915:
3258:
2342:
566:
3474:
815:
275:
3228:
2262:
4300:
1426:
between adjacent timber members to connect them together. The rings were fit into circular grooves on in both timber members then the assembly was held together with through-bolts. The through-bolts only held the assembly together but were not load-carrying. Shear plate connectors were used to transfer loads between timber members and metal. Shear plate connectors resembled large washers, deformed on the side facing the timber in order to grip it, and were through-fastened with long bolts or lengths of threaded rod. A leading manufacturer of these types of timber connectors was the Timber
Engineering Company, or TECO, of Washington, DC. The proprietary name of their split-ring connectors was the "TECO Wedge-Fit".
2039:
363:
1987:
602:
1385:
379:
4351:
2712:
2918:
3610:
2797:
2381:
3647:, literally "binding work") is the traditional building style in almost all of Denmark, making it the only Nordic country where this style is prevalent in all regions. Along the west coast of Jutland, houses built entirely of bricks were traditionally more common due to lack of suitable wood. In the 19th and especially in the 20th century, bricks have been the preferred building material in all of Denmark, but traditional timber-frame houses remain common both in the towns and in the countryside. Different regions have different traditions as to whether the timber frame should be tarred and thus clearly visible or be limewashed or painted in the same colour as the infills.
1968:
899:
3100:
3458:
856:
2813:
578:
2763:
3845:
803:
399:
2747:
3547:
2847:
1777:
1049:
2984:
3528:
2278:
2358:
2863:
1555:
3879:
3860:
2326:
3198:
3291:
3446:
3246:
3891:
3830:
2294:
347:
3064:
840:
767:
2230:
2310:
1949:
3016:
539:
2409:
743:
2903:
755:
1933:
3032:
3000:
2095:
4009:
3213:
2883:
2019:
590:
3625:
3048:
512:
2938:
1418:
884:
614:
2003:
1540:
1180:
2732:
1475:(SIPs). Although the timbers can only be seen from inside the building when so enclosed, construction is less complex and insulation is greater than in traditional timber building. SIPs are "an insulating foam core sandwiched between two structural facings, typically oriented strand board" according to the Structural Insulated Panel Association. SIPs reduce dependency on bracing and auxiliary members, because the panels span considerable distances and add rigidity to the basic timber frame.
4327:
1073:
3434:
444:
3930:
1913:
2246:
779:
2829:
791:
4508:
nations as
Germany, where energy efficiency is highly regulated, the renovated building may be required to meet modern energy efficiencies, if it is to be used as a residential or commercial structure (museums and significant historic buildings have no semi-permanent habitade exempt). Many framework houses of significance are treated merely to preserve, rather than render inhabitable – most especially as the required heavy insecticidal fumigation is highly poisonous.
3088:
3910:
3422:
2141:
1654:, an ancient tradition thought to have originated in Scandinavia by 700 AD. In the U.S., a bough or small tree is attached to the peak of the timber frame after the frame is complete as a celebration. Historically, it was common for the master carpenter to give a speech, make a toast, and then break the glass. In Northern Europe, a wreath made for the occasion is more commonly used rather than a bough. In Japan, the "ridge raising" is a religious ceremony called the
3594:
2782:
1061:
872:
3579:
8819:
8063:
1443:
135:
527:
4028:
1435:
460:
3273:
3563:
4042:
38:
2423:
1720:
162:
8841:
8073:
1017:
4054:
8829:
8083:
1172:
3789:. Unlike other types of timber framing in Europe, the trestle frame construction uses no mortise and tenon joints. Archaeological excavations have uncovered similar wooden joints from more than 3,000 years ago, suggesting that this type of framing is an ancient unbroken tradition. Grindverk buildings are only found on part of the western coast of Norway, and most of them are boathouses and barns.
147:
2124:'home-made' – even temporary – appearance. Many such example can be found in the English shires. Equally, some relatively small buildings can be seen to incorporate substantial timbers and excellent craftsmanship, reflecting the relative wealth and status of their original owners. Important resources for the study of historic building methods in the UK are
1393:
was used for various building types including warehouses, factories, garages, barns, stores/markets, recreational buildings, barracks, bridges, and trestles. The use of these structures was promoted because of their low construction costs, easy adaptability, and performance in fire as compared to unprotected steel truss construction.
3360:) whenever it could be afforded. Timber was a sign of poverty. Oak-wood was cheaper than masonry: that is why, when the money was running out, the upper floor walls were mostly built timbered. Extant baserriak with half-timbered upper-floor façades were built from the 15th to 19th centuries and are found in all Basque regions with
3509:. In urban areas, the ground floor was formerly built in stone and the upper floors in timber framing. Also, as timber framing was seen as a cheaper way of building, often the visible structures of noble houses were in stone and bricks, and the invisible or lateral walls in timber framing. The open-air museums of
4507:
there are maybe more disadvantages than advantages today. Such houses are notoriously expensive to maintain let alone renovate and restore, most commonly owing to local regulations that do not allow divergence from the original, modification or incorporation of modern materials. Additionally, in such
4193:
style or "corner post construction" (and many other names) in which wood is used both for the frame and horizontal infill; for this reason it may be incorrect to call it "half-timbering". It is sometimes a blend of framing and log building with two styles: the horizontal pieces fit into groves in the
1462:
Timber-framed structures differ from conventional wood-framed buildings in several ways. Timber framing uses fewer, larger wooden members, commonly timbers in the range of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in), while common wood framing uses many more timbers with dimensions usually in the 5- to 25-cm (2- to
645:
Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times. The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven), but also individual sticks installed vertically, horizontally, or at an angle into holes or grooves in the framing. The coating of daub has many recipes, but generally was a mixture
4629:
Noise from footsteps in adjacent rooms above, below, and on the same floor in such buildings can be quite audible. This is often resolved with built-up floor systems involving clever sound-isolation and absorption techniques and at the same time providing passage space for plumbing, wiring, and even
4489:
In North
America, heavy timber construction is classified Building Code Type IV: a special class reserved for timber framing which recognizes the inherent fire resistance of large timber and its ability to retain structural capacity in fire situations. In many cases this classification can eliminate
3957:
also known in
Eastern England as clasp board and in western England as weatherboard, then as more wood was available more cheaply, horizontal cladding in the 17th century. Perhaps owing to economic considerations, vertical cladding returned to fashion. Dutch wall framing is virtually always built in
1600:
Half-timbered construction in the
Northern European vernacular building style is characteristic of medieval and early modern Denmark, England, Germany, and parts of France and Switzerland, where timber was in good supply yet stone and associated skills to dress the stonework were in short supply. In
245:
Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world, many styles of historic framing have developed. These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers, and the roof framing details.
4648:
more readily than some other materials, making timber-frame buildings somewhat more susceptible to fire damage, although this idea is not universally accepted: Since the cross-sectional dimensions of many structural members exceed 15 cm × 15 cm (6" × 6"), timber-frame structures
2560:
building styles are extremely varied with a huge number of carpentry techniques which are highly regionalized. German planning laws for the preservation of buildings and regional architecture preservation dictate that a half-timbered house must be authentic to regional or even city-specific designs
2404:
Germany has several styles of timber framing, but probably the greatest number of half-timbered buildings in the world are to be found in
Germany and in Alsace (France). There are many small towns which escaped both war damage and modernisation and consist mainly, or even entirely, of half-timbered
1413:
arches, and lamella roof systems. Unique to this building type is the interlocking of the timber members of the roof trusses and supporting columns and their connection points. The timber members are held apart by "fillers" (blocks of timber). This leaves air spaces between the timber members which
1392:
In the 1930s a system of timber framing referred to as the "modern timber connector method" was developed. It was characterized by the use of timber members assembled into trusses and other framing systems and fastened using various types of metal timber connectors. This type of timber construction
1121:
was used throughout Europe, especially from the 12th century to the 19th century, and subsequently imported to North
America, where it was common into the early 19th century. In a scribe frame, timber sockets are fashioned or "tailor-made" to fit their corresponding timbers; thus, each timber piece
4210:
this style also became known as "Red River
Framing". "The support of horizontal timbers by corner posts is an old form of construction in Europe. It was apparently carried across much of the continent from Silesia by the Lausitz urnfield culture in the late Bronze Age." Similar building techniques
4151:
is a good example. The exterior walls of such buildings were often covered over with clapboards to protect the infill from erosion. Naturally, this required frequent maintenance, and the style was abandoned as a building method in the 18th century in Québec. For the same reasons, half-timbering in
1514:
that focuses on the engineering of wood structures. Timber is classified by tree species (e.g., southern pine, douglas fir, etc.) and its strength is graded using numerous coefficients that correspond to the number of knots, the moisture content, the temperature, the grain direction, the number of
1501:
Mudbricks also called adobe are sometimes used to fill in timber-frame structures. They can be made on site and offer exceptional fire resistance. Such buildings must be designed to accommodate the poor thermal insulating properties of mudbrick, however, and usually have deep eaves or a veranda on
2109:
The cruck frame design is among the earliest, and was in use by the early 13th century, with its use continuing to the present day, although rarely after the 18th century. Since the 18th century however, many existing cruck structures have been modified, with the original cruck framework becoming
1692:
identify the place where to cut joints and bore peg holes; carpenters also marked the location on a timber where they had levelled it, as part of the building process, and called these "level lines"; sometimes they made a mark two feet from a critical location, which was then called the "two-foot
1425:
Timber members in this type of framing system were connected with ferrous timber connectors of various types. Loads between timber members were transmitted using split-rings (larger loads), toothed rings (lighter loads), or spiked grid connectors. Split-ring connectors were metal rings sandwiched
1266:
conform t floor dimensions above, but are at right angles to the jetty-plates that conform to the shorter dimensions of "roof" of the floor below. Jetty beams are mortised at 45° into the sides of the dragon beams. They are the main constituents of the cantilever system, and determine how far the
2131:
It is often claimed that timber-framed buildings in
Britain contain reused ships' timbers. This belief is dismissed by experts, who point out that curved timbers are rarely suitable, that salt is destructive to cellulose in the wood, and that ships' timbers are generally slight compared to cruck
2123:
Generally speaking, the size of timbers used in construction, and the quality of the workmanship reflect the wealth and status of their owners. Small cottages often used quite small cross-section timbers which would have been deemed unsuitable by others. Some of these small cottages also have a
2078:
which is a half-timbering style of many studs spaced about the width of the studs apart (for example six-inch studs spaced six inches apart) until the middle of the 16th century and sometimes wider spacing after that time. Close studding was an elite style found mostly on expensive buildings. A
2073:
Historic timber-frame construction in
England (and the rest of the United Kingdom) showed regional variation which has been divided into the "eastern school", the "western school", and the "northern school", although the characteristic types of framing in these schools can be found in the other
4441:
The use of timber framing in buildings offers various aesthetic and structural benefits, as the timber frame lends itself to open plan designs and allows for complete enclosure in effective insulation for energy efficiency. In modern construction, a timber-frame structure offers many benefits:
3655:
The Swedish mostly built log houses but they do have traditions of several types of timber framing: Some of the following links are written in Swedish. Most of the half-timbered houses in Sweden were built during the Danish time and are located in what until 1658 used to be Danish territory in
1396:
During World War II, the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Canadian Military Engineers undertook to construct airplane hangars using this timber construction system in order to conserve steel. Wood hangars were constructed throughout North America and employed various technologies
2091:, and many other shapes. The northern school sometimes used posts which landed on the foundation rather than on a sill beam, the sill joining to the sides of the posts and called an interrupted sill. Another northern style was to use close studding but in a herring-bone or chevron pattern.
1467:
or other mechanical fasteners, whereas timber framing uses the traditional mortise and tenon or more complex joints that are usually fastened using only wooden pegs. Modern complex structures and timber trusses often incorporate steel joinery such as gusset plates, for both structural and
1129:
in the 18th century. It used housed joints in main timbers to allow for interchangeable braces and girts. Today, standardized timber sizing means that timber framing can be incorporated into mass-production methods as per the joinery industry, especially where timber is cut by precision
646:
of clay and chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or urine. When the manufacturing of bricks increased, brick infill replaced the less durable infills and became more common. Stone laid in mortar as an infill was used in areas where stone rubble and mortar were available.
4523:
strains and deform, shift position or both. This is a major structural issue as the house may deviate several degrees from perpendicular to its foundations (in the x-axis, y-axis, and even z-axis) and thus be unsafe and unstable or so out of square it is extremely costly to remedy.
725:, or left exposed. When left exposed, both the framing and infill were sometimes done in a decorative manner. Germany is famous for its decorative half-timbering and the figures sometimes have names and meanings. The decorative manner of half-timbering is promoted in Germany by the
1676:
Assembly or marriage marks were used to identify the individual timbers. Assembly marks include numbering to identify the pieces of the frame. The numbering can be similar to Roman numerals except the number four is IIII and nine is VIIII. These marks are chiseled, cut with a
962:, published in several volumes from 1823 to 1829. She uses the term picturesquely: "...passing through a gate in a quickset hedge, we arrived at the porch of an old half-timbered cottage, where an aged man and woman received us." By 1842, half-timbered had found its way into
2711:
1497:
is another alternative where straw bales are stacked for nonload-bearing infill with various finishes applied to the interior and exterior such as stucco and plaster. This appeals to the traditionalist and the environmentalist as this is using "found" materials to build.
3818:
All of these buildings disappeared as a consequence of this small provincial town of Christiania becoming the capital of independent Norway in 1814. This caused a rapid growth, with the population rising from 10 000 to 250 000 by 1900. Increasing prices caused a massive
1478:
An alternate construction method is with concrete flooring with extensive use of glass. This allows a solid construction combined with open architecture. Some firms have specialized in industrial prefabrication of such residential and light commercial structures such as
4201:
This technique of a timber frame walls filled in with horizontal planks or logs proved better suited to the harsh climates of Québec and Acadia, which at the same time had abundant wood. It became popular throughout New France, as far afield as southern Louisiana. The
1608:
Europe is full of timber-framed structures dating back hundreds of years, including manors, castles, homes, and inns, whose architecture and techniques of construction have evolved over the centuries. In Asia, timber-framed structures are found, many of them temples.
