456:. By comparison, 'Exercise Medicine' is a specific subspecialty of 'Sport and Exercise Medicine'. The concept of 'Exercise is Medicine' is that all medical specialists should be prescribing exercise regularly as an adjunct to a standard consultation. The aims of the 'Exercise is Medicine' movement and the specialty of Exercise Medicine are generally synergistic, with both aiming to improve physical activity in the population (for whom a large proportion is inactive). Exercise Medicine specialists also consult a smaller subsection of the population who are temporarily over-active and require a slight reduction in load in order to overcome injury or chronic pain. The concept of 'Exercise is Medicine' is as a 5-minute addition to almost every medical consultation, treating exercise as a 'vital sign', which has the potential of enormous reach. Exercise medicine specialists aim to also cater for some of those patients who don't respond to the first line measure of a brief written exercise prescription by providing longer specialized consultations with a focus solely on exercise. Exercise Is Medicine has been criticized for making exercise come across as exclusively a medical treatment when it should be seen more broadly as a public health strategy and protective risk factor that should be available to everyone.
349:
back pain, but having occupational manual loading increases the risk. The bottom of the U-shaped curve for injury risk and loading is sometimes referred to as the
Goldilocks zone (not too little exercise but not too much). There also may be a Goldilocks zone for physical activity and all-cause mortality, but at a very high level and with an eccentric U-shape (that is, low exercise levels are far riskier for all-cause mortality than extremely high exercise levels).
5031:
4232:
5061:
5071:
4242:
364:
265:
29:
5051:
329:
5041:
4220:
337:
213:. In some countries, Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is a recognized medical specialty (with similar training and standards to other medical specialties). Exercise medicine is therefore an emerging physician (non-surgical) specialty, but there is also a belief that exercise is treatment of such fundamental benefit that it should be incorporated into all medical specialties.
348:
is 13% for competitive runners, 10% for non-runners, but only 4% for moderate social runners, demonstrating a U-shaped curve between running load and arthritis risk (high and low dose = higher risk; moderate load = lower risk). With respect to back pain, increasing levels of exercise reduce risk of
1442:
Colpani, V; Baena, CP; Jaspers, L; van Dijk, GM; Farajzadegan, Z; Dhana, K; Tielemans, MJ; Voortman, T; Freak-Poli, R; Veloso, GGV; Chowdhury, R; Kavousi, M; Muka, T; Franco, OH (September 2018). "Lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly women: a
324:
Exercise prescription is not simply a matter of advising or demanding that a patient increases their exercise levels. It requires significant expertise and experience, with core competencies well described. Sudden increase of exercise levels is likely to lead to painful musculoskeletal symptoms or
371:
The difference between sport and exercise (and hence the differentiation between Sports medicine and
Exercise medicine) is subtle, but important. Basically, sport is exercise with an added element of competition (whether against an opponent or oneself, aiming to maximum performance improvements).
383:
is a recognized medical specialty or subspecialty in over 50 countries. In some of these countries, the formal name of the specialty is 'Sport and
Exercise Medicine', emphasizing the differentiation between sports medicine (performance-orientated) and exercise medicine (health-orientated). These
260:
There is an enormous amount of evidence proving that exercise (when prescribed as a medical treatment) is effective at preventing and treating most of the major chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, osteoporosis, back pain, diabetes, depression and other mental
956:
Gwinnutt, JM; Wieczorek, M; Cavalli, G; Balanescu, A; Bischoff-Ferrari, HA; Boonen, A; de Souza, S; de Thurah, A; Dorner, TE; Moe, RH; Putrik, P; Rodríguez-Carrio, J; Silva-Fernández, L; Stamm, T; Walker-Bone, K; Welling, J; Zlatković-Švenda, MI; Guillemin, F; Verstappen, SMM (March 2022).
428:
Healthcare is responsible for 3-10% of carbon emissions in
Western countries. Although most healthcare is considered 'essential', it is important that the necessity of carbon-intensive healthcare options, such as surgery, is critically assessed as there is an international agreement that
1252:
Kyu, Hmwe H.; Bachman, Victoria F.; Alexander, Lily T.; Mumford, John
Everett; Afshin, Ashkan; Estep, Kara; Veerman, J. Lennert; Delwiche, Kristen; Iannarone, Marissa L.; Moyer, Madeline L.; Cercy, Kelly; Vos, Theo; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. (9 August 2016).
