-attack from 25–26 September.

3033:, Chief of the General Staff, or anyone else, about the directive until August 1942. The new directive created enormous logistical difficulties, with Hitler expecting both Army Groups to advance along different routes. Logistics lines were already at breaking point with ammunition and fuel shortages most apparent and it would be impossible to advance using the conservative supply rates he demanded. The divergence of the Army Groups would also open a dangerous gap between the Armies, which could be exploited by the Soviets. The 2869: 8561: 8616: 3569: 2954:, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down Fourth Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss Bock on 17 July. As part of the second phase of the operation, on 9 July, Army Group South was split into Army Group A and Army Group B, with Wilhelm List appointed as commander of Army Group A and Army Group B commanded by Maximillian von Weichs. 2030: 2716: 2729: 1778:(November/December 1941). Although the Germans had captured vast areas of land and important industrial centers, the Soviet Union remained in the war. In the winter of 1941–42, the Soviets struck back in a series of successful counteroffensives, pushing back the German threat to Moscow. Despite these setbacks, Hitler wanted complete destruction of Russia, for which he required the oil resources of the Caucasus. By February 1942 the German Army High Command ( 744: 687: 426: 336: 164: 8604: 3335:

Maikop produced only ten per cent of Soviet oil. The main fields at Baku were out of German fighter range. German bombers could have reached them, but it meant flying the most direct, thus most predictable route without protection. In August it may have been possible to carry out these operations owing to the weakness of Soviet air power in the region, but by October it had been considerably strengthened.

2946:. Stalin and the Soviet command still expected the main German thrust in the north against Moscow, and believed the Germans would turn north after Voronezh to threaten the capital. As a result, the Soviets rushed reinforcements into the town to hold it at all costs and counterattacked the Germans' northern flank in an effort to cut off the German spearheads. 5th Tank Army, commanded by Major General 3045:

Fourth Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river. This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that Fourth Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July. When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance.

1591:, and he was also aware that Germany was running low on fuel supply and would not be able to continue attacking deeper into enemy territory without more stock. With this in mind, Hitler ordered for the preparation of offensive plans for summer 1942 to secure the Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus. The operation involved a two-pronged attack: one from the Axis right flank against the 2475:. With about 1 million soldiers at the front line and another 1.7 million in reserve armies, their forces accounted for about one quarter of all Soviet troops. Following the disastrous start of Case Blue for the Soviets, they reorganized their frontlines several times. Over the course of the campaign, the Soviets also fielded the 3409:. The Soviet defence at the Don forced the Germans to commit more and more troops to an increasingly vulnerable front, leaving few reserves to back up the Axis divisions on either flank. The Soviets made several counter-attacks on the northern flank of Army Group B, between Stalingrad and Voronezh. From 20–28 August, the 3128:

oil had to be brought up on camels. With the Soviets often retreating instead of fighting, the number of prisoners fell short of expectations and only 83,000 were taken. As Hitler and OKH began to concentrate on Stalingrad, some of Kleist's mobile forces were diverted. Kleist lost his flak corps and most of the

2566: 3613:

and then towards the Sea of Azov, to cut off the German forces east of Donetsk. The operations began simultaneously at the end of January. The Soviets broke through quickly and in the north, Kursk fell on 18 February and Kharkov on 16 February after a German withdrawal, while in the south the Germans

3580:

to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov. During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn". The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of Third Romanian Army, and led

3094:

to Zymlianskaya (today Zymlyansk). The German Seventeenth Army, along with elements of the Eleventh Army and the Romanian Third Army, manoeuvred west towards the east coast of the Black Sea, while the First Panzer Army attacked to the south-east. The Seventeenth Army made a slow advance but the First

3592:

began on 12 January and destroyed large parts of the Second Hungarian Army and the remnants of Eighth Italian Army at the Don south-east of Voronezh. With the southern flank in danger, Second German Army was forced to withdraw from Voronezh and the Don. The operations continued until January and led

3466:

and Fourth Panzer Army came up from the south through Kotelnikovo. In the first few days, the XIV Panzer Corps opened a corridor between the main body of Sixth Army and the northern Stalingrad suburbs at the Volga. In the south, Soviet resistance repulsed the Fourth Panzer Army. On 29 August another

3330:

4 (4th Air Corps of Fourth Air Fleet) was ordered to send every available bomber against the oilfields at Grozny. Fourth Air Fleet was in poor shape by this time – Richthofen had begun Case Blue with 323 serviceable bombers out of a total of 480. He was now down to 232, of which only 129 were combat

3208:

Axis ships transported 30,605 men, 13,254 horses and 6,265 motor vehicles across the Black Sea from Romania, from 1–2 September. With the reinforcements, the Germans captured most of the Black Sea naval bases but were held up at Novorossiysk, where the Soviet 47th Army had prepared for a long siege.

3044:

The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously, instead of consecutively. The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the

2979:

strength of the units, which were forced to leave fighting vehicles behind. Nevertheless, the Luftwaffe flew in 200 tons of fuel per day to keep the army supplied. Despite this impressive performance in keeping the army mobile, Löhr was replaced by the more impetuous and offensive-minded Richthofen.

3647:

Overextension reduced the capabilities of the German Army and its allies to defend this territory and the Soviets mounted a decisive offensive at Stalingrad, encircling a German army. Soon both sides concentrated on the battle for the city, making the Caucasus a secondary theatre. With Army Group B

3554:

was launched from the South by fresh reinforcements of the 4th Panzer Army. The offensive surprised the Soviets and the Germans were able to penetrate the Soviet line for 50 km (31 mi) towards Stalingrad. Despite these gains, the Sixth Army was not allowed to attempt to break out and link

3489:

The advance into Stalingrad against the 62nd Army was carried out by Sixth Army, while Fourth Panzer Army secured the southern flank. The city was a 24 km (15 mi) ribbon along the west bank of the Volga, which forced the Germans to conduct a frontal assault, and the ruins of the city gave

3127:

The length of the German advance created chronic supply difficulties, particularly of petrol; the Black Sea was judged too dangerous and fuel was brought by rail through Rostov or delivered by air, but panzer divisions were sometimes at a standstill for weeks. Even petrol trucks ran out of fuel and

3086:

had air superiority in the early phase of the operation, which was of great help to the ground forces. With the Don crossing secured and Sixth Army's advance flagging on the Volga front, Hitler transferred the Fourth Panzer Army to Army Group B and sent it back to the Volga. The redeployment used

3621:

led by Rokossovsky, with the forces freed after the surrender of the Germans in Stalingrad on 2 February. The operations were aimed at Army Group Center in the north and timed to coincide with the expected successes of the Soviet operations in the south. Army Group South escaped encirclement and

2957:

Only two weeks into the operation, on 11 July, the Germans began to suffer logistical difficulties, which slowed the advance. The German Sixth Army was continually delayed by fuel shortages. Eight days later, on 20 July, shortages of fuel were still undermining operations, leaving many

3334:

Much damage was done at Grozny, but the remaining oilfields were beyond the logistical reach of the German Army as well as of the fighter aircraft of the Luftwaffe. Grozny was within range of German bombers from 4th Air Corps, based near the Terek River. But Grozny and the captured oilfields at

3204:

army that far forward and Soviet aviation attacked bridges and supply routes virtually unopposed. The Germans crossed the river on 2 September but made only slow progress. At the beginning of September, Hitler had a major argument with the High Command and specifically List, as he perceived the

3643:

to simultaneously achieve several goals. Opposition and minor setbacks led to Hitler sacking dissenters and interfering more in command, constantly changing plans and orders, which led to confusion, delays and wastage of precious resources like fuel as the German army struggled to keep up with

2918:

operations, and provided interdiction through attacks on airfields and Soviet defence lines. At times, the German air arm acted as a spearhead rather than a support force, ranging on ahead of the tanks and infantry to disrupt and destroy defensive positions. As many as 100 German aircraft were

2978:

transport fleet flew in supplies to keep the army going. The situation remained difficult with German troops forced to recover fuel from damaged or abandoned vehicles, and in some cases, leave behind tanks and vehicles with heavy fuel consumption to continue their advance. This undermined the

3502:

suppressed Soviet artillery on the east bank of the Volga and caused many casualties during Soviet attempts to reinforce the defenders on the west bank. From mid-September until early November the Germans made three big attacks on the city and ground forward in mutually-costly fighting. By

3111:

On 9 August, the First Panzer Army reached Maikop in the foothills of the Caucasus mountains, having advanced more than 480 kilometers (300 mi) in fewer than two weeks. The western oil fields near Maikop were seized in a commando operation from 8–9 August, but the oil fields had been

3298:

remained inside the gap, guarding the left flank of the First Panzer Army by securing the road towards Astrakhan. On 22 November, after several Soviet counter-attacks, Hitler appointed Kleist as Group commander with orders to hold his position and prepare to resume the offensive if

1725:

coast. Heavy Soviet resistance and the long distances from Axis sources of supply reduced the Axis offensive to local advances only and prevented the Germans from completing their strategic objective of capturing the main Caucasus oilfield at Baku. Luftwaffe bombers destroyed the

3638:

Due to the initial success of the German summer offensive in 1942, Hitler became more ambitious, putting great strain on the German army. Hitler did not expect the Soviets to be able to launch a counter-offensive as big as Operation Uranus and sent troops elsewhere, ordering the

3107:

on 5 August. Although the army group made a quick advance, by 3 August the vanguard comprised only light mobile forces and most of the tanks lagged behind, due to lack of fuel and supply breakdowns, despite the efforts of 4th Air Corps, which flew in supplies around the clock.

3311:

In the first week of October 1942, Hitler came to recognize that the capture of the Caucasus oil fields was unlikely before winter, which forced the Germans to take up defensive positions. Unable to capture them, he was determined to deny them to the enemy and ordered the

3394:, reaching the town by 2 August. Soviet resistance convinced Paulus that Sixth Army was not strong enough to cross the Don by itself, so he waited for Fourth Panzer Army to fight its way north. On 4 August, the Germans were still 97 km (60 mi) from Stalingrad. 3192:, operating behind Soviet lines. German mountain troops failed to secure the Black Sea ports and the advance fell short of Grozny as supply difficulties arose once more. The Soviets dug in the 9th and 44th armies of the North Transcaucasian Front along the rocky 2919:

concentrated on a single Soviet division in the path of the spearhead during this phase. General Kazakov, the Bryansk Front's chief of staff, noted the strength and effectiveness of the Axis aviation. Within 26 days, the Soviets lost 783 aircraft from the

2441:, Major Joachim Reichel, was shot down over Soviet-held territory while flying an observation aircraft over the front near Kharkov. The Soviets recovered maps from his aircraft detailing the exact German plans for Case Blue. The plans were handed over to 622: 3458:

attacked the city, turning much of it to rubble. The Soviets reported that civilian casualties from 23–26 August were 955 dead and 1,181 wounded (a preliminary total; later reports of casualties in the tens of thousands were probably exaggerations).