4531:
or half-timbered houses includes the following, though many can be avoided by thoughtful design and application of suitable paints and surface treatments and routine maintenance. Often, though when dealing with a structure of a century or more old, it is too late.
3127:) as filling in-between the timber frame. However, the half-timbered houses which can be observed nowadays have been built in regions that were historically German or had significant German cultural influence. As these regions were at some point parts of German
5936:
937:
was used informally to mean timber-framed construction in the Middle Ages. For economy, cylindrical logs were cut in half, so one log could be used for two (or more) posts. The shaved side was traditionally on the exterior and everyone knew it to be half the
302:(U.S.) or crossframe (UK); the individual timbers are each called a blade. More than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Several types of cruck frames are used; more information follows in English style below and at the main article
430:
are common in the U.S., the Netherlands, and Germany. Aisled buildings are wider than the simpler box-framed or cruck-framed buildings, and typically have purlins supporting the rafters. In northern Germany, this construction is known as variations of
3352:
or rubble laid in a clay mortar and then plastered over with white chalk or nogged with bricks. Although the entire supporting structure is made of wood, the timbering is only visible on the main façade, which is generally oriented to the southeast.
4194:
posts and can slide up and down or the horizontal pieces fit into individual mortises in the posts and are pegged and the gaps between the pieces chinked (filled in with stones or chips of wood covered with mud or moss briefly discussed in
914:
3844:
4183:(posts on a sill) is a general term for any kind of framing on a sill. However, sometimes it specifically refers to "vertical log construction" like poteaux-en-terre placed on sills with the spaces between the timbers infilled.
3609:
4484:
The generally larger spaces between the frames enable greater flexibility in the placement, at construction or afterwards, of windows and doors with less resulting weakening of the structural integrity and the need for heavy
814:
898:
1763:
Many historic hand tools used by timber framers for thousands of years have similarities, but vary in shape. Electrically powered tools first became available in the 1920s in the U.S. and continue to evolve. See the
5069:
Kessler, Karl; Custodis, Paul-Georg; Lang, Helmut R.; Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald; Elenz, Reinhold; Schrammel-Schäl, Nortrud G.; Kreisverwaltung des Westerwaldkreises; Schumacher, Angela; Weinert, Peter P. (1987).
2762:
1681:(a tool to cut lines and circles in wood), or saw cuts. The numbering can also be in Arabic numerals which are often written with a red grease pencil or crayon. German and French carpenters made some unique marks. (
3521:) show many examples of Belgian timber framing. Many post-and-beam houses can be found in cities and villages, but, unlike France, the United Kingdom, and Germany, there are few fully timber framed cityscapes.
207:, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect. The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany, where timber-framed houses are spread all over the country.
4244:(c. 1741), York, York County, Pennsylvania, which has the ground level of corner-post construction with the second floor of fachwerk (half timbered) and was built for a German with other Germanic features.
2592:
usually has a foundation of stone, or sometimes brick, perhaps up to several feet (a couple of metres) high, which the timber framework is mortised into or, more rarely, supports an irregular wooden sill.
1333:
In the advanced manner, called frame construction, each story is constructed like a case, and the whole building is constructed like a pile of such cases. This frame construction in German is called
2102:
As houses were modified to cope with changing demands there sometimes were a combination of styles within a single timber-frame construction. The major types of historic framing in England are
1004:
in his books on architecture as a timber frame with wattlework infill. However, the same term is used to describe timber frames with an infill of stone rubble laid in mortar the Romans called
754:
638:
is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or
3691:. Stave construction is a traditional timber frame with walls of vertical planks, the posts and planks landing in a sill on a foundation. Similar construction with earthfast posts is called
4511:
In some cases, it is more economical to build anew using authentic techniques and correct period materials than restore. One major problem with older structures is the phenomenon known as
4457:
in a shop, without the need for a machine or hand-cut production line. This allows faster erection on site and more precise alignments. Valley and hip timbers are not typically pre-fitted.
1577:
times, and have been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, continental Europe, and Neolithic Denmark, England, France, Germany, Spain, parts of the
2665:
is thought to be the earliest method of connecting the wall plates and tie beams and is particularly identified with Swabia. A later innovation (also pioneered in Swabia) was the use of
2341:
1256:(horizontal piece) on which the projecting wall above rests, stretches across the whole width of the jetty wall. The bressummer is itself cantilevered forward, beyond the wall below it.
3763:
is common. All but one surviving stave churches are in Norway, one in Sweden. Replicas of stave churches and other Norwegian building types have been reproduced elsewhere, e.g. at the
2917:
2862:
1822:
in East Anglia, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Cheshire, where one of the most elaborate surviving English examples of half-timbered construction is
6338:
A good introductory book on carpentry and joinery from 1898 in London, England is titled Carpentry & Joinery by Frederick G. Webber and is a free ebook in the public domain:
2261:
1198:. If required, smaller timbers were ripsawn from the hewn baulks using pitsaws or frame saws. Today, timbers are more commonly bandsawn, and the timbers may sometimes be machine-
766:
3257:
6371:
For an English summary of important points presented in the Dutch language book Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 (Wooden Roofs in the Netherlands: 1000–1940) use this link
855:
3803:
until the 18th century. Timber framing of the type used in large parts of Europe appeared occasionally in late medieval towns, but never became common, except for the capital
1593:
and southern Sweden. Timber framing is rare in Russia, Finland, northern Sweden, and Norway, where tall and straight lumber, such as pine and spruce, is readily available and
378:
2846:
3356:
Although the typical Basque house is now mostly associated with half-timbering, the outer walls and the fire-walls were built in masonry (rubble stone, bricks or, ideally,
1986:
6245:
3878:
702:
became the standard infill after the manufacturing of bricks made them more available and less expensive. Half-timbered walls may be covered by siding materials including
538:
310:
True cruck or full cruck: blades, straight or curved, extend from ground or foundation to the ridge acting as the principal rafters. A full cruck does not need a tie beam.
4111:(Brazil), where Germans settled. Later, they chose more suitable building materials for local conditions (most likely because of the great problem of tropical termites.)
2694:
In addition there is a myriad of regional scrollwork and fretwork designs of the non-loadbearing large timbers (braces) peculiar to particularly wealthy towns or cities.
2575:
and Switzerland) have more decoration using timber because of greater forest reserves in those areas. During the 19th century, a form of decorative timber-framing called
601:
3457:
6208:
362:
2357:
1314:
In the older (medieval) manner, called post construction, the vertical elements continue from the groundwork to the roof. This post construction in German is called
577:
565:
1967:
3616:
3518:
3348:. Big holes were left in the gable of the main façade for ventilation. The wooden beams were painted over, mostly in dark red. The vacancies were filled in with
2607:
In West Central German and Franconian timber-work houses (particularly in the Central Rhine and Moselle): the windows most commonly lie between the rails of the
1298:
2038:
4769:
3063:
2018:
7956:
3546:
2673:
tenons). The timbers were initially placed with the tenons left an inch or two out of intended position and later driven home after becoming fully seasoned.
4649:
benefit from the unique properties of large timbers, which char on the outside, forming an insulated layer that protects the rest of the beam from burning.
3227:
2796:
2325:
4979:
The lady of the manor being a series of conversations on the subject of confirmation. Intended for the use of the middle and higher ranks of young females
2223:) and mortised at the top into the plate. The openings were filled with many materials including mud and straw, wattle and daub, or horsehair and gypsum.
1080:
Traditional timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with various joints, commonly and originally with
4171:
or "earthfast" construction. The tops of the posts are joined to a beam and the spaces between are filled in with natural materials called bousillage or
4206:
used this technique for many of its trading posts, and this style of framing becoming known as Hudson Bay style or Hudson Bay corners. Also used by the
3245:
802:
4367:
2380:
451:, brick, and stone. The plaster coating which originally covered the infill and timbers is mostly gone. This building is in the central German city of
5904:
3890:
3829:
266:
framing). The distinction presented here is that the roof load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also found even in plain timber frames.
2697:
A unique type of timber-frame house can be found in the region where the borders of Germany, the Czech Republic, and Poland meet – it is called the
1948:
4795:
2902:
1270:
The jetty-plates are designed to carry the jetty beams. The jetty plates themselves are supported by the corner posts of the recessed floor below.
5922:
3953:, allowed economically viable widespread use of protective wood covering over framework. In the late 17th century the Dutch introduced vertical
3111:
Historically, the majority of Polish cities as well as their central marketplaces possessed timber-framed dwellings and housing. Throughout the
2983:
1693:
mark". These marks are typically scratched on the timber with an awl-like tool until later in the 19th century, when they started using pencils.
4400:. During the 1920s increasingly minimal gestures towards some half-timbering in commercial speculative housebuilding saw the fashion diminish.
3815:
and the less affluent to use timber framing in the Danish manner. During the next two centuries, 50 per cent of the houses were timber framed.
3811:
ordered the town to be relocated to a new site. He outlawed log building to prevent future conflagrations and required wealthy burghers to use
2309:
2106:, box frame, and aisled construction. From the box frame, more complex framed buildings such as the Wealden House and Jettied house developed.
4159:(torchis), straw coated with mud and hung over horizontal staves (or otherwise held in place), colombage an eclisses, and colombage a lattes.
3405:
1020:
A variation of the second meaning of half-timbered: the ground floor is log and the upper floor is framed (half-timbered in the first sense).
3309:
The Spanish generally follow the Mediterranean forms of architecture with stone walls and shallow roof pitch. Timber framing is often of the
2079:
principal style of the western school is the use of square panels of roughly equal size and decorative framing utilizing many shapes such as
1743:
on trestles; on right carpenters striking a mortising chisel with a mallet and boring a hole with a T-auger; lower right on ground a two-man
1259:
The dragon-beam which runs diagonally from one corner to another, and supports the corner posts above and supported by the corner posts below
3859:
1631:
had all the necessary techniques for this construction. The earliest surviving (French) half-timbered buildings date from the 12th century.
6074:
6047:
3197:
2725:, built in 1346; in the past suggested as the oldest timber-frame house in Germany; nowadays 3 older houses are known only in Quedlinburg.
7946:
6155:
3741:
839:
6397:
4481:
Consequently, there are many half-timbered houses which still stand despite the foundation having partially caved in over the centuries.
3527:
4152:
New England, which was originally employed by the English settlers, fell out of favour soon after the colonies had become established.
3380:
3290:
2924:
2812:
3593:
3445:
2828:
2002:
3188:
5288:
3015:
2882:
2229:
742:
4856:
883:
5125:
3909:
2746:
1710:
Other markings in old buildings are called "ritual marks", which were often signs the occupants felt would protect them from harm.
8119:
1932:
1230:
sill-beams (also called ground-sills or sole-pieces, at the bottom of a wall into which posts and studs are fitted using tenons),
6233:
3233:
2293:
589:
346:
3473:
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3853:
detail. Note how the sills lap and the post fits around the sills. The post is the stave from which these buildings are named.
2277:
1032:(1873) which distinguishes full-timbered houses from half-timbered, with half-timber houses having a ground floor in stone or
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6366:
6192:
5962:
5884:
5823:
5079:
4841:
3415:
houses resembling old Basque farmsteads, with more or less respect for the principles of traditional half-timbered building.
3322:
2679:
The most characteristic feature is the spacing between the posts and the high placement of windows. Panels are enclosed by a
1148:
A jetty is an upper floor which sometimes historically used a structural horizontal beam, supported on cantilevers, called a
871:
102:
6215:
1463:
10-in) range. The methods of fastening the frame members also differ. In conventional framing, the members are joined using
511:
5401:"The Shakespeare Hotel- Stratford Upon Avon:: OS grid SP2054: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"
4464:. This stage of preparing the assembled frame for the installation of windows, mechanical systems, and roofing is known as
3433:
2937:
1868:
74:
4259:
are H-framing also known as dropped-tie framing in the U.S. and the similar anchor beam framing as found in the New World
2999:
1301:
bracing (a decorative and supporting style of frame, usually at 45° to the upright and horizontal directions of the frame)
7931:
4311:
3031:
760:
Two curved saltires also called St. Andrews crosses during repairs to a building in Germany: The infill has been removed.
613:
5770:
4407:(Mock Tudor), the half-timbered appearance is superimposed on the brickwork or other material as an outside decorative
3781:
construction, consisting of a series of transversal frames of two posts and a connecting beam, supporting two parallel
790:
6048:"Corner-Post Log Construction: Description, Analysis, and Sources – A Report to Early American Industries Association"
5157:
5114:
TECO Timber Engineering Company. "Specify Timber with the TECO System for Industrial and Commercial Structures". 1950.
5072:
Fachwerk im Westerwald: Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald, Hachenburg, Ausstellung vom 11. September 1987 bis 30 April 1988
4564:
traditional gypsum, or wattle and daub containing organic materials (animal hair, straw, manure) which then decompose.
3047:
954:, but it is the standard English name for this style. One of the first people to publish the term "half-timbered" was
81:
8900:
8076:
7961:
6355:
6347:
6329:
6295:
6279:
6132:
5745:
5662:
5546:
5520:
5490:
5404:
5378:
5318:
4938:
121:
5636:
5464:
5348:
2731:
2245:
418:
than the posts in the exterior walls. This is the same concept of the aisle in church buildings, sometimes called a
8890:
7936:
5606:
5487:"Pembridge, Market Hall and New Inn:: OS grid SO3958: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"
5434:
4299:
1581:, and Scotland. The timber-framing technique has historically been popular in climate zones which favour deciduous
274:
6183:
Bengtsson, Charlotte (1999). "Mechano-sorptive creep of wood in tension and compression". In Boström, Lars (ed.).