3456:
Sallis, RE; Matuszak, JM; Baggish, AL; Franklin, BA; Chodzko-Zajko, W; Fletcher, BJ; Gregory, A; Joy, E; Matheson, G; McBride, P; Puffer, JC; Trilk, J; Williams, J (May 2016). "Call to Action on Making
Physical Activity Assessment and Prescription a Medical Standard of Care".
2743:
Ekelund, U; Tarp, J; Steene-Johannessen, J; Hansen, BH; Jefferis, B; Fagerland, MW; Whincup, P; Diaz, KM; Hooker, SP; Chernofsky, A; Larson, MG; Spartano, N; Vasan, RS; Dohrn, IM; Hagströmer, M; Edwardson, C; Yates, T; Shiroma, E; Anderssen, SA; Lee, IM (21 August 2019).
437:
of any medical treatment. An increased focus on exercise prescription as an effective alternate to carbon-intensive medical treatments is an important part of healthcare reform, which needs to be 'transformational' to reach goals of net-zero emissions from healthcare.
372:
There is good evidence that competitive and professional athletes have higher rates of certain conditions than the general population, such as osteoarthritis, but equally strong evidence that the life expectancy of elite athletes is longer than the general population.
2161:"Exercise medicine and physical activity promotion: core curricula for US medical schools, residencies and sports medicine fellowships: developed by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine and endorsed by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine"
959:"Effects of physical exercise and body weight on disease-specific outcomes of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs): systematic reviews and meta-analyses informing the 2021 EULAR recommendations for lifestyle improvements in people with RMDs"
1055:
Pocovi, Natasha C; Lin, Chung-Wei
Christine; French, Simon D; Graham, Petra L; van Dongen, Johanna M; Latimer, Jane; Merom, Dafna; Tiedemann, Anne; Maher, Christopher G; Clavisi, Ornella; Tong, Shuk Yin Kate; Hancock, Mark J (June 2024).
2477:
Alentorn-Geli, E; Samuelsson, K; Musahl, V; Green, CL; Bhandari, M; Karlsson, J (June 2017). "The
Association of Recreational and Competitive Running With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
1255:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1058:"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualised, progressive walking and education intervention for the prevention of low back pain recurrence in Australia (WalkBack): a randomised controlled trial"
2570:
Hartvigsen, J; Hancock, MJ; Kongsted, A; Louw, Q; Ferreira, ML; Genevay, S; Hoy, D; Karppinen, J; Pransky, G; Sieper, J; Smeets, RJ; Underwood, M; Lancet Low Back Pain Series
Working, Group. (9 June 2018).
1139:
Hall, KS; Hyde, ET; Bassett, DR; Carlson, SA; Carnethon, MR; Ekelund, U; Evenson, KR; Galuska, DA; Kraus, WE; Lee, IM; Matthews, CE; Omura, JD; Paluch, AE; Thomas, WI; Fulton, JE (20 June 2020).
2217:
3260:
858:
Kraus, WE; Powell, KE; Haskell, WL; Janz, KF; Campbell, WW; Jakicic, JM; Troiano, RP; Sprow, K; Torres, A; Piercy, KL; 2018 Physical
Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (June 2019).
288:
levels. Although multiple mechanisms are possible, the relationship between exercise as measured by accelerometer data and cardiovascular mortality is strong (inverse, non-linear).
296:
Exercise prescription is now a recognized treatment for cancer, as studies have shown that exercise is associated with superior mortality outcomes and lower recurrence rates.
2883:
Gouttebarge, V; Inklaar, H; Backx, F; Kerkhoffs, G (March 2015). "Prevalence of osteoarthritis in former elite athletes: a systematic overview of the recent literature".
2746:"Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis"
2159:
Asif, Irfan; Thornton, Jane S.; Carek, Stephen; Miles, Christopher; Nayak, Melissa; Novak, Melissa; Stovak, Mark; Zaremski, Jason L.; Drezner, Jonathan (1 April 2022).
