328:
the lumbosacral region are one of the causes of sports-related lower back pain in young individuals. The onset of the observed cervical fractures in sports injury were likely due to continued momentum that transferred loads superiorly through the neck, which likely exacerbated the injuries to the occipital condyles and the upper cervical vertebrae. Researchers have reported that 3-25% of cervical spine injuries actually occur after the initial traumatic event and are caused or exacerbated by improper handling during early stages of management or patient transport. One of the more common head or neck injuries that occurs in sports is a concussion. A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury resulting in a chemical change in the brain and has the potential to cause damage to brain tissue. This can occur when a person sustains a hit or blow that causes the head and brain to move quickly, causing the brain to bounce in the skull. According to an epidemiological study published in the
Journal of Athletic Training, the incidence of concussions from 27 high school sports was 3.89 sports-related concussions per 10,000 athlete exposures.
746:
athletics because such struggles are usually considered a weakness. If more athletes like Kara
Goucher communicate about their mental health, others will feel more inclined to discuss their issues instead of keeping it to themselves. Therefore, de-stigmatizing and engaging in conversations about mental health can encourage athletes to enlist help for their internal struggles throughout their sports career and during an injury. Mindfulness-based interventions that integrate the mind and body have begun to address mental health needs among high-level athletes. Not only has mindfulness been shown to positively impact general well-being and improve performance, but it could also be utilized as a "protective factor to stress and stress-related psychological issues." The stigma associated with mental health as a weakness is a common barrier impeding help-seeking behaviors for athletes whose primary goal is to achieve perfection and success in their sport.
661:
in NCAA female college athletes. Gymnastics, on the other hand, has the highest injury rate overall. Swimming and diving is the NCAA sport that has the lowest injury rates. Injury rates were much higher for NCAA women's sports during competitions rather than practices except for volleyball, indoor track, and swimming and diving. For eight of the NCAA sports, many injuries acquired during competition require at least seven days recovery before returning to the sport. In general, more females are injured during practice than in competition. NCAA athlete injury rates are higher in men's ice hockey, basketball, and lacrosse. NCAA athlete injury rates were significantly higher in women's cross country than men's cross country. The NCAA injury rates are roughly the same for soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, and both indoor and outdoor track and field, regardless of gender.
614:
patterns to achieve the movement, a score of 1 is given to the athlete if they cannot perform the movement pattern even with compensations, and finally, a 0 is given to the athlete if one has pain during any part of the movement or test. Three of the seven fundamental tests including shoulder mobility, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability have a clearance score associated with them meaning a pass or fail score. If the athlete fails this part of the test a score of 0 is given as the overall score. Once the scoring is complete the athlete and medical professional can review the documentation together and organize a set prevention program to help target and strengthen the areas of weakness to limit the risks of possible injuries.
738:
support needs, and achievement of physical standards/clinical outcomes." Social support can operate as a buffer for the amount of anxiety and stress associated with an injury by positively affecting the athlete's psychological and emotional wellbeing. In turn, this support can improve the athlete's motivation and coping skills during the rehabilitation process. In addition, research suggests that emotional social support, which prioritizes "empathy, love, trust, and caring" can benefit injured athletes psychologically as they recover. With greater emphasis on the psyche, athletes will be more motivated to envision their injury recovery as a new competition or task, rather than a roadblock that hinders them from achieving their dreams.
734:
uncertainty surrounding the injury and lacking full control over one's body can lead to more anxiety and stress on the athlete. Studies have shown that higher anxiety scores are commonly associated with other comorbidities including depression. In addition, athletes with higher ratings for career dissatisfaction also exhibited higher anxiety scores compared to those who were career satisfied with their career. From these studies it can be inferred that injured athletes experience an increase in anxiety levels as a result of psychosocial factors. Hence, taking these influences into account may assist sports medicine practitioners when planning for the psychological management needs of injured elite athletes.
239:
nerve or vascular injury. Abrasions are superficial injuries to the skin no deeper than the epidermis tissue layer, and bleeding, if present, is minimal. Minor abrasions generally do not scar, but deeper abrasions generally bleed and may scar. Lastly, sports-related lacerations are caused by blunt trauma and result in burst-type open wounds, often with jagged irregular edges. Facial lacerations are the most variable of the soft tissue injuries that athletes can sustain. They can occur intraoral, extraoral, and vary from a superficial skin nick to a through and through lip laceration, or involve significant vascular disruption or injury to collateral vital structures.
211:
pre-existing conditions or previous injuries that could cause further illness or injury. One technique that can be used in the process of preseason screening is the functional movement screen. The functional movement screen can assess movement patterns in athletes to find players who are at risk of certain injuries. In addition, prevention for adolescent athletes should be considered and may need to be applied differently than adult athletes. Lastly, following various research about sports injuries, it is shown that levels of anxiety, stress, and depression are elevated when an athlete experiences an injury depending on the type and severity of the injury.
726:
on achievement, many players are unlikely to stop performing because of pain they face. An injury could not only impact an athlete's ability to train and compete but also influence their psyche and mental health. The external pressure by coaches, teammates, fans, and the media on athletes to endure pain and injury instead of refusing to play when hurt has prompted athletes to believe that accepting physical risks is their only choice. This will in turn lead to both physical and mental struggles for the athlete to endure simultaneously and could lead to a worse outcome if not treated appropriately.
235:
bleeding and allowing a clot of special cells, called fibroblasts, to form. This begins the healing process by laying down scar tissue. Therefore, the inflammatory stage is the first phase of healing. However, too much of an inflammatory response in the early stage can indicate that the healing process takes longer and a return to activity is delayed. Sports injury treatments are intended to minimize the inflammatory phase of an injury so that the overall healing process is accelerated. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are determinants for the healing process.
414:
school, or social life. There are also extrinsic risk factors that can affect an athlete's risk of injury. Some examples of extrinsic factors would be sport-specific protective equipment such as helmets, shoulder pads, mouth guards, and shin guards, and whether or not these pieces of equipment are fitted correctly to the individual athlete to ensure that they are each preventing injury as well as possible. Other extrinsic factors are the conditions of the sports setting such as rain, snow, and maintenance of the floor/field of playing surface.
742:
of injured athletes. Therefore, certified athletic trainers who work with athletes consistently can be an important resource for providing emotional and social support to injured athletes. In previous studies, athletes who were content with the social support they received from their athletic trainers were 87% less likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety. Thus, such athletic trainers involved in the athlete's regular activities can be effective in facilitating psychological interventions during the rehabilitation process.
730:
athlete's sport, social influences, and the rehabilitation environment. For example, stressful events such as divorce or employment instability can increase the likelihood of experiencing an injury. An athlete's response to an injury is influenced by a variety of stressors they encountered before the injury and the coping skills they used to overcome previous struggles. Therefore, it is important to utilize an integrated model in the rehabilitation process to account for the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral needs of the athletes.
133:
605:, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. For example, the deep squat is a test that challenges total body mechanics. It is used to gauge bilateral, symmetrical, and functional mobility of the hips, knees, and ankles. The dowel held overhead gauges bilateral and symmetrical mobility of the shoulders and the thoracic spine. The ability to perform the deep squat technique requires appropriate pelvic rhythm, closed-kinetic chain
220:
form, resulting in a slower reaction time, loss in stability of muscle joints, and allowing an injury to occur. For both sexes, the most common areas injured are the knee and ankle, with sprains/strains being the most common areas for injury. Injuries involving the patellofemoral articulation are significantly more frequent among females. The sport with the highest injury rate in the United States is
American football, with greater than 12 times the number of injuries seen in the next most common sport.