5576:
4543:
poor prevention of capillary movement of water within any exposed timber, leading to afore-described creep, or rot
3624:
3212:
1912:
8366:
4381:), though in Tudor times half-timbering had begun to look rustic and was increasingly limited to village houses (
3615:
Unskilled worker's thatched cottage (Hingeon 19th century) transplanted and reconstituted in the open-air museum
2207:
features two techniques: frameworks were built of four evenly spaced regularly hewn timbers set into the ground (
2110:
hidden. Aisled barns are of two or three aisled types, the oldest surviving aisled barn being the barley barn at
1152:
or 'jetty bressummer' to bear the weight of the new wall, projecting outward from the preceding floor or storey.
55:
4558:
non-beveled vertical beams (posts and clapboards) allow water absorption and retention through capillary action.
4167:(posts in ground) is a type of timber framing with the many vertical posts or studs buried in the ground called
4147:. The style had its origins in Normandy, and was brought to Canada by early Norman settlers. The Men's House at
3421:
1471:
Recently, it has become common practice to enclose the timber structure entirely in manufactured panels such as
1114:
or axe) and sawn timbers, two main carpentry methods were employed: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry.
974:
of exposed timbered beams and infilled spaces created the distinctive "half-timbered", or occasionally termed, "
88:
8880:
8844:
8833:
7941:
5795:
5711:
5264:
5035:
4902:
4877:
4857:
Vitruvious On Architecture (translated in 1931 from the eighth century Latin), Book II, Chapter 8, paragraph 20
4449:
It is well suited to prefabrication, modular construction, and mass-production. Timbers can be pre-fit within
4430:
4350:
4041:
3344:. In the oldest farmsteads and, if existing, in the third floor the walls were sometimes covered with vertical
778:
59:
6361:
Timber Buildings. Low-energy constructions. Cristina Benedetti, Bolzano 2010, Bozen-Bolzano University Press,
4540:(weather-seasonally induced) and mechano-sorptive (moisture induced) creep of wood in tension and compression.
4008:
1384:
8875:
7951:
7661:
6679:
5543:"Historic buildings in Ludlow:: OS grid SO5174: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!"
4131:, half-timbered construction with the infill between the posts and studs of stone rubble and lime plaster or
2332:
1993:
1696:
Occasionally, carpenters or owners marked a date and/or their initials in the wood, but not like masons left
5001:
3941:
The Netherlands is often overlooked for its timbered houses, yet many exist, including windmills. It was in
8086:
7288:
4069:
As the result of centuries of German settlement and cultural influence, towns in the Baltic states such as
3578:
3099:
1838:
1765:
1527:, and various connection types. In the United States, structural frames are then designed according to the
1194:
Historically, the timbers would have been hewn square using a felling axe and then surface-finished with a
526:
70:
17:
1414:
improves air circulation and drying around the members which improves resistance to moisture borne decay.
8257:
8112:
6033:
Common places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, referencing V. Gordon Childe, The Bronze Age
4670:
4366:
When half-timbering regained popularity in Britain after 1860 in the various revival styles, such as the
4359:
4091:
Most "haft-timbered" houses existing in Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Texas were built by German settlers.
4086:
3161:
in southwestern Poland. There are also numerous examples of timber-framed secular structures such as the
1028:
A less common meaning of the term "half-timbered" is found in the fourth edition of John Henry Parker's
290:, England: The cruck blades are the tall, curved timbers which extend from near the ground to the ridge.
254:
A simple timber frame made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof without
8885:
8386:
8381:
7138:
6372:
4477:
it offers some structural benefits as the timber frame, if properly engineered, lends itself to better
4461:
3958:
bents and the three basic types of roof framing are the rafter roof, purlin roof, and ridge-post roof.
3764:
3272:
3237:
2772:(i.e. little place), the worldwide known timber frame ensemble, as the southern end of the Old town in
1558:
1472:
4955:
3562:
8757:
8354:
7966:
7885:
7104:
6431:
398:
4053:
3701:
construction where many vertical wall timbers or planks have their feet buried in the ground called
2571:
similar to that of the nearby Netherlands and England while the more southerly states (most notably
8722:
8661:
8162:
6241:
4722:
4139:
in France. Colombage was used from the earliest settlement until the 18th century but was known as
2909:
2773:
2753:
2443:
2416:
1233:
noggin-pieces (the horizontal timbers forming the tops and bottoms of the frames of infill panels),
726:
3187:
Another world-class type of wooden building Poland shares with some neighboring countries are its
2781:
2372:
313:
Base cruck: tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam.
8865:
8742:
8322:
7318:
6466:
6461:
4744:
4710:
4603:
4415:
4335:
4203:
3954:
2691:, and are crossed by two rails between which the windows are placed—like "two eyes peering out".
1880:
1819:
1723:
German carpenters in 1880: The tools, from left to right, are: a cart loaded with timbers, rough
1528:
1494:
414:
Aisled frames have one or more rows of interior posts. These interior posts typically carry more
48:
6391:
6185:
1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999
5955:
1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering: Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999
2268:
2125:
1295:(slanting beams giving extra support between horizontal or vertical members of the timber frame)
1103:
the joints with allowance of about 1 inch (25 mm), enough room for the wood to move as it '
1048:
8822:
8312:
8307:
8105:
8043:
7124:
7094:
7089:
6795:
6081:
6051:
5861:. Heimatland Lippe: Zeitschrift d. Lippischen Heimatbundes. Vol. 7. Lippischer Heimatbund.
4705:
4700:
4695:
4144:
4104:
3865:
2893:
1511:
1447:
1410:
1068:) upper storeys of an English half-timbered village terraced house, the jetties plainly visible
6148:
4446:
It is rapidly erected. A moderately sized timber-frame home can be erected within 2 to 3 days.
4314:). Asian framing is significantly different from western framing, with its predominant use of
3994:
there are few examples of this type of architecture, most of those buildings being located in
2165:
1776:
8459:
8361:
7109:
6958:
6820:
6732:
4930:
3934:
3514:
3325:
have the most representative examples of the use of timber framing in the Iberian Peninsula.
2458:. It is more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) long, crossing Germany through the states of
2068:
1524:
5816:
The arts and architecture of German settlements in Missouri: a survey of a vanishing culture
3485:
Switzerland has many styles of timber framing which overlap with its neighboring countries.
1727:
with felling axes; in the green coat is the master carpenter carrying his tools including a
1672:
Carpenters' marks are markings left on the timbers of wooden buildings during construction.
95:
8895:
8207:
8066:
7971:
7855:
7746:
7240:
6920:
6900:
6840:
6424:
4516:
4241:
3967:
3835:
3506:
3494:
2698:
2542:
2518:
1973:
1488:
1398:
1292:
955:
262:
is not well defined and has been used for any kind of framing (with the usual exception of
5877:
Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute
2479:
1768:
for basic descriptions and images of unusual tools (The list is incomplete at this time).
493:= partitions), which are then filled-in with some kind of nonstructural material known as
8:
8605:
7696:
7691:
7225:
7210:
7190:
7185:
7061:
6943:
5280:
4734:
4371:
4279:
roofs, five sided ridge beams, plank-frame construction and plank-wall construction. The
4255:
Characteristics of traditional timber framing in the parts of the U.S. formerly known as
4095:
North Carolina has fine examples of German fachwerk buildings. Many are still present in
2928:
2705:). This type has a timber frame surrounding a log structure on part of the ground floor.
2364:
1977:
1884:
1823:
923:
can be built with half-timber walls. This house is in the Ryedale Folk Museum in England.
323:
150:
5179:
4471:
it can be customized with carvings or incorporate heirloom structures such as barns etc.
4027:
3502:
3314:
1554:
8522:
7754:
7264:
7200:
6825:
6780:
6552:
6512:
5230:
5222:
5130:(Unpublished master's thesis). Corvallis, OR.: School of Forestry, Oregon State College
4727:
4307:
3850:
2550:
1853:
1815:
1707:" cut into them which were numbers used to keep track of quantities of lumber (timber).
1651:
1566:
1355:
1183:
904:
Square-panel half-timbering with fired brick infill: Square paneling is typical of the
692:
687:
without any wooden support. The wall surfaces on the interior were often "ceiled" with
192:
5683:
Cruck Construction: an introduction and catalogue (CBA Research Report 42), pp. 61–92.
3884:
An example of grindverk framing. The tie beams are captured in slots in the post tops.
2120:
was introduced in the 13th century and continued to be used through the 16th century.
971:
8870:
8787:
8732:
8552:
8272:
8227:
8048:
7905:
7736:
7716:
7303:
7046:
6770:
6612:
6362:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6325:
6291:
6275:
6188:
6128:
5958:
5916:
5880:
5819:
5791:
5766:
5741:
5707:
5260:
5234:
5075:
5031:
4934:
4898:
4873:
4837:
4638:
4615:
4555:
timber ends, joints, and corners poorly protected through coatings, shape or position
4520:
4450:
4426:
4288:
4108:
3534:
3498:
3158:
3104:
2990:
2889:
2684:
2666:
2564:
A brief overview of styles follows, as a full inclusion of all styles is impossible.
2044:
1895:
programs demonstrating the building technique are available at both these locations.
1543:
1131:
1085:
1053:
772:
Several forms of 'man' figures are found in Germany; this one is called a 'wild man'.
478:
463:
299:
200:
196:
4015:
2148:
Elaborately half-timbered houses of the 13th through 18th centuries still remain in
1634:
Important resources for the study and appreciation of historic building methods are
8777:
8772:
8762:
8727:
8681:
8391:
8247:
8152:
7706:
7681:
7656:
7626:
7283:
6865:
6760:
6527:
6317:
5214:
4922:
4715:
4549:
that are too narrow or non-existent (thus allowing total exposure to rain and snow)
4460:
As an alternative to the traditional infill methods, the frame can be encased with
4343:
4284:
4207:
4163:
4148:
3137:(lit. Prussian wall) in Polish. A distinctive type of house associated with mostly
3107:
in southwestern Poland are the largest religious timberframed structures in Europe.
2530:
2408:
1682:
1590:
1484:
1118:
905:
403:
188:
8242:
1364:
211:
8792:
8297:
8038:
7651:
7587:
7361:
7081:
7051:
7011:
6925:
6627:
6407:
4977:
4749:
4739:
4690:
4575:
4315:
4211:
are apparently not found in France but exist in Germany and Switzerland known as
4179:
3712:
3361:
3349:
3345:
3310:
3120:
3116:
3022:
2669: – builders left timbers to season which were held in place by wooden pegs (
2522:
2435:
2431:
2111:
2094:
2080:
1830:
1697:
1635:
1464:
1362:
framing where the posts extend all the way to the ridge beams. Germans call this
1359:
1327:
1092:
is used to prevent "racking", or movement of structural vertical beams or posts.
833:
The collection of elements in half timbering are sometimes given specific names:
718:
707:
631:
452:
448:
415:
407:
334:
176:
5982:. Delftse Universitaire Pers, Delft / Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg, Zeist.
5841:
Die Fachwerkhäuser der Stadt Braunschweig: ein kunst und kulturhistorisches Bild
4033:
3999:
3410:
3180:(Germany) is also found in the neighboring areas of Poland, particularly in the
2641:
Holstein fachwerk houses are famed for their massive 12-inch (30 cm) beams.
2493:-listed town, which has over 1200 half-timbered houses spanning five centuries;
2074:
regions (except the northern school). A characteristic of the eastern school is
703:
203:
timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as
8717:
8696:
8676:
8567:
8371:
8017:
8007:
7915:
7875:
7671:
7666:
7631:
7582:
7557:
7547:
7537:
7351:
7114:
6810:
6617:
6602:
6502:
6016:
Edwards, Jay Dearborn; Verton, Nicolas (2004). ""colombage pierroté" def. 1.".
5068:
4568:
4256:
4190:
4168:
3966:
Half-timbered houses can be found in Romania mostly in areas once inhabited by
3718:
3702:
3341:
3054:
2502:
2075:
1892:
1621:
1602:
1417:
1219:
991:
889:
684:
675:
210:
The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut
4247:
Settlers in New France also built horizontal log, brick, and stone buildings.
2853:
2654:
1539:
1531:
method or the Load Reduced Factor Design method (the latter being preferred).
1179:
1163:
exemplifies this, where jettied houses seem to almost touch above the street.
8859:
8747:
8666:
8656:
8562:
8517:
8510:
8177:
7987:
7880:
7850:
7552:
7522:
7517:
7507:
7454:
7308:
7293:
7255:
7205:
7195:
6948:
6905:
6662:
6587:
6537:
6497:
6492:
6386:
4675:
4582:
4397:
4392:
and rambling half-timbered beach houses appeared on dune-front properties in
4326:
4096:
3942:
3896:
3823:, which resulted in all wooden structures being replaced with office blocks.
