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found to reduce the risk of severe facial injury. Additional attachments such as face guards may be added to sports helmets to prevent orofacial injury (injury to the mouth or face); mouth guards also used. In addition to factors listed above, correction of dental features that are associated with receiving more dental trauma also helps, such as increased overjet, Class II malocclusions, or correction of detofacal deformities with small mandible
709:(the jawbone) are not decreased by these protective measures. The risk of maxillofacial trauma is decreased by a factor of two with use of motorcycle helmets. A decline in facial bone fractures due to vehicle accidents is thought to be due to seat belt and drunk driving laws, strictly enforced speed limits and use of airbags. In vehicle accidents, drivers and front seat passengers are at highest risk for facial trauma.
210:. Nasal fractures may be associated with deformity of the nose, as well as swelling and bruising. Deformity in the face, for example a sunken cheekbone or teeth which do not align properly, suggests the presence of fractures. Asymmetry can suggest facial fractures or damage to nerves. People with mandibular fractures often have pain and difficulty opening their mouths and may have numbness in the lip and chin. With
421:(right). Le Fort I fractures, also called Guérin or horizontal maxillary fractures, involve the maxilla, separating it from the palate. Le Fort II fractures, also called pyramidal fractures of the maxilla, cross the nasal bones and the orbital rim. Le Fort III fractures, also called craniofacial disjunction and transverse facial fractures, cross the front of the maxilla and involve the
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to the face can cause swelling of tissues and thereby lead to airway blockage. Broken bones such as combinations of nasal, maxillary, and mandibular fractures can interfere with the airway. Blood from the face or mouth, if swallowed, can cause vomiting, which can itself present a threat to the airway because it has the potential to be
596:
Treatment aims to repair the face's natural bony architecture and to leave as little apparent trace of the injury as possible. Fractures may be repaired with metal plates and screws commonly made from
Titanium. Resorbable materials are also available; these are biologically degraded and removed over
568:
as possible. Although it is not common for bleeding from the maxillofacial region to be profuse enough to be life-threatening, it is still necessary to control such bleeding. Severe bleeding occurs as the result of facial trauma in 1–11% of patients, and the origin of this bleeding can be difficult
743:
are commonly associated with facial trauma, particularly that of the upper face; brain injury occurs in 15–48% of people with maxillofacial trauma. Coexisting injuries can affect treatment of facial trauma; for example they may be emergent and need to be treated before facial injuries. People with
716:
by age, with a peak incidence occurring between ages 20 and 40, and children under 12 have only 5–10% of all facial fractures. Most facial trauma in children involves lacerations and soft tissue injuries. There are several reasons for the lower incidence of facial fractures in children: the face is
626:
By itself, facial trauma rarely presents a threat to life; however it is often associated with dangerous injuries, and life-threatening complications such as blockage of the airway may occur. The airway can be blocked due to bleeding, swelling of surrounding tissues, or damage to structures. Burns
503:
compromisation can occur rapidly and insidiously, and is potentially deadly. Material in the mouth that threatens the airway can be removed manually or using a suction tool for that purpose, and supplemental oxygen can be provided. Facial fractures that threaten to interfere with the airway can be
696:
As many as 50–70% of people who survive traffic accidents have facial trauma. In most developed countries, violence from other people has replaced vehicle collisions as the main cause of maxillofacial trauma; however in many developing countries traffic accidents remain the major cause. Increased
455:
studies can be used to design automobiles with a view toward preventing facial injuries. While seat belts reduce the number and severity of facial injuries that occur in crashes, airbags alone are not very effective at preventing the injuries. In sports, safety devices including helmets have been
450:
Measures to reduce facial trauma include laws enforcing seat belt use and public education to increase awareness about the importance of seat belts and motorcycle helmets. Efforts to reduce drunk driving are other preventative measures; changes to laws and their enforcement have been proposed, as
441:
skulls, and the classification system has been criticized as imprecise and simplistic since most midface fractures involve a combination of Le Fort fractures. Although most facial fractures do not follow the patterns described by Le Fort precisely, the system is still used to categorize injuries.
