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starters, the MACS-lift uses a shorter scar that is in front of the ear, instead of behind, which is much easier to hide. Overall, the MACS-lift surgery is safer because less skin is raised. This means that there is less risk of bleeding and nerve damage. The operation also takes less time, lasting 2.5 hours instead of the 3.5 hours that the traditional facelift requires. There is also a shorter recovery period, 2â3 weeks instead of 3â4 weeks. Finally, the results of the MACS-lift are very natural while the traditional facelift will often result in a "windswept" look. The MACS lift has been successfully used for to correct complication after thread-lift with APTOS.
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and the Vector of pull to get an optimal result. It can be done with a simple ellipse of skin removed with minimal undermining of skin flaps or more extensively with large skin flaps. It can last 5 to 10 years but some patients may want a touch-up at 6 to 12 months after the procedure. The reason that this option is considered is that it has fewer complications and quicker recovery. One of the father's of plastic surgery Sir Harold Gilles described a simple ellipse of skin excision in a socialite who was pleased with her quick recovery and outcome. Can be done for a simple jowl lift in a 35 to 45-year-old patient.
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skin folds. To achieve a younger appearance the surgeon makes several small incisions along the hairline and inside the mouth, this way the fatty tissue layers can be lifted and repositioned. This way there are practically no scars. The fatty layer that lies over the cheekbones is also lifted and repositioned. This improves the nose-to-mouth lines and the roundness over the cheekbones. The recovery time is rather short and this procedure is often combined with a blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery)
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tissues with a scalpel or scissors (also called undermining) over the cheeks and neck. At this point, the deeper tissues (SMAS, the fascial suspension system of the face) can be tightened with sutures, with or without removing some of the excess deeper tissues. The skin is then redraped, and the amount of excess skin to be removed is determined by the surgeon's judgement and experience. The excess skin is then removed, and the skin incisions are closed with
873:
following surgery in men can be more challenging due to their hair-bearing preauricular skin. In both men and women, one of the signs of having had a facelift can be an earlobe which is pulled forwards and/or distorted. If too much skin is removed, or a more vertical vector not employed, the face can assume a pulled-back, "windswept" appearance. This appearance can also be due to changes in bone structure that generally happen with age.
403:
wound healing. Patients are typically asked to abstain from taking aspirin or other blood thinners for at least one week prior to surgery. Patients motivations and expectations are an important factor in order to determine the patient's medical status. A psychiatric illness leading to unreasonable expectations for the surgical outcome, such as a distorted perception of reality, can be a contraindication to surgery. Some kinds of
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637:. The parts of the face elevated are in continuity in the deep-plane and the composite rhytidectomy include the SMAS layer in the lower face, subcutaneous tissue and the skin as the arteries to these parts are preserved. With this option you can create a well vascularized tissue flap, which can be used to tighten the skin without loss of vascularization, this will result in fewer complications like
429:
378:(caused by a descent of cheek fat) and the increased distance from the ciliary margin to the inferior-most point of the orbicularis oculi muscle (caused by decreasing tone of the orbicularis oculi muscle). The skin is a fourth component in the aging of the face. The ideal age for face-lifting is at age 50 or younger, as measured by patient satisfaction. Some areas, such as the nasolabial folds or
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to a couple of days of face-to-face training. A professionally trained cosmetic doctor, Vincent Wong, said that a thread lift is the most dangerous procedure an aesthetic practitioner can do. A great many things can go wrong, more so than any injectable treatment, because threads stay in the skin and
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A technique called thread lift or non-surgical face lift simplifies the operation. Silicone threads with barbs are used to pull the face and neck skin upwards without the need of skin excision. These are non-absorbable threads and combination of these threads with other methods of facial rejuvenation
732:
in the mini lift procedure. It is also called the âSâ lift because of the shape of the incision that is used or the âshort-scarâ facelift. This lift is a more temporary solution to the ageing of the face which also has less downtime and is done on people who have deep nasolabial folds, sagging facial
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or sagging of the neck. In these cases a mid face-lift is sufficient to rejuvenate the face opposed to a full facelift, which is a more drastic surgery. The ideal candidates for a mid face-lift is when a person is in his 40s, or if the cheeks appear to be sagging and the nasolabial area has laxity or