2950:, managed to achieve some minor successes when it began its attack on 6 July, but was forced back to its starting positions by 15 July, losing about half of its tanks in the process. Although the battle was a success, Hitler and 3041:, did not arrive in the Caucasus Mountains with Army Group A, instead remaining with Sixth Army. Army Group A was expected to operate in mountain terrain with only three mountain divisions and two infantry divisions unsuited to the task. 488: 1890:, in Transcaucasia, formed the richest single source in the world, yielding 1.5 million tons of manganese ore annually, half of the Soviet Union's total production. The Kuban region of the Caucasus also produced large amounts of 1921:

to supply the resource. An indication of German reliance on Romania is evident from its oil consumption; in 1938, just one-third of the 7,500,000 tons consumed by Germany came from domestic stocks. Oil had always been Germany's

3581:

to the destruction of most of Eighth Army. On the verge of collapse, Army Groups B and Don were able to prevent a Soviet breakthrough but Army Group A was ordered to withdraw from the Caucasus on 28 December.

3533:

Hitler ordered Sixth Army to remain on the defensive, rather than try to break out. It was intended the army would be supplied by air, but the quantity of supplies necessary was far beyond the ability of the

2459:), a German deception plan aimed at the city. As a result, the majority of Red Army troops were deployed there, although the direction from which the Case Blue offensive would come was still defended by the 2553: 1705:

fire and street-to-street combat completely destroyed the city and inflicted heavy casualties on the opposing forces. After three months of battle, the Germans controlled 90% of Stalingrad on 19 November.

3095:

Panzer Army had freedom of action. On 29 July the Germans cut the last direct railway between central Russia and the Caucasus, causing considerable panic to Stalin and Stavka, which led to the passing of

3778:

held by an officer of one of Stumme's panzer divisions fell into Soviet hands on 19 June. Furious at this breach, Hitler relieved Stumme 21 July and had him court-martialed. Stumme was reassigned to the

3321:

On 8 October, Hitler called for the air offensive to be carried out no later than 14 October, as he required air assets for a major effort at Stalingrad. As a result, on 10 October 1942,

2007:

The strategic objectives of the operation were the oilfields at Maykop, Grozny and Baku. As in Barbarossa, these movements were expected to result in a series of grand encirclements of Soviet troops.

2900:

The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with Fourth Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring

2437:) failed to discern the direction of the main German strategic offensive anticipated in 1942, even though they were in possession of the German plans. On 19 June, the chief of operations of the 1867:. This heavily industrialized and densely populated area contained some of the largest oilfields in the world. Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, was one of the richest, producing 80 percent of the 536: 2995:

Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, desperately short of oil and needing to meet all the ambitious objectives of Case Blue, Hitler made a series of changes to the plan in

3447:

On 23 August, Sixth Army crossed the Don and Army Group B established a defensive line on one of its bends. Sixth Army reached the northern suburbs of Stalingrad later that day, beginning the

2502:

planned several local offensives in the south to weaken the Germans. The most important of these was aimed at the city of Kharkov and would be conducted mainly by the Southwestern Front under

3231:, north-east of Grozny, marking the farthest advance of the German forces towards the Caspian Sea. In the south, the First Panzer Army advance on Grozny was stopped by the Red Army and the 1917:. When war broke out in September 1939, the British naval blockade cut Germany off from the Americas and the Middle East, leaving the country reliant on oil-rich European countries such as 1413: 1774:

which was expected to last only 3 months. The Axis offensive had met with initial success and the Red Army had suffered some major defeats before halting the Axis units just short of

8676: 8661: 3503:

mid-November, the Soviets were penned into four shallow bridgeheads, with the front line only 180 m (200 yd) from the river. Anticipating victory, substantial numbers of

2356:

German air strength in the east numbered 2,644 aircraft on 20 June 1942, over 20% more than a month earlier. Whereas in 1941 most units fought on the central front supporting

8681: 8671: 3734:

Not all of those tanks were serviceable at the beginning of the offensive, as tanks were in repair, already engaged in combat, refitting, or not present at the frontline.

3294:

line reached became the farthest German advance in the south. By this time, the gap between Army Groups A and B had left them vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Only the

1905:

These resources were of immense importance to the German war effort. Of the three million tons of oil Germany consumed per year, 85 percent was imported, mainly from the

8686: 7132: 6877: 3366:

On 23 July, the main body of Army Group B started its advance toward the Don. The Germans met with increasing Soviet resistance from the new Stalingrad Front, with the

6485: 4491: 3626:

and the stabilization of the front. The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the

3614:

were pushed back to a line west of Voroshilovgrad. Army Groups Don, B and parts of Army Group A were renamed Army Group South, commanded by Manstein, on 12 February.

8483: 6501: 3397:

By 10 August, the Red Army had been cleared from most of the west bank of the Don, but Soviet resistance continued in some areas, further delaying Army Group B. The

836: 3429:, extending its bridgehead. These and several other bridgeheads across the Don, opposed by the Eighth Italian and Second Hungarian armies, were a constant danger. 6821: 6424: 6396: 5540: 3699: 1406: 8462: 7141: 6828: 5962: 3707: 3405:

sent an ad-hoc force of 300 Ju 52 transport aircraft, enabling the Germans to advance; some bombers were diverted from operations to supply flights under the

7444: 6807: 6116: 5741: 3426: 6457: 6403: 5589: 3164:, the other important petroleum centers. More installations and industrial centers fell into German hands, many intact or only slightly damaged during the 6914: 6410: 6026: 483: 8641: 5436: 2064: 1399: 1661:, the 1,570,287-man Army Group South began the offensive on 28 June, advancing 48 kilometers on the first day and easily brushing aside the 1,715,000 6800: 6247: 6123: 1749:

in order to avoid getting cut off by the Red Army, which was now advancing from Stalingrad towards Rostov in order to achieve the cut-off. Only the

6100: 5480: 3538:

to carry. Sixth Army's strength diminished and the Soviets gained the upper hand inside the city. To stabilize the situation on the Eastern Front,

617: 6537: 5849: 1812: 2991:

German motorcycle infantry cross the Don River on a timber bridge, July 1942. Abandoned Soviet vehicles and supplies are seen in the background.

6356: 5658: 2451:, however, believed it to be a German ruse, remaining convinced that the primary German strategic goal in 1942 would be Moscow, in part due to 1471: 531: 8355: 3847:

After the successful completion of the battle for the Kerch Peninsula, 11th Army was split and only parts of it were assigned to Army Group A.

3555:

up, so this led to nothing. The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost two months, during which the Sixth Army was destroyed.

8666: 7148: 7111: 7088: 6609: 5531: 5501: 3205:

advance of the German forces as too slow. As a result, Hitler dismissed List on 9 September and took direct command of Army Group A himself.

829: 6863: 3386:

Tank Armies conducted several futile counter-attacks by inexperienced troops. In the south, Fourth Panzer Army made better progress against

7241: 7097: 7081: 7053: 6301: 5508: 55: 5269:

Wegner, Bernd (1990). "Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1942/1943 ". In Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (eds.).

3235:. By late September, supply failures and the resistance of the Red Army slowed the Axis advance. The Germans took Nakchik on 26 October. 3189: 7998: 7065: 6977: 6921: 6884: 6166: 3213: 1939: 6970: 5702: 5282: 1003: 3839:

The Third Romanian Army was later assigned to Army Group B and was one of the two Romanian armies heavily engaged in Operation Uranus.

8476: 7104: 5494: 5452: 3451:. The Hungarian, Italian and Romanian armies were 60 km (37 mi) from Stalingrad, which was in range of forward air bases. 8325: 6144: 5918: 5681: 5547: 5358: 3185: 1163: 1158: 822: 7220: 7017: 6054: 5554: 5466: 5402: 3481: 3295: 873: 3432: 1851:, about halfway between the Black and the Caspian Seas, produced about 10 percent of all Soviet oil. South of the mountains lay 1592: 7423: 6935: 5785: 5323: 2138: 1153: 8019: 7924: 7451: 7197: 7072: 6158: 6132: 5989: 5695: 5612: 5212: 5076: 5050: 5031: 5012: 4936: 4495: 3064: 1685:

near Stalingrad on 26 July. Army Group B's approach toward Stalingrad slowed in late July and early August owing to constant

1141: 3144: 1819:, and the capture of the Caucasus region for Army Group South. The main focus was to be the capture of the Caucasus region. 8252: 7659: 7545: 6710: 6177: 6173: 6151: 5755: 3585: 3278:. Up to 10,000 prisoners were captured in two days, before the advance toward Grozny was stopped again west of the city at 3238: 1555: 998: 863: 8167: 7631: 6963: 6949: 6162: 3379: 3275: 1254: 964: 868: 3630:

on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 19 October 1943.

1991:

and move in parallel with Fourth Panzer Army, to reach the Volga at Stalingrad (whose capture was not deemed necessary).

8636: 8376: 8245: 8123: 7701: 7416: 7367: 7125: 6680: 5932: 5771: 5619: 5473: 5231: 3691: 1224: 757: 184: 3358: 8492: 7374: 7346: 7163: 6745: 6464: 6431: 5292: 5250: 5133: 5097: 4993: 4972: 3589: 2743: 2464: 1786:

as its principal objective. On 5 April 1942, Hitler laid out the elements of the plan now known as "Case Blue" (

1493: 1488: 1229: 1119: 1020: 5647: 3530:. The two Romanian armies were routed and Sixth Army with parts of Fourth Panzer Army were encircled in Stalingrad. 8529: 7687: 7624: 6759: 6595: 5718: 5278: 3038: 2438: 1689:

by newly deployed Red Army reserves and overstretched German supply lines. The Germans defeated the Soviets in the

1209: 1204: 974: 6272: 2522:, which lasted until July, weakened the Soviets further and allowed the Germans to supply Army Group A across the 897: 8053: 7894: 7883: 7719: 7478: 7437: 7330: 7268: 6655: 5925: 5794: 5762: 2510:. The operation was scheduled for 12 May, just prior to a planned German offensive in the area. The ensuing 2337: 783: 340: 214: 6442: 6010: 4582: 8439: 8411: 8289: 8082: 7319: 6770: 6696: 6492: 5863: 5582: 5487: 5372: 5193: 3422: 2492: 1280: 1124: 4612:"WorldWar2.ro – Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War – The 3rd Army in the Caucasus – 1942" 8499: 8432: 8383: 8314: 8139: 7645: 7596: 7360: 7353: 6956: 6717: 6508: 5561: 3391: 2515: 2468: 2192: 2134: 1361: 1351: 1241: 993: 3274:

and also the farthest point of Axis advance into the Caucasus. This victory earned the Romanian General the

3082:, List's Army Group A recaptured Rostov, the "gate to the Caucasus", on 23 July 1942 relatively easily. The 1566:

for two purposes: to enable the Germans to re-supply their low fuel stock and also to deny their use to the

8573: 8469: 7844: 7805: 6724: 6559: 6544: 6471: 6450: 6268: 5946: 5732: 5725: 5709: 5420: 5379: 5351: 3671: 3661: 3618: 1800: 1314: 1069: 1032: 937: 846: 397: 229: 43: 3593:

Stavka to believe that they could deal a fatal blow to the Germans and decide the war in southern Russia.