277:
is better for detecting fractures and examining soft tissues, and is often needed to determine whether surgery is necessary, but it is more expensive and difficult to obtain. CT scanning is usually considered to be more definitive and better at detecting facial injuries than X-ray. CT scanning is
621:
Diagram of lateral view of face showing the imaginary line between the tragus of the ear and the middle of the upper lip. The middle third of this line is the approximate location of the course of the parotid duct. If facial lacerations cross this line, there is a risk that the parotid duct is
163:, but this mechanism has been replaced by interpersonal violence; however auto accidents still predominate as the cause in developing countries and are still a major cause elsewhere. Thus prevention efforts include awareness campaigns to educate the public about safety measures such as
127:
Facial injuries have the potential to cause disfigurement and loss of function; for example, blindness or difficulty moving the jaw can result. Although it is seldom life-threatening, facial trauma can also be deadly, because it can cause severe bleeding or interference with the
234:. Animal attacks and work-related injuries such as industrial accidents are other causes. Vehicular trauma is one of the leading causes of facial injuries. Trauma commonly occurs when the face strikes a part of the vehicle's interior, such as the steering wheel. In addition,
601:
is another option to repair the bone's architecture, to fill out missing sections, and to provide structural support. Medical literature suggests that early repair of facial injuries, within hours or days, results in better outcomes for function and appearance.
609:, otolaryngologists, and plastic surgeons. These surgeons are trained in the comprehensive management of trauma to the lower, middle and upper face and have to take written and oral board examinations covering the management of facial injuries.
226:, and vehicle crashes are common causes of facial trauma in children as well as adults. Blunt assaults, blows from fists or objects, are a common cause of facial injury. Facial trauma can also result from wartime injuries such as
516:
in the presence of facial trauma because if there is an undiscovered fracture at the base of the skull, the tube could be forced through it and into the brain. If facial injuries prevent orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation, a
664:
Nerves and muscles may be trapped by broken bones; in these cases the bones need to be put back into their proper places quickly. For example, fractures of the orbital floor or medial orbital wall of the eye can entrap the
1964:
1942:
132:; thus a primary concern in treatment is ensuring that the airway is open and not threatened so that the patient can breathe. Depending on the type of facial injury, treatment may include bandaging and
1448:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (October 2010). "An investigation into the association between facial profile and maxillary incisor trauma, a clinical non-radiographic study".
1207:
Perry M (March 2008). "Advanced Trauma Life
Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: can one size fit all? Part 1: dilemmas in the management of the multiply injured patient with coexisting facial injuries".
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273:(X-rays taken of the inside of blood vessels) can be used to locate the source of bleeding. However the complex bones and tissues of the face can make it difficult to interpret plain radiographs;
1320:
1302:
1256:
1498:
Perry M, O'Hare J, Porter G (May 2008). "Advanced Trauma Life
Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: Can one size fit all? Part 3: Hypovolaemia and facial injuries in the multiply injured patient".
437:, are the most serious. Le Fort fractures, which account for 10–20% of facial fractures, are often associated with other serious injuries. Le Fort made his classifications based on work with
2074:
1808:. p. 11. "The incidence of brain injury in patients with maxillofacial trauma varies from 15 to 48%. The risk of serious brain injury is particularly high with upper facial injury."
1649:
Perry M, Morris C (April 2008). "Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) and facial trauma: Can one size fit all? Part 2: ATLS, maxillofacial injuries and airway management dilemmas".
188:
1413:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A (December 2011). "The association between orthodontic treatment need and maxillary incisor trauma, a retrospective clinical study".
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Infection is another potential complication, for example when debris is ground into an abrasion and remains there. Injuries resulting from bites carry a high infection risk.
2067:
642:, with long-term physical and emotional results. Facial injuries can cause problems with eye, nose, or jaw function and can threaten eyesight. As early as 400 BC,
124:. Symptoms are specific to the type of injury; for example, fractures may involve pain, swelling, loss of function, or changes in the shape of facial structures.
1853:
1753:
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smaller in relation to the rest of the head, children are less often in some situations associated with facial fractures such as occupational and motor vehicle
1684:
Perry M, Dancey A, Mireskandari K, Oakley P, Davies S, Cameron M (August 2005). "Emergency care in facial trauma—A maxillofacial and ophthalmic perspective".
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can secure an airway when other methods fail, they are used only as a last resort because of potential complications and the difficulty of the procedures.
410:(forehead) are other sites for fractures. Fractures may also occur in the bones of the palate and those that come together to form the orbit of the eye.