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A. Increased redundancy of the nasolabial fold (caused by a descent of cheek fat) B. Increased distance from the ciliary margin to the inferior-most point of the orbicularis oculi muscle (caused by decreasing tone of the orbicularis oculi muscle) C. Jowl (a broken jaw line by ptosis of the platysma
259:
used the Esser-graft to school all those who flocked towards him who wanted to study under him. That's how he earned the name "Father of 20th
Century Plastic Surgery". In 1919, Dr Passot was known to publish one of the first papers on face-lifting, this consisted mainly of the elevating and redraping
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One of the most often overlooked (or not discussed) areas of a traditional facelift procedure is the effects on the anatomical positioning and angles of the ears. Most patients are, in many cases, not made aware that the vector forces in a facelift will lower the ears as well as change the angle of
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A nurse sent undercover by the BBC to take and secretly film a course teaching thread lifting was shocked at the unprofessionalism and unsafe practices she was taught. While exceptional sterility is required to avoid possible long-term infection, there was no attempt to control infection. The tutor
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In order to correct the deepening of the nasolabial fold more accurately, the deep plane facelift was developed. Differing from the SMAS lift by freeing cheek fat and some muscles from their bone implement. This technique has a higher risk at damaging the facial nerve. The SMAS lift is an effective
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via a coronal incision. In 1979, Tessier demonstrated that the subperiosteal undermining of the superior and lateral orbital rims allowed the elevation of the soft tissue and eyebrows with better results than the classic face-lifting. The objective was to elevate the soft tissue over the underlying
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With the skin-only facelift only the skin of the face is lifted and not the underlying SMAS, muscles or other structures. As the elastin fibers disintegrate, the skin itself loses elasticity in older patients. A skin only face lift requires skill in understanding the extent of safe removal of skin
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The subperiosteal facelift technique is done by vertically lifting the soft tissues of the face, completely separating it from the underlying facial bones and elevating it to a more esthetically pleasing position, correcting deep nasolabial folds and sagging cheeks. The technique is often combined
705:
As well as in the deep plane facelift, in the composite facelift a deeper layer of tissue is mobilised and repositioned. The difference between these operating techniques is the extra repositioning and fixation of the orbicularis oculi muscle in the composite facelift procedure. The malar crescent
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The SMAS (Superficial
Musculo Aponeurotic System) layer consists of suspensory ligaments that encase the cheek fat, thereby causing them to remain in their normal position. This procedure is often performed in tandem with blepharoplasty as an ancillary procedure. Resuspension and securing the SMAS
658:
In the traditional facelift, an incision is made in front of the ear extending up into the hairline. The incision curves around the bottom of the ear and then behind it, usually ending near the hairline on the back of the neck. After the skin incision is made, the skin is separated from the deeper
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medical problems, both physical and psychological. While not absolute contraindications, the risk of postoperative complications is increased in cigarette smokers and patients with hypertension and diabetes. These strong relative contraindications consist primarily of diseases predisposing to poor
654:
Many different procedures are used for rhytidectomy. The differences are mostly the type of incision, the invasiveness and the area of the face that is treated. Each surgeon practices multiple different types of facelift surgery. At a consultation the procedure with the best outcome is chosen for
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The term MACS-lift â or
Minimal Access Cranial Suspension lift â allows for the correction of sagging facial features through a short, minimal incision, elevating them vertically by suspending them from above. There are many advantages to having a MACS facelift versus a traditional facelift. For
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after rhytidectomy. The permanent hair loss is mostly seen at the incision site in the temporal areas. In men, the sideburns can be pulled backwards and upwards, resulting in an unnatural appearance if appropriate techniques are not employed to address this issue. Achieving a natural appearance
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The retaining ligaments in the face provide an anchorage of superficial structures to underlying bone. Four retaining ligaments exist. The platysma-cutaneous ligaments and the platysma-auricular ligament are aponeurotic condensations which connect the platysma to the dermis. The osteocutaneous
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during it. Ashton
Collins, the director of Save Face, a national register of accredited medical practitioners that provide non-surgical cosmetic treatments, said that "there's no doubt that if people following that course go on to do treatments will cause a lot of complications".