404:
There is increasing evidence that many 'traditional' medical interventions are ineffective at best and potentially harmful at worst. Examples of low-value care include
1866:
310:
Exercise both prevents and treats mental illnesses, including depression in particular, with positive effects likely for anxiety, bipolar disorder and suicidality.
3076:
3102:
809:"Reframing How Physical Activity Reduces The Incidence of Clinically-Diagnosed Cancers: Appraising Exercise-Induced Immuno-Modulation As An Integral Mechanism"
1781:
Cormie, P; Zopf, EM; Zhang, X; Schmitz, KH (1 January 2017). "The Impact of Exercise on Cancer Mortality, Recurrence, and Treatment-Related Adverse Effects".
466:
Cairney, John; McGannon, Kerry R.; Atkinson, Michael (8 August 2018). "Exercise is medicine: critical considerations in the qualitative research landscape".
385:
2242:
Wang, C; Vargas, JT; Stokes, T; Steele, R; Shrier, I (July 2020). "Analyzing Activity and Injury: Lessons Learned from the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio".
1686:
393:
502:
613:"Clinical exercise provision in the UK: comparison of staff job titles, roles and qualifications across five specialised exercise services"
305:
2928:"Female and male US Olympic athletes live 5 years longer than their general population counterparts: a study of 8124 former US Olympians"
4560:
1141:"Systematic review of the prospective association of daily step counts with risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, and dysglycemia"
4901:
389:
152:
146:
3900:
3171:"Adverse events associated with medium- and long-term use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
1193:; Michaleff, ZA; Fairhall, N; Paul, SS; Tiedemann, A; Whitney, J; Cumming, RG; Herbert, RD; Close, JCT; Lord, SR (December 2017).
4500:
3309:
1008:"Effects of non-supervised exercise interventions on bone mineral density in adult women: a systematic review and meta‑analysis"
412:
surgery and opiate prescription for chronic non-cancer pain. Exercise prescription, with evidence of efficacy for treatment of
2434:
Orchard, JW (September 2017). "Using technology to measure daily and weekly movement patterns in exercise medicine patients".
3169:
Els, C; Jackson, TD; Kunyk, D; Lappi, VG; Sonnenberg, B; Hagtvedt, R; Sharma, S; Kolahdooz, F; Straube, S (30 October 2017).
2287:"The Association Between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Injury and its Application in Team Sports: A Systematic Review"
2572:
660:
Gamage, Prasanna J; Seker, Saran; Orchard, Jessica; Humphries, David; Fitzgerald, Kylie; Fitzpatrick, Jane (November 2021).
433:
emissions must be reached to avoid breakdown of the Earth's climate. Exercise as a medical treatment has perhaps the lowest
4800:
2975:
Ruiz, JR; Fiuza-Luces, C; Garatachea, N; Lucia, A (November 2014). "Reduced mortality in former elite endurance athletes".
3500:
Golightly, YM; Allen, KD; Ambrose, KR; Stiller, JL; Evenson, KR; Voisin, C; Hootman, JM; Callahan, LF (30 November 2017).
3413:
Lobelo, F; Stoutenberg, M; Hutber, A (December 2014). "The Exercise is Medicine Global Health Initiative: a 2014 update".
2838:"Former male elite athletes have a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis and arthroplasty in the hip and knee than expected"
4044:
1636:
Sheng, M; Yang, J; Bao, M; Chen, T; Cai, R; Zhang, N; Chen, H; Liu, M; Wu, X; Zhang, B; Liu, Y; Chao, J (December 2021).
662:"Insights into the complexity of presentation and management of patients: the Sport and Exercise Physician's perspective"
509:
453:
4936:
4278:
1638:"The relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A dose-response meta-analysis"
516:
1057:
280:
There are multiple ways in which exercise can reduce cardiovascular disease and mortality, including through lowering
248:. SEM physician consultations are generally lengthy (over 30 minutes) and 74% involve prescription of exercise, with
240:
is operative procedures, and the signature treatment of most medical (physician) specialties is the prescription of
907:
Myers, Jonathan; Prakash, Manish; Froelicher, Victor; Do, Dat; Partington, Sara; Atwood, J. Edwin (14 March 2002).