1796:. p. 1475. "The age distribution of facial fractures follows a relatively normal curve, with a peak incidence between 20 and 40 years of age."
589:, while breaks with severe deformities or associated lacerations may need further treatment, such as moving the bones back into alignment and
2327:
872:
631:. Since airway problems can occur late after the initial injury, it is necessary for healthcare providers to monitor the airway regularly.
499:
An immediate need in treatment is to ensure that the airway is open and not threatened (for example by tissues or foreign objects), because
1581:
1024:
508:(inserting a tube into the airway to assist breathing) may be difficult or impossible due to swelling. Nasal intubation, inserting an
646:
is thought to have recorded a relationship between blunt facial trauma and blindness. Injuries involving the eye or eyelid, such as
752:
injuries (spinal injuries in the neck) and special precautions must be taken to avoid movement of the spine, which could worsen a
202:, and swelling of the surrounding tissues (such symptoms can occur in the absence of fractures as well). Fractures of the nose,
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time but there is no evidence supporting their use over conventional
Titanium plates. Fractures may also be wired into place.
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1343:
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1912:- Documents and images from the early days of reconstructive surgery for severe facial trauma experienced by soldiers in
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Hunt JP, Weintraub SL, Wang YZ, Buechter KJ (2003). "Kinematics of trauma". In Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (eds.).
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reduced by moving the bones back into place; this both reduces bleeding and moves the bone out of the way of the airway.
1720:
1533:
Dorri, Mojtaba; Nasser, Mona; Oliver, Richard (2009-01-21). "Resorbable versus titanium plates for facial fractures".
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especially likely to be used in people with multiple injuries who need CT scans to assess for other injuries anyway.
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may be used in cases where infection is likely. People with contaminated wounds who have not been immunized against
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of the ear to the upper lip. The approximate location of the course of the duct is the middle third of this line.
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and nerves of the face may be damaged. Fractures of the frontal bone can interfere with the drainage of the
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2322:
1823:
Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004). "Facial trauma: Overview of trauma care". In
Thaller SR (ed.).
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AlAli, Ahmad M.; Ibrahim, Hussein H. H.; Algharib, Abdullah; Alsaad, Fahad; Rajab, Bashar (August 2021).
172:
402:(the lower jaw). The mandible may be fractured at its symphysis, body, angle, ramus, and condyle. The
1100:"Trends and characteristics of oral and maxillofacial injuries in Nigeria: A review of the literature"
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1056:"Facial fractures in a level I trauma centre: the importance of protective devices and alcohol abuse"
945:"Characteristics of pediatric maxillofacial fractures in Kuwait: A single-center retrospective study"
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1994:
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has been credited with a reduction in the incidence of maxillofacial trauma, but fractures of the
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Munter DW, McGurk TD (2002). "Head and facial trauma". In Knoop KJ, Stack LB, Storrow AB (eds.).
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Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003). "Facial trauma". In Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (eds.).
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Even when facial injuries are not life-threatening, they have the potential to cause
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well as changes to societal attitudes toward the activity. Information obtained from
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56:
1988:
1985:
1982:
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Parks SN (2003). "Initial assessment". In Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (eds.).
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650:, can threaten eyesight; however, blindness following facial trauma is not common.
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is used for diagnosis. Treatment may also be necessary for other injuries such as
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make the bones stronger, and fat pads provide protection for the facial bones.
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Surgical specialists who commonly treat specific aspects of facial trauma are
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Oral
Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
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can be placed over wounds to keep them clean and to facilitate healing, and
148:, moving bones back into place, and surgery. When fractures are suspected,
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231:
1721:"Trauma evaluation of the parotid duct in an austere military environment"
1587:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
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175:. Other causes of facial trauma include falls, industrial accidents, and
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861:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 935–36.
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between the nostrils. Such hematomas need to be drained. Mild nasal
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mapped typical locations for facial fractures; these are now known as
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In developed countries, the leading cause of facial trauma used to be
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817:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division. pp. 9–10.
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657:. This is more likely if the wound crosses a line drawn between the
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of facial bones, like other fractures, may be associated with pain,
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214:, the midface may move relative to the rest of the face or skull.
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Adeyemo WL, Ladeinde AL, Ogunlewe MO, James O (October 2005).
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857:. In Bailey BJ, Johnson JT, Newlands SD, et al. (eds.).