376:
knee is fully flexed – when squatting – and three times body weight when the knee flexes to 90 degrees – when climbing stairs. This makes the cartilage that makes up the patellofemoral joint susceptible to wear and tear. The typical pain is also associated with muscle strength and joint flexibility. Repetitive physical activity such as running can trigger pain. Tight hamstrings, tight
Achilles tendons, and weak thigh muscles, which are required to stabilize the knee, cause a runner's knee.
601:
movement screening contains seven fundamental movement patterns that require a balance of both mobility and stability. These fundamental movement patterns provide an observable performance of basic locomotor, manipulative, and stabilizing movements. The tests place the individual athlete in extreme positions where weaknesses and imbalances become clear if proper stability and mobility are not functioning correctly. The seven fundamental movement patterns are a
3738:
556:. The objective of a preseason screening is to clear the athlete for participation and verify that there is no sign of injury or illness, which would represent a potential medical risk to the athlete (and a risk of liability to the sports organization). Besides the physical examination and the fluidity of the movements of joints the preseason screenings often take into account a nutrition aspect as well. It is important to maintain normal
3748:
36:
153:
627:
165:
3726:
319:
senior athletics have been reported as 3.9 injuries/1000 hours of practice, specific injury incidence in youth track and field varies among disciplines; whereas an overall incidence of 0.89 injuries/1000 hours has been reported for high school track and field athletes. In addition, long-distance runners have shown a 19 times higher incidence (17 injuries/1000 hours) than other disciplines.
141:
750:
physical burden but also the psychological effects of their injury. Understanding the injured athlete's experience from a physical, psychological, and social perspective is essential for athletes to return to their sport when they are both physically and mentally prepared and perform at their optimal level.
725:
Each year in the United States, 3.5 million athletes are injured; therefore, it is important to understand how injury can impact anxiety. Athletes are exposed to a culture that focuses heavily on success, and injuries can hinder the athlete from reaching their full potential. Because of this reliance
622:
There are approximately 8,000 children treated in emergency rooms each day for sports-related injuries. It is estimated that around 1.35 million children will suffer a sports-related injury per year, worldwide. This is why children and adolescents need special attention and care when participating in
539:
Another beneficial review for preventing player sports injuries is preseason screenings. A study found that the highest injury rate during practices across fifteen
Division I, II, and III NCAA sports was in the preseason compared to in-season or postseason. To prepare an athlete for the wide range of
413:
knees can cause an athlete to have improper biomechanics and become predisposed to injury. There are also psychological factors that are included in intrinsic risk factors. Some psychological factors that could make certain individuals more subject to injury include personal stressors in their homes,
345:
is a shoulder joint injury. Baseball players are prone to being affected with subacromial impingement syndrome, as the sport requires an overhead movement of the arms to make a throw. Injury causes mechanical inflammation in the subacromial space – the space above the shoulder's ball and socket joint
327:
Head and neck injuries can include a variety of pathologies from sprains, strains, and fractures to traumatic brain injuries and spinal cord injuries. Sprains and strains can occur from an abrupt rotation or whipping motion, such as whiplash. Stress injuries (stress fractures and stress reactions) of
300:
Overuse injuries can be defined as injuries that result from a mechanism of repetitive and cumulative micro-trauma, without a specific onset incident. Rapid changes in physical growth can make children vulnerable to overuse injuries, and these types of injuries are increasing among youth populations.
259:
Enamel-Dentin crown fractures typically present as a tooth fracture confined to enamel and dentin with loss of tooth structure, but not exposing the pulp. The athlete often will report sensitivity to air, cold or touch, but the athlete can return to play as tolerated and referral can be delayed up to
248:
raccoon eyes, which indicate mid-face fractures. However, tooth fractures are the most common type of tooth injury, and can be categorized as crown infractions, enamel-only fracture, enamel-dentin fractures, and fractures that extend through the enamel and dentin into the pulp which is defined below.
741:
To accommodate psychosocial factors in recovery, services must be accessible to the athletes. Although many universities provide psychological services to their students, these employees may not be trained in handling athlete-specific factors, and thus may not be able to address the particular needs
518:
injury on a soccer team or cross country team may be correlated to a simultaneous increase in running and a change in running environment, like a transition from a soft to hard running surface. A season analysis can be documented as team-based results or individual athlete results. Other key program
469:
are testing out systems that combine helmet-integrated sensors and analysis software to reveal a player’s ongoing brain injury risk during a game. These sensors provide players and coaches with real-time data on head impact strength, frequency, and severity. The sensors are planned to be integrated
397:
greater rate of ACL tears per athletic exposure in high school female athletes than in males of the same age range. Other intrinsic factors are age, weight, body composition, height, lack of flexibility or range of motion, coordination, balance, and endurance. In addition, biological factors such as
318:
Predictive
Indicators of Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Endurance Athletes, runners seem to account for the majority of injuries (up to 80 percent) with the majority of these injuries (more than two-thirds), occurring in the lower extremity and being of an overuse nature. Although incidence rates in
749:
Elite athletes dedicate an immense amount of time and effort and can suffer from both physical and mental roadblocks. Therefore, rehabilitation programs must account for mental health as a strong component of the recovery process for athletes, so that they are better prepared to manage not only the
660:
Sports that have a higher incidence of contact and collision have the highest rates of injury. Collisions with the ground, objects, and other players are common, and unexpected dynamic forces on limbs and joints can cause sports injuries. Soccer is the sport leading to the most competitive injuries
396:
Several factors may put an athlete more at risk for certain injuries than others. Intrinsic or personal factors that could put an athlete at higher risk for injury could be gender. For example, female athletes are typically more prone to injuries such as ACL tears. There is approximately a 1.6-fold
375:
knee joint pain affecting the patellofemoral joint. Pain is a direct consequence of the kneecap rubbing against the end of the thigh bone – "patella" means kneecap and "femur" means a thigh bone. The force the patellofemoral joint has to sustain can be as much as five times the body weight when the
219:
Nearly two million people every year suffer sports-related injuries and receive treatment in emergency departments. Fatigue is a large contributing factor that results in many sports injuries. There are times when an athlete may participate in low energy leading to the deterioration in technique or
210:
An injury prevention program also consists of education on hydration, and nutrition, monitoring team members' "at risk," monitoring at-risk behaviors, and improving technique. In addition, season analysis reviews, preseason screenings, and pre-participation examinations are essential in recognizing
355:
common in skiing, soccer, football, and basketball. Immediately after injury, the subject will fall to the ground, acute swelling sets in, the knee is destabilized, and bearing weight becomes a difficulty. Knee injury in contact sports, and jumping, deceleration, and pivoting in non-contact sports
737:
When addressing psychological readiness during the recovery process, rehabilitation facilities should encourage confidence-building and provide social support to the athletes. Developing confidence in returning to sport includes "having trust in the rehabilitation provider, satisfaction of social
733:
In the rehabilitation process, athletes may experience anxiety as a result of the injury as well as their underlying personal and situational issues. As mental trainer Jeff
Troesch mentions, "Recovering from injury can be one of the toughest psychological challenges any athlete faces." All of the
255:
Enamel-only fractures are mild and often appear as roughness along the edge of the tooth crown. These injuries typically can go unnoticed by the athlete as they are usually not sensitive to the touch or temperature changes. Enamel-only fractures are not considered dental emergencies and immediate
519:
events that have been correlated to injury incidences are changes in training volume, changes in climate locations, selection for playing time in important matches, and poor sleep due to tight chaotic scheduling. It is important for team program directors and staff to implicate testing to ensure
238:
Soft tissue injuries can be generally grouped into three categories: contusions, abrasions, and lacerations. Contusions or bruises are the simplest and most common soft tissue injuries and are usually a result of blunt force trauma. Severe contusions may involve deeper structures and can include
234:
When soft tissue experiences trauma the dead and damaged cells release chemicals, which initiate an inflammatory response. The small blood vessels that are damaged become dilated which produces bleeding within the tissue. The body's normal response includes forming a small blood clot to stop the
433:
to coaches, team trainers, sports teams, and individual athletes will give them a glimpse at the likelihood for success by having the athletes feel they are healthy, strong, comfortable, and capable to compete. Better training and better exercises can help prevent injuries from even happening.
