60:
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is at a clearly delineated increased risk for occurrence. These infections can cause blindness within 24 – 48 hours and there is a possibility that the infection can move into the peri-orbital socket, resulting in the need for evisceration of the eyeball. In rare cases, the infection can enter the
149:
may also have an eye injury - these are usually severe in nature with multiple lacerations, shards of glasses embedded in tissues, orbital fractures, severe hematoma and penetrating open-globe injuries with prolapse of eye contents. Other causes of intraocular trauma may arise from workplace tools
478:
In cases of globe penetration, pressure patches should never be applied, and instead a shield patch should be applied that protects the eye without applying any pressure. If a shield patch is applied to one eye, the other eye should also be patched due to eye movement. If the uninjured eye moves,
503:. The same study concluded that sports-related injuries due to eyeglasses wear were more common in those under the age of 18 and that fall-related injuries due to wearing eyeglasses were more common in those aged 65 and over. Although eyeglasses-related injuries do occur, prescription
467:
found that patching simple corneal abrasions may not improve healing or reduce pain. Pressure patching should never be used on an individual presenting with a corneal abrasion who has a history of contact lens wear. In this circumstance, a virulent infection caused by the bacterium
660:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
458:
should be applied. Up until circa 1987, pressure patches were the preferred method of treatment for corneal abrasions in non-contact lens wearers; multiple controlled studies conducted by accredited organizations such as the
141:, and other high speed flying objects can strike the eye. The eye is also susceptible to blunt trauma in a fistfight. Children’s games such as bow-and-arrows, bb guns and firecrackers can lead to eye trauma.
103:
contact, such as with hammering a metal surface. Corneal foreign bodies are one of the most common preventable occupational hazards. Intraocular foreign bodies do not cause pain because of the lack of
317:
is caused by blunt trauma, classically described for fist or ball injury, leading to fracture of the floor or medial wall of the orbit due to sudden increased pressure on the orbital contents.
877:
491:, sutures may be a part of appropriate management by the primary care physician so long as the laceration does not threaten the canaliculi, is not deep, and does not affect the lid margins.
292:: the globe integrity is disrupted by a full-thickness entry wound and may be associated with prolapse of the internal contents of the eye. Such injuries are often referred to as a
137:
Flicking sand, flying pieces of wood, metal, glass and stone are notorious for causing much of the eye trauma. Sporting balls such as cricket ball, lawn tennis ball, squash ball,
816:
May DR, Kuhn FP, Morris RE, Witherspoon CD, Danis RP, Matthews GP, Mann L (Feb 2000). "The epidemiology of serious eye injuries from the United States Eye Injury
Registry".
870:
263:: the eye globe is intact, but the seven rings of the eye have been classically described as affected by blunt trauma. Types include contusion and lamellar laceration
205:
The goal of investigation is the assessment of the severity of the ocular injury with an eye to implementing a management plan as soon as is required. The usual
863:
307:: the globe integrity is disrupted in two places due to an entrance and exit wound (through and through injury). This is a quite severe type of eye injury.
583:
Feist RM, Lim JI, Joondeph BC, Pflugfelder SC, Mieler WF, Ticho BH, Resnick K (Jan 1991). "Penetrating ocular injury from contaminated eating utensils".
488:
293:
463:
have shown that pressure patching is of little or no value in healing corneal abrasions and is actually detrimental to healing in some cases. A
130:. Ideally, ointment would not be used when referring to an ophthalmologist, since it diminishes the ability to carry out a thorough
364:
or corneal foreign bodies; hyphema (must be referred); eyelid lacerations that are deep, involve the lid margin or involve the
511:
have been found to "offer measurable protection which results in a lower incidence of severe eye injuries to those wearing ".
773:
Sinclair SA, Smith GA, Xiang H (Feb 2006). "Eyeglasses-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments in 2002-2003".
499:
A recent study estimated that from 2002–2003 there were 27,152 injuries in the United States related to the wearing of
530:
460:
84:
if not treated appropriately and in a timely fashion. The most obvious presentation of ocular (eye) injuries is
535:
855:
553:
428:
400:
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59:
708:"BestBets: Proxymetacaine is the local anaesthetic of choice for removal of corneal foreign bodies"
256:
Based on the injury to the eyewall (outer fibrous coat of the eye consisting of cornea and sclera)
197:. The complications risk is high with retinal tears, penetrating injuries and severe blunt trauma.
988:
464:
99:
may cause neither symptom. Tiny metallic projectiles should be suspected when a patient reports
470:
225:
150:
or even common household implements, including bottle-caps suddenly propelling at great force.
142:
323:
Fracture of the orbital bones can lead to muscular entrapment limiting gaze in one direction.
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Onkar A. Commentary: Tackling the corneal foreign body. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020;68:57-8.
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in order to be tolerable. Many topical agents cause burning upon instillation.