577:). The fibres of the nerve are becoming more superficially medially. Therefore, the dissection of a deep plane begins further away of the surface then it ends. This allows the undermining to be carried out towards the nasolabial fold without harming the branches of the facial nerve.
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The technique for performing a facelift went from simply pulling on the skin and sewing it back to aggressive SMAS and deep plane surgeries to a more refined facelift where variable options are considered to have an aesthetically good and a more long-lasting effect.
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touched various objects and then the patient's face, and the procedure was carried out on a chair instead of a clean bed. Several blood vessels were accidentally punctured, and the patient was clearly in severe pain. Patients drank alcohol before the treatment and
236:. An elderly Polish female aristocrat asked him to: "lift her cheeks and corners of the mouth". After much debate, he finally proceeded to excise an elliptical piece of skin around the ears. The first textbook about facial cosmetic surgery (1907) was written by
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procedure intended to give a more youthful facial appearance. There are multiple surgical techniques and exercise routines. Surgery usually involves the removal of excess facial skin, with or without the tightening of underlying tissues, and the redraping of the
588:
ligaments, the zygomatic ligament and the mandibular ligament, are more important. They attach to the skin and bone, leading to a counteraction of gravitational forces. These ligaments should be released surgically to obtain a fully mobile facelift flap.
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with standard techniques, which provide a long-lasting rejuvenation of the face and is done in all age groups. The difference between this and other lifts is that the subperiosteal facelift has a longer period of facial swelling after the procedure.
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cannot be pulled out; while the results can be very good, the procedure can also cause irreversible damage. The professional training of Wongâalready a physician with a degree in surgeryâin this procedure involved four courses over three months.
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Injury to the greater auricular nerve is the most seen nerve injury after rhytidectomy. Care should be taken in elevation over the sternocleidomastoid muscle, because of the terminal branches of the nerve that pass superficially to innervate the
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of the facial skin. After this, many others began to write papers on face-lifting in the 1920s. From then, the esthetic surgery was being performed on a large scale, form the basis of the reconstructive surgery. The first female plastic surgeon,
280:
introduced the concept of subfacial dissection, therefore providing suspension of the stronger deeper layer rather than relying on skin tension to achieve his facelift (he publishes his technique in 1974, with subfacial dissection of the
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Sapountzis, Stamatis; Kim, Ji Hoon; Li, Tzong-Shiun; Rashid, Abid; Cruz, Pedro Ciudad; Hwang, Yoong Soo (December 2012). "Successful treatment of thread-lifting complication from APTOS sutures using a simple MACS lift and fat grafting".
823:. Although the facial plastic surgeon attempts to prevent and minimise the risk of complications, a rhytidectomy can have complications. As a risk to every operation, complications can be derived as a reaction to the anesthetics.
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structures, yet still have a firm and well-contoured neck. The position of the incision is usually made from the hairline around the ear with scars hidden in the natural crease of the skin. The mini lift can be performed with an
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A dissection in the deep plane can mostly be performed safely, because the facial nerve innervates the facial muscles on the deep surface of these muscles (except for the muscles which are lying deep to the facial nerve, the
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The most common complication is bleeding which usually requires a return to the operating room. Less common, but potentially serious, complications may include damage to the facial nerves and necrosis of the skin flaps or
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The mid face area, the area between the cheeks, flattens and makes a woman's face look slightly more masculine. The mid face-lift is suggested to people where these changes occur, yet without a significant degree of
737:, which is used to reposition the soft tissues. After this, the skin is repositioned by the surgeon with small sutures. This type of lift is a good alternative to the full facelift to people with premature ageing.