362:
An injury to a partially flexed knee can damage the medial collateral ligament – the ligament stretching along the inner edge of the knee. A forceful medial blow to the knee can cause collateral ligament injury. A reduction in range of motion and pain are symptoms of collateral ligament injury.
206:
When an athlete complains of pain, injury, or distress, the key to diagnosis is a detailed history and examination. An example of a format used to guide an examination and treatment plan is a S.O.A.P. note or, subjective, objective, assessment, plan. Another important aspect of sports injury is
753:
Many student-athletes do not seek mental health support. Research suggests that only 10% of college athletes with mental health conditions seek support. This means that out of approximately 500,000 college athletes, only 50,000 seek help. Awareness is another challenge of support. In a survey
729:
In addition, the influences of personal and situational factors can directly impact an athlete's perceptions about their injury. Personal factors include the characteristics of the injury, the athlete's approach to their injury, and their identity. Situational factors include the nature of the
613:
of the shoulders. There is a scoring system applied to each movement as follows a score of 3 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement without any compensations, a score of 2 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement, but operate on poor mechanics and compensatory
247:
Types of hard tissue injuries can include dental and bone injuries and are less frequent than soft tissue injuries in sport, but are often more serious. Hard tissue injuries to teeth and bones can occur with contusions, such as Battle sign, which indicates basilar skull fracture, and so-called
677:
For collegiate athletics, the estimated cost of sports injuries ranges from $ 446 million to $ 1.5 billion per year. For high school athletics, the yearly estimated cost of sport injuries ranges from $ 5.4 billion to $ 19.2 billion. Medical costs in the United States for sports injury-related
669:
Interventions targeted at decreasing the incidence of sports injuries can impact healthcare costs, as well as family and societal resources. Sports injuries have direct and indirect costs. The direct costs are usually calculated by taking into account the cost of using healthcare resources to
600:
One technique used in the process of preseason screening is the functional movement screen (FMS). Functional movement screening is an assessment used to evaluate movement patterns and asymmetries, which can provide insight into mechanical restrictions and potential risk for injury. Functional
513:
before they occur by reviewing training methods, the competition schedule, traveling, and past injuries. If injuries have occurred in the past, the season analysis reviews the injury and looks for patterns that may be related to a specific training event or competition program. For example, a
745:
Currently, mental health struggles are often surrounded by stigma and can be seen as a weakness for high-level athletes. When discussing Kara
Goucher's openness to sharing her difficulty with negative self-talk and confidence, the author acknowledged that this example is rare in the world of
588:, for example, is found in both male and female athletes; however 60 percent of female college athletes are affected by iron deficiency. There are many factors that can contribute to the loss of iron, like menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding, inadequate iron intake from the diet, general
199:, 21 percent of the injuries observed in elite college athletes caused them to miss at least one day of sport, and approximately 77 percent of these injuries involved knee, leg, ankle, or foot. In addition to those sports injuries, the leading cause of death related to sports injuries is
3073:
263:
Enamel-Dentin-Pulp fractures extend through the enamel and dentin and into the pulp. If the pulp is vital, a focal spot of hemorrhage will be noticeable within the yellow dentin layer and the athlete may report acute pain. Referral to a trauma-ready dentist should occur as soon as
1315:
449:
being worn as a team. Even those with no history of previous ankle injuries participate in wearing braces. If primary prevention activities were effective, there would be a lesser chance of injuries occurring in the first place. Secondary prevention involves an early
195:, there are approximately 30 million people who participate in some form of organized sports. Of those 30 million people, about 3 million of them are athletes who are 14 years old and under. Who experience a sports injury annually. According to a study performed at
2206:
Rössler, Roland; Donath, Lars; Verhagen, Evert; Junge, Astrid; Schweizer, Thomas; Faude, Oliver (17 August 2014). "Exercise-Based Injury
Prevention in Child and Adolescent Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
670:
prevent, detect, and treat injury. There is a need for research about how healthcare is used and the expenses that coincide with it. Included in these expenses are how different injuries may have different prognoses.
2250:
Rössler, Roland; Junge, Astrid; Bizzini, Mario; Verhagen, Evert; Chomiak, Jiri; aus der Fünten, Karen; Meyer, Tim; Dvorak, Jiri; Lichtenstein, Eric; Beaudouin, Florian; Faude, Oliver (22 December 2017).
2816:
Rice, Simon M.; Gwyther, Kate; Santesteban-Echarri, Olga; Baron, David; Gorczynski, Paul; Gouttebarge, Vincent; Reardon, Claudia L.; Hitchcock, Mary E.; Hainline, Brian; Purcell, Rosemary (2019-06-01).
822:
Hunt, Kenneth J.; Hurwit, Daniel; Robell, Kevin; Gatewood, Corey; Botser, Itamar B.; Matheson, Gordon (2016-11-02). "Incidence and
Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite Collegiate Athletes".
346:
and the topmost shoulder bone. Muscular strength imbalances, poor scapula, and rotator cuff tears are the main causes of subacromial impingement syndrome. Overhead movement of the arms instigates pain.
207:
prevention, which helps to reduce potential sports injuries. It is important to establish sport-specific dynamic warm-ups, stretching, and exercises that can help prevent injuries common to each sport.
568:, adequate total energy intake, and normal glycogen levels. Nutrition can aid in injury prevention and rehabilitation if one obtains the body's daily intake needs. Obtaining sufficient amounts of
369:
acute or repeated injury to the meniscus – the shock absorber of the knee – causes meniscus injuries. A person with meniscus injuries experiences difficulty squatting and walking instigates pain.
642:
Exercise-based injury prevention has been shown to reduce injury rates in sports. Sport-specific warm-up programs exist which have proven efficacious in reducing injuries of children.
966:
Rössler, R.; Junge, A.; Chomiak, J.; Němec, K.; Dvorak, J.; Lichtenstein, E.; Faude, O. (10 October 2017). "Risk factors for football injuries in young players aged 7 to 12 years".
462:
is to ensure that the injury is receiving proper care and recovering correctly, thereby limiting the concern for other medical problems stemming from the initial traumatic event.
788:
252:
Crown infractions are characterized by a disruption of the enamel prisms from a traumatic force, these injuries typically present as small cracks that affect only the enamel.
754:
evaluating mental health support for college athletes, 60% of male athletes and 55% of female athletes were not aware of how to find or access mental health support.
592:, and weakness, among others. The consequences of iron deficiency, if not solved, can be impaired athletic performance and a decline in immune and cognitive function.
388:
injury related to the ankle turning outward or rotating externally. A typical symptom of eversion ankle sprain is excruciating pain that worsens with weight bearing.