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case must be treated within hours. This includes penetrating globe injuries;
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Der
Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft
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622:"[Eye injuries caused by opening or explosion of beverage bottles]"
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the injured eye will also move involuntarily possibly causing more damage.
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About 5.3 million cases of foreign bodies in the eyes occurred in 2013.
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The first line of management for chemical injuries is usually copious
269:: there is a full thickness injury of the eye wall (cornea and sclera)
92:
of the affected eyes. This is not, however, universally true, as tiny
31:
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Multiple complications are known to occur following eye injury:
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285:: a full-thickness wound caused by sharp objects. It includes
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A small piece of iron has lodged in the margin of the cornea
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89:
300:, although these can be incurred by blunt trauma as well.
958:
85:
77:
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434:. In the cases of chemical burns, one should not try to
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that can transmit pain sensations. As such, general or
279:: caused by blunt trauma and is an inside-out injury.
620:
Spang, S.; Höh, H.; Ruprecht, K. W. (February 1995).
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cases must be managed within 1–2 days. They include
772:
450:Depending on the type of ocular injury, either a
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619:
126:of the eye or intraocular foreign bodies to an
336:must be treated within minutes. This includes
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217:has been found to have the best tolerance.
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252:Eye injury by impact of small plastic body
58:
30:
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16:Physical or chemical injuries of the eye
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209:should be attempted, and may require a
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475:brain and cause death to the patient.
886:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (
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228:should designate the eye injury as a
599:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080010065034
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13:
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721:Lim CH, Turner A, Lim BX (2016).
670:(9995): 743–800. 22 August 2015.
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531:United States Eye Injury Registry
461:American Academy of Ophthalmology
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224:and preliminary examination, the
122:should refer cases involving the
818:Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol
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723:"Patching for corneal abrasion"
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739:10.1002/14651858.CD004764.pub3
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536:Wilderness medical emergencies
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1:
676:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
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411:
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315:Blowout fracture of the orbit
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200:
7:
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401:subconjunctival hemorrhages
80:can be a serious threat to
10:
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727:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
442:it with copious flushing.
438:the solution, but instead
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787:10.1080/09286580500346645
586:Archives of Ophthalmology
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43:
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380:; or, rarely, traumatic
989:Penetrating head injury
471:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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226:primary care physician
143:Road traffic accidents
507:and non-prescription
251:
145:(RTAs) with head and
775:Ophthalmic Epidemiol
556:at Wikimedia Commons
310:Other types include
117:emergency department
526:Chemical eye injury
420:of the eye with an
376:(welder's burn) or
366:lacrimal canaliculi
321:Muscular Entrapment
283:B) Globe laceration
261:Closed globe injury
191:vitreous hemorrhage
969:Perforated eardrum
830:10.1007/pl00007884
305:Perforating trauma
290:Penetrating trauma
254:
211:topical anesthetic
195:retinal detachment
997:
996:
977:
976:
552:Media related to
489:eyelid laceration
397:orbital fractures
362:corneal abrasions
267:Open globe injury
220:Depending on the
178:, post-traumatic
124:posterior segment
67:
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19:Medical condition
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382:optic neuropathy
277:A) Globe rupture
168:corneal scarring
76:injuries of the
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222:medical history
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372:burns such as
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338:chemical burns
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294:Globe fracture
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244:Classification
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215:Proxymetacaine
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632:(1): 35–37.
629:
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593:(1): 23–30.
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554:Eye injuries
498:
495:Epidemiology
487:In cases of
486:
477:
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456:shield patch
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340:of both the
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157:Presentation
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982:Either/both
905:neurotrauma
888:head injury
393:Semi-urgent
388:Semi-urgent
342:conjunctiva
238:semi-urgent
139:shuttlecock
97:projectiles
1010:Eye injury
943:Eye injury
890:) and neck
561:References
509:sunglasses
505:eyeglasses
501:eyeglasses
418:irrigation
412:Irrigation
407:Management
25:Eye injury
938:Black eye
638:0941-293X
521:Black eye
334:emergency
328:Emergency
201:Diagnosis
54:neurology
45:Specialty
1004:Category
846:24082780
838:10766285
803:23327492
795:16510343
757:27457359
694:26063472
515:See also
483:Suturing
446:Patching
422:isotonic
187:cataract
180:glaucoma
94:metallic
74:chemical
70:Physical
748:6457868
685:4561509
646:7719073
607:1987951
429:sterile
374:arc eye
184:uveitis
172:hyphema
120:doctors
107:in the
86:redness
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664:Lancet
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440:dilute
436:buffer
425:saline
358:urgent
352:Urgent
346:cornea
234:urgent
113:retina
82:vision
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842:S2CID
799:S2CID
432:water
296:or a
903:see
834:PMID
791:PMID
753:PMID
690:PMID
642:PMID
634:ISSN
603:PMID
399:and
344:and
193:and
111:and
90:pain
88:and
959:ear
928:eye
826:doi
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783:doi
743:PMC
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680:PMC
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