3218: 8536: 7860: 7812: 7430: 7402: 7255: 6870: 6849: 6370: 6033: 5939: 5429: 3784: 3401:

advance on Stalingrad was also impeded by supply shortages caused by the poor state of Soviet roads. The

3090:

After crossing the Don on 25 July, Army Group A fanned out on a 200 km (120 mi) front from the

2218: 2208: 2198: 2154: 2052: 1827:

The Caucasus, a large, culturally diverse region traversed by its eponymous mountains, is bounded by the

1742: 5243:

Last Victory in Russia: The SS-Panzerkorps and Manstein's Kharkov Counteroffensive – February–March 1943

8646: 8594: 8334: 7830: 7749: 7694: 7582: 7538: 7188: 6814: 6738: 6640: 6517: 6389: 6382: 6342: 6315: 6047: 5980: 5575: 5386: 5316: 5177:

Javrishvili K., Battle of Caucasus: Case for Georgian Alpinists, Translated by Michael P. Willis, 2017.

3314: 3120:

was captured and German mountain troops hoisted the Nazi flag on the highest mountain of the Caucasus,

1346: 1308: 1074: 2514:

ended in disaster for the Soviets, severely weakening their mobile forces. At the same time, the Axis

8236: 8153: 7938: 7798: 7770: 7603: 7508: 7298: 6731: 5805: 5459: 2943: 2188: 2114: 2110: 1782:) had begun to develop plans for a follow-up campaign to the aborted Barbarossa offensive – with the 1444: 1341: 949: 917: 892: 17: 6003: 8656: 7975: 7952: 7204: 7005: 6998: 6662: 6322: 6294: 6287: 5674: 4946:

Axworthy, Mark (September–October 1999). "Flank Guard: Romania's Advance on Stalingrad, Part Two".

3550:

was created to fill the gap between Army Groups A and B. On 12 December, a relief operation called

3414: 3410: 3367: 3184:

was taken on 13 August. In the south, the German advance was stopped north of Grozny, after taking

2809: 2775: 2758: 2655: 2608: 2595: 2511: 1260: 1052: 6019: 5996: 8651: 8397: 8341: 8211: 8071: 7756: 7409: 7305: 7211: 6779: 6647: 6617: 6581: 6566: 6438: 6330: 6308: 6254: 6240: 6222: 5886: 5667: 5395: 5344: 3623: 3507:

aircraft were withdrawn to the Mediterranean in early November to support the Axis operations in

3078: 2792: 2642: 2349: 2344: 1738: 1622: 1512: 1481: 1449: 1427: 1319: 1136: 1098: 1086: 969: 954: 2987: 8089: 7982: 7784: 7735: 7638: 7531: 7501: 7284: 7172: 6898: 6689: 6280: 6261: 6231: 5778: 5748: 3703: 3666: 3551: 3258: 3112:

sufficiently destroyed by the Red Army to take about a year to be repaired. Shortly afterwards

3059: 3007: 2676:

2 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 1 rifle brigade, 20 tank brigades (2 Guards), 6 cavalry divisions

2281: 1713:

on 23 July and swept south from the Don to the Caucasus, capturing the demolished oilfields at

1677:

commenced. The Soviet collapse in the south allowed the Germans to capture the western part of

1454: 1214: 1187: 1064: 907: 806: 795: 679: 653: 373: 8580: 8303: 8146: 8042: 8012: 7968: 7708: 7673: 7666: 7589: 7487: 6928: 6905: 6752: 6363: 5900: 5640: 5626: 5309: 5124: 3353: 3022: 2472: 2418: 2408: 2369: 2272: 2231: 2144: 2092: 1698: 1608: 1459: 1192: 1181: 932: 295: 6198: 5271:

Der globale Krieg: Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel zur Initiative 1941 bis 1943

5112:

Too Little Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler's Failure in 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production

3011: 560: 8404: 8259: 7910: 7867: 7837: 7763: 7573: 7552: 6478: 5955: 5633: 3695: 3476: 3448: 2963: 2959: 2519: 2488: 2413: 2167: 2099: 2003:, with Seventeenth Army on the western flank and Fourth Romanian Army on the eastern flank. 1767: 1694: 1574: 1476: 1247: 1129: 1080: 886: 458: 1975:

and continue the advance, anchoring the northern flank of the offensive towards the Volga.

912: 8: 8620: 8522: 8296: 8174: 8130: 7652: 6786: 6552: 6079: 5909: 5893: 5842: 3418: 3018: 2910:

from the Luftwaffe also played an important role in this early success. It contained the

2246: 2222: 1727: 1596: 1577:

failed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political and military threat the previous year,

1324: 1290: 1235: 4611: 1792: 8515: 8348: 8273: 8227: 8197: 8105: 7945: 7610: 7494: 7388: 7339: 7277: 7033: 6984: 6793: 6417: 6072: 5870: 5181: 5087: 3547: 3387: 3271: 2967: 2947: 2939: 2797: 2630: 2000: 1746: 1682: 1642: 1334: 1295: 1275: 1270: 1168: 943: 743: 686: 606: 512: 419: 169: 5275:

The Global War: The expansion of the war into a world war and the change of initiative

1599:, and one from the left flank to protect the first attack, moving in the direction of 8506: 8390: 8280: 8220: 8181: 8114: 8096: 8062: 8005: 7959: 7903: 7728: 7466: 7458: 7395: 7248: 6842: 6374: 5835: 5814: 5524: 5288: 5246: 5227: 5208: 5189: 5159: 5129: 5093: 5072: 5046: 5027: 5008: 4989: 4968: 4951: 4932: 3523: 3133: 2966:

both became stranded during the opening phase. Once again, as it had done during the

2907: 2780: 2751: 2507: 2503: 2452: 2357: 2236: 2178: 1964: 1856: 1804: 1730:

but attacks on Baku were prevented by the insufficient range of the German fighters.

1666: 1588: 1219: 1047: 595: 572: 351: 3212:

Further east, the Axis enjoyed greater success and on 1 September, the Germans took

2328: 8425: 8418: 8362: 8026: 7791: 7777: 7680: 7617: 7568: 7381: 7234: 7181: 6991: 6942: 6856: 6086: 6063: 5596: 5060: 3627: 3602: 3577: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3383: 3375: 3349: 3132:

supporting the southern front, only reconnaissance aircraft being left behind. The

2868: 2846: 2763: 2692: 2660: 2602:

4 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 2 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades, 1 cavalry division

2484: 2172: 2104: 1984: 1816: 1775: 1734: 1690: 1614: 1498: 1466: 1373: 1367: 1356: 1329: 1265: 1173: 1026: 1015: 988: 980: 959: 902: 635: 584: 549: 516: 430: 329: 318: 5605: 3498:, ordered his troops to "hug" the Germans, negating German tactical mobility. The 27:

1942 German plan to further invade the Soviet Union following Operation Barbarossa

8448: 8160: 8075: 8033: 7931: 7874: 7742: 7524: 7515: 7044: 6626: 6602: 5856: 4983: 4243: 3649: 3371: 3263: 3169: 2915: 2523: 2403: 2290: 2123: 1967:) and the Second Army, supported by the Second Hungarian Army, would attack from 1799:. The directive outlined the main goals of the 1942 summer campaign on Germany's 1543: 1378: 1285: 1147: 1112: 1037: 927: 362: 111: 8560: 4962: 3244: 1645:

to reach the Baku oil fields, while Army Group B protected its flanks along the

8608: 8455: 7991: 7917: 5969: 5828: 5125:

Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942–1943

5064: 3606: 3594: 3539: 3495: 3463: 2951: 2613: 2588: 2476: 2307: 2300: 1899: 1733:

However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations

1641:). Army Group A was tasked with fulfilling Operation Edelweiss by crossing the 1505: 1091: 922: 501: 471: 282: 5069:

To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942

8630: 8266: 6191: 6040: 5879: 5163: 5114:. Lawrence, KS: The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 94–135. 5071:. The Stalingrad Trilogy. Vol. I. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4955: 4585:

World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection (5 volumes)

3568: 3437: 3232: 3096: 2975: 2911: 2625: 2580: 2460: 2448: 2158: 1923: 1906: 1852: 1710: 1686: 770: 673: 445: 408: 199: 95: 4965:

Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945

8565: 8369: 6669: 6574: 6205: 5568: 5332: 5119: 5107: 3780: 3527: 3452: 3173: 3121: 3030: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2838: 2684: 2397: 2389: 2319: 2258: 2212: 2202: 2182: 2148: 2128: 2084: 1960: 1868: 1835:

to the east. The region north of the mountains was a production center for

1630: 1626: 1578: 1567: 1547: 1391: 1042: 730: 663: 385: 307: 269: 247: 153: 115: 47: 5205:

Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943

3795:

Captured at Stalingrad 31 January 1943, died in captivity 9 February 1944.

2529:

The Red Army order of battle at the start of the campaign was as follows:

8204: 8190: 7852: 6528: 6349: 6334: 5688: 3617:

The Kharkov and Donbas operations were started on 25 February by the new

3279: 3193: 3091: 3069: 2029: 1832: 1722: 1658: 1570:, thereby bringing about the complete collapse of the Soviet war effort. 65: 3227:. During August and September, German patrols raided the railway around 3029:

There is no evidence Hitler was opposed by, or received complaints from

2852:

Aviation divisions: 5 fighter, 2 ground attack, 2 bomber, 2 night bomber

2728: 2698:

Aviation divisions: 3 fighter, 4 ground attack, 2 bomber, 1 night bomber

7559: 7312: 7291: 6184: 5517: 5445: 5224:

Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe

3300: 3113: 2938:

By 5 July, forward elements of Fourth Panzer Army had reached the

1860: 1771: 1600: 99: 5144: 2010:

The offensive was to be conducted across the southern Russian (Kuban)

7227: 7024: 6835: 6633: 6588: 5262:

Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940–1945 Teilband II

3871:

The Seventeenth Army of Army Group A stayed in the Kuban bridgehead.

3726:

from 10 September 1942 until 22 November 1942, when Kleist took over.

3224: 3117: 3104: 2480: 1943: 1910: 1883: 1828: 1808: 1702: 1650: 1604: 1535: 6109: 3823:

Executed by firing squad in Yugoslavia for war crimes February 1947.

3750:

Took command upon Weichs being raised to army group command 17 July.

3584:

The Soviets launched several follow-up offensives, later called the

1583: 6093: 5821: 3598: 3597:, conducted by the Voronezh Front, was aimed at Kharkov, Kursk and 3291: 3003:

reorganized Army Group South into two smaller Army Groups, A and B;

2830:

8 tank brigades, 2 independent tank battalions, 3 cavalry divisions

2565: 1972: 1887: 1783: 1678: 1662: 107: 91: 5145:"The Slovak Army: 1939–1945 Part 2: The Russian Campaign 1940–43" 3812: 3610: 3267: 3249: 3228: 3201: 1988: 1918: 1864: 3766:

Surrendered remains of Sixth Army at Stalingrad 31 January 1943.