4142:
3663:
1738:
Christensen, JF; Simonsen, C; Hojman, P (13 December 2018). "Exercise Training in Cancer Control and Treatment".
1395:"Recommended physical activity and all cause and cause specific mortality in US adults: prospective cohort study"
760:"Recommended physical activity and all cause and cause specific mortality in US adults: prospective cohort study"
2059:
Bauer, IE; Gálvez, JF; Hamilton, JE; Balanzá-Martínez, V; Zunta-Soares, GB; Soares, JC; Meyer, TD (March 2016).
523:
5054:
4926:
4360:
272:
Exercise has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality in a large number of primary studies and meta-analyses.
3549:
Kuntz, JL; Young, DR; Saelens, BE; Frank, LD; Meenan, RT; Dickerson, JF; Keast, EM; Fortmann, SP (June 2021).
3923:
5100:
4906:
1961:
Cooney, GM; Dwan, K; Greig, CA; Lawlor, DA; Rimer, J; Waugh, FR; McMurdo, M; Mead, GE (12 September 2013).
420:, can be used as an alternative to traditional interventions with poor efficacy and greater side effects.
4550:
2655:"The 'Goldilocks Principle': designing physical activity at work to be 'just right' for promoting health"
2061:"Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review"
1311:
544:
4530:
3749:
1488:"Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses"
3600:"Beyond "Exercise as Medicine" in Physical Therapy: toward the Promotion of Exercise as a Public Good"
1487:
711:"Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases"
4959:
611:
Crozier, A; Watson, PM; Graves, LEF; George, K; Naylor, L; Green, DJ; Rosenberg, M; Jones, H (2022).
5095:
4751:
4673:
4668:
4588:
4348:
4066:
3993:
3716:
4731:
4705:
4193:
3813:
3327:
Orchard, JW (18 January 2023). "Sport and exercise medicine: leading the race towards net zero".
2523:"Physical activity and chronic back conditions: A population-based pooled study of 60,134 adults"
285:
4323:
4271:
4203:
3077:"Needless procedures: knee arthroscopy is one of the most common but least effective surgeries"
40:
3103:"3 orthopaedic surgeries that might be doing patients (and their pockets) more harm than good"
2286:
4974:
4860:
4833:
4806:
4758:
4712:
4407:
3868:
3138:
3121:
319:
249:
245:
126:
44:
2387:"Wearable Technology and Physical Activity in Chronic Disease: Opportunities and Challenges"
4994:
4954:
4821:
4635:
4630:
4610:
4545:
4397:
4019:
4014:
3943:
3842:
3754:
2926:
Antero, J; Tanaka, H; De Larochelambert, Q; Pohar-Perme, M; Toussaint, JF (February 2021).
1195:"Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
447:
99:
63:
3259:
Rizan, C; Steinbach, I; Nicholson, R; Lillywhite, R; Reed, M; Bhutta, MF (December 2020).
8:
5074:
5016:
4999:
4658:
4375:
4157:
4134:
4061:
3958:
3786:
3759:
3744:
3711:
3656:
570:
413:
218:
2110:"Physical exercise, mental health problems, and suicide attempts in university students"
1867:"Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias"
1865:
Schuch, FB; Vancampfort, D; Richards, J; Rosenbaum, S; Ward, PB; Stubbs, B (June 2016).
4964:
4921:
4911:
4700:
4653:
4620:
4615:
4365:
4343:
4178:
4147:
4114:
4081:
4034:
3847:
3830:
3575:
3550:
3526:
3501:
3482:
3438:
3395:
3370:
Charlesworth, KE; Jamieson, M (July 2019). "Healthcare in a carbon-constrained world".
3352:
3291:
3195:
3170:
3151:
3052:
3025:
2957:
2908:
2865:
2818:
2770:
2745:
2720:
2703:
2679:
2654:
2618:
Milner, PI (August 2017). "Keeping joints healthy: The Goldilocks effect of exercise".