3820:
3478:
3329:
3173:
3070:
2869:
2463:
1796:
1736:
1089:
1072:
996:
626:
551:
443:
287:
235:
3987:
3929:
1310:
Historically were two different systems of the position of posts and studs:
8651:
8600:
8537:
8474:
8287:
8252:
8217:
8192:
7800:
7795:
7731:
7686:
7676:
7641:
7572:
7567:
7527:
7499:
7434:
7419:
7356:
7328:
7272:
7268:
7260:
6930:
6910:
6647:
6622:
6607:
6567:
6532:
6098:
5658:
5542:
5512:
5486:
5400:
5310:
5149:
4393:
4331:
4280:
3808:
3768:
3760:
3746:
3737:
3736:
Norway has at least two significant types of timber-framed structures: the
3688:
3393:
To a lesser extent timbered houses are also found in villages and towns as
2957:
Several half-timbered houses can be found in Northern Italy, especially in
2459:
1954:
1899:
1898:
One of the surviving streets lined with almost-touching houses is known as
1748:
1744:
1660:
1613:
1578:
1562:
1515:
holes, and other factors. There are design specifications for sawn lumber,
1402:
1199:
1160:
1033:
975:
967:
231:
5628:
5456:
5370:
5340:
4982:. Vol. 5. Wellington, Salop. London: F. Houlston and Son. p. 168
4552:
too much exterior detailing that does not allow adequate rainwater run-off
3945:
where the import of cheaper timber, combined with the Dutch innovation of
8797:
8782:
8767:
8431:
8317:
8172:
8022:
8012:
7900:
7726:
7711:
7577:
7562:
7512:
7459:
7424:
7366:
7313:
7245:
6986:
6702:
6652:
6447:
5598:
5426:
4593:
4404:
4390:
The Half-Timber House: Its Origin, Design, Modern Plan, and Construction,
4377:
4272:
3800:
3678:
3385:
3376:
3112:
2834:
2738:
2718:
2582:
2486:
2140:
2029:
1876:
1872:
1704:
1689:
1647:
1455:
1406:
1126:
1104:
1037:
1021:
920:
688:
555:
494:
419:
319:
Middle cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and are truncated by a collar.
239:
139:
6401:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 836.
6187:. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327.
5957:. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327.
5568:
4637:
that are non-destructive to the wood but are harmful to humans, such as
4355:
4070:
3971:
3759:
essentially means a framed church, a distinction made in a region where
1605:(split) in half provided the complete skeletal framing of the building.
1060:
8620:
8587:
8469:
8446:
8339:
8262:
8222:
8157:
7910:
7865:
7646:
7592:
7542:
7532:
7484:
7474:
7429:
7371:
7336:
7276:
7031:
7021:
7016:
6880:
6835:
6684:
6597:
6562:
6390:
6178:
6176:
5110:
5108:
4680:
4657:
4645:
4454:
4260:
4219:
when beams are used as the infill. In Sweden the technique is known as
4172:
4132:
4120:
3782:
3318:
2688:
2680:
2608:
2526:
2084:
1814:
Molded plaster ornamentation, pargetting further enriched some English
1781:
1678:
1442:
1253:
1149:
669:
651:
369:
227:
134:
5948:
5946:
5226:
5202:
5142:
5055:(4th ed.). Poole, Dorset: New Orchard Editions. pp. 178–179.
3146:
3087:
1795:
Some of the earliest known timber houses in Europe have been found in
1434:
8630:
8625:
8505:
8500:
8454:
8436:
8344:
8267:
8212:
8202:
8197:
7845:
7815:
7810:
7701:
7636:
7479:
7464:
7439:
7250:
7230:
7175:
7165:
7099:
7071:
7006:
6642:
6577:
6522:
6517:
6507:
6154:. Orange, CA: Technical Services Information Bureau. September 2008.
4685:
4611:
4195:
4100:
4092:
3991:
3869:
3812:
3796:
3792:
3727:. This is a traditional timber frame with walls of horizontal planks.
3394:
3281:
3219:
3204:
3166:
3138:
2876:(Saxony). The timber frame is outside a log wall on the ground floor.
2662:
2601:
2506:
2471:
2387:
1919:
1888:
1834:
1804:
1800:
1728:
1628:
1594:
1574:
1547:
1215:
1107:', then cut the pegs, and drive the beam home fully into its socket.
1096:
1081:
1001:
986:
The most ancient known half-timbered building is called the House of
729:, several planned routes people can drive to see notable examples of
699:
481:
timber, creating spaces between the timbers called panels (in German
6173:
5105:
3979:
3975:
3092:
2088:
1330:
method common in North America until the middle of the 20th century.
37:
8803:
8737:
8646:
8615:
8595:
8577:
8557:
8547:
8527:
8479:
8426:
8409:
8349:
8327:
8277:
7825:
7805:
7449:
7414:
7150:
7026:
6953:
6895:
6860:
6855:
6752:
6671:
6582:
6547:
6542:
5943:
5218:
4598:
4339:
3946:
3698:
3661:
3585:
3398:
3337:
3278:
3251:
Granary in Bydgoszcz, built in 1795 upon 15th-century gothic cellar
3157:). The biggest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe are the
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2944:
2819:
2803:
2788:
2577:
2510:
2177:
2117:
2048:
2009:
1808:
1752:
1732:
1582:
1480:
1451:
1195:
1143:
1100:
1065:
664:
518:
497:. The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building.
353:
316:
Raised cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and extend to the ridge.
219:
5064:
5062:
4927:
The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West
4641:. These fungi may also thrive on many "modern" building materials.
4423:
Roundwood Timber Framing: Building Naturally Using Local Resources
3657:
3538:
3297:
2422:
1719:
583:
The wattle and daub was covered with a decorated layer of plaster.
459:
8712:
8686:
8610:
8421:
8414:
8376:
8334:
8002:
7997:
7890:
7860:
7820:
7764:
7618:
7597:
7489:
7444:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7376:
7346:
7341:
7215:
7119:
7056:
7001:
6890:
6845:
6800:
6722:
6712:
6697:
6592:
6572:
4607:
4586:
3950:
3665:
3600:
3510:
3369:
3333:
3181:
3162:
3128:
3074:
2966:
2838:
2572:
2514:
2475:
2412:
2284:
2181:
2149:
2052:
1939:
1861:
1785:
1740:
1520:
385:
283:
191:, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and
8097:
4425:
by Ben Law (East Meon, Hampshire: Permanent Publications; 2010.
4411:
rather than forming the main frame that supports the structure.
3970:, in cities, towns and villages with Germanic influence such as
3463:
Timbered house from Guadilla de Villamar (Spain). Popular style.
2200:. Alsace is the region with the most timbered houses in France.
1236:
wall-plates (at the top of timber-framed walls that support the
1016:
242:
tools, artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building.
8671:
8572:
8532:
8237:
8232:
8147:
8136:
7992:
7721:
7469:
7220:
7170:
7066:
7036:
6976:
6850:
6775:
6737:
6690:
6557:
6475:
5998:
Wood, brick, and stone: the North American settlement landscape
5095:
5059:
4796:"Timber framing – A rediscovered technique for building a home"
4634:
4408:
4276:
4019:
3995:
3786:
3631:
3357:
3177:
3142:
3006:
2658:
2650:
2624:
2612:
2513:("Romance city" with a half-timbered church dating from 1320);
2494:
2490:
2300:
2252:
2173:
2157:
2025:
1879:
tradition). The original English colonial settlements, such as
1789:
1724:
1516:
1379:
1209:
1171:
467:
255:
215:
6416:
5809:
5807:
5371:"Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford... (C) Frederick Blake"
4893:
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005).
161:
8752:
8484:
8464:
8282:
8182:
8167:
7870:
7779:
7774:
7759:
7180:
6971:
6964:
6935:
6915:
6885:
6870:
6830:
6815:
6805:
6790:
6785:
6765:
6742:
6717:
6637:
5905:"Domy z szachulca, czyli co łączy Sudety i Pomorze Gdańskie?"
4653:
4619:
4546:
4490:
the need and expense of fire sprinklers in public buildings.
4374:
and others, it was often used to evoke a "Tudor" atmosphere (
3983:
3569:
3553:
3365:
3038:
2873:
2635:
2538:
2498:
2467:
2368:
2316:
2236:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2103:
1845:
1624:
1282:
1278:
1263:
1241:
1237:
1052:
Joints in a pre-modern French roof; the wooden pegs hold the
660:
656:
426:. However, a nave is often called an aisle, and three-aisled
339:
End cruck is not a style, but on the gable end of a building.
330:
303:
295:
279:
263:
165:
154:
6020:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 65.
5100:
Construction Information Series: Lumber and It's Utilization
2631:
foothills, angle braces often form fully extended triangles.
8187:
8128:
7769:
7298:
7235:
7160:
7041:
6996:
6991:
6727:
6471:
5804:
5002:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius de Architectura – Liber Secundus"
4895:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
4515:
or slanting: where wood beams absorb moisture whilst under
4074:
3916:
3900:
3804:
2628:
2534:
2348:
1958:
1923:
1903:
1857:
1849:
1841:" (c. 1500), shows traditional half-timbered construction.
1756:
1617:
1305:
1286:
1156:
1111:
1076:
This is a part of a timber frame, before pegs are inserted.
722:
711:
470:, Germany, with half-timbered buildings dating from c. 1480
427:
423:
223:
146:
3990:. However the number of half-timbered houses is small. In
2646:
Southern Germany including the Black and Bohemian Forests
1281:(the slanting timbers forming the triangular framework at
607:
Here, the plaster infill itself is sculpted and decorated.
8542:
7895:
7386:
7155:
6981:
6875:
6707:
6373:
Herman Janse, Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 · dbnl
5457:"West End Farm, Pembridge, Herefordshire (C) Doug Elliot"
4623:
4318:
framing and an almost complete lack of diagonal bracing.
3556:
House (18th century), in the Fourneau Saint-Michel Museum
2454:) is a tourist route that connects towns with remarkable
2098:
Roof structure of the Barley Barn, Cressing Temple, Essex
1586:
1218:(subsidiary upright limbs in framed walls), for example,
1040:
which was a log cabin with a timber-framed second floor.
942:
The term half-timbering is not as old as the German name
195:
timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. If the
157:, France, a city renowned for its half-timbered buildings
142:, Germany, showing an ensemble of half-timbered buildings
6412:. The country house library. NY: McBride, Nast & Co.
5765:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 313.
5311:"Pargetting on the White Horse, Pleshey (C) Colin Smith"
4872:. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. pp. 7–8.
3795:
was the common construction used for housing humans and
2549:
and one of Southern Germany's oldest buildings, now the
1875:
and the mid-Atlantic colonies for clapboard facings (an
1388:
Typical lapped joint assemblies of split-ring connectors
717:
The infill may be covered by other materials, including
6080:. Dyker Heights Civic Association. 2007. Archived from
5870:
5868:
5281:"History of "topping out" during building construction"
5213:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 166–195.
4421:
For information about "roundwood framing" see the book
4283:
always contains an "English tying joint" and the later
3390:) feature an overhanged upper floor in half-timbering.
3115:
it was customary in Poland to use either bare brick or
2485:
Some of the more prominent towns (among many) include:
1565:, England: Its timber framing is typical of vernacular
1252:
The jetty bressummer (or breastsummer), where the main
329:
Jointed cruck: blades are made from pieces joined near
5852:
5850:
5094:
National Lumber Manufacturer's Association. "Airplane
4916:
4914:
4418:, as well as all of the clubhouse, shops, and marina.
4310:
is believed to be descended from Chinese framing (see
4240:
A particularly interesting example in the U.S. is the
2908:
Fachwerk (timber framing) under construction in 2013,
1811:
are some of the rare examples of these constructions.
877:
Fachwerk in Upper Franconia often used to be detailed.
7957:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
5180:"National Design Specification for Wood Construction"
5127:
Modern Timber Connectors for Modern Timber Structures
4498:
5865:
5257:
Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? And Other Imponderables
4834:
Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction
4321:
2596:
The three main forms may be divided geographically:
2395:
2184:. Timber framing in French is known colloquially as
1955:
Intersection of Shambles and Little Shambles streets
1871:
in the early 17th century but was soon abandoned in
1818:
houses. Half-timbering is characteristic of English
1212:(main supports at corners and other major uprights),
298:
is a pair of crooked or curved timbers which form a
5847:
4911:
4474:
it can use recycled or otherwise discarded timbers.
4303:
Wall framing of a Japanese house under construction
4119:In the historical region of North America known as
3493:Nowadays, timber framing is primarily found in the
2620:Northern Germany, Central Germany and East German:
1573:The techniques used in timber framing date back to
1110:To cope with variable sizes and shapes of hewn (by
808:
Relief carvings adorn some half-timbered buildings.
322:Upper cruck: blades land on a tie beam, similar to
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5859:Torbögen und Inschriften lippischer Fachwerkhäuser
5341:"Half-timbered house in Laxfield (C) Toby Speight"
4892:
1175:The completed frame of a modern timber-frame house
1159:in the United Kingdom, the famous street known as
384:Rural old railway station timber framing style in
6405:
6018:A Creole Lexicon: Architecture, Landscape, People
5629:"Spreadeagle Hotel 1430: Midhurst (C) Pam Brophy"
4956:"The Look of Medieval Half-Timbered Construction"
4414:The style was used in many of the homes built in
3477:An exceptional fachwerk house called Eglihaus in
1510:Timber design or wood design is a subcategory of
748:Simple saltires or St. Andrews crosses in Germany
422:, where the center aisle is technically called a
8857:
6316:
6062:– via Huntingdon History Research Network.
5513:"The Feathers Hotel, Ludlow (C) Humphrey Bolton"
5255:Abrams, Robert J. (1988). Feldman, David (ed.).
5203:"Roman Building-Materials in South-East England"
4561:surface point or coatings allowed to deteriorate
4275:contain certain framing elements such as common
3404:Currently, it has again become popular to build
1248:When jettying, horizontal elements can include:
595:Like wattle and daub, but with horizontal stakes
5996:Noble, Allen George; Geib, M. Margaret (1984).
4831:
4626:(quite famously so in many children's stories).
3933:A half timbered building without the infill in
1852:and Sussex, the half-timbered structure of the
736:Gallery of some named figures and decorations:
447:Half-timbered wall with three kinds of infill:
187:are traditional methods of building with heavy
5813:
5760:
5599:"Little Moreton Hall: Cheshire (C) Pam Brophy"
4920:
4596:pest organisms such as (common in Europe) the
3332:elements are detached farm houses (in Basque:
1731:; on the ground, a ring dog (precursor to the
1601:half-timbered construction, timbers that were
8113:
6432:
6015:
6000:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
4228:
4221:
3722:
3706:
3692:
3682:
3669:
3451:Half-timbered houses from Uztarritz (Lapurdi)
1891:often associated with the American frontier.