61:. This plane is dissected down to the orbital rim and connected to the midface subperiosteal plane created through the sublabial incision under the upper lip, and often through a lower eyelid incision.
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In the UK aesthetic practitionersâwho administer thread lifts and other treatmentsâare not required to have any mandatory qualifications, although some treatments can cause serious complications. In
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in the portions of the incision within the hair-bearing scalp can rarely occur. A distortion of the hairlineâand facial hair in menâcan result after a rhytidectomy. There is a high incidence of
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every patient. Expectations of the patient, the age, possible recovery time and areas to improve are some of the many factors taken in consideration before choosing a technique of rhytidectomy.
1803:
Cohen, SR; Webster, RC (May 1983). ""How I do it"âhead and neck and plastic surgery. A targeted problem and its solution. Primary rhytidectomyâcomplications of the procedure and anesthetic".
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In the first 70 years of the 20th century, facelifts were performed by pulling on the skin on the face and cutting the loose parts off. The first facelift was reportedly performed by
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Friel, M; Shaw RE; Trovato MJ; Owsley JQ (July 2010). "The measure of face-lift patient satisfaction: the Owsley
Facelift Satisfaction Survey with a long-term followup study".
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Infection is a rare complication for patients who have undergone a rhytidectomy. Staphylococcus is the most usual causative organism for an infection after facelift surgery.
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At the start of this period in the history of the facelift, there was a change in conceptual thinking, surgeons started to care more about minimizing scars, restoring the
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without detaching the skin in a posterior direction). In 1976, Mitz and
Peyronie described the anatomical Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System, or SMAS, a term coined by
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procedure to reposition the platysma muscle; however, the nasolabial fold is according to some surgeons better addressed by a deep plane facelift or composite facelift.
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The difference between an aged eye and a youthful eye, looking at the distance from the cilliary margin to the inferior-most point of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
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According to the most recent
American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery facelifts were the third most popular aesthetic surgery in 2019, surpassed only by
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Blue represents the incisions in the Skin only facelift. Green represents the S-lift. Red is the extensive undermining done in several facelift techniques.
297:(SMAS) concept rapidly emerged to become the standard face-lifting technique, which was the first innovative change in facelift surgery in over 50 years.
229:
1751:, exposes how complicated aesthetic procedures, involving needles and surgical threads, are being taught over the internet or on unsafe one-day courses.
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LeRoy JL, Rees TD, Nolan WB (March 1994). "Infections requiring hospital readmission following face lift surgery: incidence, treatment, and sequelae".
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New combinations of threads with surgical methods for facial rejuvenationnew combinations of threads with surgical methods for facial rejuvenation
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Liu, TS; Owsley, JQ (January 2012). "Long-term results of face lift surgery: patient photographs compared with patient satisfaction ratings".
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The mini-facelift is the least invasive type of facelift which is similar to a full facelift, the only difference is the omission of the
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Leist, FD; Masson, JK; Erich, JB (April 1977). "A review of 324 rhytidectomies, emphasizing complications and patient dissatisfaction".
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scars can appear. A facelift requires skin incisions; however, the incisions in front of and behind the ear are usually inconspicuous.
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161:. Exercise routines tone underlying facial muscles without surgery. Surgical facelifts are effectively combined with eyelid surgery (
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found 26 cosmetic training academies offering courses ranging in price from ÂŁ150 to ÂŁ5,000 in 2021, lasting from a couple of hours
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the appearance of the face. Aging of the face is most shown by a change in position of the deep anatomical structures, notably the
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is the most seen complication after rhytidectomy. Arterial bleeding can cause the most dangerous hematomas, as they can lead to
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Niamtu J, 3rd (September 2005). "Expanding hematoma in face-lift surgery: literature review, case presentations, and caveats".
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Rees, TD; Liverett, DM; Guy, CL (June 1984). "The effect of cigarette smoking on skin-flap survival in the face lift patient".
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Baker, DC; Conley, J (December 1979). "Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy. Anatomical variations and pitfalls".