465:
Some sports leagues have gone further in terms of secondary prevention by incorporating live sensing data to allow early diagnosis and treatment: Some teams in the
1596:"Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussions in High School Athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014"
544:
must be done properly to limit the risks of injury and also to diagnose early onsets of a possible injury. Preseason screenings consist of testing the mobility of
674:
may be taken into account as well, when an injury prevents an individual from returning to work it may hinder the economic benefit to themselves and others.
445:
can be broken up into three broad categories primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention involves the avoidance of injury. An example is
2601:
O'Connor, John William (2010). "Emotional Trauma in Athletic Injury and the Relationship Among Coping Skills, Injury Severity, and Post Traumatic Stress".
2253:"A Multinational Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of '11+ Kids': A Warm-Up Programme to Prevent Injuries in Children's Football"
382:
landing on an uneven surface sprains the ankle. Swelling, localized pain, difficulty bearing weight, and limping are signs of an inversion ankle sprain.
645:
Warming up before sport improves the blood flow in muscles and allows for the muscle temperature to rise which helps to prevent muscle strains or tears.
540:
activities needed to partake in their sport pre-participation examinations are regularly completed on hundreds of thousands of athletes each year. The
429:
athlete, longer duration of participation in the sport, potential for better performance, and reduced medical costs. Explaining the benefits of sports
949:
648:
Provide children with the right well-fitting equipment for sports like helmets, shin guards, ankle braces, gloves, and others to prevent injuries.
349:
Falling on an outstretched arm and pulling on the shoulder, repetitive lifting of heavy loads, or overhead movement cause rotator cuff tears.
481:
resulting from the traumatic event. Thus, for an athlete with an ankle injury, rehabilitation would consist of balance exercises to recover
2942:
497:, stretching, and exercises that focus on main muscle groups commonly used in the sport of interest. This decreases the chances of getting
2876:"Psychosocial factors associated with outcomes of sports injury rehabilitation in competitive athletes: a mixed studies systematic review"
630:
Youths can be easily injured playing contact sports like football. Proper equipment such as helmets and pads can be helpful in prevention.
2571:
1212:
Gould, Trenton E.; Piland, Scott G.; Caswell, Shane V.; Ranalli, Dennis; Mills, Stephen; Ferrara, Michael S.; Courson, Ron (2016-10-15).
1689:
Gornitzky, Alex (October 2016). "Sport-Specific Yearly Risk and Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in High School Athletes".
2546:
635:
3099:
Armatas, V.1, Chondrou, E., Yiannakos, A., Galazoulas, Ch., Velkopoulos, C. Physical Training 2007. January 2007. 21 March 2009 <
3047:
3406:
1435:
874:
292:. A complicated fracture is when the structures surrounding the fracture are injured, such as blood vessels, organs, nerves, etc.
2012:
1594:
O'Connor, Kathryn L.; Baker, Melissa M.; Dalton, Sara L.; Dompier, Thomas P.; Broglio, Steven P.; Kerr, Zachary Y. (2017-03-12).
2178:
3121:
1860:
1459:
Kaneko, Hideto (March 2016). "Prevalence and clinical features of sports-related lumbosacral stress injuries in the young".
1214:"National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing and Managing Sport-Related Dental and Oral Injuries"
100:
2367:
Kerr, Zachary Y, PhD; Marshall, Stephen W, PhD; Dompier, Thomas P, PhD; Corlette, Jill, MS; Klossner, David A, PhD; et al.
2300:
1269:
72:
3550:
2998:
268:
In addition to tooth fractures, there are several types of bone fractures as well. These types being closed or simple,
1664:
928:
Psychological Response to Injury, Recovery, and Social Support: A Survey of Athletes at an NCAA Division I University
498:
119:
79:
1294:
1133:
Lanzi, Guy L. (2017-04-01). "Facial Injuries in Sports, Soft Tissue Injuries (Abrasions, Contusions, Lacerations)".
2789:
638:(CDC), many sports-related injuries are predictable and preventable. Some prevention techniques are listed below.
3648:
3169:
2684:"International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes' mental health, performance, and development"
1976:
17:
1009:
DeHaven, Kenneth E.; Lintner, David M. (1986-05-01). "Athletic injuries: Comparison by age, sport, and gender".
1914:
289:
86:
57:
53:
3429:
778:
2641:
Smith, A.M.; Nippert, A.H. (2008). "Psychologic Stress Related to Injury and Impact on Sport Performance".
1551:
Cappaert, Tom (June 2005). "Free Communications, Oral Presentations: Management of Cervical Spine Injury".
466:
1732:
Read, Paul J.; Oliver, Jon L.; De Ste Croix, Mark B. A.; Myer, Gregory D.; Lloyd, Rhodri S. (2016-08-26).
68:
698:
and frustrations that can arise from competition against others. Conducted research shows that levels of
2941:
Yang, Jingzhen; Schaefer, Julie T.; Zhang, Ni; Covassin, Tracey; Ding, Kele; Heiden, Erin (2014-12-01).
3255:
773:
610:
606:
3023:
609:
of the ankles, flexion of the knees and hips, extension of the thoracic spine, as well as flexion and
2875:
2077:"Pre-Participation Screening: The Use of Fundamental Movements as an Assessment of Function – Part 1"
430:
332:
157:
2757:
2627:
1961:
1900:
1316:"Workload and Injury in Professional Soccer Players: Role of Injury Tissue Type and Injury Severity"
1118:
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Australian Footballers
3772:
3572:
3499:
3222:
3113:
Doermann, David. Continuum, The Magazine of the University of Utah. Spring 1998. 19 March 2009 <
2943:"Social Support From the Athletic Trainer and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety at Return to Play"
2739:
Wiese-bjornstal, Diane M.; Smith, Aynsley M.; Shaffer, Shelly M.; Morrey, Michael A. (March 1998).
168:
1940:
3699:
3319:
3141:
3107:
524:
455:
46:
710:
are elevated following sports injuries. After an occurrence of an injury many athletes display
3709:
3114:
2752:
2740:
703:
548:(ankles, wrists, hips, etc.), testing the stability of joints (knees, neck, etc.), testing the
1734:"Neuromuscular Risk Factors for Knee and Ankle Ligament Injuries in Male Youth Soccer Players"
3374:
2614:
2602:
1948:
584:
is important for the overall health of the athlete and limits the risk of possible injuries.
442:
422:
1570:
3525:
3520:
3449:
3348:
3260:
3120:
Lysaght, Michael J. Knee Injuries and Therapies in Competitive Athletes. 20 March 2009 <
3106:
Cluett, Jonathan M.D. Medial Collateral Ligament Treatment. 29 May 2006. 16 April 2009 <
2741:"An integrated model of response to sports injury: Psychological and sociological dynamics"
1189:
783:
541:
93:
3122:
http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group06/Group6project/Homepage.htm
8:
3663:
3640:
3567:
3464:
3292:
3265:
3250:
3217:
3162:
2430:"College Sports-related Injuries – United States, 2009–10 Through 2013–14 Academic Years"
2429:
2406:"College Sports-related Injuries – United States, 2009–10 Through 2013–14 Academic Years"
2405:
2382:"College Sports-related Injuries – United States, 2009–10 Through 2013–14 Academic Years"
2381:
2345:"College Sports-related Injuries – United States, 2009–10 Through 2013–14 Academic Years"
2344:
2321:"College Sports-related Injuries – United States, 2009–10 Through 2013–14 Academic Years"
2320:
691:
281:
273:
196:
3100:
1792:"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Injury Risk Factors of Elite Winter Sports Athlete in Training"
485:
and mobility, as well as wearing an ankle brace while gradually returning to the sport.