2600:
2547:
2522:
2503:
2459:
2411:
2386:
2367:
2324:
2267:
2198:
2136:
2109:
2085:
2060:
2036:
2011:
1987:
1962:
1943:
1894:
1847:
1763:
1715:
1690:
1662:
1637:
1613:
1586:
1562:
1537:
1518:
1468:
1419:
1394:
1370:
1345:
1287:
1234:
1221:
1194:
1190:
1167:
1140:
1116:
1091:
1032:
1007:
983:
958:
884:
860:"Physical Activity, All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease"
859:
835:
808:
784:
759:
740:
686:
661:
637:
612:
140:
3236:
3219:
2793:
Orchard, JW (2 April 2018). "How exercise medicine has evolved from sports medicine".
2588:
1069:
5060:
5034:
4916:
4886:
4865:
4828:
4811:
4726:
4690:
4680:
4575:
4495:
4439:
4402:
4387:
4328:
4295:
4264:
4245:
3971:
3835:
3781:
3764:
3706:
3627:
3619:
3580:
3531:
3486:
3474:
3430:
3387:
3356:
3344:
3295:
3283:
3241:
3200:
3155:
3143:
3057:
2992:
2961:
2949:
2900:
2857:
2810:
2775:
2725:
2684:
2635:
2592:
2552:
2495:
2451:
2416:
2371:
2359:
2328:
2316:
2271:
2259:
2202:
2190:
2182:
2141:
2090:
2076:
2041:
1992:
1947:
1935:
1886:
1882:
1851:
1839:
1798:
1755:
1720:
1667:
1618:
1567:
1522:
1510:
1460:
1424:
1375:
1319:
1292:
1274:
1238:
1226:
1172:
1121:
1090:
Hayden, JA; Ellis, J; Ogilvie, R; Malmivaara, A; van Tulder, MW (28 September 2021).
1037:
988:
938:
930:
889:
840:
789:
732:
691:
642:
565:
483:
388:
and one of Australia's 15 recognized medical specialty Colleges, the United Kingdom (
214:
3598:
Davenport, Todd E; Griech, Sean F; Deamer, Kathryn E; Gale, Lewis R (27 June 2022).
3442:
3399:
2507:
2463:
2385:
Phillips, SM; Cadmus-Bertram, L; Rosenberg, D; Buman, MP; Lynch, BM (January 2018).
1767:
1706:
744:
5044:
4736:
4721:
4598:
4473:
4429:
4198:
4109:
4091:
4029:
3938:
3928:
3910:
3808:
3801:
3686:
3611:
3570:
3562:
3521:
3513:
3466:
3422:
3379:
3336:
3275:
3231:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3133:
3101:
Ferreira, Giovanni E.; Harris, Ian; Zadro, Joshua; O'Keeffe, Mary (24 March 2022).
3047:
3037:
2984:
2939:
2912:
2892:
2869:
2849:
2822:
2802:
2765:
2757:
2715:
2674:
2666:
2627:
2604:
2584:
2542:
2534:
2487:
2443:
2406:
2398:
2351:
2306:
2298:
2251:
2172:
2131:
2121:
2080:
2072:
2031:
2023:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1925:
1898:
1878:
1829:
1790:
1747:
1710:
1702:
1657:
1649:
1608:
1598:
1557:
1549:
1502:
1472:
1452:
1414:
1406:
1365:
1357:
1282:
1266:
1216:
1206:
1162:
1152:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1065:
1027:
1019:
978:
970:
920:
879:
871:
830:
820:
779:
771:
722:
681:
673:
632:
624:
580:
575:
475:
434:
405:
226:
206:
3122:"Declining Life Expectancy in the United States: Missing the Trees for the Forest"
479:
423:
5064:
5009:
4870:
4855:
4838:
4778:
4773:
4717:
4695:
4392:
4338:
4318:
4235:
4188:
4173:
4099:
4051:
3976:
3966:
3878:
3776:
3771:
3696:
3566:
3470:
3426:
3340:
3279:
2944:
2927:
2670:
2447:
2402:
2177:
1930:
1913:
1211:
875:
590:
380:
358:
222:
189:
974:
4896:
4850:
4663:
4593:
4412:
4183:
4152:
4009:
3981:
3948:
3933:
3825:
3796:
3731:
3721:
3649:
2631:
2538:
2302:
2255:
2126:
1653:
1361:
1157:
1023:
677:
628:
585:
367:
Recreational exercise such as swimming and surfing has multiple health benefits
345:
281:
255:
2896:
2027:
1456:
551:
441:
5089:
4979:
4768:
4763:
4625:
4565:
4468:
4224:
4076:
4039:
3890:
3873:
3791:
3623:
2853:
2355:
2342:
Orchard, JW (April 2020). "Prescribing and dosing exercise in primary care".