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255:," the technique was soon used on both English and German sides in the war. At the same time, the British plastic surgeon
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can be sustained during rhytidectomy. This kind of injury can be temporary or permanent and harm can be done to either
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Mitz, V.; Peyronie M. (July 1976). "The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area".
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is the most common nerve to get injured at a facelift procedure. The most injured motor nerve is the facial nerve.
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688:. Modifications to this technique led to development of the "Composite Facelift" and "Deep plane Facelift."
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264:, played a large role in its development and she wrote one of the first books about esthetic surgery named
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increases the risk of skin necrosis 12-fold. Scarring is considered a complication of facelift surgery.
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Clevens, RA (November 2009). "Avoiding patient dissatisfaction and complications in facelift surgery".
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Marcus, BC (August 2012). "Rhytidectomy: current concepts, controversies and the state of the art".
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the ears. Ear lowering can be as much as 1 cm and change in the angle as much as 10 degrees.
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Heinrichs, HL; Kaidi, AA (September 1998). "Subperiosteal face lift: a 200-case, 4-year review".
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anatomical layer can lead to rejuvenation of the face, by counteracting aging and gravity caused
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supplies the platysma and goes on as the angular artery, which connects with the branches of the
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293:, after he had become familiar with Skoog's technique. After Skoog died of a heart attack, the
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Kamer, FM; Song, AU (OctoberâDecember 2000). "Hematoma formation in deep plane rhytidectomy".
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Cost varies by country where surgery is performed. Prices were quoted ranging from US$ 2,500 (
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made one of the most famous discoveries in the field of plastic surgery to date, namely the "
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The composite flap is vascularised by facial, angular and/or inferior orbital arteries. The
370:. These lead up to three landmarks namely, an appearance of the jowl (a broken jaw line by
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Baker, TJ; Gordon, HL; Mosienko, P (January 1977). "Rhytidectomy: a statistical analysis".
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165:) and other facial procedures and are typically performed under general anesthesia or deep
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The technique of a SMAS facelift, consisting of mobilisation, repositioning and fixating.
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833:. Almost all of the hematomas occur within the first 24 hours after the rhytidectomy.
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Whetzel, TP; Mathes, SJ (August 1997). "The arterial supply of the face lift flap".
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1575:"Deep Plane Facelift Versus SMAS Facelift Demystified Glenn Vallecillos, MD, FACS"
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Transactions of 7th
International Conference on Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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caused by the orbicularis oculi ptosis can be addressed in a composite facelift.
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volume that was lost during the ageing process and they started making use of a
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Tessier, who had his background in the craniofacial surgery, made the step to a
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reveals even better results. One such procedure is thread-lift with anti-
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Baker, DC (July 1983). "Complications of cervicofacial rhytidectomy".
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Tessier, P. (September 1979). "Facelifting and frontal rhytidectomy".
199:) as of 2008. Costs in Europe mostly ranged ÂŁ4,000âÂŁ9,000 as of 2009.
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Rees, TD; Aston, SJ (January 1978). "Complications of rhytidectomy".
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Moyer, JS; Baker, SR (August 2005). "Complications of rhytidectomy".
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1632:"Composite Facelift: Background, History of the Procedure, Problem"
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Furnas, DW (January 1989). "The retaining ligaments of the cheek".
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1067:"Mens of monster? Plastische chirurgie en de Eerste Wereldoorlog"
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midface lift (rhytidectomy). Note the shiny surface of the deep
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Comarow, Avery (12 May 2008). "Under the Knife in
Bangalore".
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140:) 'excision', the surgical removal of wrinkles), is a type of
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Current
Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
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1017:. Trans. Grahame Larkin. New York, N.Y.: Thiene. p. 4.
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skeleton to re-establish the patient's youthful appearance.
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is elevated in an endoscopic midface lift (rhytidectomy).