1887:had timber-framed buildings, rather than the
5903:www.eura7.com, Agencja interaktywna EURA7-.
5569:"Half timbered building (C) Andy and Hilary"
4579:, insect, fungus or bacterial decomposition.
3903:, timber-framed building 1750, extended 1790
3151:
3132:
2977:region and in the Iglesiente mining region.
2545:with both the largest medieval complex, the
2448:
2217:
2209:
2194:
2186:
1380:Modern timber connector method (1930s–1950s)
1370:
1341:
1334:
1321:
1315:
949:
943:
796:Wild man (center), half-man (at the corners)
488:
482:
6125:Timber Design & Construction Sourcebook
6030:
5921:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4503:In terms of the traditional half-timber or
4346:, built in 1899 has half-timber decoration.
4077:also preserve German-style Fachwerkhäuser.
3838:in Lærdal, Sogn og Fjordane country, Norway
3656:southern Sweden, primarily in the province
3069:A rare example of a half-timbered house in
2837:Castle, a hunting lodge built in 1887 near
1627:sites demonstrate that sophisticated Roman
820:The foot braces are carved with sun discs (
8120:
8106:
6439:
6425:
6285:
6274:(3rd rev. ed.), Shire Publications, 1993,
6031:Upton, Dell; Vllach, John Michael (1930).
5761:Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2007).
5156:. Structural Insulated Panel Association.
4832:Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2008).
3919:. Timber-framed building from around 1800.
2856:mostly have plastered and painted facades.
958:(1775–1851), who employed it in her book,
624:The earliest known type of infill, called
6182:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5995:
5902:
3296:19th-century timber frame manor house in
2032:, England, a three-bay Wealden hall house
1867:Half-timbered construction traveled with
1534:
619:Top: wattle and daub, bottom: rubblestone
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
7947:Building and Wood Workers' International
6385:
5991:
5989:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5200:
4975:
4867:
4349:
4325:
4298:
3928:
3687:. Scandinavia is famous for its ancient
3472:
3203:Timber frame architecture, Mill Island,
3098:
3086:
2421:
2407:
2139:
2093:
2008:The south range of Little Moreton Hall,
1775:
1718:
1553:
1538:
1505:
1441:
1433:
1416:
1383:
1306:Post construction and frame construction
1178:
1170:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1015:
824:), a typical design of the North-German
458:
442:
397:
273:
160:
145:
133:
6214:. Canadian Wood Council. Archived from
5952:
5898:
5896:
5790:. Cheshire County Council. p. 69.
5785:
5706:. London: R. Hale Ltd. pp. 46–48.
4155:Other variations of half-timbering are
3328:Most traditional Basque buildings with
3131:, half-timbered walls are often called
2581:became popular in Bavaria, Austria and
1906:, and is a popular tourist attraction.
1641:
1487:or – dependent on location –
1125:Square-rule carpentry was developed in
1011:
14:
8858:
6123:Gotz, Karl-Heinz; et al. (1989).
6116:
6004:
5874:
5856:
5259:. Perennial Library/Harper & Row.
5254:
5050:
5025:
4953:
4770:"Немецкий фахверк | DW | 14 July 2021"
3336:). Their upper floors were built with
2066:For Timber-framed houses in Wales see:
1095:Originally, German (and other) master
933:According to Craven (2019), the term:
928:
892:is found in England, Spain and France.
477:refers to a structure with a frame of
402:Interior of a two-aisled market hall,
8101:
6420:
6045:
5986:
5977:
5735:
5720:
5701:
5686:
5545:. Geograph.org.uk. 24 February 2007.
5160:from the original on 10 February 2013
5123:
3807:. After a fire in 1624 in Oslo, King
3668:. In Swedish half-timber is known as
3439:Aranguren dorretxea (Orozko, Bizkaia)
1683:Abbundzeichen (German assembly marks)
1438:Porch of a modern timber-framed house
1358:is a structurally simple and ancient
861:An example of Fachwerk in Franconia (
8828:
8082:
6238:Structural Material Behavior in Fire
6122:
5980:Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940
5893:
5838:
5138:– via Scholars Archive at OSU.
4897:. New York: Routledge. p. 229.
4836:. Architectural Press. p. 181.
4453:or wall-sections and aligned with a
4388:In 1912, Allen W. Jackson published
3705:or earthfast construction is called
3427:Inharri baserri in Ibarron (Lapurdi)
2923:Half-timbered mansion of the former
2567:In general the northern states have
2315:14th-century early corbelled house,
2215:) or into a continuous wooden sill (
1771:
1667:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
8840:
8072:
7932:American Association of Woodturners
6272:Discovering Timber-framed Buildings
6075:"Saitta House – Report Part 1"
5788:Timber Framed Buildings in Cheshire
5427:"Huddington Court (C) Richard Dunn"
5291:from the original on 11 August 2016
4312:Ancient Chinese wooden architecture
2176:, and many other cities, except in
2144:Coupesarte Manor (Normandy, France)
2135:
1860:with bays on either side and often
1502:four sides for weather protection.
990:. It was buried by the eruption of
517:Decorative fired-brick infill with
500:
24:
6305:
6231:
5704:Timber-framed buildings of England
5609:from the original on 5 August 2016
5579:from the original on 5 August 2016
5523:from the original on 5 August 2016
5489:. Geograph.org.uk. 10 April 2006.
5467:from the original on 5 August 2016
5437:from the original on 5 August 2016
5351:from the original on 5 August 2016
5321:from the original on 5 August 2016
5053:Classic Dictionary of Architecture
4499:Traditional or historic structures
4141:bousillage entre poteaus sur solle
4059:A half-timbered building in Sinaia
3755:(a post or pole) indicates that a
3145:and the Netherlands, known as the
2661:, and Switzerland, the use of the
2430:, a narrow, timber-frame house in
1869:British colonists to North America
1612:Some Roman carpentry preserved in
1429:
1187:
1030:Classic Dictionary of Architecture
981:
784:A figure called an Alemannic woman
532:Ordinary brick infill left exposed
25:
8912:
8127:
7962:National Wood Carvers Association
6379:
6161:from the original on 28 July 2011
6046:Shedd, Nancy S. (10 March 1986).
5843:(in German). Druckerei Appelhaus.
5665:from the original on 15 July 2012
5639:from the original on 4 March 2016
5030:. London: Routledge. p. 82.
4322:Revival styles in later centuries
4271:Some time periods/regions within
4250:
3368:(Soule), but are concentrated in
3176:rural housing tradition of south
2060:
1938:Historic timber-framed houses in
1703:Boards on the building may have "
1454:, often sold as "Fachwerk", near
1122:must be numbered (or "scribed").
438:
8839:
8827:
8818:
8817:
8081:
8071:
8062:
8061:
7937:Architectural Woodwork Institute
6322:Traditional Buildings of England
6035:. NY: Macmillan. pp. 206–8.
5818:. University of Missouri Press.
5814:Van Ravenswaay, Charles (2006).
5549:from the original on 8 July 2012
5493:from the original on 8 July 2012
5407:from the original on 7 July 2012
5074:. Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald.
4493:
4064:
4052:
4047:"Olimpia" Sports Complex, Brașov
4040:
4026:
4007:
3908:
3889:
3877:
3858:
3843:
3828:
3623:
3608:
3592:
3577:
3561:
3545:
3526:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3289:
3271:
3263:Sts. Peter & Paul Church in
3256:
3244:
3226:
3211:
3196:
3062:
3046:
3030:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2936:
2916:
2901:
2881:
2861:
2845:
2827:
2811:
2795:
2780:
2761:
2745:
2730:
2710:
2379:
2356:
2340:
2324:
2308:
2292:
2276:
2260:
2244:
2228:
2037:
2017:
2001:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1931:
1911:
1226:The horizontal timbers include:
994:in 79 AD in Herculaneum, Italy.
964:The Encyclopedia of Architecture
913:
897:
882:
870:
854:
838:
813:
801:
789:
777:
765:
753:
741:
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
537:
525:
510:
377:
361:
345:
36:
8367:Oriented structural straw board
6446:
6248:from the original on 9 May 2008
6225:
6201:
6141:
6091:
6067:
6039:
6024:
5971:
5929:
5832:
5779:
5763:The Buildings of England: Essex
5754:
5677:
5651:
5621:
5591:
5561:
5535:
5505:
5479:
5449:
5419:
5393:
5381:from the original on 1 May 2018
5363:
5333:
5303:
5273:
5248:
5194:
5172:
5117:
5088:
5044:
5019:
4994:
4969:
4403:In the revival styles, such as
3599:Small "chapel" (shrine) at the
3149:, is called an "arcade house" (
2888:20th-century timber framing in
1658:. In Germany, it is called the
978:" style, or "black-and-white".
393:
333:in a number of ways. See also:
47:needs additional citations for
7942:British Woodworking Federation
5028:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
4976:Sherwood, Mary Martha (1827).
4954:Craven, Jackie (3 July 2019).
4947:
4886:
4861:
4850:
4825:
4814:
4788:
4762:
4630:heating and cooling equipment.
4396:or under palm-lined drives of
4266:
3924:
3468:
3091:Timber-frame house in central
2701:(Umgebindehaus, translates as
2497:, another UNESCO-listed town;
1205:The vertical timbers include:
698:Brick infill sometimes called
642:(French), to name only three.
571:Some stone infill left visible
269:
27:Traditional building technique
13:
1:
7952:Caricature Carvers of America
6264:
5182:. American Wood Council. 2018
4436:
4362:combined half-timber framing.
4114:
2333:Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville
1833:, the oldest timber house in
1739:); in the background sawyers
1589:. Its northernmost areas are
1274:The sloping timbers include:
5879:(in German). Primus Verlag.
5051:Parker, Joyn Henry (1986) .
4776:(in Russian). Deutsche Welle
2852:The half-timbered houses in
1766:list of timber framing tools
1688:Layout marks left over from
1421:Shear plate timber connector
1348:
1326:. It is somewhat similar to
1043:
249:
185:"post-and-beam" construction
7:
6099:"About us – Palangos Vėtra"
5953:Boström, Lars, ed. (1999).
4671:American historic carpentry
4664:
4527:A summary of problems with
4294:
4087:American historic carpentry
4080:
1473:structural insulated panels
847:from 1582/83 in Eppingen BW
10:
8917:
8758:Non-timber forest products
8382:Structural insulated panel
6406:Jackson, Allen W. (1912).
5124:Raser, William V. (1941).
5026:Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006).
4358:, built in 2008 has glass
4084:
3961:
3765:Scandinavian Heritage Park
3638:
3630:Timber-frame structure in
3488:
3238:Lower Silesian Voivodeship
2737:Timber frame town hall of
2634:Lower Saxon houses have a
1994:Queens' College, Cambridge
1166:
1141:
1137:
1132:computer numerical control
908:, and is found in England.
673:, planks as in the German
667:, stones sometimes called
282:half-timbered building in
238:(brace and bit) and other
8813:
8705:
8639:
8586:
8493:
8445:
8402:
8296:
8135:
8057:
8031:
7980:
7967:Society of Wood Engravers
7924:
7838:
7788:
7745:
7617:
7610:
7498:
7385:
7327:
7146:
7137:
7080:
6751:
6670:
6661:
6485:
6454:
5875:Stiewe, Heinrich (2007).
4821:Oxford English Dictionary
4602:family, particularly the
3731:
3650:
3584:The former water mill of
3082:
2806:, 16th century first half
2600:West Central Germany and
2521:and nearby UNESCO-listed
505:Gallery of infill types:
8901:Wood-related terminology
8723:Destructive distillation
6392:"Half-timber Work"
6242:University of Manchester
5857:Süvern, Wilhelm (1971).
5786:McKenna, Laurie (1994).
5201:Williams, J. H. (1971).
4929:. New Haven and London:
4868:Sunshine, Paula (2006).
4755:
4723:German Timber-Frame Road
4383:illustration, above left
4215:when planks are used or
4129:maçonnerie entre poteaux
3397:, as the photo from the
3304:
2952:
2444:German Timber-Frame Road
2417:German Timber-Frame Road
2267:Half-timbered houses in
2235:Half-timbered houses in
1714:
1468:architectural purposes.
1084:, and then later pegged
727:German Timber-Frame Road
659:, unfired brick such as
8891:Vernacular architecture
8743:Green building and wood
6398:Encyclopædia Britannica
6340:Carpentry & joinery
5839:Edel, Heinrich (1928).
5102:, vol. IV, ch. 8, 1941.
4745:Vernacular architecture
4604:common furniture beetle
4416:Lake Mohawk, New Jersey
4308:Japanese timber framing
3721:construction is called
3189:wooden church buildings
3053:Half-timbered house in
3037:Half-timbered house in
3021:Half-timbered house in
3005:Half-timbered house in
2989:Half-timbered house in
2561:before being accepted.
2450:Deutsche Fachwerkstraße
1992:The President's Lodge,
1881:Plymouth, Massachusetts
1856:, consisted of an open
1820:vernacular architecture
1597:were favored, instead.
1559:Anne Hathaway's Cottage
1529:Allowable Stress Design
1519:members, prefabricated
1495:Straw-bale construction
845:Upper German Fachwerk (
230:and using hand-powered
8387:Wood–plastic composite
8313:Glued laminated timber
8308:Cross-laminated timber
8044:Frameless construction
7125:Wood-plastic composite
5978:Janse, Herman (1989).
5287:. Tennessee Aquarium.