3248:

operating a 2 cm anti-aircraft gun in the Central Caucasus near

2786:

8 rifle divisions, 7 tank brigades, 1 independent tank battalion

814: 794:

350,000 (excluding 150,000 casualties in the first phase of the

6703: 5301: 5152:

Journal of the Czechoslovak Philatelic Society of Great Britain

4382: 4298: 3287: 3283: 3181: 3177: 3165: 3087:

enormous amounts of fuel to transfer the army by air and road.

3034: 2433: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1718: 1714: 1670: 1563: 1559: 4408: 4406: 3576:

Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began

1999:: First Panzer Army would then strike south towards the lower 6891: 4963:

Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995).

3855:

Relieved for military incompetence and reassigned March 1943.

3100: 2011: 1968: 1895: 1891: 1836: 1750: 1646: 1587:

of Nazi Germany, recognized that Germany was now locked in a

103: 1902:, and sugar beets, all essential in the production of food. 4403: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3161: 2817: 1914: 1879: 1875: 1843:

and heavy farm machinery, while its two main oilfields, at

1654: 1551: 61: 5024:

Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943

3863:

Relieved for military incompetence and reassigned 22 July.

4519: 4137: 3831:

Died of a brain tumor in American captivity 12 July 1945.

3494:

air superiority, the commander of the 62nd Army, General

1779: 8677:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Romania

8662:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Hungary

4206: 4116: 3942: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3894: 3892: 3742:

Took command upon Bock being relieved by Hitler 17 July.

3511:. Sixth Army had captured about 90 percent of the city. 3176:

naval base were captured. The Germans continued towards

2769:

7 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 5 tank brigades (1 Guards)

1649:

by fulfilling Operation Fischreiher. Supported by 2,035

5059: 5043:

Stalingrad 1942–43 (I): The German Advance to the Volga

3811:

Committed suicide October 1944 following arrest by the

3522:

per division. The bulk of the German tank reserve, the

3010:

to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (

8682:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy

5963:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4449: 4447: 4445: 4363: 4361: 3803:

Executed by firing squad for war crimes November 1947.

2803:

8 rifle divisions, 1 tank brigade, 3 cavalry divisions

1770:

with the intention of defeating the Soviet Union in a

8592: 4492:"'Die Brandenburger' Kommandotruppe und Frontverband" 4023: 3904: 3889: 3072:

armored half-track on the Russian steppe, August 1942

1753:

region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops.

1697:

to the city itself in late August. Nonstop Luftwaffe

5259: 5089:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

4494:(in German). German Federal Archives. Archived from 3526:, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete 3421:, forcing the Italian Eighth Army to fall back. The 2666:

6 rifle divisions, 3 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades

2649:

6 rifle divisions, 2 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades

5240: 5005:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

4489: 4442: 4358: 4246:indicates these units were mainly in combat during 2872:The German advance from 7 May to 18 November 1942. 2360:, 1,610 aircraft (61%), supported Army Group South. 8687:Battles involving the Independent State of Croatia 5264:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen. 4597:Schramm (1963), p. 65. and Hayward (2001), p. 174. 3390:. After crossing the Don, the Germans advanced on 2619:5 rifle divisions, 1 rifle brigade, 1 tank brigade 1546:between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during 3605:was conducted by the South-western Front against 3378:broke through and reached the Don, where the new 1550:. The objective was to capture the oil fields of 8628: 5085: 3758:KIA 3 October at Storoshewoje on the Middle Don. 2982: 1950:The German plan involved a three-staged attack: 1542:plan for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in 805:(including casualties in the first phase of the 8672:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War 5287:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 761–1094. 4427:Battle of Caucasus: Case for Georgian Alpinists 3622:prepared a counter-offensive, which led to the 2935:Air Armies, compared to a German total of 175. 2506:, supported by the Southern Front commanded by 3256:On 2 November 1942, Romanian mountain troops ( 3188:on 25 August. German paratroopers assisted an 2498:With the German thrust expected in the north, 60:German troops take cover behind a knocked out 5317: 5118: 5106: 4926: 4242:Bergström 2007, p. 60, list of Red Air Force 3722:Army Group A was under direct command of the 3318:(OKL) to inflict as much damage as possible. 3053: 2904:confidence for the upcoming major offensive. 1407: 830: 82:(4 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) 5180: 4876:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas 4412: 4388: 4304: 3572:Soviet forces during Operation Little Saturn 3021:to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad ( 1871:'s oil—about 24 million tons in 1942 alone. 1421: 4424: 4109: 4107: 3282:. On 5 November, Alagir was seized and the 3139: 2495:, though not all existed at the same time. 5324: 5310: 5221: 3955: 3306: 2958:units unable to execute their orders. The 2942:near Voronezh and became embroiled in the 2014:utilizing the following Army Group units: 1414: 1400: 837: 823: 774: 205: 8642:Battles of World War II involving Hungary 5021: 4605: 4603: 3262:) under the command of Brigadier General 3048: 2820:motorized rifle division, 3 tank brigades 1946:infantry and armor advancing, Summer 1942 1882:, as well as nonferrous and rare metals. 748: 220: 175: 160: 144: 5128:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 5092:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 4985:Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943 4945: 4861: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4104: 4079: 4077: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3567: 3480: 3431: 3357: 3237: 3143: 3063: 2986: 2867: 1938: 803:4,862 tanks and SPG destroyed or damaged 5202: 5040: 5002: 4342: 4340: 4212: 4122: 3998: 3996: 3915: 3898: 3783:and was killed in action 12 October at 3490:the defenders an advantage. To counter 3470: 3462:Sixth Army advanced from the north via 3296:German 16th Motorized Infantry Division 3223:(Хулхута́), halfway between Elista and 3196:bank in front (north) of the city. The 3180:on the Black Sea coast and in the east 1766:On 22 June 1941, Germany launched 761: 190: 14: 8629: 7171: 7149:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5268: 4981: 4878:(MPG Books Ltd, London, 2003), p. 278. 4693: 4691: 4600: 4525: 4375: 4373: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4143: 4029: 3338: 3160:headed in the direction of Grozny and 1874:The Caucasus also possessed plentiful 8020:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7452:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7098:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7054:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6159:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5305: 4908: 4856: 4844: 4609: 4074: 4040: 4038: 3979: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3926: 3924: 3514:On 19 November, the Soviets launched 3485:Street fighting in the destroyed city 3362:Advance towards Stalingrad at the Don 1395: 818: 8667:Military campaigns involving Germany 7142:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6174:Rape during the liberation of France 5284:Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt 5142: 4881: 4868: 4337: 4289: 4128: 3993: 3586:Voronezh-Kharkov Strategic Offensive 3168:retreat. From August–September, the 3076:With air support from the Ju 87s of 1709:In the south, Army Group A captured 5245:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. 4967:. London: Arms & Armour Press. 4688: 4370: 4188: 4176: 3563: 2999:Directive No. 45 on July 23, 1942: 2383:Southern Sector (Caucasus campaign) 1959:: Fourth Panzer Army, commanded by 24: 7368:German invasion of the Netherlands 5648:Weather events during World War II 4062:Hayward (2001), pp. xvii, 2–5, 18. 4035: 3961: 3921: 1681:on 6 July and reach and cross the 25: 8698: 7999:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3407:Stalingrad Transport Region force 844: 8614: 8602: 8559: 5331: 5279:Germany and the Second World War 4769:Glantz (1995), pp. 122–123, 149. 3276:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 3039:Italian Army in the Soviet Union 2863: 2858: 2727: 2715: 2564: 2552: 2533:Northern Sector (Volga campaign) 2426: 2368: 2078:Northern Sector (Volga campaign) 2063: 2051: 2028: 1822: 1756: 913:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 776: 763: 750: 742: 729: 685: 672: 662: 629: 611: 600: 589: 578: 565: 554: 543: 525: 506: 495: 477: 464: 451: 438: 424: 413: 402: 391: 378: 367: 356: 345: 334: 323: 312: 301: 288: 275: 262: 240: 222: 207: 192: 177: 162: 146: 54: 4920: 4899: 4890: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4591: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4510: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4433: 4418: 4394: 4349: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4095: 4086: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4014: 4005: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3841: 3833: 3825: 3817: 3805: 3797: 3789: 3768: 3760: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3728: 3716: 2537:Armies deployed north to south: 2516:clearing of the Kerch Peninsula 2338:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 2070:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 8246:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5956:Territorial changes of Germany 5864:Indonesian National Revolution 3933: 3880: 3684: 3116:was taken. On 12 August, 1934: 13: 1: 7646:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7597:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7361:German invasion of Luxembourg 5742:Mediterranean and Middle East 5260:Schramm, Percy Ernst (1963). 5026:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 4931:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4610:Pusca, Dragos; Nitu, Victor. 4564:Schramm (1963), pp. 639, 671. 4286:Hayward (2001), pp. 147, 149. 3874: 3590:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive 2983:Splitting of Army Group South 2707:Southwestern Front ground and 1761: 1625:was divided into Army Groups 7553:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7242:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6560:Independent State of Croatia 5241:Nipe, George M. Jr. (2000). 5022:Bergström, Christer (2007). 4865:Nipe (2000), pp. 54–64, 100. 4667:Hayward (2001), pp. 179–180. 4631:Schramm (1963), pp. 719–723. 3672:Reichskommissariat Kaukasien 3662:Oil campaign of World War II 3558: 3103:was captured on 31 July and 2245:VII Army Corps (Wehrmacht) ( 7: 8537:End of World War II in Asia 8377:Western invasion of Germany 7884:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7861:Second Battle of El Alamein 7431:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7403:Battle of the Mediterranean 7256:Italian invasion of Albania 5430:Air warfare of World War II 5281:(in German). Vol. VI. 5222:Mercatante, Steven (2012). 4853:Glantz (1995), pp. 143–147. 4814:Glantz (1995), pp. 140–141. 4778:Axworthy (1995), pp. 85–89. 4742:Beevor (1999), pp. 115–118. 4259:Glantz (2009), pp. 149–153. 4113:Glantz (1995), pp. 111–113. 4020:Glantz (1995), pp. 108–110. 3866: 3858: 3850: 3842: 3834: 3826: 3818: 3806: 3798: 3790: 3769: 3761: 3753: 3745: 3737: 3729: 3717: 3655: 3633: 3443:dive bomber over Stalingrad 3374:Soviet Armies. On 26 July, 3343: 2139:W. Langermann und Erlenkamp 1983:: Sixth Army, commanded by 1929: 652:1,570,287-1.805.000 (incl. 10: 8703: 8463:Naval bombardment of Japan 7831:First Battle of El Alamein 7750:Battle of Christmas Island 7695:Japanese invasion of Burma 7459:Italian invasion of Greece 7375:German invasion of Belgium 7347:German invasion of Denmark 7320:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7189:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5453:Comparative military ranks 3939:Bergström 2007, pp. 49–50. 3474: 3347: 3315:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 3200:was unable to support the 3057: 3054:Breaking into the Caucasus 2944:battle to capture the city 2171:(General der Panzertruppe 1847:, near the Black Sea, and 80:28 June – 24 November 1942 8637:Battles involving Hungary 8552: 8384:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8324: 8315:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8052: 7939:Allied invasion of Sicily 7893: 7799:Aleutian Islands campaign 7771:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7718: 7709:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7604:Second Battle of Changsha 7509:German invasion of Greece 7477: 7354:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7329: 7267: 7162: 7043: 6769: 6679: 6527: 6230: 6221: 5979: 5804: 5696:North and Central Pacific 5657: 5419: 5412: 5339: 5203:Liedtke, Gregory (2016). 5182:Liddell Hart, Basil Henry 5143:Holt, David (June 2009). 5086:Glantz, David M. (1995). 4988:. London: Penguin Books. 4914:Antill (2007), pp. 24–25. 4787:Antill (2007), pp. 73–75. 4760:Antill (2007), pp. 51–67. 4733:Antill (2007), pp. 45–51. 4685:Antill (2007), pp. 44–45. 4676:Hayward 1995, pp. 94–135. 4587:, ABC-CLIO, 2016, p. 1422 4490:German Federal Archives. 4462:Antill (2007), pp. 13–14. 4083:Antill (2007), pp. 31–32. 4002:Antill (2007), pp. 87–88. 3644:Hitler's indecisiveness. 2974:in 1941, the Luftwaffe's 2431:The Soviet army command ( 1741:. This defeat forced the 1435: 854: 722: 642: 254: 134: 72: 53: 41: 36: 7976:Allied invasion of Italy 7953:Solomon Islands campaign 7702:Third Battle of Changsha 7299:First Battle of Changsha 7205:Second Sino-Japanese War 6145:German military brothels 6011:United States war crimes 5186:The German Generals Talk 5041:Forczyk, Robert (2021). 4841:Schramm (1963), p. 1318. 4425:Javrishvili, K. (2017). 4011:Antill (2007), pp. 7–12. 3690:Around 6,000 men of the 3677: 3140:Battle for the oilfields 2544:Bryansk Front ground and 2512:Second Battle of Kharkov 2193:W. von Seydlitz-Kurzbach 126:Axis operational failure 64:light tank and beside a 8398:Second Guangxi campaign 8253:Philippines (1944–1945) 7757:Battle of the Coral Sea 7660:Fall of the Philippines 7306:Battle of South Guangxi 7212:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6618:Italian Social Republic 5003:Bellamy, Chris (2007). 4982:Beevor, Antony (1999). 4832:Nipe (2000), pp. 18–21. 4649:Hayward (2001), p. 179. 4640:Hayward (2001), p. 172. 4573:Hayward (2001), p. 171. 4555:Schramm (1963), p. 667. 4546:Hayward (2001), p. 170. 4537:Hayward (2001), p. 169. 4516:Hayward (2001), p. 167. 4480:Schramm (1963), p. 639. 4471:Schramm (1963), p. 583. 4400:Hayward (2001), p. 147. 4355:Hayward (2001), p. 152. 4346:Hayward (2001), p. 156. 4316:Hayward (2001), p. 145. 4277:Hayward (2001), p. 143. 4268:Hayward (2001), p. 142. 4233:Hayward (2001), p. 135. 4155:Bellamy (2007), p. 498. 4134:Hayward (2001), p. 129. 4101:Hayward (2001), p. 131. 4053:Axworthy (1995), p. 19. 3708:Light Transport Brigade 3700:369th Infantry Regiment 3624:Third Battle of Kharkov 3307:Luftwaffe oil offensive 3156:In the south-east, the 3134:Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily 3079:Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 2296:II Corps (G. Zanghieri) 2242:III Corps (G. Rakovsky) 711:16,500 artillery pieces 341:C. Constantinescu-Claps 7983:Armistice of Cassibile 7785:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7736:Battle of the Java Sea 7639:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7539:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7532:Battle of South Shanxi 7502:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7285:Battle of the Atlantic 6899:Korean Liberation Army 6612:(until September 1943) 6569:(until September 1944) 6547:(until September 1944) 5207:. Helion and Company. 4927:Antill, Peter (2007). 4896:Glantz (1995), p. 132. 4887:Glantz (1995), p. 141. 4796:Glantz (1995), p. 134. 4724:Bergström 2007, p. 73. 4715:Beevor (1999), p. 106. 4697:Bergström 2007, p. 62. 4658:Bergström 2007, p. 84. 4453:Glantz (1995), p. 122. 4439:Glantz (1995), p. 120. 4367:Glantz (1995), p. 121. 4325:Bergström 2007, p. 67. 4295:Glantz (1995), p. 119. 4164:Glantz (1995), p. 301. 4092:Glantz (1995), p. 110. 