2186:
1834:
1817:
1344:
Lee, DC; Pate, RR; Lavie, CJ; Sui, X; Church, TS; Blair, SN (5 August 2014).
1323:
1278:
934:
825:
487:
409:
2988:
2521:
Alzahrani, H; Shirley, D; Cheng, SWM; Mackey, M; Stamatakis, E (July 2019).
2491:
1794:
1603:
1254:
4984:
4969:
4795:
4520:
4370:
4355:
4301:
4024:
3986:
3918:
3818:
3631:
3584:
3535:
3478:
3434:
3391:
3348:
3287:
3245:
3204:
3147:
3061:
2996:
2953:
2904:
2861:
2814:
2779:
2729:
2688:
2639:
2596:
2556:
2499:
2455:
2420:
2363:
2320:
2263:
2194:
2145:
2094:
2045:
1996:
1939:
1890:
1843:
1802:
1759:
1724:
1671:
1622:
1571:
1514:
1464:
1428:
1379:
1296:
1230:
1176:
1125:
1041:
992:
942:
893:
844:
793:
736:
695:
646:
3615:
1553:
1346:"Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk"
384:
countries include Australia and New Zealand, with the peak body being the
4843:
4788:
4685:
4540:
4515:
4333:
3895:
3863:
3517:
3075:
O'Connor, Denise; Harris, Ian; Buchbinder, Rachelle (13 September 2018).
2108:
Grasdalsmoen, M; Eriksen, HR; Lønning, KJ; Sivertsen, B (16 April 2020).
1751:
925:
909:"Exercise Capacity and Mortality among Men Referred for Exercise Testing"
908:
399:
3042:
2925:
2806:
2160:
4931:
4816:
4783:
4555:
4505:
4490:
4485:
4478:
4463:
4453:
4124:
3701:
3691:
2837:
1485:
1145:
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
241:
230:
177:
3599:
3551:"Validity of the Exercise Vital Sign Tool to Assess Physical Activity"
2761:
2311:
1506:
1410:
1270:
775:
727:
710:
5004:
4746:
4741:
4605:
4583:
4458:
4422:
2010:
Stonerock, GL; Hoffman, BM; Smith, PJ; Blumenthal, JA (August 2015).
417:
3383:
3026:"Developing a new specialty - sport and exercise medicine in the UK"
2384:
363:
264:
4510:
4287:
4056:
3883:
3739:
2742:
2107:
2058:
2012:"Exercise as Treatment for Anxiety: Systematic Review and Analysis"
1816:
Cormie, P; Trevaskis, M; Thornton-Benko, E; Zopf, EM (April 2020).
1486:
Cunningham, C; O' Sullivan, R; Caserotti, P; Tully, MA (May 2020).
430:
210:
202:
169:
111:
3261:"The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations: A Systematic Review"
2476:
1864:
452:'Exercise is Medicine' is a trademarked non-profit venture of the
4989:
4449:
4417:
4310:
4119:
3258:
2836:
Tveit, M; Rosengren, BE; Nilsson, JÅ; Karlsson, MK (March 2012).
1815:
955:
237:
28:
2882:
2704:"The Goldilocks Zone for Exercise: Not Too Little, Not Too Much"
1189:
328:
4071:
3100:
2009:
424:
Exercise as a method to reduce carbon emissions from healthcare
173:
2974:
1006:
Sanchez-Trigo, H; Rittweger, J; Sañudo, B (26 February 2022).
530:
209:
and the prevention and treatment of injuries and illness with
3672:
3455:
3218:
Malik, A; Lenzen, M; McAlister, S; McGain, F (January 2018).