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Joshi, Kritika; Hohman, Marc H.; Seiger, Eric (2022),
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In the First World War (1914â1918), the Dutch surgeon
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Contraindications to facelift surgery include severe
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of the platysma muscle), increased redundancy of the
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Hamra, S.T. (April 1997). "Composite Rhytidectomy".
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Skin necrosis can occur after a facelift operation.
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1848:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
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30:"Facelift" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1002:"Face Lift Fact Sheet". BuyAssociation. 2009.
354:muscle) D. The intended effect of a facelift
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2108:10.1097/00006534-199493030-00013
2065:10.1097/00006534-197701000-00004
2030:10.1097/00006534-197759040-00008
1987:10.1097/00006534-197912000-00005
1938:10.1097/00042728-200509000-00012
1538:10.1097/00006534-199708000-00033
1401:10.1097/00006534-198901000-00003
1366:10.1097/00006534-198406000-00009
1177:10.1097/00006534-199809030-00036
1119:10.1097/00006534-197607000-00013
1040:"The History of Plastic Surgery"
1037:
813:
804:
723:
709:
439:
427:
2087:
2044:
2009:
1966:
1917:
1874:
1839:
1796:
1737:Lakhani, Ashni (24 June 2021).
1667:
1642:
1624:
1566:
1552:
1517:
1380:
1299:
1256:
1213:
1156:
1013:Panfilov, Dimitrije E. (2005).
289:, Mitz and Peyronie's tutor in
2318:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1532:(2): 480â6, discussion 487â8.
1141:
1098:
1073:
1058:
1031:
1006:
995:
968:
943:
916:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
766:
336:
317:Volumetric period (since 1991)
13:
1:
1782:10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32193-3
1503:10.1016/S0094-1298(20)31873-3
649:
301:Deep plane period (1980â1991)
2156:Tests and procedures on the
1320:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182362b55
1277:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181dbc2f0
1234:10.1097/MOO.0b013e328355b175
977:U.S. News & World Report
951:"Plastic Surgery Statistics"
936:
678:
224:Cutaneous period (1900â1970)
136:
124:
7:
2333:Surgical removal procedures
2328:Plastic surgical procedures
1080:Skoog, Tord Gustav (1974).
883:
358:A facelift is performed to
10:
2349:
1817:10.1002/lary.1983.93.5.654
1770:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
1654:Al Shunnar Plastic Surgery
1491:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
253:skin graft inlay technique
202:
130:
118:
29:
2287:
2263:
2240:
2177:
2168:
1860:10.1016/j.fsc.2009.06.005
1747:A BBC Three documentary,
1705:10.1007/s00266-012-9975-1
1600:"SMAS Plication Facelift"
1451:10.1016/j.fsc.2005.04.005
1084:. Saunders. p. 500.
902:("non-surgical" facelift)
528:
516:
511:
491:
479:
455:
450:
438:
426:
421:
109:, technically known as a
92:
78:
66:
46:
41:
32:Facelift (disambiguation)
1895:10.1001/archfaci.2.4.240
631:arteria supratrochlearis
470:Arteria supratrochlearis
411:are a contraindication.
368:orbicularis oculi muscle
27:Type of cosmetic surgery
900:Micro-current treatment
606:Greater auricular nerve
498:Greater auricular nerve
272:SMAS period (1970â1980)
1015:Cosmetic Surgery Today
749:Subperiosteal facelift
745:
675:
635:arteria infraorbitalis
530:Anatomical terminology
474:Arteria infraorbitalis
355:
346:
220:
1650:"Endoscopic Facelift"
983:(13): 42, 45, 47â50.
849:great auricular nerve
743:
673:
352:
344:
210:
2297:Hair transplantation
1926:Dermatologic Surgery
1693:Aesthetic Plast Surg
366:, cheek fat and the
291:craniofacial surgery
257:Harold Delfs Gillies
2323:Otorhinolaryngology
2162:subcutaneous tissue
1638:. 22 November 2021.