3667:Operation Braunschweig 3573: 3552:Operation Winter Storm 3546:) under Field Marshal 3486: 3444: 3417:counter-attacked near 3363: 3253: 3190:insurgency in Chechnya 3153: 3073: 3060:Battle of the Caucasus 3049:Army Group A: Caucasus 2992: 2897: 2473:North Caucasian Fronts 2264:VII Corps (E. Gyimesi) 2035:Maximillian von Weichs 1947: 1805:Army Group (AG) Centre 1803:: holding attacks for 1721:on 13 August near the 1669:a German offensive on 807:Battle of the Caucasus 796:Battle of the Caucasus 374:Wolfram von Richthofen 255:Commanders and leaders 68:halftrack, summer 1942 8147:Second Battle of Guam 8043:Bengal famine of 1943 8013:Second Battle of Kiev 7969:Battle of the Dnieper 7674:Battle of Wake Island 7546:East African campaign 7488:Battle of South Henan 7133:atrocities by Germans 6906:Korean Volunteer Army 5887:Occupation of Germany 5641:Music in World War II 5007:. London: Pan Books. 4905:Antill (2007), p. 43. 4823:Antill (2007), p. 78. 4751:Antill (2007), p. 55. 4379:Antill (2007), p. 39. 4334:Antill (2007), p. 41. 4224:Beevor (1999), p. 75. 4203:Antill (2007), p. 49. 4185:Antill (2007), p. 37. 4173:Antill (2007), p. 34. 4071:Bellamy 2007, p. 497. 4044:Hayward (2001), p. 2. 3976:Antill (2007), p. 40. 3930:Antill (2007), p. 29. 3571: 3520:modern anti-tank guns 3484: 3435: 3361: 3354:Bombing of Stalingrad 3348:Further information: 3241: 3147: 3067: 3023:Operation Fischreiher 2990: 2871: 2816:5 rifle divisions, 1 2395:Generalfeldmarschall 2335:Generalfeldmarschall 2232:Hungarian Second Army 2145:XXXXVIII Panzer Corps 2093:Maximilian von Weichs 2090:Generalfeldmarschall 1942: 1811:and the link-up with 1665:troops opposite, who 1609:Operation Fischreiher 723:Casualties and losses 296:Maximilian von Weichs 8433:Surrender of Germany 7911:Battle of West Hubei 7868:Guadalcanal campaign 7838:Battle of Stalingrad 7764:Battle of Madagascar 6538:Albania protectorate 6325:(formerly Swaziland) 6034:Wehrmacht war crimes 5850:Expulsion of Germans 5634:Art and World War II 5532:British contribution 5481:Governments in exile 5188:. New York: Morrow. 3477:Battle of Stalingrad 3471:Battle of Stalingrad 3449:Battle of Stalingrad 3099:"Not a step back!". 3068:German troops and a 3035:Italian Alpine Corps 2964:24th Panzer Division 2960:23rd Panzer Division 2895: to 18 November 2752:Semyon K. Timoshenko 2722:Semyon K. Timoshenko 2520:Battle of Sevastopol 2489:Transcaucasian Front 2439:23rd Panzer Division 2287:Arrived 11–15 August 2273:Romanian Fourth Army 2045:Luftwaffe commanders 1987:, would attack from 1831:to the west and the 1768:Operation Barbarossa 1745:to retreat from the 1575:Operation Barbarossa 1494:Voronezh-Kastornensk 459:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 8523:Potsdam Declaration 8412:Italy (Spring 1945) 8175:Liberation of Paris 7632:Siege of Sevastopol 6650:(until August 1944) 6553:Wang Jingwei regime 6375:from September 1943 6335:from September 1944 6273:from September 1944 6133:Romanian war crimes 6124:Persecution of Jews 6110:Croatian war crimes 6080:Japanese war crimes 5894:Occupation of Japan 5843:First Indochina War 5555:Military production 5467:Declarations of war 4805:Nipe (2000), p. 15. 4583:Spencer C. Tucker, 4528:, pp. 942–953. 4498:on 10 November 2011 4391:, pp. 201–203. 4307:, pp. 204–205. 4146:, pp. 868–869. 3990:Nipe (2000), p. 33. 3886:Holt (2009), p. 47. 3774:A set of plans for 3692:Croatian Home Guard 3427:Novo-Grigoryevskaja 3339:Army Group B: Volga 2970:in April 1940, and 2847:Timofei T. Khriukin 2734:Timofei T. Khriukin 2709:aviation commanders 2693:Stepan Y. Krasovsky 2571:Stepan Y. Krasovsky 2546:aviation commanders 2526:through the Kuban. 2414:Third Romanian Army 2282:Italian Eighth Army 2253:Arrived 21–25 July: 1728:oilfields at Grozny 1653:aircraft and 1,934 1597:Operation Edelweiss 1489:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 1120:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 1021:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 739:700 tanks destroyed 680:Italian Eighth Army 656:from early August) 654:Italian Eighth Army 8516:Surrender of Japan 8349:Battle of Iwo Jima 8198:Belgrade offensive 7611:Siege of Leningrad 7495:Battle of Shanggao 7424:British Somaliland 7389:Dunkirk evacuation 7340:Norwegian campaign 7278:Invasion of Poland 7105:Japanese prisoners 6073:Italian war crimes 6004:British war crimes 5919:Soviet occupations 5703:South-West Pacific 5590:Allied cooperation 5548:Military equipment 5045:. Oxford: Osprey. 3574: 3548:Erich von Manstein 3487: 3445: 3364: 3272:Kabardino-Balkaria 3254: 3172:and a part of the 3154: 3074: 3012:Operation Edelweiß 2993: 2968:Norwegian Campaign 2898: 2744:Southwestern Front 2518:together with the 2237:Vitéz Gusztáv Jány 2124:Fourth Panzer Army 1963:(transferred from 1948: 1643:Caucasus Mountains 1593:oil fields of Baku 1315:Western Carpathian 1255:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 1225:1st Jassy–Kishinev 1210:Leningrad–Novgorod 1205:Dnieper–Carpathian 607:Feofan Parkhomenko 513:Alexander Lizyukov 420:Erich von Manstein 8647:Conflicts in 1942 8590: 8589: 8548: 8547: 8391:Battle of Okinawa 8290:Burma (1944–1945) 8124:Mariana and Palau 7904:Tunisian campaign 7729:Fall of Singapore 7653:Fall of Hong Kong 7396:Battle of Britain 7249:Operation Himmler 7158: 7157: 6822:Dutch East Indies 6465:Southern Rhodesia 6217: 6216: 6117:Genocide of Serbs 6020:German war crimes 5997:Soviet war crimes 5990:Allied war crimes 5836:Division of Korea 5815:Chinese Civil War 5613:Strategic bombing 5525:Manhattan Project 5214:978-0-313-39592-5 5078:978-0-7006-1630-5 5065:Jonathan M. House 5052:978-1-47284-265-7 5033:978-1-85780-276-4 5014:978-0-330-48808-2 4938:978-1-84603-028-4 4413:Liddell Hart 1948 4389:Liddell Hart 1948 4305:Liddell Hart 1948 4215:, pp. 24–26. 4125:, pp. 26–27. 3524:48th Panzer Corps 3270:, the capital of 3259:Vânători de munte 2908:Close air support 2889: to 1 August 2599:(G.A. Khaliuzin) 2589:Filipp I. Golikov 2559:Filipp I. Golikov 2508:Rodion Malinovsky 2504:Semyon Timoshenko 2453:Operation Kremlin 2404:First Panzer Army 2358:Army Group Centre 2235:(Colonel-General 2223:H. von Obstfelder 2179:XXXX Panzer Corps 2135:XXIV Panzer Corps 1965:Army Group Centre 1807:, the capture of 1521: 1520: 1389: 1388: 813: 812: 707:2,959–3,720 tanks 705: 596:Kirill Moskalenko 573:Semyon Timoshenko 561:Stepan Kraskovsky 484:Grigory Khalyuzin 130: 129: 16:(Redirected from 8694: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8598: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8566:World portal 8564: 8563: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8442: 8435: 8428: 8426:Prague offensive 8421: 8419:Battle of Berlin 8414: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8363:Vienna offensive 8358: 8351: 8344: 8342:Battle of Manila 8337: 8317: 8308: 8299: 8292: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8232: 8223: 8216: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8126: 8119: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8085: 8083:Korsun–Cherkassy 8078: 8067: 8045: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7925:Bombing of Gorky 7920: 7913: 7906: 7886: 7879: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7792:Battle of Midway 7787: 7780: 7778:Battle of Gazala 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7688:Battle of Borneo 7683: 7681:Malayan campaign 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7625:Bombing of Gorky 7620: 7618:Battle of Moscow 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7470: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7382:Battle of France 7377: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7235:Munich Agreement 7230: 7223: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7191: 7184: 7169: 7168: 7151: 7144: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7120:Soviet prisoners 7114: 7107: 7100: 7091: 7084: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7060:German prisoners 7056: 7036: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6598: 6596:French Indochina 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6540: 6520: 6511: 6504: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6443:from August 1944 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6326: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6228: 6227: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6169: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6087:Nanjing Massacre 6082: 6075: 6066: 6064:Nuremberg trials 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5797: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5668:Asia and Pacific 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5599: 5597:Mulberry harbour 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5439: 5432: 5417: 5416: 5405: 5398: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5265: 5256: 5237: 5218: 5199: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5149: 5139: 5115: 5103: 5082: 5061:Glantz, David M. 5056: 5037: 5018: 4999: 4978: 4959: 4942: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4854: 4851: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4686: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4607: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4368: 4365: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4186: 4183: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3991: 3988: 3977: 3974: 3959: 3953: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3887: 3884: 3870: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3830: 3822: 3810: 3802: 3794: 3773: 3765: 3757: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3721: 3710: 3704:Italian 8th Army 3688: 3628:Kuban bridgehead 3603:Operation Gallop 3578:Operation Saturn 3564:Operation Saturn 3544:Heeresgruppe Don 3516:Operation Uranus 3376:XIV Panzer Corps 3350:Battle of Kalach 3303:could be taken. 3252:, September 1942 3222: 2894: 2888: 2883: to 22 July 2882: 2876: 2798:F.A. Parkhomenko 2731: 2719: 2633:) (KIA 23 July) 2586:Generalleutnant 2568: 2556: 2485:Stalingrad Front 2409:Seventeenth Army 2372: 2173:Friedrich Paulus 2105:Hans von Salmuth 2067: 2055: 2032: 1985:Friedrich Paulus 1793:Führer Directive 1717:on 9 August and 1691:Battle of Kalach 1667:wrongly expected 1619:Heeresgruppe Süd 1615:Army Group South 1589:war of attrition 1541: 1430: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1393: 1392: 1281:Petsamo–Kirkenes 1159:Belgorod-Kharkov 1125:Voronezh–Kharkov 849: 839: 832: 825: 816: 815: 786: 782: 780: 779: 773: 769: 767: 766: 760: 756: 754: 753: 747: 746: 734: 733: 703: 690: 689: 677: 676: 667: 666: 638: 636:Timofei Khriukin 634: 633: 632: 626: 616: 615: 614: 605: 604: 603: 594: 593: 592: 585:Dmitry Ryabyshev 583: 582: 581: 570: 569: 568: 559: 558: 557: 550:Mikhail Parsegov 548: 547: 546: 540: 530: 529: 528: 521: 511: 510: 509: 500: 499: 498: 492: 482: 481: 480: 469: 468: 467: 456: 455: 454: 443: 442: 441: 433: 431:Petre Dumitrescu 429: 428: 427: 418: 417: 416: 407: 406: 405: 398:Ewald von Kleist 396: 395: 394: 383: 382: 381: 372: 371: 370: 361: 360: 359: 350: 349: 348: 339: 338: 337: 330:Friedrich Paulus 328: 327: 326: 319:Hans von Salmuth 317: 316: 315: 306: 305: 304: 293: 292: 291: 280: 279: 278: 267: 266: 265: 246: 244: 243: 232: 228: 226: 225: 217: 213: 211: 210: 202: 198: 196: 195: 187: 183: 181: 180: 172: 168: 166: 165: 156: 152: 150: 149: 74: 73: 58: 34: 33: 21: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8657:1942 in Ukraine 8627: 8626: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8593: 8591: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8558: 8556: 8544: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8482: 8477:Atomic bombings 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8320: 8313: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8219: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8180: 8173: 8168:Eastern Romania 8166: 8161:Warsaw Uprising 8159: 8154:Tannenberg Line 8152: 8145: 8140:Western Ukraine 8138: 8129: 8122: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8070: 8061: 8048: 8041: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7932:Battle of Kursk 7930: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7889: 7882: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7820: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7743:St Nazaire Raid 7741: 7734: 7727: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7567: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7525:Anglo-Iraqi War 7523: 7516:Battle of Crete 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7473: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7445:Eastern Romania 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7263: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7187: 7180: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7131: 7124: 7119: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7087: 7080: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7052: 7039: 7032: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7006:Western Ukraine 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6950:Northeast China 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6656:Slovak Republic 6654: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6627:Empire of Japan 6625: 6616: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6536: 6523: 6516: 6507: 6500: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6329: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6213: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6172: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6139:Sexual violence 6138: 