3684:
3653:
3620:
3587:
3540:
3353:
3336:
2975:
2914:
2851:
2818:
2712:
2479:
2454:
2453:
Haider, Adil H.; Saleem, Taimur; Bilaniuk, Jaroslaw W.; Barraco, Robert D. (Nov 2012).
2277:
2252:
2232:
2147:
2093:
2076:
2054:
1888:
1871:
1820:
1766:
1733:
1714:
1628:
1595:
1528:
1503:
1484:
1246:
1213:
1094:
1061:
1042:
991:
943:
856:
793:
229:
184:
3751:
3477:
3341:
3287:
3270:
3212:
2980:
2962:
2906:
2898:
2856:
2838:
2770:
2716:
2704:
2658:
2525:
2484:
2282:
2224:
2139:
2098:
1876:
1856:
1812:
1808:
1771:
1753:
1706:
1633:
1615:
1533:
1476:
1417:
1409:
1340:
1251:
1233:
1158:
1150:
1099:
1081:
1034:
1026:
983:
931:
848:
840:
707:
589:
549:
482:
285:
2918:
2681:
Schinke, Robert J.; Stambulova, Natalia B.; Si, Gangyan; Moore, Zella (2017-04-11).
2236:
2151:
2058:
1824:
1718:
1488:
1046:
860:
3704:
3615:
3597:
3535:
3444:
3434:
3416:
3314:
3307:
3192:
2970:
2954:
2890:
2846:
2830:
2762:
2696:
2683:
2650:
2515:
2474:
2466:
2272:
2264:
2216:
2129:
2088:
2046:
1866:
1848:
1804:
1761:
1745:
1698:
1623:
1607:
1523:
1515:
1468:
1399:
1330:
1241:
1225:
1185:
1142:
1089:
1073:
1018:
995:
975:
902:
832:
719:
602:
474:
406:
132:
2819:"Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2700:
470:
into the foam padding used inside hockey helmets to serve as pressure detectors.
3741:
3694:
3679:
3605:
3557:
3482:
3472:
3384:
3282:
3277:
3202:
3137:
2894:
2834:
2134:
2117:
1176:
Furniss, Dominic; Heywood, Anthony J. (2011-04-21). "Soft tissue hand injuries".
768:
715:
585:
515:
506:
502:
410:
277:
2606:
2470:
1117:
3689:
3658:
3515:
3487:
3454:
3439:
3331:
3302:
3237:
3227:
3155:
2193:
1358:
1022:
671:
561:
301:
Overuse injuries can usually be classified into 4 types/stages, these include:
2958:
2766:
2654:
2268:
2220:
1847:. Vol. 9. Chichester, UK; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 106–07.
1749:
1665:"Medically Sound: Field, Court, and Course Related Injuries – Sports Injuries"
1611:
1519:
1472:
1229:
1146:
1077:
3766:
3730:
3582:
3545:
3396:
3379:
2966:
2902:
2842:
2774:
2708:
2143:
2050:
1816:
1789:
Wang, Victor; Mayer, Frank; Bonaventura, Klaus; Wippert, Maria (2017-02-01).
1757:
1702:
1619:
1413:
1237:
1154:
1085:
1030:
935:
844:
836:
798:
687:
565:
305:
Pain in the affected area during activity (which does not affect performance)
269:
192:
1404:
1388:"Predictive Indicators of Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Endurance Athletes"
1387:
3530:
3492:
3424:
3324:
2984:
2910:
2874:
Forsdyke, Dale; Smith, Andy; Jones, Michelle; Gledhill, Adam (2016-05-01).
2860:
2662:
2529:
2488:
2286:
2228:
2102:
1880:
1775:
1710:
1637:
1537:
1480:
1421:
1344:
1255:
1162:
1103:
987:
852:
573:
308:
Pain in the affected area during activity (which does restrict performance)
1852:
1791:
1038:
3401:
3369:
1386:
Martínez-Silván, Daniel; Díaz-Ocejo, Jaime; Murray, Andrew (2017-04-01).
763:
711:
446:
200:
2520:
2503:
1335:
3630:
3207:
3197:
1504:"Biomechanics of Sports Induced Axial-Compression Injuries of the Neck"
557:
528:
494:
478:
979:
2182:
553:
459:
451:
402:
398:
35:
3562:
3389:
3245:
2815:
2165:
1436:"Sports-related Neck Injury – Statistics, Symptoms, and Treatments"
695:
188:
152:
718:, and high levels of post-traumatic distress, which are linked to
626:
3625:
2738:
699:
581:
577:
569:
164:
136:
Player getting ankle taped at an American football game in Mexico
789:
Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS)
3577:
1385:
678:
emergency department visits exceeded $ 935 million every year.
520:
426:
176:
145:
3108:
http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/kneeinjuries/a/mclinjury_2.htm
1593:
1120:' by John Orchard, Hugh Seward, Jeanne McGivern and Simon Hood
437:
3178:
545:
180:
3115:
http://www.alumni.utah.edu/continuum/spring98/sidelines.html
1915:"Smart hockey helmet assesses players' knocks to the noggin"
1062:"Inflammation and wound healing: The role of the macrophage"
3610:
2452:
2249:
1788:
510:
425:
helps reduce potential sports injuries. Benefits include a
140:
2873:
2205:
1731:
1392:
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
651:
Have breaks and drink water as well to keep them hydrated.
337:
3048:"Estimated probability of competing in college athletics"
2940:
1211:
3147:
3127:
Selesnick, Harlan. Sports Injuries ESPN. 4 October 2007.
2680:
968:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
965:
821:
356:
and activities cause anterior cruciate ligament injury.
2999:"How Pro Runner Kara Goucher Quiets Negative Self-Talk"
2179:
1.35 million youths a year have serious sports injuries
2037:
Rowland, Thomas (2012). "Iron Deficiency in Athletes".
617:
2689:
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
875:"A Neurosurgeon's Guide to Sports-related Head Injury"
3101:
http://ejmas.com/pt/2007pt/ptart_galazoulas_0707.html
1313:
314:
Chronic pain in the affected area, even after resting
2547:"The steep economic cost of contact sports injuries"
2369:
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; Atlanta
1060:Koh, Timothy J.; DiPietro, Luisa Ann (2011-07-11).
493:It is most essential to establish participation in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2682:
2115:
1999:"Epidemiology of Collegiate Injuries for 15 Sports
1790:
686:Sports involvement can initiate both physical and
681:
2504:"What is the economic burden of sports injuries?"
2446:
2081:North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
690:demands on athletes. Athletes must learn ways to
473:Lastly, tertiary prevention is solely focused on
3764:
2596:
2594:
1842:
1314:Enright, K; Green, M; Hay, G; Malone, J (2020).
2572:"Injuries and health care in the United States"
1128:
1126:
458:once an injury has occurred. The goal of early
1977:"Smart helmets to protect against head trauma"
1270:"Enamel-dentin fracture – Dental Trauma Guide"
1175:
1008:
509:. A season analysis is an attempt to identify
171:of the Buffalo Sabres suffers an ankle sprain.
3163:
2643:Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences
2591:
1359:"Overuse Injuries – Treatment and Prevention"
595:
2640:
2600:
1293:Services, Department of Health & Human.
1123:
948:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1059:
655:
438:Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
3170:
3156:
2541:
2539:
2166:Statistics on Youth Sports Safety by SWATA
2116:Beardsley, Chris; Contreras, Bret (2014).