1265:Plast Reconstr Surg
1203:Plast Reconstr Surg
1107:Plast Reconstr Surg
1046:on 19 November 2012
692:Deep-plane facelift
582:Retaining ligaments
571:levator anguli oris
240:(Chicago) entitled
758:Skin-only facelift
746:
701:Composite facelift
676:
598:Melolabial folds (
553:Facial musculature
356:
347:
221:
2305:
2304:
2283:
2282:
1065:van Bergen, Leo.
1024:978-1-58890-334-1
776:(APTOS) sutures.
544:
543:
539:
394:Contraindications
191:) to US$ 15,000 (
128:) 'wrinkle', and
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
2340:
2175:
2174:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1854:(4): 515â30, v.
1843:
1837:
1836:
1805:The Laryngoscope
1800:
1794:
1793:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1687:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:. Archived from
1035:
1029:
1028:
1010:
1004:
1003:
999:
993:
992:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
947:
890:Cosmetic surgery
600:marionette lines
594:Nasolabial folds
536:edit on Wikidata
533:
443:
431:
419:
418:
415:Surgical anatomy
405:hypersensitivity
380:marionette lines
142:cosmetic surgery
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
96:edit on Wikidata
88:
51:
39:
38:
21:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2279:
2268:Medical imaging
2259:
2236:
2164:
2154:
2124:
2123:
2092:
2088:
2049:
2045:
2014:
2010:
1971:
1967:
1951:
1950:
1922:
1918:
1879:
1875:
1844:
1840:
1801:
1797:
1766:
1757:
1735:
1728:
1688:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1522:
1518:
1487:
1474:
1435:
1424:
1385:
1381:
1350:
1343:
1304:
1300:
1261:
1257:
1218:
1214:
1199:
1192:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1038:Kita, Natalie.
1036:
1032:
1025:
1011:
1007:
1001:
1000:
996:
973:
969:
959:
957:
949:
948:
944:
939:
926:Plastic surgery
886:
816:
807:
769:
760:
751:
726:
712:
703:
694:
681:
652:
619:Vascularisation
540:
466:Temporal artery
446:
434:
417:
396:
376:nasolabial fold
364:platysma muscle
339:
319:
303:
274:
230:Eugen HollÀnder
226:
205:
99:
84:
62:
59:temporal fascia
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2086:
2043:
2008:
1965:
1916:
1873:
1838:
1795:
1755:
1726:
1699:(6): 1307â10.
1677:
1666:
1641:
1623:
1587:
1565:
1551:
1516:
1472:
1422:
1379:
1341:
1298:
1255:
1212:
1190:
1155:
1140:
1097:
1091:978-0721683553
1090:
1072:
1057:
1030:
1023:
1005:
994:
967:
941:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
921:Otolaryngology
918:
913:
908:
906:Lifestyle lift
903:
897:
892:
885:
882:
815:
812:
806:
803:
768:
765:
759:
756:
750:
747:
725:
722:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
680:
677:
651:
648:
647:
646:
622:
621:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
596:
590:
589:
584:
583:
579:
578:
561:
560:
555:
550:
542:
541:
532:
526:
525:
520:
514:
513:
509:
508:
495:
489:
488:
483:
477:
476:
459:
453:
452:
448:
447:
444:
436:
435:
432:
424:
423:
416:
413:
395:
392:
338:
335:
318:
315:
302:
299:
273:
270:
249:Johannes Esser
238:Charles Miller
225:
222:
204:
201:
178:blepharoplasty
167:twilight sleep
163:blepharoplasty
101:
100:
93:
90:
89:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2345:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
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2313:
2298:
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2290:
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2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Rotation flap
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Skin grafting
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:(6): 781â95.
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:(1): 109â19.
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:(3): 543â62.
1496:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:(3): 469â78.
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:(1): 253â62.
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:(1): 245â57.
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:(3): 843â55.