6131: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6062: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5862: 5857:Greek Civil War 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5800: 5793: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5682:South-East Asia 5680: 5673: 5666: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5541:Military awards 5539: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5435: 5428: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5330: 5295: 5253: 5234: 5215: 5196: 5168: 5166: 5147: 5136: 5100: 5079: 5053: 5034: 5015: 4996: 4975: 4939: 4929:Stalingrad 1942 4923: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4874:Vego, Milan N. 4873: 4869: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4244:order of battle 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3980: 3975: 3962: 3956:Mercatante 2012 3954: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3905: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3767: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3727: 3714: 3713: 3696:German 6th Army 3689: 3685: 3680: 3658: 3650:Battle of Kursk 3636: 3566: 3561: 3479: 3473: 3423:1st Guards Army 3356: 3346: 3341: 3309: 3264:Ioan Dumitrache 3216: 3170:Taman Peninsula 3152:in the Caucasus 3142: 3062: 3056: 3051: 2985: 2916:air superiority 2896: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2878: 2877: to 7 July 2874: 2866: 2861: 2839:Eighth Air Army 2813:(A.I. Danilov) 2781:K.S. Moskalenko 2739: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2685:Second Air Army 2636:7 tank brigades 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2535: 2524:Kerch Peninsula 2493:Caucasian Front 2429: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2341:(from 20 July) 2291:Italo Gariboldi 2219:XXIX Army Corps 2209:XVII Army Corps 2199:VIII Army Corps 2155:XIII Army Corps 2127:(Generaloberst 2075: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2021: 1937: 1932: 1900:sunflower seeds 1825: 1772:quick offensive 1764: 1759: 1693:and the combat 1544:southern Russia 1539: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1431: 1422: 1420: 1390: 1385: 1379:Prague uprising 1362:Bratislava–Brno 1352:Moravia–Ostrava 1242:Lvov–Sandomierz 1070:Rzhev–Sychyovka 898:Białystok–Minsk 850: 845: 843: 804: 802: 790: 788: 777: 775: 764: 762: 751: 749: 741: 740: 738: 736: 728: 717: 712: 710: 708: 706: 701: 694: 684: 671: 661: 630: 628: 627: 620: 612: 610: 609: 601: 599: 598: 590: 588: 587: 579: 577: 576: 566: 564: 563: 555: 553: 552: 544: 542: 541: 534: 526: 524: 523: 517: 507: 505: 504: 496: 494: 493: 486: 478: 476: 475: 465: 463: 462: 452: 450: 449: 439: 437: 436: 425: 423: 422: 414: 412: 411: 403: 401: 400: 392: 390: 389: 379: 377: 376: 368: 366: 365: 363:Italo Gariboldi 357: 355: 354: 346: 344: 343: 335: 333: 332: 324: 322: 321: 313: 311: 310: 302: 300: 299: 289: 287: 286: 276: 274: 273: 263: 261: 260: 241: 239: 235: 223: 221: 208: 206: 193: 191: 178: 176: 163: 161: 147: 145: 118: 112:Southern Russia 81: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8700: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8652:1942 in Russia 8649: 8644: 8639: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8496: 8493:South Sakhalin 8489: 8488: 8487: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8293: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8233: 8224: 8217: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8120: 8111: 8102: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7972: 7965: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7918:Battle of Attu 7914: 7907: 7899: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7880: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7724: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7667:Battle of Guam 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7590:Battle of Kiev 7586: 7579: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7483: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7208: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7177: 7175: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7101: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089:United Kingdom 7085: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7057: 7049: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7021: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6902: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6493:British Empire 6486:United Kingdom 6482: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6327: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6302:Czechoslovakia 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6199:Rape of Manila 6195: 6188: 6181: 6170: 6155: 6148: 6136: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6076: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6037: 6030: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5970:United Nations 5966: 5959: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5829:Decolonization 5825: 5818: 5810: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5775: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5505: 5502:United Kingdom 5498: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5425: 5423: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5348: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5293: 5266: 5257: 5251: 5238: 5233:978-1910777756 5232: 5219: 5213: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5175: 5140: 5134: 5116: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5057: 5051: 5038: 5032: 5019: 5013: 5000: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4960: 4948:Air Enthusiast 4943: 4937: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4599: 4590: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4518: 4509: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4441: 4432: 4417: 4415:, p. 202. 4402: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4357: 4348: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4213:Forczyk (2021) 4205: 4187: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4136: 4127: 4123:Forczyk (2021) 4115: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4034: 4032:, p. 761. 4022: 4013: 4004: 3992: 3978: 3960: 3958:, p. 151. 3941: 3932: 3920: 3918:, p. 230. 3903: 3901:, p. 228. 3888: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3712: 3711: 3694:served in the 3682: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3635: 3632: 3607:Voroshilovgrad 3595:Operation Star 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3540:Army Group Don 3496:Vasily Chuikov 3475:Main article: 3472: 3469: 3425:attacked near 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3308: 3305: 3141: 3138: 3058:Main article: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3027: 3026: 3015: 3004: 2984: 2981: 2952:Fedor von Bock 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2842: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2764:D.I. Riabyshev 2747: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2646:(P.P. Korzun) 2639: 2638: 2637: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2584: 2570: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2477:Voronezh Front 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2393: 2374: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2333: 2332:(thru 20 July) 2329:Alexander Löhr 2326:Generaloberst 2324: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2306:Alpini Corps ( 2304: 2297: 2278: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2250: 2243: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2216: 2206: 2196: 2186: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2142: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2088: 2069: 2062: 2061: 2058:Alexander Löhr 2057: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2005: 2004: 1992: 1976: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1824: 1821: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1687:counterattacks 1635:Heeresgruppe A 1556:Azerbaijan SSR 1519: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1404: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1371: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1342:East Pomerania 1339: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1033:Toropets–Kholm 1030: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 985: 984: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 882: 881: 877: 876: 871: 866: 860: 859: 855: 852: 851: 842: 841: 834: 827: 819: 811: 810: 799: 725: 724: 720: 719: 709:1,671 aircraft 695: 693: 692: 682: 669: 658: 645: 644: 640: 639: 618:Alexei Danilov 502:Nikolai Pukhov 472:Filipp Golikov 434: 283:Fedor von Bock 257: 256: 252: 251: 236: 234: 233: 218: 203: 188: 173: 158: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 90: 88: 84: 83: 78: 70: 69: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8699: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8500:Kuril Islands 8497: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8267:Syrmian Front 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213:Market Garden 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8072:Monte Cassino 8069: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7438:Baltic states 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082:United States 7079: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018:Quốc dân Đảng 7015: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6718:Liechtenstein 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502:United States 6499: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192:Comfort women 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: / 6175: 6171: 6168: 6165: / 6164: 6161: / 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152:Camp brothels 6149: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041:The Holocaust 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027:forced labour 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880:Marshall Plan 5877: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5733:Eastern Front 5730: 5727: 5726:Western Front 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5620:Puppet states 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562:Naval history 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5509:United States 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5296: 5294:3-421-06233-1 5290: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5252:0-7643-1186-7 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5135:0-7006-1146-0 5131: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5120:Hayward, Joel 5117: 5113: 5109: 5108:Hayward, Joel 5105: 5101: 5099:0-7006-0899-0 5095: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4995:0-14-028458-3 4991: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4974:1-85409-267-7 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950:(65): 72–75. 4949: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4877: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4706:Antill p. 49. 4703: 4694: 4692: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4613: 4606: 4604: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4527: 4526:Wegner (1990) 4522: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4436: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4145: 4144:Wegner (1990) 4140: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4030:Wegner (1990) 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3619:Central Front 3615: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3570: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3528:Panzer 35(t)s 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3478: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233:14th Air Army 3230: 3226: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3097:Order No. 227 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2977: 2976:Junkers Ju 52 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2948:A.I. Liziukov 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2912:Red Air Force 2909: 2905: 2903: 2870: 2864:Opening phase 2859:The offensive 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2844:Generalmajor 2843: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2730: 2718: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2690:Generalmajor 2689: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2661:M.A. Parsegov 2658: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631:A.I. Liziukov 2628: 2627: 2626:5th Tank Army 2623: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2581:Bryansk Front 2578: 2577: 2567: 2555: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:Joseph Stalin 2446: 2445:, in Moscow. 