2074:
900:
636:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2974:
2850:
2756:
2519:
2478:
2276:
2133:
2092:
1974:
1870:
1765:
1688:
1627:
1527:
1403:
1334:
1245:
1093:
322:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3021:
2459:Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
1843:Bager, Roald; Engebretsen, Lars (2009).
1838:
1836:
1834:
1550:
625:
311:Pain in the affected area after activity
214:
163:
151:
139:
131:
2787:
2536:
2036:
1501:
1011:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
825:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
552:and power of muscles, and also testing
338:Sports related musculoskeletal injuries
242:
223:
14:
3765:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2501:
2301:"default - Stanford Children's Health"
2039:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
1941:"Smart helmets to prevent head trauma"
1938:
1458:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
534:
3151:
2811:
2809:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2194:Legislator's Page by At Your Own Risk
2070:
2068:
2007:
2005:
1831:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1381:
1379:
1132:
961:
959:
1292:
1190:10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012024
1066:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine
896:
894:
817:
815:
813:
618:Sport injury prevention for children
531:athletes for their upcoming season.
373:Runner's knee (Patellofemoral pain):
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2925:
2867:
2745:Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
2013:"Nutrition and the Injured Athlete"
1691:American Journal of Sports Medicine
1196:
295:
24:
3093:
2883:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2823:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2806:
2723:
2669:
2508:Joint Diseases and Related Surgery
2065:
2002:
1644:
1571:"What Is a Concussion? | Heads Up"
1376:
956:
488:
477:to reduce and correct an existing
353:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury:
25:
3784:
3131:
2122:Strength and Conditioning Journal
926:A, Klenk, Courtney (2006-05-01).
925:
891:
810:
156:Tackles like this one in women's
3746:
3737:
3736:
3724:
2118:"The Functional Movement Screen"
2075:Cook, Gray; Burton, Lee (2006).
1809:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.309
1738:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
903:"The Functional Movement Screen"
901:Cook, Gray; Burton, Lee (2006).
467:Swiss National Ice Hockey League
343:Subacromial impingement syndrome
34:
3747:
3074:"College Athlete Mental Health"
3066:
3040:
3022:McMillan, Brooke (2019-05-14).
3015:
2991:
2781:
2634:
2564:
2495:
2422:
2398:
2374:
2361:
2337:
2313:
2293:
2243:
2199:
2187:
2171:
2158:
2109:
2030:
1993:
1975:Nagalwade, Vidya (2023-04-01).
1968:
1932:
1907:
1782:
1725:
1682:
1587:
1563:
1544:
1495:
1452:
1428:
1351:
1307:
1286:
1262:
1169:
682:Sports-related emotional stress
391:
45:needs additional citations for
1939:Carron, Cécilia (2023-03-31).
1502:Ivancic, Paul (October 2012).
1461:Arch Orthopedic Trauma Surgery
1110:
1053:
1002:
919:
867:
13:
1:
2788:Barcott, Bruce (2010-02-11).
2701:10.1080/1612197x.2017.1295557
804:
779:Health issues in youth sports
417:
27:Physical and emotional trauma
3024:"Mental Health and Athletes"
2947:Journal of Athletic Training
2895:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094850
2835:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100620
2579:Youth Sports Safety Alliance
2135:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000074
1600:Journal of Athletic Training
1553:Journal of Athletic Training
1508:Journal of Athletic Training
1218:Journal of Athletic Training
7:
2790:"Kara Goucher's Mind Gains"
2471:10.1097/ta.0b013e318270bbca
757:
360:Collateral Ligament Injury:
10:
3789:
2455:"An evidence-based review"
1559:: 48–49 – via EBSCO.
1398:(Suppl 2): S2-153–S2-156.
1135:Clinics in Sports Medicine
1023:10.1177/036354658601400307
774:Health issues in athletics
596:Functional movement screen
431:injury prevention programs
330:
227:
3718:
3672:
3639:
3596:
3508:
3463:
3415:
3362:
3236:
3185:
3177:
2959:10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.65
2767:10.1080/10413209808406377
2655:10.1016/j.pmr.2007.12.003
2269:10.1007/s40279-017-0834-8
2221:10.1007/s40279-014-0234-2
1750:10.1007/s40279-016-0479-z
1612:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.15
1575:www.cdc.gov Injury Center
1520:10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.06
1473:10.1007/s00402-017-2686-y
1230:10.4085/1062-6050-51.8.01
1147:10.1016/j.csm.2016.11.008
1078:10.1017/S1462399411001943
799:Physical injuries in Yoga
333:Category:Overuse injuries
158:Australian rules football
3320:Bodybuilding supplements
2051:10.1177/1559827611431541
1845:Sports Injury Prevention
1703:10.1177/0363546515617742
837:10.1177/0363546516666815
664:
656:Sports injury prevalence
3142:National Health Service
2502:Öztürk, Selcen (2013).
1405:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0316
380:Inversion Ankle Sprain:
3078:www.Christi campus.com
2622:Cite journal requires
2371:64.48. (Dec 11, 2015).
1956:Cite journal requires
1178:Oxford Medicine Online
930:. DigitalCommons@URI.
720:avoidant coping skills
631:
386:Eversion Ankle Sprain:
323:Head and neck injuries
172:
161:
149:
137:
1853:10.1002/9781444303612
1274:dentaltraumaguide.org
629:
582:vitamins and minerals
562:blood pressure levels
331:Further information:
215:Types of sport injury
167:
155:
143:
135:
2196:Retrieved 8 Nov 2016
784:Injured reserve list
764:Baseball injury list
243:Hard tissue injuries
224:Soft tissue injuries
175:Sports injuries are
54:improve this article
2521:10.5606/ehc.2013.24
1336:10.1055/a-0997-6741
535:Preseason screening
256:care is not needed.
197:Stanford University
160:can cause injuries.
3337:Physical education
1721:– via EBSCO.
1540:– via EBSCO.
1491:– via EBSCO.
794:Squatting position
632:
554:breathing patterns
367:Meniscus injuries:
230:Soft tissue injury
203:or neck injuries.
185:Sport of athletics
179:that occur during
173:
162:
150:
138:
3760:
3759:
3731:Sports portal
3342:Physical activity
3288:Athletic training
3271:Strength training
3223:Semi-professional
3028:Athletes for Hope
2649:(2): 399–418, x.
1862:978-1-4051-6244-9
1697:(10): 2716–2723.
980:10.1111/sms.12981
714:issues, athletic
634:According to the
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3780:
3750:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3473:General managers
3375:Governing bodies
3172:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2938:
2923:
2922:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2760:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2686:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2263:(6): 1493–1504.
2247:
2241:
2240:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2009:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1874:
1840:
1829:
1828:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1744:(8): 1059–1066.
1729:
1723:
1722:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1661:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1323:Int J Sports Med
1320:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1295:"Bone fractures"
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1006:
1000:
999:
963:
954:
953:
947:
939:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
907:
898:
889:
888:
886:
885:
871:
865:
864:
819:
507:stress fractures
296:Overuse injuries
270:open or compound
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3773:Sports injuries
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3673:Sport by region
3668:
3635:
3606:Artificial turf
3592:
3563:Olympic culture
3504:
3459:
3411:
3358:
3232:
3203:Military sports
3181:
3176:
3138:Sports injuries
3134:
3096:
3094:Further reading
3091:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2939:
2926:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2814:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2786:
2782:
2758:10.1.1.936.6663
2737:
2724:
2679:
2670:
2639:
2635:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2500:
2496:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2257:Sports Medicine
2248:
2244:
2215:(12): 1733–48.
