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117:, beyond its formal boundaries. The Settlement authorities obtained a certain degree of administrative authority over the extra-settlement roads and neighbouring areas, so that the extra-settlement roads area were regarded as a "quasi-concession" area attached to the concession area proper. The Settlement authorities had police powers alongside specific roads within the extra-settlement roads area, and had the power to levy rates or taxes in relation to services relating to the roads, but other administrative powers relating to the area remained with the Chinese government.
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300:, the special status of the extra-settlement roads area meant that numerous competing forces operated in the area. A number of Chinese collaborators of the Japanese occupiers bought property in the area. The Japanese secret police security service was located at 76 Jessfield Road, and several clashes occurred between "no. 76" operatives and the International Settlement police. In 1940, British forces withdrew, after which the extra-settlement roads area came under heavier Japanese influence until it was fully occupied in 1941 with the full eruption of
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165:(静安寺路), Sinza Road (新闸路), Jessfield Road (极斯非而路) and Carter Road (卡德路) were all early extra-settlement roads. However, after the expansion of the International Settlement in 1899, the bulk of the extra-settlement roads area at that time were absorbed into the concession proper. From 1901, Settlement authorities began to construct more extra-settlement roads beyond the new boundary, with the plan to eventually expand the concession to also cover this rea.
225:(the governing authority of the International Settlement) began levying "special rates" (colloquially known as "water rates" or "police rates") on residents in the extra-settlement roads area who used tap water supplied by the International Settlement. However, in contrast to the concession proper, the Chinese government continued to levy some rates and taxes in the extra-settlement roads area.
272:, the Chinese army pressed into the Japanese zone in the northern and eastern part of the International Settlement and the extra-settlement roads area. The fierce fighting, including the use of heavy weaponry, caused extensive damage to this area. After Japan retook control over the area at the end of the battle,
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in 1937, the built-up part of the western extra-settlement roads area (east of the
Shanghai-Hangzhou railway) were garrisoned by British and Italian troops. The British garrison area was much larger, separated from the Italian area in the northeast by Jessfield Road, and from the French concession in
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The western extra-settlement roads area was especially popular with well-to-do
Shanghainese residents of all nationalities. Unlike the bulk of the formal International Settlement, which was densely built with residential, commercial and industrial buildings sometimes in close proximity, many of the
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Extra-settlement roads built in the 20th century were located in the west and north of
Shanghai. The extra-settlement roads consisted of almost 40 roads, of which 28 were located in the west. The western extremity of the extra-settlement roads area was the western end of Hung Jao Road (虹桥路), which
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raised by Japan. Given the public mood against concessions being made to foreign powers, the
Chinese government turned down the International Settlement's request for expansion. Meanwhile, the British government (the principal power behind the International Settlement) was itself occupied with the
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also had a relatively large extra-settlement roads area. However, in 1914, the
Shanghai French Concession obtained police and taxation powers over the entire French extra-settlement roads area, which amounted to an expansion of the French Concession. The former French extra-settlement roads area
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extra-settlement roads were leafy, wide streets dotted with detached houses set in large grounds. The area was seen as the "picturesque suburbs" of
Shanghai. This contrasted, however, with the expansive shanty towns that developed along the canals in the same area.
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In the 1910s and 1920s, the extra-settlement roads area were also subject to the jurisdiction of the
International Mixed Court (which dealt with cases involving Chinese or non-treaty power residents in the International Settlement).
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Chinese zone, and several towns in the northern suburbs. As part of the ceasefire agreement, Japan agreed to withdraw to within the northern and eastern part of the
International Settlement and the extra-settlement roads area.
161:, ostensibly to connect the concession proper with other foreign properties or facilities which required protection from Britain and the other concession powers. Some major roads in Shanghai, such as
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In 1918, the
Municipal Council first posted concession police to Bubbling Well Road to manage traffic. Subsequently, concession police were stationed along most extra-settlement roads.
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of 1927, North
Szechuan Road and the extra-settlement roads area east of it to Hungkow Port were garrisoned by Japanese troops. Japanese troops retained control of this area until the
197:, and did not pursue the issue further. As a result, the extra-settlement roads area maintained its quasi-concession status until the abolition of the concession in 1941. After the
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This house on Yu Yuen Road formerly belonged to Wang Boqun, a Republic of China minister, and is an example of the large houses built in the western extra-settlement roads area.
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Encouraged by the French expansion, the International Settlement also requested an expansion of the concession to include the entire extra-settlement roads area east of the
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209:). The entire extra-settlement roads area consisted of 31 square kilometres, which made it larger than the concession proper (at 22 square kilometres).
293:. The Italian garrison was responsible for the narrow zone between Jessfield Road and Kiao Chow Road (胶州路) and bounded in the north by Suzhou Creek.
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the southeast by Avenue Haig (華山路). In the south it extended to Jordan Road (陆家路), in the west to the Shanghai-Hangzhou railway and in the north to
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A map of the western districts of Shanghai in 1933, showing the extra-settlement roads area in the upper left.
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Zhabei, part of which is in the northern extra-settlement roads area, on fire during the Battle of Shanghai.
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of 1932, which gave the Japanese the opportunity to push the western boundary of this zone to the
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evicted International Settlement police, and Japanese forces took full control over this area.
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was 10 kilometres west of the western districts of the Shanghai International Settlement (near
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in 1925, there was only very sporadic further additions to the extra-settlement roads.
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Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century
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St John's University was located in the extra-settlement roads area.
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Extra-settlement roads were first built in the 1860s, during the
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Bubbling Well Road was one of the first extra-settlement roads.
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had changed by this time, and the administration of president
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Hongkew Park, in the northern extra-settlement roads area.
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335:The International Settlement at Shanghai, 1924-34
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46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
341:Vol. 28, No. 6 (Dec., 1934), pp. 1030-1046
173:became known as the "new French Concession".
168:In the late 19th to early 20th century, the
109:) in Shanghai were roads constructed by the
188:was facing a popular movement against the
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339:The American Political Science Review
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274:Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces
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363:Shanghai International Settlement
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383:China–United Kingdom relations
115:foreign concession in Shanghai
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373:British colonisation of Asia
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178:Shanghai-Hangzhou railway
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368:20th century in Shanghai
258:Shanghai–Woosung railway
32:This article includes a
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388:China–France relations
306:attack on Pearl Harbor
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190:Twenty-One Demands
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34:list of references
333:Lockwood (1934) "
320:Policing Shanghai
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159:Taiping Rebellion
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