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Shapiro AJ, Johnson RM, Miller SF, McCarthy MC (June 2001).
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International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
855:"Management of soft tissue trauma and auricular trauma"
521:
can be placed to provide an adequate airway. Although
1910:
The
Gillies Archives at Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup
1860:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1497:
1924:
120:
and fractures of the jaw, as well as trauma such as
1283:
933:Commentary on Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003). p. 442.
1718:
1532:
156:, which commonly accompany severe facial trauma.
2736:
1856:. In Fleisher GR, Ludwig S, Henretig FM (eds.).
569:to locate. Nasal packing can be used to control
1359:
1851:
1011:Accidental injury: Biomechanics and prevention
612:
47:1865 illustration of a private injured in the
2328:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma
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2068:
1887:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 423–24.
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1004:
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712:Facial fractures are distributed in a fairly
398:(the bone that forms the upper jaw), and the
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1240:
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653:Incising wounds of the face may involve the
206:, or maxilla may be associated with profuse
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1614:
1612:
1535:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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1045:
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911:
909:
808:
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413:At the beginning of the 20th century,
222:Injury mechanisms such as falls, assaults,
191:Bruising, a common symptom in facial trauma
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1601:|...|intentional=yes}}
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390:Commonly injured facial bones include the
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1623:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 162.
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1385:
1284:Shah AR, Valvassori GE, Roure RM (2006).
1279:
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1275:
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1191:
1162:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 149.
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1115:
552:within five years may be given a tetanus
269:, is used to rule out facial fractures.
1858:Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
1806:Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004)
1775:
1763:
1618:
1609:
1486:Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004)
1186:Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004)
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859:Head & Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology
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14:
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1013:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 254–258.
748:are considered to be at high risk for
729:in children's faces, poorly developed
2200:
2083:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (
2056:
1719:Remick, KN; Jackson, TS (July 2010).
246:(cuts) to the face when they deploy.
182:
1881:
1781:
1769:
1360:McIntosh AS, McCrory P (June 2005).
930:
791:
536:Sutures may be used to close wounds.
2658:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
24:
1903:
1366:British Journal of Sports Medicine
25:
2761:
1920:
1362:"Preventing head and neck injury"
721:, there is a lower proportion of
281:
2663:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
1829:. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker.
1821:
1805:
1759:from the original on 2016-03-04.
1485:
1462:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00920.x
1402:from the original on 2007-10-09.
1292:from the original on 2008-10-20.
1185:
1009:. In Nahum AM, Melvin J (eds.).
560:to stop bleeding and facilitate
479:
468:
419:Le Fort I, II, and III fractures
342:
335:
319:
312:
296:
289:
1712:
1526:
1441:
1406:
1332:
1314:
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1027:from the original on 2017-11-06
875:from the original on 2017-02-02
691:
607:oral and maxillofacial surgeons
585:need nothing more than ice and
51:by a shell two years previously
2714:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1852:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006).
1850:
1815:
1793:
1570:10.1002/14651858.CD007158.pub3
1543:10.1002/14651858.CD007158.pub2
1244:
1007:"Skull and facial bone trauma"
936:
915:
853:Jordan JR, Calhoun KH (2006).
744:trauma above the level of the
92:. Facial trauma can involve
62:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
13:
1:
1427:10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.05.024
1072:10.1016/S0020-1383(00)00245-X
759:
445:
359:Soft tissue injuries include
2355:Advanced trauma life support
2323:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
1794:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006)
1698:10.1016/j.injury.2004.09.018
1344:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1326:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1308:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1262:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1245:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006)
1005:Allsop D, Kennett K (2002).
916:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006)
493:for facial trauma, 1900-1950
459:
249:
7:
1782:Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003)
1770:Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003)
815:Atlas of emergency medicine
792:Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003)
613:Prognosis and complications
265:, imaging of tissues using
258:Left orbital floor fracture
10:
2766:
2226:
1663:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.002
1512:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.005
1221:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.003
556:. Lacerations may require
2650:
2625:
2589:
2538:
2415:
2408:
2396:Resuscitative thoracotomy
2388:
2347:
2340:
2315:
2284:Clinical prediction rules
2282:
2275:
2234:
2178:
2153:
2122:
2111:
2092:
2009:
1928:
1741:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00128
512:through the nose, may be
350:
327:
304:
140:, administration of ice,
55:
46:
37:
32:
2292:Abbreviated Injury Scale
1378:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018200
1104:Head & Face Medicine
433:, and often involve the
217:
173:drunk and unsafe driving
2523:Penetrating head injury
2518:Intracranial hemorrhage
2186:Penetrating head injury
671:inferior rectus muscles
161:motor vehicle accidents
2719:Subcutaneous emphysema
2678:Volkmann's contracture
2528:Traumatic brain injury
2365:Early appropriate care
2360:Damage control surgery
1321:"Le Fort III fracture"
648:retrobulbar hemorrhage
623:
537:
387:
259:
192:
171:, and laws to prevent
154:traumatic brain injury
2493:Thoracic aorta injury
2453:Diaphragmatic rupture
2297:Injury Severity Score
2267:Trauma triad of death
1885:Trauma. Fifth Edition
1621:Trauma. Fifth Edition
1593:|...}}
1564:(Retracted, see
1303:"Le Fort II fracture"
1160:Trauma. Fifth Edition
1117:10.1186/1746-160X-1-7
673:. In facial wounds,
620:
577:that may form on the
535:
385:
352:Le Fort III fractures
257:
190:
2668:Compartment syndrome
2307:Revised Trauma Score
1257:"Le Fort I fracture"
406:(cheekbone) and the
329:Le Fort II fractures
94:soft tissue injuries
82:maxillofacial trauma
2503:Blunt kidney trauma
2473:Pulmonary contusion
1450:Dental Traumatology
1286:"Le Fort Fractures"
949:Dental Traumatology
506:Tracheal intubation
306:Le Fort I fractures
2617:Spinal cord injury
2576:Penetrating trauma
2443:Soft tissue injury
2166:Perforated eardrum
2010:External resources
1339:"Le Fort fracture"
624:
538:
388:
260:
193:
183:Signs and symptoms
169:motorcycle helmets
49:American Civil War
2732:
2731:
2646:
2645:
2488:Internal bleeding
2483:Cardiac tamponade
2438:Joint dislocation
2404:
2403:
2336:
2335:
2194:
2193:
2174:
2173:
2050:
2049:
1728:Military Medicine
961:10.1111/edt.12662
510:endotracheal tube
357:
356:
353:
330:
307:
240:corneal abrasions
212:Le Fort fractures
204:base of the skull
75:
74:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2757:
2745:Injuries of head
2638:Pediatric trauma
2633:Geriatric trauma
2597:Abdominal trauma
2413:
2412:
2345:
2344:
2280:
2279:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2145:Corneal abrasion
2120:
2119:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
1926:
1925:
1899:
1898:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1583:Retraction Watch
1562:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1357:
1348:
1336:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1051:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1002:
989:
988:
940:
934:
928:
919:
913:
884:
883:
881:
880:
850:
829:
828:
810:
795:
789:
483:
472:
427:lamina papyracea
394:(the nose), the
386:The facial bones
351:
346:
339:
328:
323:
316:
305:
300:
293:
286:
285:
71:
70:
42:
30:
29:
21:
18:Facial fractures
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2642:
2621:
2585:
2534:
2409:Pathophysiology
2400:
2384:
2332:
2311:
2271:
2230:
2225:
2195:
2190:
2170:
2149:
2113:
2107:
2088:
2081:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2005:
2004:
1937:
1923:
1906:
1904:Further reading
1895:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1854:"Facial trauma"
1841:
1839:
1837:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1682:
1678:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1617:
1610:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1563:
1537:(1): CD007158.
1531:
1527:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1446:
1442:
1411:
1407:
1358:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1319:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1282:
1269:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1205:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1156:
1143:
1096:
1087:
1052:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1003:
992:
941:
937:
929:
922:
914:
887:
878:
876:
869:
851:
832:
825:
811:
798:
790:
767:
762:
727:cancellous bone
694:
615:
564:with as little
519:surgical airway
514:contraindicated
497:
496:
495:
494:
486:
485:
484:
475:
474:
473:
462:
448:
284:
252:
224:sports injuries
220:
185:
177:sports injuries
118:nasal fractures
86:physical trauma
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2690:Rhabdomyolysis
2685:Crush syndrome
2682:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2508:Splenic injury
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2375:Trauma surgery
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2316:Investigations
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1961:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:Classification
1922:
1921:External links
1919:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1879:
1866:
1848:
1835:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1711:
1676:
1636:
1629:
1608:
1525:
1490:
1475:
1440:
1405:
1349:
1331:
1313:
1295:
1267:
1249:
1247:. pp. 1480–81.