4706:Framing (construction)
4701:Cross-laminated timber
4513:mechano-sorptive creep
4363:
4347:
4304:
4285:New England style barn
4229:
4222:
3938:
3866:Kaupanger stave church
3723:
3707:
3693:
3683:
3670:
3482:
3152:
3141:immigrant groups from
3133:
3124:
3108:
3096:
2449:
2439:
2419:
2347:16th-century house in
2218:
2210:
2195:
2192:and half-timbering as
2187:
2145:
2099:
1792:
1760:
1755:, and (hard to see) a
1570:
1551:
1535:History and traditions
1512:structural engineering
1459:
1448:prefabricated building
1439:
1422:
1389:
1371:
1342:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1191:
1176:
1077:
1069:
1057:
1025:
950:
944:
940:
649:Other infills include
489:
483:
471:
456:
411:
368:Half-timbered houses,
352:Half-timbered houses,
291:
180:
169:
158:
143:
8881:Medieval architecture
8460:Corrugated fiberboard
8362:Oriented strand board
6409:The half-timber house
5702:Brown, R. J. (1997).
5006:penelope.uchicago.edu
4931:Yale University Press
4696:Glue laminated timber
4479:seismic survivability
4353:
4329:
4302:
3932:
3617:Fourneau Saint-Michel
3519:Fourneau Saint-Michel
3476:
3375:Some medieval Basque
3218:Wheelwright croft in
3102:
3090:
2931:-Glasbach (Thuringia)
2425:
2411:
2373:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
2363:Framing of the roof,
2351:, (Occitanie, France)
2143:
2097:
2069:Architecture of Wales
1779:
1722:
1557:
1542:
1506:Engineered structures
1489:zero-energy buildings
1445:
1437:
1420:
1387:
1190:(right, with jetties)
1182:
1174:
1142:Further information:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1019:
960:The Lady of the Manor
935:
714:, or slate shingles.
630:by the Romans, was a
462:
446:
401:
277:
164:
149:
138:The market square of
137:
8876:Building engineering
8845:WikiProject Forestry
7972:Timber Framers Guild
6826:Australian Blackwood
6087:on 16 December 2008.
6054:on 25 September 2013
4933:. pp. 710–711.
4354:The Old Mill Hotel,
4242:Golden Plough Tavern
4204:Hudson's Bay Company
4157:colombage à teurques
3968:Transylvanian Saxons
3836:Borgund stave church
2943:Low German house in
2699:Upper Lusatian house
2547:Holy Spirit Hospital
2519:Vaihingen an der Enz
2335:, (Normandy, France)
2331:15th-century manor,
2269:Châlons-en-Champagne
2114:dated to 1205–1235.
2024:The Yeoman's House,
1974:Bessie Surtees House
1642:Topping out ceremony
1550:, Denmark, from 1560
1012:Alternative meanings
956:Mary Martha Sherwood
863:Fränkisches Fachwerk
544:Stone infill called
372:im Odenwald, Germany
56:improve this article
8606:Ramial chipped wood
7692:Hammer-headed tenon
7211:Janka hardness test
6286:John Vince (1994).
6149:"IBC Building Type"
5661:. Geograph.org.uk.
5403:. Geograph.org.uk.
4735:Norman architecture
4372:Richard Norman Shaw
3799:in Norway from the
3719:Swedish plank-frame
3660:and secondarily in
2543:Biberach an der Riß
2287:(Champagne, France)
2271:(Champagne, France)
2255:(Champagne, France)
1978:Newcastle upon Tyne
1885:Jamestown, Virginia
1824:Little Moreton Hall
1262:The jetty beams or
1202:on all four sides.
948:or the French name
929:History of the term
865:). Image:I, Metzner
634:type construction.
278:A "true" or "full"
168:, Germany, downtown
151:Rue du Gros-Horloge
8523:Cellulosic ethanol
6553:Japanese carpentry
6288:The Timbered House
5738:The Timbered House
5736:Vince, J. (1994).
4921:Pollard, Richard;
4800:Walls with Stories
4728:Woodworking joints
4616:powderpost beetles
4364:
4348:
4305:
4233:and in Denmark as
4135:and simply called
4125:colombage pierroté
3939:
3851:Garmo Stave Church
3679:Stave construction
3483:
3109:
3097:
2703:round-framed house
2551:Braith-Mali-Museum
2440:
2420:
2396:German tradition (
2390:(Brittany, France)
2386:Trinity Church of
2371:. Illustration by
2319:(Normandy, France)
2303:(Brittany, France)
2205:Normandy tradition
2146:
2100:
2083:, stars, crosses,
1854:Wealden hall house
1816:Tudor architecture
1793:
1780:The timber-framed
1761:
1571:
1567:Tudor architecture
1552:
1460:
1440:
1423:
1390:
1356:Ridge-post framing
1343:Stockwerksbauweise
1192:
1184:Ridge-post framing
1177:
1078:
1070:
1058:
1026:
970:(1784–1863). This
691:and plastered for
472:
457:
412:
292:
212:dimensional lumber
170:
159:
144:
8886:Structural system
8853:
8852:
8788:Wood preservation
8733:Engineered bamboo
8553:Pyroligneous acid
8095:
8094:
8049:Green woodworking
7906:Wood preservation
7834:
7833:
7737:Tongue and groove
7717:Mortise and tenon
7606:
7605:
7304:Warrington hammer
7133:
7132:
6821:African Blackwood
6613:Segmented turning
6367:978-88-6046-033-2
6311:English tradition
6194:978-2-912143-10-5
5964:978-2-912143-10-5
5886:978-3-89678-589-3
5825:978-0-8262-1700-4
5081:978-3-921548-37-0
4923:Pevsner, Nikolaus
4843:978-0-7506-8502-3
4538:thermo-mechanical
4287:were built using
4109:Rio Grande do Sul
3771:, United States.
3159:Churches of Peace
3105:Churches of Peace
2991:Ozzano Monferrato
2965:, in the city of
2553:, dated to 1318.
2480:Baden-Württemberg
2045:The Crooked House
1772:British tradition
1668:Carpenters' marks
1544:Anne Hvides Gaard
1485:low-energy houses
1086:mortise and tenon
1056:joinery together.
1054:mortise and tenon
1000:was mentioned by
826:Weser-Renaissance
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
8908:
8843:
8842:
8831:
8830:
8821:
8820:
8778:Timber recycling
8773:Reclaimed lumber
8763:Natural building
8728:Dry distillation
8682:Split-rail fence
8122:
8115:
8108:
8099:
8098:
8085:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8065:
8064:
7615:
7614:
7284:Thickness planer
7144:
7143:
6938:(lime, basswood)
6668:
6667:
6528:Chainsaw carving
6441:
6434:
6427:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6402:
6394:
6335:
6318:Ronald Brunskill
6301:
6270:Richard Harris,
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6180:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6160:
6153:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6050:. Archived from
6043:
6037:
6036:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6013:
6002:
6001:
5993:
5984:
5983:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5950:
5941:
5940:
5937:"Pałac Jugowice"
5933:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5912:
5909:www.foveotech.pl
5900:
5891:
5890:
5872:
5863:
5862:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5811:
5802:
5801:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5733:
5718:
5717:
5699:
5684:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5150:"What Are SIPs?"
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5103:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4829:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4766:
4716:Platform framing
4570:poteaux-en-terre
4368:Queen Anne style
4232:
4225:
4213:Bohlenstanderbau
4208:Red River Colony
4164:Poteaux-en-terre
4149:Lower Fort Garry
4056:
4044:
4030:
4011:
3912:
3893:
3881:
3862:
3847:
3832:
3750:
3726:
3710:
3696:
3686:
3673:
3627:
3612:
3596:
3581:
3565:
3549:
3533:The house where
3530:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3414:
3389:
3315:Castile and León
3293:
3275:
3260:
3248:
3230:
3215:
3200:
3155:
3136:
3066:
3050:
3034:
3018:
3002:
2986:
2940:
2920:
2905:
2885:
2865:
2849:
2831:
2815:
2799:
2784:
2765:
2749:
2734:
2714:
2531:Gottlieb Daimler
2452:
2415:, Hesse, on the
2383:
2360:
2344:
2328:
2312:
2296:
2280:
2264:
2248:
2239:(Centre, France)
2232:
2221:
2213:
2198:
2190:
2136:French tradition
2126:open-air museums
2041:
2021:
2005:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1935:
1915:
1636:open-air museums
1591:Baltic countries
1525:composite lumber
1374:
1345:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1317:Geschossbauweise
1090:Diagonal bracing
953:
947:
917:
906:Low German house
901:
886:
874:
858:
842:
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
695:and appearance.
679:, timbers as in
676:ständerbohlenbau
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
541:
529:
514:
501:Infill materials
492:
486:
404:Chipping Campden
381:
365:
349:
197:structural frame
181:Fachwerkbauweise
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
71:"Timber framing"
64:
40:
32:
21:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8849:
8809:
8793:Wood processing
8701:
8635:
8582:
8489:
8441:
8398:
8328:parallel strand
8299:
8292:
8140:
8131:
8126:
8096:
8091:
8053:
8039:Frame and panel
8027:
7976:
7920:
7830:
7789:Surface piecing
7784:
7741:
7662:Crown of thorns
7602:
7588:Smoothing plane
7494:
7381:
7323:
7226:Milling machine
7129:
7090:Cross-laminated
7076:
6747:
6657:
6628:Spindle turning
6618:Shingle weaving
6588:Pallet crafting
6481:
6450:
6445:
6382:
6332:
6308:
6306:Further reading
6298:
6267:
6262:
6261:
6251:
6249:
6232:Bailey, Colin.
6230:
6226:
6221:on 30 May 2008.
6218:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6181:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6127:. McGraw-Hall.
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6084:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6057:
6055:
6044:
6040:
6029:
6025:
6014:
6005:
5994:
5987:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5951:
5944:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5914:
5913:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5873:
5866:
5855:
5848:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5734:
5721:
5714:
5700:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5659:"Wealden house"
5657:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5640:
5633:geograph.org.uk
5627:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5603:geograph.org.uk
5597:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5573:geograph.org.uk
5567:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5517:geograph.org.uk
5511:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5461:geograph.org.uk
5455:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5431:geograph.org.uk
5425:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5375:geograph.org.uk
5369:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5345:geograph.org.uk
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5315:geograph.org.uk
5309:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5237:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5098:Construction".
5093:
5089:
5082:
5067:
5060:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4870:Wattle and Daub
4866:
4862:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4750:Weatherboarding
4740:Open-air museum
4711:Balloon framing
4691:Engineered wood
4667:
4592:infestation of
4576:poteaux-sur-sol
4501:
4496:
4439:
4324:
4316:post and lintel
4297:
4269:
4253:
4217:blockstanderbau
4187:Piece-sur-piece
4180:Poteaux-sur-sol
4145:Lower Louisiana
4117:
4089:
4083:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4048:
4045:
4036:
4031:
4022:
4012:
3964:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3904:
3894:
3885:
3882:
3873:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3839:
3833:
3744:
3734:
3713:Palisade church
3653:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3619:
3613:
3604:
3603:Open Air Museum
3597:
3588:
3582:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3531:
3491:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3452:
3449:
3440:
3437:
3428:
3425:
3408:
3401:village shows.
3383:
3362:oceanic climate
3350:wattle and daub
3311:post and lintel
3307:
3300:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3261:
3252:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3153:dom podcieniowy
3117:wattle and daub
3085:
3078:
3067:
3058:
3051:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3023:Arquata Scrivia
3019:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2987:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2886:
2877:
2866:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2822:, built in 1698
2816:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2776:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2715:
2638:for every post.
2627:and around the
2529:(birthplace of
2523:Maulbronn Abbey
2499:Hanau-Steinheim
2438:, built in 1417
2402:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2233:
2211:poteau en terre
2138:
2112:Cressing Temple
2063:
2056:
2042:
2033:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1971:
1962:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1916:
1831:South Yorkshire
1774:
1717:
1670:
1644:
1585:trees, such as
1537:
1508:
1432:
1430:Modern features
1411:glued laminated
1382:
1360:post and lintel
1328:balloon framing
1323:Ständerbauweise
1308:
1267:jetty projects.
1169:
1155:In the city of
1146:
1140:
1046:
1024:, Montana, U.S.
1014:
984:
982:Oldest examples
931:
924:
918:
909:
902:
893:
887:
878:
875:
866:
859:
850:
843:
829:
818:
809:
806:
797:
794:
785:
782:
773:
770:
761:
758:
749:
746:
719:weatherboarding
708:weatherboarding
681:ständerblockbau
632:wattle and daub
620:
617:
608:
605:
596:
593:
584:
581:
572:
569:
560:
548:by the Romans,
542:
533:
530:
521:
515:
503:
453:Bad Langensalza
449:wattle and daub
441:
416:structural load
408:Gloucestershire
396:
389:
382:
373:
366:
357:
350:
335:hammerbeam roof
272:
252:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8914:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8866:Timber framing
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8837:
8825:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8718:Certified wood
8715:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8692:Timber framing
8689:
8684:
8679:
8677:Sawdust brandy
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8568:Sandalwood oil
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8503:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8451:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8406:
8404:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8372:Particle board
8369:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8337:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8310:
8304:
8302:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8144:
8142:
8133:
8132:
8125:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8102:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8079:
8069:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8018:Quarter sawing
8015:
8010:
8008:Wood splitting
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7916:Wood finishing
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7876:Paint stripper
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7623:
7621:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7583:Shoulder plane
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7558:Moulding plane
7555:
7550:
7548:Japanese plane
7545:
7540:
7538:Grooving plane
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7391:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7352:Flooring clamp
7349:
7344:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7309:Winding sticks
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7289:Timber-framing
7286:
7281:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7115:Particle board
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7095:Glue laminated
7092:
7086:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6676:
6674:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6633:Timber framing
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6603:Relief carving
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6503:Bush carpentry
6500:
6495:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6444:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6403:
6389:, ed. (1911).