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2427:Soviet forces 2420: 2419:Eleventh Army 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2371: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:4th Air Corps 2348: 2346: 2345:8th Air Corps 2343: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189:LI Army Corps 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111:LV Army Corps 2109: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2066: 2054: 2031: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1927: 1925: 1924:Achilles heel 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:United States 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855:, comprising 1854: 1853:Transcaucasia 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823:The oilfields 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Eastern Front 1798: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1757:Axis strategy 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:Little Saturn 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1483:Little Saturn 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100:Little Saturn 1097: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1087:Velikiye Luki 1085: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 945: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888: 884: 883: 879: 878: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 858:Naval warfare 857: 856: 853: 848: 847:Eastern Front 840: 835: 833: 828: 826: 821: 820: 817: 808: 800: 797: 793: 785: 772: 759: 745: 732: 727: 726: 721: 715: 699: 696: 688: 683: 681: 675: 670: 665: 660: 659: 657: 655: 651: 647: 646: 641: 637: 624: 619: 608: 597: 586: 575: 574: 562: 551: 538: 533: 522: 520: 514: 503: 490: 485: 474: 473: 461: 460: 448: 447: 446:Joseph Stalin 435: 432: 421: 410: 409:Richard Ruoff 399: 388: 387: 375: 364: 353: 342: 331: 320: 309: 298: 297: 285: 284: 272: 271: 259: 258: 253: 250: 249: 237: 231: 219: 216: 204: 201: 189: 186: 174: 171: 159: 157: 155: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 125: 122: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 85: 79: 76: 75: 71: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 44:Eastern Front 40: 35: 30: 19: 8621:Soviet Union 8574:Bibliography 8557: 8370:Project Hula 8335:Vistula–Oder 8304: 8237: 8228: 8212: 8182: 8131: 8115: 8106: 8097: 8063: 7960: 7875: 7851: 7822: 7821: 7572: 7465: 7410:North Africa 7112:Soviet Union 7066:Soviet Union 6992:Soviet Union 6760:Vatican City 6670:Vichy France 6575:German Reich 6472:Soviet Union 6458:South Africa 6451:Sierra Leone 6404:Newfoundland 6223:Participants 6206:Marocchinate 5910: 5901: 5871: 5749:North Africa 5710:Indian Ocean 5569:Nazi plunder 5460:Cryptography 5333:World War II 5283: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5242: 5223: 5204: 5185: 5167:. Retrieved 5155: 5151: 5123: 5111: 5088: 5068: 5042: 5023: 5004: 4984: 4964: 4947: 4928: 4921:Bibliography 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4615:. Retrieved 4593: 4584: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4521: 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4496:the original 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4396: 4384: 4351: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4250:, pp. 49–50. 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4208: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4139: 4130: 4118: 4097: 4088: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3935: 3916:Liedtke 2016 3899:Liedtke 2016 3882: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3807: 3799: 3791: 3781:Afrika Korps 3775: 3770: 3762: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3686: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3616: 3583: 3575: 3543: 3535: 3532: 3513: 3504: 3499: 3491: 3488: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3419:Serafimovich 3406: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3365: 3333: 3327: 3324:Fliegerkorps 3323: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3257: 3255: 3245:Gebirgsjäger 3243: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3174:Novorossiysk 3157: 3155: 3150:Gebirgsjäger 3149: 3129: 3126: 3122:Mount Elbrus 3110: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3043: 3031:Franz Halder 3028: 3019:Army Group B 3008:Army Group A 2996: 2994: 2971: 2956: 2937: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2845: 2837: 2826:Front forces 2825: 2808: 2791: 2774: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2691: 2683: 2672:Front forces 2671: 2654: 2641: 2624: 2607: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2499: 2497: 2465:Southwestern 2456: 2447: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2398:Wilhelm List 2396: 2390:Army Group A 2388: 2382: 2381: 2375:Wilhelm List 2336: 2327: 2320:Luftflotte 4 2318: 2317: 2299:XXXV Corps ( 2286: 2280: 2271: 2252: 2230: 2166: 2129:Hermann Hoth 2122: 2115:R. von Roman 2098: 2091: 2085:Army Group B 2083: 2077: 2076: 2020:Army Group B 2009: 2006: 1995: 1994: 1979: 1978: 1961:Hermann Hoth 1955: 1954: 1949: 1904: 1886:deposits at 1873: 1869:Soviet Union 1826: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1765: 1732: 1708: 1674: 1659:assault guns 1638: 1634: 1618: 1613: 1582: 1579:Adolf Hitler 1572: 1568:Soviet Union 1548:World War II 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1506: 1499: 1482: 1460: 1439: 1423: 1366: 1347:Lake Balaton 1335: 1320:East Prussia 1309:Vistula–Oder 1307: 1253: 1246: 1234: 1180: 1169:2nd Smolensk 1146: 1130: 1113: 1099: 1092: 1079: 1058: 1057: 1025: 1004:Air war 1941 979: 942: 918:1st Smolensk 885: 874:Arctic Ocean 791: 713: 704:(in reserve) 697: 649: 648: 571: 532:Pavel Korzun 518: 470: 457: 444: 386:Wilhelm List 384: 352:Gusztáv Jány 308:Hermann Hoth 294: 281: 270:Adolf Hitler 268: 248:Soviet Union 238: 143: 135:Belligerents 116:Soviet Union 48:World War II 42:Part of the 29: 8305:Bodenplatte 8191:Gothic Line 7417:West Africa 6964:Philippines 6943:Netherlands 6808:Czech lands 6746:Switzerland 6690:Afghanistan 6641:Philippines 6509:Puerto Rico 6425:Philippines 6411:New Zealand 6397:Netherlands 6350:Free France 6101:Prosecution 5902:Osoaviakhim 5772:West Africa 5756:East Africa 5403:Conferences 5226:. Praeger. 5169:18 February 3702:and in the 3392:Kotelnikovo 3280:Vladikavkaz 3217: [ 3194:Terek River 3092:Sea of Azov 3070:Sd.Kfz. 251 2614:N.P. Pukhov 2289:) (General 2100:Second Army 1935:Axis forces 1833:Caspian Sea 1723:Caspian Sea 1673:even after 1623:German Army 1607:, known as 1595:, known as 1513:3rd Kharkov 1472:Izbushensky 1461:Fischreiher 1428:3rd Kharkov 1142:Gorky Blitz 1137:3rd Kharkov 1053:2nd Kharkov 955:1st Kharkov 950:Sea of Azov 700:: 1,715,000 668:: 1,210,861 621: [ 535: [ 487: [ 66:Sd.Kfz. 250 8631:Categories 8405:West Hunan 8238:Pointblank 7574:Silver Fox 7560:Summer War 7313:Winter War 7292:Phoney War 7073:Azerbaijan 7034:Yugoslavia 6929:Luxembourg 6771:Resistance 6518:Yugoslavia 6383:Luxembourg 6185:Sook Ching 5981:War crimes 5583:Technology 5576:Opposition 5518:Lend-Lease 5495:Australian 5488:Home front 5446:Blitzkrieg 5396:Casualties 5387:Commanders 5359:Operations 5195:0688060129 3875:References 3785:El Alamein 3454:Luftflotte 3328:Luftflotte 3301:Stalingrad 3114:Pyatigorsk 2972:Barbarossa 2914:, through 2491:, and the 2457:Fall Kreml 2257:IV Corps ( 2247:E.-E. Hell 2213:K. Hollidt 2168:Sixth Army 2159:E. Straube 1861:Azerbaijan 1762:Background 1699:airstrikes 1603:along the 1601:Stalingrad 1533:) was the 1477:Stalingrad 1450:2nd Rostov 1266:2nd Baltic 1261:Dukla Pass 1248:Doppelkopf 1220:2nd Crimea 1164:2nd Donbas 1154:1st Donbas 1131:Polar Star 1081:Stalingrad 965:Sevastopol 960:1st Crimea 903:1st Baltic 887:Barbarossa 864:Baltic Sea 702:1,000,000 678:: 235.000 650:Initially: 100:Stalingrad 8470:Manchuria 8356:Indochina 8132:Bagration 7583:Lithuania 7228:Anschluss 7025:Viet Minh 6922:Lithuania 6864:Hong Kong 6634:Manchukuo 6589:Azad Hind 6248:Australia 6048:Aftermath 5911:Paperclip 5806:Aftermath 5606:Total war 5474:Diplomacy 5437:In Europe 5164:0142-3525 4956:0143-5450 3776:Fall Blau 3641:Wehrmacht 3559:Aftermath 3536:Luftwaffe 3505:Luftwaffe 3500:Luftwaffe 3492:Luftwaffe 3415:21st Army 3411:63rd Army 3403:Luftwaffe 3399:Wehrmacht 3388:51st Army 3225:Astrakhan 3214:Khulkhuta 3198:Luftwaffe 3158:Wehrmacht 3130:Luftwaffe 3118:Krasnodar 3105:Stavropol 3084:Luftwaffe 3037:, of the 3017:directed 3006:directed 2940:Don River 2902:Wehrmacht 2810:21st Army 2776:38th Army 2759:28th Army 2656:40th Army 2609:13th Army 2596:48th Army 2481:Don Front 2259:L. Csatay 2183:G. Stumme 2103:(General 2022:commander 2001:Don River 1944:Waffen-SS 1911:Venezuela 1884:Manganese 1829:Black Sea 1809:Leningrad 1788:Fall Blau 1703:artillery 1683:Don River 1651:Luftwaffe 1621:) of the 1605:Don River 1536:Wehrmacht 1531:Fall Blau 1529:(German: 1527:Case Blue 1424:Case Blue 1291:Gumbinnen 1236:Bagration 1075:Sinyavino 1059:Case Blue 944:Leningrad 869:Black Sea 801:1,200,000 718:2,715,000 698:Initially 691:: 159,426 37:Case Blue 18:Fall Blau 8581:Category 8530:document 8440:document 8297:Ardennes 8281:Budapest 8229:Crossbow 8107:Overlord 7946:Smolensk 7164:Timeline 6999:Slovakia 6985:Thailand 6836:Ethiopia 6801:Bulgaria 6725:Portugal 6663:Thailand 6545:Bulgaria 6323:Eswatini 6316:Ethiopia 6269:Bulgaria 6094:Unit 731 6055:Response 5872:Keelhaul 5822:Cold War 5795:Americas 5786:timeline 5779:Atlantic 5659:Theaters 5184:(1948). 5122:(2001). 5110:(1995). 5067:(2009). 3656:See also 3634:Analysis 3599:Belgorod 3413:and the 3344:Don bend 3292:Malgobek 2793:9th Army 2749:Marshal 2643:3rd Army 2469:Southern 2308:G. Nasci 2301:G. Messe 2203:W. Heitz 2149:W. Kempf 1996:Blau III 1973:Voronezh 1930:Planning 1888:Chiatura 1817:AG North 1784:Caucasus 1747:Caucasus 1679:Voronezh 1663:Red Army 1455:Caucasus 1445:Voronezh 1336:Solstice 1296:Budapest 1286:Courland 1276:Debrecen 1271:Belgrade 1193:2nd Kiev 1065:Caucasus 1038:Demyansk 999:Chechnya 933:1st Kiev 789:~150,000 784:Slovakia 643:Strength 215:Slovakia 108:Caucasus 92:Voronezh 87:Location 8609:Germany 8595:Portals 8507:Shumshu 8274:Hungary 8221:Estonia 8205:Lapland 8183:Dragoon 8116:Neptune 8098:Ichi-Go 8064:Tempest 8006:Changde 7961:Cottage 7853:Jubilee 7569:Finland 7467:Compass 7173:Prelude 7126:Finland 7012:Vietnam 6978:Romania 6850:Germany 6829:Estonia 6815:Denmark 6794:Belgium 6787:Austria 6780:Albania 6711:Ireland 6697:Andorra 6681:Neutral 6648:Romania 6582:Hungary 6567:Finland 6439:Romania 6331:Finland 6309:Denmark 6255:Belgium 6241:Algeria 5947:Romania 5933:Hungary 5689:Pacific 5413:General 5367:Leaders 5352:Battles 5345:Outline 5277:]. 3813:Gestapo 3706:as the 3698:as the 3611:Donetsk 3509:Tunisia 3268:Nalchik 3250:Teberda 3242:German 3229:Kizlyar 3166:Russian 3148:German 2461:Bryansk 1989:Kharkov 1980:Blau II 1919:Romania 1865:Armenia 1857:Georgia 1813:Finland 1695:shifted 1330:Breslau 1325:Silesia 1230:Karelia 1182:Dnieper 1048:Bamberg 989:Finland 938:Tallinn 758:Hungary 737:200,000 519:† 230:Croatia 185:Hungary 170:Romania 154:Germany 8484:Debate 8456:Taipei 8449:Borneo 8027:Tarawa 7221:Europe 7182:Africa 6971:Poland 6957:Norway 6936:Malaya 6915:Latvia 6857:Greece 6843:France 6739:Sweden 6704:Bhutan 6432:Poland 6418:Norway 6390:Mexico 6357:Greece 6343:France 6281:Canada 6262:Brazil 6232:Allies 6178:Serbia 6167:Poland 5940:Poland 5926:Baltic 5719:Europe 5421:Topics 5373:Allied 5291: 5249: 5230: 5211: 5192: 5162: 5132: 5096: 5075: 5049: 5030: 5011: 4992: 4971: 4954: 4935: 4502:13 May 3588:. The 3464:Kalach 3438:Ju 87 3384:Fourth 3326:IV of 3288:Beslan 3284:Alagir 3202:German 3186:Mozdok 3182:Elista 3178:Tuapse 2997:Führer 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2500:Stavka 2443:Stavka 2434:Stavka 2012:steppe 1956:Blau I 1913:, and 1849:Grozny 1845:Maykop 1841:cotton 1797:No. 41 1776:Moscow 1735:Uranus 1719:Elista 1715:Maikop 1711:Rostov 1671:Moscow 1584:Führer 1581:, the 1573:After 1564:Maikop 1560:Grozny 1540:'s 1500:Gallop 1467:Kalach 1374:Prague 1368:Berlin 1357:Vienna 1174:Lenino 1016:Lyuban 981:Moscow 970:Rostov 928:Odessa 792:Total: 781: 768: 755: 515: 245: 227: 212: 197: 182: 167: 151: 123:Result 110:, and 96:Rostov 8260:Leyte 8090:Narva 8076:Anzio 8034:Makin 7992:Burma 7876:Torch 7845:Rzhev 7806:Kiska 6892:Korea 6878:Japan 6871:Italy 6753:Tibet 6732:Spain 6610:Italy 6371:Italy 6364:India 6288:China 6163:Japan 5763:Italy 5675:China 5627:Women 5273:[ 5158:(2). 5148:(PDF) 4617:1 May 3678:Notes 3440:Stuka 3380:First 3266:took 3221:] 3101:Salsk 1969:Kursk 1892:wheat 1837:grain 1790:) in 1751:Kuban 1655:tanks 1647:Volga 1215:Narva 1188:Nevel 1148:Kursk 1114:Iskra 1043:Kholm 1027:Rzhev 994:Kerch 975:Gorky 908:Brody 893:Brest 771:Italy 714:Total 625:] 539:] 491:] 200:Italy 104:Kuban 8326:1945 8054:1944 7895:1943 7823:Blue 7813:Attu 7720:1942 7479:1941 7331:1940 7269:1939 7198:Asia 7045:POWs 6885:Jews 6603:Iraq 6529:Axis 6479:Tuva 6295:Cuba 5380:Axis 5289:ISBN 5247:ISBN 5228:ISBN 5209:ISBN 5190:ISBN 5171:2014 5160:ISSN 5130:ISBN 5094:ISBN 5073:ISBN 5047:ISBN 5028:ISBN 5009:ISBN 4990:ISBN 4969:ISBN 4952:ISSN 4933:ISBN 4619:2011 4504:2011 4248:Blau 3382:and 3372:64th 3370:and 3368:62nd 3352:and 3162:Baku 2962:and 2931:and 2818:NKVD 2471:and 1915:Iran 1896:corn 1880:peat 1878:and 1876:coal 1863:and 1815:for 1743:Axis 1737:and 1675:Blau 1657:and 1637:and 1629:and 1562:and 1552:Baku 1507:Star 1440:Blue 1302:1945 1199:1944 1107:1943 1093:Mars 1010:1942 923:Uman 880:1941 77:Date 62:T-70 3724:OKH 2933:8th 2929:5th 2925:4th 2921:2nd 1971:to 1780:OKH 1558:), 1426:to 98:to 46:of 8633:: 8074:/ 5156:27 5154:. 5150:. 5063:; 4858:^ 4846:^ 4690:^ 4602:^ 4444:^ 4405:^ 4372:^ 4360:^ 4339:^ 4190:^ 4178:^ 4106:^ 4076:^ 4037:^ 3995:^ 3981:^ 3963:^ 3944:^ 3923:^ 3906:^ 3891:^ 3652:. 3609:, 3601:. 3436:A 3219:ru 3124:. 3025:). 3014:); 2927:, 2923:, 2800:) 2783:) 2766:) 2663:) 2616:) 2487:, 2483:, 2479:, 2467:, 2463:, 2293:) 2239:) 2175:) 2131:) 2107:) 1909:, 1898:, 1894:, 1859:, 1839:, 1701:, 1611:. 623:ru 537:ru 489:ru 114:, 106:, 102:, 94:, 8597:: 7577:) 7571:( 6445:) 6441:( 6377:) 6373:( 6337:) 6333:( 6275:) 6271:( 5325:e 5318:t 5311:v 5297:. 5255:. 5236:. 5217:. 5198:. 5173:. 5138:. 5102:. 5081:. 5055:. 5036:. 5017:. 4998:. 4977:. 4958:. 4941:. 4621:. 4506:. 4429:. 3815:. 3787:. 3542:( 3456:4 3290:– 3286:– 2796:( 2779:( 2762:( 2659:( 2629:( 2612:( 2455:( 2310:) 2303:) 2285:( 2261:) 2249:) 2225:) 2221:( 2215:) 2211:( 2205:) 2201:( 2195:) 2191:( 2185:) 2181:( 2161:) 2157:( 2151:) 2147:( 2141:) 2137:( 2117:) 2113:( 1639:B 1633:( 1631:B 1627:A 1617:( 1554:( 1415:e 1408:t 1401:v 838:e 831:t 824:v 809:) 798:) 787:: 735:: 716:: 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index