1234:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1141:
1085:
1037:
1019:
990:
955:(4): 557–561.
935:
920:
918:. pp. 1475–77.
885:
867:
830:
823:
796:
764:
763:
761:
758:
750:cervical spine
741:brain injuries
693:
690:
681:and can cause
614:
611:
523:cricothyrotomy
488:
487:
478:
477:
476:
467:
466:
465:
464:
463:
461:
458:
447:
444:
355:
354:
348:
347:
340:
332:
331:
325:
324:
317:
309:
308:
302:
301:
294:
283:
282:Classification
280:
251:
248:
219:
216:
184:
181:
80:, also called
73:
72:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2724:Wound healing
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:Complications
2649:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Facial trauma
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Gunshot wound
2569:
2567:
2566:Electrocution
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Bone fracture
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Trauma center
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Resuscitation
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:facial trauma
2112:Extracranial/
2110:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1894:0-07-137069-2
1890:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1867:0-7817-5074-1
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1838:
1836:0-8247-4625-2
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:Facial trauma
1820:
1819:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1734:(7): 539–40.
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:(8): 875–96.
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:(4): 309–20.
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1630:0-07-137069-2
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:(5): 405–14.
1505:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:(6): e75–80.
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:(6): 314–18.
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1288:. EMedicine.
1287:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:(3): 209–14.
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1169:0-07-137069-2
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:(5): 353–56.
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1020:0-387-98820-3
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
932:
927:
925:
917:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
874:
870:
868:0-7817-5561-1
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
826:
824:0-07-135294-5
820:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
794:. pp. 423–24.
793:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
765:
757:
755:
754:spinal injury
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:cortical bone
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
689:
686:
684:
680:
679:frontal sinus
676:
672:
668:
667:medial rectus
662:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:disfigurement
632:
630:
619:
610:
608:
603:
600:
599:Bone grafting
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
562:wound healing
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
502:
492:
489:Woman with a
482:
471:
457:
454:
443:
440:
436:
432:
431:orbital floor
428:
424:
423:lacrimal bone
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
384:
380:
378:
377:cold injuries
374:
370:
366:
362:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
333:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
310:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
287:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:Facial trauma
69:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:Facial trauma
31:
19:
2606:
2602:Chest injury
2561:Crush injury
2551:Blunt trauma
2546:Blast injury
2468:Pneumothorax
2252:Traumatology
2247:Major trauma
2154:
2123:
2114:
2099:
2093:Intracranial
2028:
2017:
1993:
1963:
1941:
1884:
1871:. Retrieved
1857:
1840:. Retrieved
1825:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1731:
1727:
1714:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1620:
1597:{{
1589:{{
1582:
1580:,
1534:
1528:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1456:(5): 403–8.
1453:
1449:
1443:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1369:
1365:
1342:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1306:
1298:
1260:
1252:
1212:
1208:
1159:
1107:
1103:
1063:
1059:
1029:. Retrieved
1010:
952:
948:
938:
877:. Retrieved
858:
814:
746:collar bones
735:
714:normal curve
711:
695:
692:Epidemiology
687:
663:
655:parotid duct
652:
633:
625:
604:
595:
587:pain killers
539:
527:tracheostomy
498:
453:biomechanics
449:
435:ethmoid bone
415:René Le Fort
412:
408:frontal bone
389:
375:, burns and
358:
261:
221:
194:
158:
146:pain killers
126:
122:eye injuries
114:facial bones
81:
77:
76:
2673:Contracture
2626:Demographic
2612:Head injury
2458:Flail chest
2380:Trauma team
2179:Either/both
2102:neurotrauma
2085:head injury
2041:plastic/481
2038:plastic/482
2035:plastic/227
2019:MedlinePlus
1914:World War I
1816:Cited texts
1188:. pp.10–11.
931:Kellman RM.
644:Hippocrates
593:treatment.