6387:Chisholm, Hugh
6381:
6380:External links
6378:
6377:
6376:
6369:
6359:
6336:
6330:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6296:
6283:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6224:
6200:
6193:
6172:
6140:
6133:
6115:
6103:Old Mill Hotel
6090:
6066:
6038:
6023:
6003:
5985:
5970:
5963:
5942:
5928:
5892:
5885:
5864:
5846:
5831:
5824:
5803:
5796:
5778:
5772:978-0300116144
5771:
5753:
5746:
5719:
5712:
5685:
5676:
5650:
5620:
5590:
5560:
5534:
5504:
5478:
5448:
5418:
5392:
5362:
5332:
5302:
5272:
5265:
5247:
5219:10.2307/525807
5193:
5171:
5141:
5116:
5104:
5087:
5080:
5058:
5043:
5036:
5018:
4993:
4968:
4946:
4939:
4910:
4903:
4885:
4878:
4860:
4849:
4842:
4824:
4813:
4802:. 17 June 2017
4787:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4650:
4642:
4631:
4627:
4590:
4580:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4529:Fachwerkhäuser
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4458:
4447:
4438:
4435:
4323:
4320:
4296:
4293:
4268:
4265:
4257:New Netherland
4252:
4251:New Netherland
4249:
4191:Post-and-plank
4189:also known as
4169:post in ground
4127:, also called
4116:
4113:
4105:Santa Catarina
4085:Main article:
4082:
4079:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4016:Pelișor Castle
4013:
4006:
3998:, such as the
3963:
3960:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3777:translates as
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3716:
3708:palissadteknik
3703:post in ground
3689:stave churches
3652:
3649:
3643:Timber frame (
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3572:(17th century)
3567:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3532:
3525:
3490:
3487:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3419:
3342:close studding
3340:box frames in
3330:half-timbering
3323:Basque Country
3317:, par example
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2947:(Lower Saxony)
2942:
2935:
2933:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2717:Ständerbau in
2716:
2709:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2632:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2503:Brothers Grimm
2401:
2398:Fachwerkhäuser
2394:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2299:Old houses in
2298:
2291:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2251:Old houses in
2250:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2219:poteau de sole
2137:
2134:
2076:close studding
2062:
2061:English styles
2059:
2058:
2057:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1910:
1893:Living history
1864:upper floors.
1839:Bishops' House
1773:
1770:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1669:
1666:
1652:builders' rite
1650:ceremony is a
1643:
1640:
1622:Romano-British
1536:
1533:
1507:
1504:
1431:
1428:
1381:
1378:
1353:
1352:
1331:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1220:close studding
1213:
1168:
1165:
1139:
1136:
1045:
1042:
1013:
1010:
992:Mount Vesuvius
983:
980:
930:
927:
926:
925:
919:
912:
910:
903:
896:
894:
890:Close studding
888:
881:
879:
876:
869:
867:
860:
853:
851:
844:
837:
831:
830:
822:Sonnenscheiben
819:
812:
810:
807:
800:
798:
795:
788:
786:
783:
776:
774:
771:
764:
762:
759:
752:
750:
747:
740:
622:
621:
618:
611:
609:
606:
599:
597:
594:
587:
585:
582:
575:
573:
570:
563:
561:
543:
536:
534:
531:
524:
522:
516:
509:
502:
499:
475:Half-timbering
440:
439:Half-timbering
437:
395:
392:
391:
390:
383:
376:
374:
367:
360:
358:
351:
344:
341:
340:
337:
327:
320:
317:
314:
311:
271:
268:
251:
248:
173:Timber framing
130:
129:
112:September 2018
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8913:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8846:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8826:
8824:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8748:List of woods
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8657:Billet (wood)
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8518:Hemicellulose
8516:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8243:Railroad ties
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8129:Wood products
8123:
8118:
8116:
8111:
8109:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8088:
8080:
8078:
8070:
8068:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8030:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7988:Chainsaw mill
7986:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:Organizations
7923:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7881:Steam bending
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7851:French polish
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7787:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7722:Rabbet/Rebate
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7707:Mason's mitre
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7553:Jointer plane
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7523:Compass plane
7521:
7519:
7518:Chamfer plane
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7508:Bedrock plane
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7294:Veneer hammer
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7206:Impact driver
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7022:Red Quebracho
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6498:Bow and arrow
6496:
6494:
6493:Boat building
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6356:9781246034189
6353:
6349:
6348:9781236011923
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6331:0-575-05299-6
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6297:1-874329-75-3
6293:
6289:
6284:
6281:
6280:0-7478-0215-7
6277:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6217:
6210:
6209:"Fire Safety"
6204:
6196:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6177:
6157:
6150:
6144:
6136:
6134:0-07-023851-0
6130:
6126:
6119:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6083:
6076:
6070:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5999:
5992:
5990:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5924:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5899:
5897:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5860:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5808:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5747:1-874329-75-3
5743:
5739:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5680:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5181:
5175:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5129:
5128:
5120:
5111:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5065:
5063:
5054:
5047:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4940:0-300-10910-5
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4822:
4817:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:Boat building
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4494:Disadvantages
4491:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4398:Beverly Hills
4395:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:Dyker Heights
4333:
4328:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:Colonia Tovar
4094:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4065:Baltic states
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:North Holland
3937:, Netherlands
3936:
3931:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:Frogner Manor
3892:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:urban renewal
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3648:
3646:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3481:, Switzerland
3480:
3479:Hombrechtikon
3475:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:weatherboards
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:Umgebindehaus
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3076:
3072:
3071:Central Italy
3065:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2910:Tirschenreuth
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:Umgebindehaus
2864:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2802:Buildings in
2798:
2793:
2790:
2787:Buildings in
2783:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:(home of the
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:Saxony-Anhalt
2461:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2434:at the river
2433:
2429:
2428:Spitzhäuschen
2424:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2104:'cruck frame'
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:Farmhouse in
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:Great Britain
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:masons' marks
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
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1630:
1626:
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1610:
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1604:
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1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1490:
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1482:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:of the roof).
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1188:story framing
1185:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1067:
1064:Projecting ("
1062:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1006:opus incertum
1003:
999:
998:
997:Opus craticum
993:
989:
988:opus craticum
979:
977:
973:
972:juxtaposition
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
946:
939:
934:
922:
921:Cruck framing
916:
911:
907:
900:
895:
891:
885:
880:
873:
868:
864:
857:
852:
848:
841:
836:
835:
834:
827:
823:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
647:
643:
641:
637:
636:Opus craticum
633:
629:
628:
627:opus craticum
615:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
579:
574:
567:
562:
559:
557:
553:
552:opus craticum
550:The House of
547:
546:opus incertum
540:
535:
528:
523:
520:
513:
508:
507:
506:
498:
496:
491:
485:
480:
476:
469:
465:
461:
454:
450:
445:
436:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
400:
387:
380:
375:
371:
364:
359:
355:
348:
343:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
307:
305:
301:
297:
289:
288:Herefordshire
285:
281:
276:
267:
265:
261:
257:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
205:half-timbered
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:
163:
156:
152:
148:
141:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
8832:
8802:
8697:Wooden masts
8691:
8667:Dugout canoe
8652:Bavin (wood)
8601:Black liquor
8538:Liquid smoke
8288:Utility pole
8273:Timber truss
8193:Log building
7856:Heat bending
7801:Edge banding
7573:Router plane
7568:Rebate plane
7528:Finger plane
7259:
6963:
6957:
6937:
6931:Lignum vitae
6689:
6683:
6648:Wood carving
6632:
6623:Shipbuilding
6608:Root carving
6568:Log building
6533:Chip carving
6408:
6396:
6324:. Gollancz.
6321:
6287:
6271:
6250:. Retrieved
6237:
6227:
6216:the original
6203:
6184:
6163:. Retrieved
6143:
6124:
6118:
6106:. Retrieved
6102:
6093:
6082:the original
6069:
6056:. Retrieved
6052:the original
6041:
6032:
6026:
6017:
5997:
5979:
5973:
5954:
5931:
5908:
5876:
5858:
5840:
5834:
5815:
5787:
5781:
5762:
5756:
5737:
5703:
5679:
5667:. Retrieved
5653:
5641:. Retrieved
5632:
5623:
5611:. Retrieved
5602:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5572:
5563:
5551:. Retrieved
5537:
5525:. Retrieved
5516:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5481:
5469:. Retrieved
5460:
5451:
5439:. Retrieved
5430:
5421:
5409:. Retrieved
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5374:
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5344:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5314:
5305:
5293:. Retrieved
5284:
5275:
5256:
5250:
5238:. Retrieved
5210:
5206:
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5174:
5162:. Retrieved
5153:
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5126:
5119:
5099:
5090:
5071:
5052:
5046:
5027:
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
5005:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4978:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4949:
4926:
4894:
4888:
4869:
4863:
4852:
4833:
4827:
4820:
4816:
4804:. Retrieved
4799:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4773:
4764:
4597:
4574:
4569:
4537:
4536:"slanting"-
4528:
4526:
4512:
4510:
4505:fachwerkhaus
4504:
4502:
4488:
4478:
4465:
4440:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4402:
4394:Rhode Island
4389:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4365:
4360:curtain wall
4332:Saitta House
4306:
4281:English barn
4270:
4254:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4200:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4177:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4090:
4068:
4034:Peleș Castle
4000:Peleș Castle
3965:
3940:
3915:Brugata 14,
3817:
3809:Christian IV
3793:Log building
3791:
3785:bearing the
3778:
3774:
3773:
3769:North Dakota
3761:log building
3757:stave church
3756:
3752:
3738:stave church
3735:
3711:. (see also
3654:
3645:bindingsværk
3644:
3642:
3537:was born in
3535:André Grétry
3515:Saint-Hubert
3492:
3484:
3403:
3392:
3377:tower houses
3374:
3364:, except in
3355:
3327:
3308:
3284:arcade house
3186:
3171:
3150:
3110:
2956:
2769:
2722:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2678:
2670:
2595:
2590:fachwerkhaus
2589:
2587:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2484:
2460:Lower Saxony
2455:
2447:
2441:
2427:
2403:
2397:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2185:
2147:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2072:
2065:
2064:
1976:, Quayside,
1900:The Shambles
1897:
1866:
1843:
1828:
1813:
1799:, dating to
1794:
1762:
1749:steel square
1745:crosscut saw
1671:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1633:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1579:Roman Empire
1572:
1563:Warwickshire
1509:
1500:
1493:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1424:
1395:
1391:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1340:
1336:Rähmbauweise
1309:
1273:
1247:
1225:
1204:
1193:
1161:The Shambles
1154:
1147:
1124:
1117:Scribing or
1116:
1109:
1094:
1082:lap jointing
1079:
1036:such as the
1029:
1027:
1005:
995:
987:
985:
968:Joseph Gwilt
963:
959:
941:
936:
932:
862:
846:
832:
825:
821:
735:
730:
716:
697:
683:, or rarely
680:
674:
668:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
625:
623:
549:
545:
504:
479:load-bearing
474:
473:
464:Krämerbrücke
432:
413:
394:Aisled frame
324:knee rafters
293:
259:
253:
244:
209:
204:
201:load-bearing
184:
172:
171:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
18:Fachwerkhaus
8896:Woodworking
8798:Woodworking
8783:Wood drying
8768:Papermaking
8588:By-products
8494:Derivatives
8432:Pellet fuel
8173:Flitch beam
8077:WikiProject
8023:Rift sawing
8013:Flat sawing
7901:Wood drying
7578:Scrub plane
7563:Razee plane
7513:Block plane
7367:Mitre clamp
7314:Wood scribe
7265:Combination
7007:Purpleheart
6703:Douglas fir
6653:Woodturning
6486:Occupations
6448:Woodworking
6342:or reprint
6108:29 November
5186:13 December
4612:cockroaches
4594:xylophagous
4517:compression
4405:Tudorbethan
4378:Tudorbethan
4273:New England
4267:New England
4230:skiftesverk
3925:Netherlands
3805:Christiania
3801:Middle Ages
3783:wall plates
3751:. The term
3745: [
3724:skiftesverk
3694:stolpteknik
3568:A House in
3469:Switzerland
3409: [
3384: [
3372:(Labourd).
3113:Middle Ages
2894:Mecklenburg
2854:Dinkelsbühl
2835:Gelbensande
2739:Wernigerode
2723:Wordgasse 3
2721:(Germany),
2719:Quedlinburg
2655:Württemberg
2588:The German
2583:South Tyrol
2487:Quedlinburg
2188:pan de bois
2085:quatrefoils
2030:West Sussex
1877:East Anglia
1873:New England
1705:tally marks
1690:marking out
1648:topping out
1456:West Linton
1347:and allows
1299:Herringbone
1186:(left) and
1134:machinery.
1127:New England
1038:Kluge House
1022:Kluge House
733:buildings.
689:wainscoting
556:Herculaneum
433:Ständerhaus
420:hall church
270:Cruck frame
258:. The term
240:woodworking
228:draw knives
140:Dornstetten
8860:Categories
8640:Historical
8621:Wood flour
8470:Paperboard
8340:Fiberboard
8298:Engineered
8158:Bressummer
8032:Techniques
7981:Conversion
7911:Wood stain
7839:Treatments
7627:Birdsmouth
7593:Spokeshave
7543:Jack plane
7533:Fore plane
7372:Pipe clamp
7337:Band clamp
7261:Carpenters
7082:Engineered
7032:Rubberwood
6881:Eucalyptus
6685:Calocedrus
6598:Pyrography
6563:Kohlrosing
6290:. Sorbus.
6265:References
5797:0906765161
5740:. Sorbus.