1170:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1041:
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1026:
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1016:
1009:
998:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
956:
952:
946:
942:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
901:
898:
896:
895:Facial toning
893:
891:
888:
887:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
863:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
822:
814:Complications
811:
805:MACS facelift
802:
799:
793:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
764:
755:
742:
738:
736:
731:
724:Mini-facelift
721:
718:
710:Mid face-lift
707:
698:
689:
687:
672:
668:
666:
662:
656:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:facial artery
624:
623:
620:
617:
616:
611:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
595:
592:
591:
586:
585:
581:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
562:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
537:
531:
527:
524:
521:
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
499:
496:
494:
490:
487:
486:Temporal vein
484:
482:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Facial artery
460:
458:
454:
449:
445:Head arteries
442:
437:
430:
425:
420:
412:
410:
406:
401:
391:
389:
388:liposculpture
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
343:
334:
330:
328:
324:
314:
311:
308:
307:subperiosteal
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
269:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
218:
214:
209:
200:
198:
194:
193:United States
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
138:
126:
116:
115:Ancient Greek
112:
108:
97:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2245:Rhytidectomy
2244:
2197:Mohs surgery
2102:(3): 533â6.
2099:
2095:
2089:
2059:(1): 24â30.
2056:
2052:
2046:
2024:(4): 525â9.
2021:
2017:
2011:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1954:cite journal
1929:
1925:
1919:
1889:(4): 240â2.
1886:
1882:
1876:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1811:(5): 654â6.
1808:
1804:
1798:
1773:
1769:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1696:
1692:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1644:
1636:medscape.com
1635:
1626:
1615:, retrieved
1603:
1578:. Retrieved
1568:
1554:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1494:
1490:
1442:
1438:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1360:(6): 911â5.
1357:
1353:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1228:(4): 262â6.
1225:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1081:
1075:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1033:
1014:
1008:
997:
980:
976:
970:
958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
879:
875:
864:
860:Hypertrophic
853:
837:Nerve injury
835:
825:
817:
808:
794:
778:
770:
761:
752:
727:
713:
704:
695:
682:
657:
653:
558:Facial nerve
506:Mental nerve
502:Facial nerve
397:
357:
331:
323:subcutaneous
320:
304:
287:Paul Tessier
275:
265:
262:Suzanne Noël
246:
241:
227:
182:
171:
111:rhytidectomy
110:
106:
104:
42:Rhytidectomy
36:
2273:Wood's lamp
2250:Liposuction
2227:Skin biopsy
2222:Cryosurgery
2182:Escharotomy
1395:(1): 11â6.
1113:(1): 80â8.
767:Thread lift
639:skin slough
512:Identifiers
433:Head nerves
400:concomitant
337:Indications
232:in 1901 in
174:rhinoplasty
80:MedlinePlus
2312:Categories
1617:28 October
1604:StatPearls
1580:28 October
1209:(2): 1â13.
960:19 October
650:Procedures
575:buccinator
409:anesthesia
360:rejuvenate
310:dissection
278:Tord Skoog
213:periosteum
113:(from the
55:endoscopic
2212:TRAM flap
2202:Free flap
2081:220564313
1743:BBC Three
937:Footnotes
866:Hair loss
821:infection
781:Liverpool
735:endoscope
730:neck lift
679:SMAS lift
276:In 1968,
18:Face-lift
2255:Z-plasty
2232:Excision
2003:23475490
1946:16164866
1911:23335563
1903:11074716
1868:19900658
1833:39904742
1713:23052379
1612:30285353
1467:28878512
1459:16085292
1336:46598295
1328:22186515
1293:45672161
1285:20224460
1250:39343579
1242:22894994
1135:19719594
1050:10 March
989:18655694
884:See also
870:alopecia
827:Hematoma
643:necrosis
613:earlobe.
573:and the
567:mentalis
283:platysma
107:facelift
68:ICD-9-CM
2116:8115508
1825:6843261
1721:9109621
1659:14 June
1546:9252619
1511:6627843
1417:1098358
1409:2909050
1374:6728942
1185:9727455
856:Smoking
841:sensory
831:dyspnea
717:jowling
665:staples
661:sutures
523:D015361
451:Details
327:cranial
217:maxilla
203:History
151:patient
149:on the
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