571:nose bleeds
554:vaccination
546:antibiotics
365:lacerations
275:CT scanning
271:Angiography
263:Radiography
244:lacerations
150:radiography
142:antibiotics
102:lacerations
2739:Categories
2581:Stab wound
2463:Hemothorax
2389:Procedures
2348:Principles
2341:Management
2302:NACA score
2276:Assessment
2242:Polytrauma
2235:Principles
2140:Eye injury
2087:) and neck
1873:2008-10-19
1842:2008-10-19
1031:2008-10-08
879:2008-10-19
760:References
699:seat belts
675:tear ducts
640:disability
591:antibiotic
491:prosthesis
446:Prevention
429:, and the
392:nasal bone
238:can cause
208:nosebleeds
165:seat belts
2539:Mechanism
2433:Degloving
2135:Black eye
2030:eMedicine
1784:. p. 437.
1772:. p. 434.
1599:retracted
1591:retracted
1551:1469-493X
1488:. pp.2–3.
985:231900892
969:1600-9657
683:sinusitis
629:aspirated
583:fractures
575:hematomas
460:Treatment
369:avulsions
361:abrasions
250:Diagnosis
196:Fractures
110:fractures
84:, is any
57:Specialty
2697:Embolism
1754:Archived
1750:20684461
1706:16023907
1671:18207702
1578:29797347
1559:19160326
1520:18262768
1470:20831636
1435:21880516
1400:Archived
1396:15911597
1290:Archived
1229:18178381
1136:16270942
1110:(1): 7.
1080:11382418
1025:Archived
977:33571399
873:Archived
707:mandible
622:damaged.
566:scarring
558:stitches
542:dressing
400:mandible
228:gunshots
200:bruising
136:of open
134:suturing
116:such as
96:such as
2479:Cardio
2000:D005151
1387:1725244
1127:1277015
731:sinuses
719:hazards
703:airbags
697:use of
550:tetanus
439:cadaver
396:maxilla
373:bruises
236:airbags
112:of the
106:bruises
88:to the
2590:Region
2514:Neuro
2417:Injury
2257:Triage
2228:Trauma
2024:001062
1891:
1864:
1833:
1748:
1704:
1686:Injury
1669:
1627:
1576:
1572:,
1557:
1549:
1518:
1468:
1433:
1394:
1384:
1227:
1166:
1134:
1124:
1078:
1060:Injury
1017:
983:
975:
967:
865:
821:
659:tragus
579:septum
501:airway
425:, the
404:zygoma
267:X-rays
232:blasts
138:wounds
130:airway
64:
2449:Resp
1959:S02.9
1955:S02.2
1757:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1595:with
981:S2CID
218:Cause
108:, or
98:burns
2750:Face
2556:Burn
2424:MSK
2100:see
1995:MeSH
1969:9-CM
1889:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1746:PMID
1702:PMID
1667:PMID
1625:ISBN
1574:PMID
1555:PMID
1547:ISSN
1516:PMID
1466:PMID
1431:PMID
1392:PMID
1225:PMID
1164:ISBN
1132:PMID
1076:PMID
1015:ISBN
973:PMID
965:ISSN
863:ISBN
819:ISBN
739:and
737:Head
701:and
638:and
573:and
525:and
242:and
230:and
167:and
144:and
104:and
90:face
2707:fat
2702:air
2499:GI
2156:ear
2125:eye
1989:941
1986:925
1983:920
1980:910
1977:804
1974:802
1965:ICD
1952:S00
1943:ICD
1736:doi
1732:175
1694:doi
1659:doi
1566:doi
1539:doi
1508:doi
1458:doi
1423:doi
1419:112
1382:PMC
1374:doi
1341:at
1323:at
1305:at
1259:at
1217:doi
1122:PMC
1112:doi
1068:doi
957:doi
725:to
669:or
2741::
2033::
2022::
1998::
1972::
1950::
1947:10
1752:.
1744:.
1730:.
1726:.
1700:.
1690:36
1688:.
1665:.
1655:37
1653:.
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1611:^
1553:.
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1502:.
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1454:26
1452:.
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1370:39
1368:.
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1120:.
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1064:32
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993:^
979:.
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953:37
951:.
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888:^
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833:^
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768:^
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685:.
540:A
379:.
371:,
367:,
363:,
179:.
100:,
2220:e
2213:t
2206:v
2158::
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2076:e
2069:t
2062:v
1967:-
1957:–
1945:-
1935:D
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20:)
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