5713:0709060920
5285:tnaqua.org
5266:0060915153
5164:1 February
5037:0415973341
4904:0415969301
4879:0747806527
4681:Berg house
4658:subsidence
4639:black mold
4585:including
4437:Advantages
4431:1856230414
4370:houses by
4261:Dutch barn
4173:pierrotage
4133:bousillage
4121:New France
4115:New France
3988:Sighișoara
3868:interior,
3681:is called
3507:Luxembourg
3395:row houses
3321:, and the
3319:La Alberca
3134:mur pruski
3057:, Piedmont
3041:, Lombardy
3025:, Piedmont
3009:, Piedmont
2993:, Piedmont
2929:Mellenbach
2774:Rothenburg
2754:Rothenburg
2527:Schorndorf
2432:Bernkastel
2365:Notre-Dame
2283:Church of
1889:log cabins
1782:Staple Inn
1741:pit sawing
1679:race knife
1616:layers of
1595:log houses
1458:, Scotland
1397:including
1365:Firstsäule
1216:wall studs
1150:bressummer
1097:carpenters
670:pierrotage
652:bousillage
370:Miltenberg
218:this with
82:newspapers
8662:Clapboard
8631:Woodchips
8626:Wood wool
8506:Cellulose
8501:Birch-tar
8455:Cardboard
8437:Wood fuel
8345:hardboard
8248:Reclaimed
8213:Panelling
8203:Log house
8198:Log cabin
7821:Parquetry
7816:Oystering
7811:Marquetry
7652:Butterfly
7319:Workbench
7251:Sandpaper
7231:Mitre box
7176:Drawknife
7166:Burnisher
7151:Abrasives
7100:Hardboard
6761:Afromosia
6643:Whittling
6593:Parquetry
6578:Marquetry
6523:Certosina
6518:Carpentry
6508:Cabinetry
6455:Overviews
6320:(1992) .
5235:162393242
5207:Britannia
4686:Carpentry
4466:drying in
4223:sleppvegg
4196:Log cabin
4137:colombage
4101:Venezuela
4093:Old Salem
3992:Wallachia
3949:-powered
3870:Kaupanger
3813:brickwork
3797:livestock
3775:Grindverk
3742:Grindverk
3671:korsvirke
3495:provinces
3406:Néobasque
3334:baserriak
3282:Mennonite
3220:Zgorzelec
3205:Bydgoszcz
3167:Bydgoszcz
3163:granaries
3139:Mennonite
3125:szachulec
2927:mühle in
2818:House in
2756:(Bavaria)
2752:House in
2663:lap-joint
2602:Franconia
2507:Bad Urach
2472:Thuringia
2388:Langonnet
2196:colombage
2132:trusses.
2055:, England
2012:, England
1996:, England
1980:, England
1961:, England
1942:, England
1926:, England
1920:Wormshill
1835:Sheffield
1805:Balbridie
1801:Neolithic
1729:frame saw
1661:Richtfest
1656:jotoshiki
1629:carpentry
1575:Neolithic
1548:Svendborg
1446:A modern
1409:trusses,
1399:bowstring
1088:joints.
1044:Structure
1002:Vitruvius
951:colombage
519:owl holes
410:, England
388:, Germany
356:, Germany
260:box frame
250:Box frame
220:broadaxes
8871:Building
8823:Category
8804:Yakisugi
8738:Forestry
8706:See also
8647:Axe ties
8616:Tall oil
8596:Barkdust
8578:Wood gas
8558:Pine tar
8548:Methanol
8480:Pulpwood
8427:Firewood
8410:Charcoal
8403:Fuelwood
8350:Masonite
8278:Treenail
8178:Flooring
8067:Category
7846:Adhesive
7826:Purfling
7806:Intarsia
7747:Profiles
7672:Dovetail
7611:Geometry
7450:Hand saw
7435:Crosscut
7420:Circular
7415:Chainsaw
7362:Holdfast
7027:Rosewood
6959:American
6954:Mahogany
6926:Jelutong
6896:Hornbeam
6861:Cocobolo
6856:Chestnut
6771:Andiroba
6583:Millwork
6548:Intarsia
6543:Fretwork
6538:Ébéniste
6467:Glossary
6246:Archived
6234:"Timber"
6156:Archived
5917:cite web
5669:29 April
5663:Archived
5637:Archived
5607:Archived
5577:Archived
5553:29 April
5547:Archived
5521:Archived
5497:29 April
5491:Archived
5465:Archived
5435:Archived
5411:29 April
5405:Archived
5379:Archived
5349:Archived
5319:Archived
5289:Archived
5240:20 April
5158:Archived
5154:sips.org
5134:20 April
4986:20 April
4961:20 April
4925:(2006).
4665:See also
4656:or soil
4608:termites
4599:Ptinidae
4567:in both
4485:lintels.
4356:Klaipėda
4344:New York
4340:Brooklyn
4295:Japanese
4081:Americas
4071:Klaipėda
3972:Bistrița
3955:cladding
3951:sawmills
3947:windmill
3872:, Norway
3699:Palisade
3684:stavverk
3662:Blekinge
3586:Lierneux
3399:Uztaritz
3381:Dorretxe
3279:Trutnowy
3234:Antoniów
3184:region.
3182:Silesian
3095:, Poland
3077:, Umbria
2975:Barbagia
2971:Sardinia
2963:Lombardy
2959:Piedmont
2945:Walsrode
2820:Schwerin
2804:Braubach
2789:Hornburg
2770:Plönlein
2687:, and a
2578:bundwerk
2569:fachwerk
2558:fachwerk
2511:Eppingen
2456:fachwerk
2405:houses.
2178:Provence
2118:Jettying
2081:lozenges
2049:Lavenham
2010:Cheshire
1753:broadaxe
1733:cant dog
1583:hardwood
1521:I-joists
1481:Huf Haus
1452:Huf Haus
1450:made by
1372:Hochstud
1349:jettying
1196:broadaxe
1144:Jettying
1105:seasoned
1066:jettied"
945:Fachwerk
731:Fachwerk
665:mudbrick
655:, fired
354:Backnang
8834:Commons
8713:Biomass
8687:Tanbark
8611:Sawdust
8422:Firelog
8415:biochar
8377:Plywood
8335:I-joist
8253:Shingle
8208:Molding
8087:Commons
8003:Whipsaw
7998:Sawmill
7891:Varnish
7886:Thermal
7861:Lacquer
7796:Binding
7765:Chamfer
7632:Biscuit
7598:Surform
7490:Whipsaw
7460:Keyhole
7445:Fretsaw
7425:Compass
7410:Bucksaw
7400:Bandsaw
7395:Backsaw
7377:Sawbuck
7347:F-clamp
7342:C-clamp
7216:Jointer
7120:Plywood
7072:Zebrano
7012:Ovankol
6977:Meranti
6965:African
6936:Linden
6891:Hickory
6846:Cedrela
6841:Camphor
6836:Bubinga
6831:Boxwood
6811:Bilinga
6796:Avodire
6713:Juniper
6698:Cypress
6573:Luthier
6462:History
6165:15 July
6058:4 March
4806:15 July
4780:15 July
4587:dry rot
4521:tension
3962:Romania
3935:Limburg
3787:rafters
3779:trestle
3666:Halland
3639:Denmark
3601:Bokrijk
3511:Bokrijk
3499:Limburg
3489:Belgium
3370:Lapurdi
3366:Zuberoa
3358:ashlars
3338:jettied
3313:style.
3147:Olędrzy
3129:Prussia
3075:Spoleto
2973:in the
2967:Bologna
2890:Ribnitz
2839:Rostock
2613:lintels
2573:Bavaria
2556:German
2515:Mosbach
2476:Bavaria
2436:Moselle
2413:Idstein
2285:Drosnay
2182:Corsica
2150:Bourges
2053:Suffolk
1940:Warwick
1862:jettied
1844:In the
1837:, the "
1809:Fengate
1803:times;
1786:Holborn
1279:Trusses
1238:trusses
1167:Timbers
1138:Jetties
938:timber.
704:plaster
700:nogging
640:torchis
558:, Italy
386:Metelen
284:Weobley
256:purlins
189:timbers
96:scholar
8672:Potash
8573:Tannin
8533:Lignin
8447:Fibers
8392:lumber
8318:veneer
8258:Siding
8238:Rafter
8233:Purlin
8148:Batten
8141:timber
8137:Lumber
7993:Hewing
7732:Splice
7687:Halved
7682:Groove
7677:Finger
7657:Coping
7642:Bridle
7619:Joints
7500:Planes
7485:Veneer
7475:Scroll
7470:Ripsaw
7455:Jigsaw
7430:Coping
7329:Clamps
7256:Square
7246:Shaper
7241:Router
7221:Mallet
7196:Gimlet
7171:Chisel
7067:Willow
7057:Walnut
7047:Totara
7037:Sapele
7002:Poplar
6987:Padauk
6949:Merbau
6921:Jarrah
6906:Imbuia
6901:Idigbo
6866:Cumaru
6851:Cherry
6776:Anigre
6738:Spruce
6691:Cedrus
6558:Khatam
6513:Caning
6476:lumber
6365:
6354:
6346:
6328:
6294:
6278:
6191:
6131:
5961:
5883:
5822:
5794:
5769:
5744:
5710:
5263:
5233:
5227:525807
5225:
5096:hangar
5078:
5034:
4937:
4901:
4876:
4840:
4774:DW.COM
4660:damage
4652:prior
4633:Other
4622:, and
4429:
4409:façade
4277:purlin
4235:bulhus
4020:Sinaia
3996:Sinaia
3980:Mediaș
3976:Brașov
3732:Norway
3697:. and
3651:Sweden
3632:Bruges
3505:, and
3178:Saxony
3143:Frisia
3121:Polish
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3083:Poland
3007:Biella
2925:Zirkel
2667:tenons
2659:Alsace
2651:Swabia
2625:Saxony
2541:; and
2495:Goslar
2491:UNESCO
2478:, and
2301:Rennes
2253:Troyes
2174:Rennes
2166:Thiers
2158:Troyes
2026:Bignor
1790:London
1737:peavey
1725:hewing
1614:anoxic
1517:glulam
1405:, and
1403:Warren
1293:Braces
1283:gables
1264:joists
1242:joists
1200:planed
1119:coping
1099:would
693:warmth
495:infill
490:Fächer
484:Gefach
468:Erfurt
236:augers
232:braces
226:, and
216:Hewing
193:joined
183:) and
177:German
98:
91:
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77:
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8753:Mulch
8563:Pitch
8485:Rayon
8465:Paper
8283:Truss
8223:Plate
8218:Plank
8183:Joist
8168:Cruck
7871:Paint
7780:Ovolo
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7760:Bevel
7727:Scarf
7712:Miter
7480:Table
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7357:Gripe
7273:Speed
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7201:Gauge
7191:Float
7186:Fence
7181:Drill
7139:Tools
7062:Wenge
7052:Utile
7017:Ramin
6972:Maple
6944:Lovoa
6916:Iroko
6886:Hazel
6871:Ebony
6816:Birch
6806:Beech
6801:Balsa
6791:Aspen
6786:Apple
6766:Alder
6723:Kauri
6718:Larch
6680:Cedar
6663:Woods
6638:Treen
6252:4 May
6219:(PDF)
6212:(PDF)
6159:(PDF)
6152:(PDF)
6085:(PDF)
6078:(PDF)
5643:1 May
5613:1 May
5583:1 May
5527:1 May
5471:1 May
5441:1 May
5385:1 May
5355:1 May
5325:1 May
5295:1 May
5231:S2CID
5223:JSTOR
5011:1 May
4756:Notes
4654:flood
4646:burns
4644:Wood
4635:fungi
4547:eaves
4451:bents
4289:bents
3984:Sibiu
3753:stave
3749:]
3658:Skåne
3570:Theux
3554:Sugny
3539:Liège
3503:Liège
3413:]
3388:]
3305:Spain
3298:Toruń
3265:Sułów
3073:, in
3039:Monza
2969:, in
2953:Italy
2874:Oybin
2689:plate
2685:posts
2671:i.e.,
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2609:sills
2539:Celle
2468:Hesse
2369:Paris
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2237:Tours
2170:Dinan
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8153:Beam
7770:Ogee
7755:Bead
7697:Knee
7667:Dado
7647:Butt
7387:Saws
7299:Vise
7236:Rasp
7161:Adze
7042:Teak
6997:Plum
6992:Pear
6753:Hard
6733:Rimu
6728:Pine
6672:Soft
6472:Wood
6363:ISBN
6352:ISBN
6344:ISBN
6326:ISBN
6292:ISBN
6276:ISBN
6254:2008
6189:ISBN
6167:2009
6129:ISBN
6110:2023
6060:2023
5959:ISBN
5923:link
5881:ISBN
5820:ISBN
5792:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5742:ISBN
5708:ISBN
5671:2012
5645:2018
5615:2018
5585:2018
5555:2012
5529:2018
5499:2012
5473:2018
5443:2018
5413:2012
5387:2018
5357:2018
5327:2018
5297:2018
5261:ISBN
5242:2022
5188:2018
5166:2013
5136:2022
5076:ISBN
5032:ISBN
5013:2018
4988:2022
4963:2022
4935:ISBN
4899:ISBN
4874:ISBN
4838:ISBN
4808:2021
4782:2021
4624:rats
4620:mice
4573:and
4462:SIPs
4427:ISBN
4376:see
4330:The
4107:and
4075:Riga
4073:and
4014:The
3986:and
3917:Oslo
3901:Oslo
3740:and
3664:and
3552:The
3513:and
3172:The
3103:The
3055:Susa
2768:The
2681:sill
2629:Harz
2611:and
2535:Calw
2489:, a
2442:The
2426:The
2349:Albi
2203:The
2180:and
1959:York
1924:Kent
1904:York
1883:and
1858:hall
1850:Kent
1807:and
1757:froe
1735:and
1646:The
1618:clay
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1240:and
1157:York
1112:adze
1034:logs
424:nave
300:bent
234:and
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8543:Lye
8355:MDF
8323:LVL
8163:CLS
7896:Wax
7866:Oil
7702:Lap
7637:Box
7405:Bow
7277:Try
7156:Axe
7110:OSB
7105:MDF
6982:Oak
6911:Ipê
6876:Elm
6781:Ash
6743:Yew
6708:Fir
6350:or
5215:doi
4583:rot
4519:or
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4198:.)
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