2209:Sports Medicine
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2114:
2110:
2073:
2066:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1863:
1841:
1832:
1797:Br J Sports Med
1787:
1783:
1730:
1726:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1669:Medically Sound
1663:
1662:
1645:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1500:
1496:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1210:
1197:
1174:
1170:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1058:
1054:
1007:
1003:
964:
957:
941:
940:
924:
920:
910:
908:
905:
899:
892:
883:
881:
873:
872:
868:
820:
811:
807:
769:Doping in sport
760:
716:identity crises
684:
667:
658:
620:
598:
586:Iron deficiency
537:
516:stress fracture
491:
489:Season analysis
440:
420:
394:
340:
335:
325:
298:
280:, complicated,
245:
232:
226:
217:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Sports injury"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Sports injuries
15:
12:
11:
5:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3659:National sport
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3578:Sports mascots
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:External links
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3065:
3039:
3014:
2990:
2924:
2866:
2829:(11): 722–30.
2805:
2794:Runner's World
2780:
2722:
2668:
2633:
2624:|journal=
2590:
2563:
2535:
2494:
2465:(5): 1340–47.
2445:
2421:
2397:
2373:
2360:
2336:
2312:
2292:
2242:
2198:
2186:
2170:
2157:
2108:
2064:
2029:
2001:
1992:
1981:Tech Explorist
1967:
1958:|journal=
1931:
1906:
1897:|journal=
1861:
1830:
1781:
1724:
1681:
1643:
1586:
1562:
1543:
1494:
1451:
1427:
1375:
1350:
1306:
1285:
1261:
1224:(10): 821–39.
1195:
1168:
1122:
1109:
1052:
1001:
974:(3): 1176–82.
955:
918:
890:
866:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
759:
756:
683:
680:
672:Indirect costs
666:
663:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
619:
616:
597:
594:
536:
533:
490:
487:
475:rehabilitation
439:
436:
419:
416:
393:
390:
339:
336:
324:
321:
316:
315:
312:
309:
306:
297:
294:
266:
265:
261:
257:
253:
244:
241:
228:Main article:
225:
222:
216:
213:
201:traumatic head
128:
127:
110:September 2012
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3785:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3753:
3745:
3743:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3710:South America
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:North America
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Sportsmanship
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Entertainment
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3465:Communication
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3407:International
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:Organizations
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Rating system
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Periodization
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:(6): 773–79.
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:(9): 537–44.
2888:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2810:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:(6): 622–39.
2694:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2514:(2): 108–11.
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2302:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:(4): 319–27.
2044:
2040:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1996:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1902:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:(3): 175–85.
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:(5): 489–97.
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:(5): 685–91.
1466:
1462:
1455:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1296:
1289:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:(2): 287–98.
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:(3): 218–24.
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
960:
951:
945:
937:
933:
929:
922:
904:
897:
895:
880:
876:
870:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:(2): 426–33.
830:
826:
818:
816:
814:
809:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
679:
675:
673:
662:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
639:
637:
628:
624:
615:
612:
608:
604:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:carbohydrates
571:
567:
566:fluid balance
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:physical exam
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:muscle cramps
496:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
435:
432:
428:
424:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
389:
387:
383:
381:
377:
374:
370:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
344:
334:
329:
320:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:
302:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
258:
254:
251:
250:
249:
240:
236:
231:
221:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:United States
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
166:
159:
154:
147:
142:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3722:
3521:Cheerleaders
3430:Broadcasting
3325:Sports drink
3297:
3293:Chriopractic
3251:Biomechanics
3218:Professional
3081:. Retrieved
3077:
3068:
3058:December 14,
3056:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3017:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2950:
2946:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2826:
2822:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:
2783:
2751:(1): 46–69.
2748:
2744:
2692:
2688:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2615:cite journal
2582:. Retrieved
2578:
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2553:. 2017-10-20
2551:PBS NewsHour
2550:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2295:
2260:
2256:
2245:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2189:
2173:
2160:
2128:(5): 72–80.
2125:
2121:
2111:
2087:(2): 62–72.
2084:
2080:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1949:cite journal
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1921:. 2023-03-31
1918:
1909:
1844:
1800:
1796:
1784:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1671:. 2020-08-31
1668:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1443:. Retrieved
1440:www.aans.org
1439:
1430:
1395:
1391:
1367:. Retrieved
1365:. 2017-01-14
1363:SportNova UK
1362:
1353:
1329:(2): 89–97.
1326:
1322:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1221:
1217:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1138:
1134:
1112:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1014:
1010:
1004:
971:
967:
927:
921:
909:. Retrieved
882:. Retrieved
879:www.aans.org
878:
869:
828:
824:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
685:
676:
668:
659:
633:
621:
607:dorsiflexion
599:
538:
503:torn muscles
492:
472:
464:
441:
421:
395:
392:Risk factors
385:
384:
379:
378:
372:
371:
366:
365:
359:
358:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
326:
317:
299:
267:
246:
237:
233:
218:
209:
205:
174:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3626:Flying disc
3541:Memorabilia
3450:Sponsorship
2434:www.cdc.gov
2410:www.cdc.gov
2386:www.cdc.gov
2349:www.cdc.gov
2325:www.cdc.gov
712:self-esteem
558:iron levels
525:competitive
447:ankle brace
290:compression
169:Ryan Miller
3664:Regulation
3654:Ministries
3649:Sports law
3631:Sportswear
3568:Philosophy
3478:Journalism
3390:Postseason
3308:Psychology
3303:Physicians
3266:Physiology
3208:Parasports
3193:Individual
3083:2022-12-09
3033:2022-12-09
3008:2020-12-11
2799:2020-12-11
2584:2018-12-05
2557:2018-12-05
2439:2018-12-05
2415:2018-12-05
2391:2018-12-05
2354:2018-12-05
2330:2018-12-05
2306:2018-11-15
1986:2023-09-04
1925:2023-09-04
1803:(4): 406.
1675:2020-11-01
1580:2018-11-15
1445:2018-11-16
1369:2019-08-07
1300:2018-11-15
1279:2018-11-15
884:2018-11-15
805:References
708:depression
603:deep squat
576:, fluids,
479:disability
443:Prevention
423:Prevention
418:Prevention
399:pes planus
282:comminuted
274:greenstick
189:exercising
80:newspapers
3685:Australia
3598:Equipment
3573:Rivalries
3558:Numbering
3551:Nicknames
3500:Promoters
3483:Magazines
3445:Marketing
3435:Economics
3354:Sociology
3315:Nutrition
2967:1062-6050
2903:0306-3674
2843:0306-3674
2775:1041-3200
2753:CiteSeerX
2717:151615204
2709:1612-197X
2607:753939618
2183:USA Today
2144:1524-1602
1919:New Atlas
1899:ignored (
1889:cite book
1817:0306-3674
1758:0112-1642
1620:1062-6050
1414:1555-0265
1238:1062-6050
1155:0278-5919
1086:1462-3994
1031:0363-5465
944:cite book
936:812123735
845:0363-5465
696:stressors
611:abduction
529:confident
460:diagnosis
456:treatment
452:diagnosis
427:healthier
403:pes cavus
264:possible.
260:24 hours.
191:. In the
3767:Category
3742:Category
3641:Politics
3621:Exercise
3588:Violence
3488:Podcasts
3440:Industry
3417:Business
3332:Pedagogy
3283:Medicine
3256:Practice
3246:Exercise
2985:25329346
2919:23720412
2911:26887414
2861:31097452
2663:18395654
2603:ProQuest
2530:23692199
2489:23117389
2287:29273936
2237:19328488
2229:25129698
2152:26755273
2103:21522216
2059:71319560
2022:24 April
1881:28225690
1825:80078000
1776:26856339
1719:23050724
1711:26657853
1638:28387555
1538:23068585
1489:36818745
1481:28349205
1422:27918673
1345:31801172
1256:27875057
1163:28314418
1104:21740602
1047:22717596
988:28922490
911:24 April
861:13296763
853:27802962
758:See also
623:sports.
570:calories
550:strength
495:warm-ups
483:strength
286:avulsion
278:hairline
177:injuries
3752:Outline
3705:Oceania
3536:History
3516:Betting
3509:Culture
3380:Leagues
3238:Science
3228:Amateur
3140:at the
2976:4264649
2852:6579501
2480:3989528
2278:5948238
2094:2953313
1872:5349399
1767:5501175
1629:5384816
1529:3465029
1247:5189236
1095:3596046
1072:: e23.
1039:3752362
996:3502469
700:anxiety
590:fatigue
578:protein
521:healthy
94:scholar
3695:Europe
3680:Africa
3616:Caving
3546:Naming
3425:Agents
3397:School
3385:Season
3298:Injury
3278:Doping
3054:. 2020
2983:
2973:
2965:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2859:
2849:
2841:
2773:
2755:
2715:
2707:
2661:
2605:
2528:
2487:
2477:
2285:
2275:
2235:
2227:
2150:
2142:
2101:
2091:
2057:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1823:
1815:
1774:
1764:
1756:
1717:
1709:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1536:
1526:
1487:
1479:
1420:
1412:
1343:
1254:
1244:
1236:
1161:
1153:
1102:
1092:
1084:
1045:
1037:
1029:
994:
986:
934:
859:
851:
843:
706:, and
704:stress
688:mental
580:, and
546:joints
527:, and
505:, and
407:valgus
405:, and
288:, and
187:, and
181:sports
148:injury
146:tennis
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3611:Balls
3493:Radio
3455:Trade
3402:Teams
3370:Clubs
3213:Women
3186:Types
3179:Sport
3144:(NHS)
3124:>.
3117:>.
3110:>.
3103:>.
3003:Shape
2915:S2CID
2879:(PDF)
2713:S2CID
2575:(PDF)
2233:S2CID
2181:' by
2148:S2CID
2055:S2CID
1821:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1319:(PDF)
1043:S2CID
992:S2CID
906:(PDF)
857:S2CID
694:with
665:Costs
511:risks
411:varus
101:JSTOR
87:books
3690:Asia
3198:Team
3060:2022
3052:NCAA
2981:PMID
2963:ISSN
2907:PMID
2899:ISSN
2857:PMID
2839:ISSN
2771:ISSN
2705:ISSN
2659:PMID
2628:help
2526:PMID
2485:PMID
2283:PMID
2225:PMID
2140:ISSN
2099:PMID
2024:2016
2017:NCAA
1962:help
1901:help
1877:PMID
1857:ISBN
1813:ISSN
1772:PMID
1754:ISSN
1707:PMID
1634:PMID
1616:ISSN
1534:PMID
1477:PMID
1418:PMID
1410:ISSN
1341:PMID
1252:PMID
1234:ISSN
1159:PMID
1151:ISSN
1100:PMID
1082:ISSN
1035:PMID
1027:ISSN
984:PMID
950:link
932:OCLC
913:2016
849:PMID
841:ISSN
692:cope
454:and
73:news
3531:Fan
2971:PMC
2955:doi
2891:doi
2847:PMC
2831:doi
2763:doi
2697:doi
2651:doi
2516:doi
2475:PMC
2467:doi
2273:PMC
2265:doi
2217:doi
2130:doi
2089:PMC
2047:doi
1867:PMC
1849:doi
1805:doi
1762:PMC
1746:doi
1699:doi
1624:PMC
1608:doi
1524:PMC
1516:doi
1469:doi
1465:137
1400:doi
1331:doi
1242:PMC
1226:doi
1186:doi
1143:doi
1090:PMC
1074:doi
1019:doi
976:doi
833:doi
409:or
56:by
3769::
3076:.
3050:.
3026:.
3001:.
2979:.
2969:.
2961:.
2951:49
2949:.
2945:.
2927:^
2913:.
2905:.
2897:.
2887:50
2885:.
2881:.
2855:.
2845:.
2837:.
2827:53
2825:.
2821:.
2808:^
2792:.
2769:.
2761:.
2749:10
2747:.
2743:.
2725:^
2711:.
2703:.
2693:16
2691:.
2687:.
2671:^
2657:.
2647:19
2645:.
2619::
2617:}}
2613:{{
2593:^
2577:.
2549:.
2538:^
2524:.
2512:24
2510:.
2506:.
2483:.
2473:.
2463:73
2461:.
2457:.
2432:.
2408:.
2384:.
2347:.
2323:.
2281:.
2271:.
2261:48
2259:.
2255:.
2231:.
2223:.
2213:44
2211:.
2146:.
2138:.
2126:36
2124:.
2120:.
2097:.
2083:.
2079:.
2067:^
2053:.
2041:.
2015:.
2004:^
1979:.
1953::
1951:}}
1947:{{
1917:.
1893::
1891:}}
1887:{{
1875:.
1865:.
1855:.
1833:^
1819:.
1811:.
1801:51
1799:.
1795:.
1770:.
1760:.
1752:.
1742:46
1740:.
1736:.
1713:.
1705:.
1695:44
1693:.
1667:.
1646:^
1632:.
1622:.
1614:.
1604:52
1602:.
1598:.
1573:.
1557:40
1555:.
1532:.
1522:.
1512:47
1510:.
1506:.
1483:.
1475:.
1463:.
1438:.
1416:.
1408:.
1396:12
1394:.
1390:.
1378:^
1361:.
1339:.
1327:41
1325:.
1321:.
1272:.
1250:.
1240:.
1232:.
1222:51
1220:.
1216:.
1198:^
1184:.
1180:.
1157:.
1149:.
1139:36
1137:.
1125:^
1098:.
1088:.
1080:.
1070:13
1068:.
1064:.
1041:.
1033:.
1025:.
1015:14
1013:.
990:.
982:.
972:28
970:.
958:^
946:}}
942:{{
893:^
877:.
855:.
847:.
839:.
829:45
827:.
812:^
722:.
702:,
572:,
564:,
560:,
523:,
501:,
401:,
284:,
276:,
272:,
183:,
144:A
3171:e
3164:t
3157:v
3086:.
3062:.
3036:.
3011:.
2987:.
2957::
2921:.
2893::
2863:.
2833::
2802:.
2777:.
2765::
2719:.
2699::
2665:.
2653::
2630:)
2626:(
2609:.
2587:.
2560:.
2532:.
2518::
2491:.
2469::
2442:.
2418:.
2394:.
2357:.
2333:.
2309:.
2289:.
2267::
2239:.
2219::
2177:'
2168:'
2164:'
2154:.
2132::
2105:.
2085:1
2061:.
2049::
2043:6
2026:.
1989:.
1964:)
1960:(
1943:.
1928:.
1903:)
1883:.
1851::
1827:.
1807::
1778:.
1748::
1701::
1678:.
1640:.
1610::
1583:.
1518::
1471::
1448:.
1424:.
1402::
1372:.
1347:.
1333::
1303:.
1282:.
1258:.
1228::
1192:.
1188::
1182:1
1165:.
1145::
1116:'
1106:.
1076::
1049:.
1021::
998:.
978::
952:)
938:.
915:.
887:.
863:.
835::
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