2835:
2569:
3499:
3074:
1914:"The Role of Exercise in Preventing and Treating Depression"
1089:
1005:
336:
256:
Evidence for the efficacy of exercise as a medical treatment
244:, the signature treatment of Sport and Exercise Medicine is
4256:
4104:
2701:
2652:
2520:
1684:
1441:
1393:
Zhao, M; Veeranki, SP; Magnussen, CG; Xi, B (1 July 2020).
758:
Zhao, M; Veeranki, SP; Magnussen, CG; Xi, B (1 July 2020).
659:
268:
Exercise and mortality from certain diseases, adapted from
3310:"HCWH's new global road map for zero emissions healthcare"
3217:
2977:
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
2285:
Griffin, A; Kenny, IC; Comyns, TM; Lyons, M (March 2020).
1251:
3597:
1737:
610:
3641:
3502:"Physical Activity as a Vital Sign: A Systematic Review"
2573:"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention"
1495:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
906:
806:
715:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
537:
3412:
3010:
2653:
Straker, L; Mathiassen, SE; Holtermann, A (July 2018).
2284:
1392:
757:
465:
375:
352:
3548:
2480:
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
2241:
2158:
1780:
1138:
857:
400:
Exercise as an alternative treatment to low-value care
275:
217:
practitioners also can specialize in exercise such as
1960:
1054:
807:
Emery, A; Moore, S; Turner, JE; Campbell, JP (2022).
386:
Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians
340:
Use of wearable technology to measure exercise loads
3369:
3168:
332:
Both underloading and overloading can lead to injury
236:
Whereas the signature treatment of the specialty of
2702:O'Keefe, JH; O'Keefe, EL; Lavie, CJ (March 2018).
1584:
552:Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health
468:Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health
3120:Harper, S; Riddell, CA; King, NB (1 April 2021).
3119:
1587:"Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise"
442:Differentiation from "Exercise Is Medicine" (EIM)
5087:
3220:"The carbon footprint of Australian health care"
1635:
1343:
503:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
396:), Belgium, Brazil, France, India and Ireland.
394:Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine
708:
299:
4272:
3657:
1350:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1911:
1092:"Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain"
306:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
16:Branch of medicine as it relates to Exercise
3175:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3011:"Council of Presidents of Medical Colleges"
1967:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1096:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
864:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
325:even injury (preventing further exercise).
72:Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) physician
55:Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) physician
4561:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4279:
4265:
3664:
3650:
27:
4902:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3574:
3525:
3235:
3194:
3137:
3051:
3041:
2943:
2769:
2719:
2678:
2546:
2410:
2310:
2176:
2135:
2125:
2084:
2035:
1986:
1929:
1833:
1714:
1661:
1612:
1602:
1561:
1418:
1369:
1312:"Is 30 Minutes of Exercise a Day Enough?"
1286:
1220:
1210:
1166:
1156:
1115:
1031:
982:
924:
883:
834:
824:
783:
726:
709:Pedersen, BK; Saltin, B (December 2015).
685:
636:
524:Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness
459:
390:Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine UK
153:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
147:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3139:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231
1542:Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal
1309:
362:
335:
327:
263:
3555:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
3326:
2842:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2792:
2433:
2391:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
2341:
2215:
1691:"Exercise as Adjunct Therapy in Cancer"
5088:
3030:Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine
3023:
2617:
2344:Australian Journal of General Practice
1822:Australian Journal of General Practice
1443:systematic review and meta-analysis".
666:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
617:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
531:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
291:
4260:
3645:
1912:Schuch, FB; Stubbs, B (August 2019).
1685:Ashcraft, KA; Warner, AB; Jones, LW;
545:PLOS One sports and exercise medicine
5040:
4801:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1591:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
1585:Nystoriak, MA; Bhatnagar, A (2018).
1535:
376:Establishment as a medical specialty
353:Differentiation from Sports medicine
261:illnesses and falls in the elderly.
5050:
2527:Journal of Sport and Health Science
1642:Journal of Sport and Health Science
1310:Reynolds, Gretchen (6 April 2022).
510:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
454:American College of Sports Medicine
276:Exercise and cardiovascular disease
13:
4937:Medical Scientist Training Program
3415:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3329:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2932:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2659:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2436:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2216:Burfoot, Amby (14 November 2001).
2165:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1818:"Exercise medicine in cancer care"
1199:British Journal of Sports Medicine
517:British Journal of Sports Medicine
313:
14:
5112:
252:being the most common treatment.
5069:
5059:
5049:
5039:
5030:
5029:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4218:
2795:The Medical Journal of Australia
2291:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
2244:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
2077:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006
1883:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023
1445:European Journal of Epidemiology
5070:
4241:
3591:
3542:
3493:
3459:Current Sports Medicine Reports
3449:
3406:
3363:
3320:
3302:
3252:
3211:
3162:
3113:
3094:
3068:
3017:
3003:
2968:
2919:
2876:
2829:
2786:
2736:
2695:
2646:
2611:
2563:
2514:
2470:
2427:
2378:
2335:
2278:
2235:
2209:
2152:
2101:
2065:Journal of Psychiatric Research
2052:
2003:
1954:
1918:Current Sports Medicine Reports
1905:
1871:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1858:
1809:
1774:
1731:
1707:10.1016/j.semradonc.2018.10.001
1678:
1629:
1578:
1529:
1479:
1435:
1386:
1337:
1303:
1245:
1183:
1132:
1083:
1048:
913:New England Journal of Medicine
4927:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4361:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3187:10.1002/14651858.CD012509.pub2
3126:Annual Review of Public Health
1979:10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6
1695:Seminars in Radiation Oncology
1108:10.1002/14651858.CD009790.pub2
999:
949:
900:
851:
800:
751:
702:
653:
604:
1:
3237:10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30180-8
2589:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X
2016:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
1070:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00755-4
597:
480:10.1080/2159676X.2018.1476010
4907:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4674:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
4286:
3567:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.012
3471:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000249
3427:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093080
3341:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106177
3280:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003951
3224:The Lancet. Planetary Health
2945:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101696
2671:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097765
2448:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096736
2403:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.08.015
2178:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104819
1931:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000620
1538:"Exercise and Heart Disease"
1212:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547
876:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001939
7:
2750:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1399:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
975:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-002168
764:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
558:
495:
346:hip and knee osteoarthritis
344:The lifetime prevalence of
300:Exercise and mental illness
10:
5117:
3506:Preventing Chronic Disease
2885:Rheumatology International
2632:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.007
2539:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.01.003
2303:10.1007/s40279-019-01218-2
2256:10.1007/s40279-020-01280-1
2127:10.1186/s12888-020-02583-3
1654:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.004
1362:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.058
1158:10.1186/s12966-020-00978-9
1024:10.1007/s00198-022-06357-3
1012:Osteoporosis International
678:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001228
629:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001152
445:
408:and shoulder arthroscopy,
356:
317:
303:
5025:
4947:
4885:
4646:
4574:
4529:
4438:
4309:
4294:
4212:
4166:
4133:
4090:
4002:
3957:
3909:
3856:
3730:
3679:
3671:
2897:10.1007/s00296-014-3093-0
2028:10.1007/s12160-014-9685-9
1963:"Exercise for depression"
1457:10.1007/s10654-018-0374-z
183:
161:
132:
122:
117:
105:
93:
81:
76:
59:
51:
35:
26:
4861:Transplantation medicine
4752:Clinical neurophysiology
4669:Obstetric anesthesiology
4589:Interventional radiology
4349:Digestive system surgery
3814:Bodybuilding supplements
3372:Australian Health Review
3314:Health Care Without Harm
2854:10.1177/0363546511429278
2356:10.31128/AJGP-10-19-5110
1835:10.31128/AJGP-08-19-5027
1740:Comprehensive Physiology
826:10.3389/fonc.2022.788113
4732:Intensive care medicine
4706:Mass gathering medicine
4551:Maternal–fetal medicine
2989:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0492
2492:10.2519/jospt.2017.7137
1604:10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135
1536:Bove, AA (April 2016).
4324:Cardiothoracic surgery
460:Further reading on EIM
368:
341:
333:
269:
219:exercise physiologists
4975:Personalized medicine
4834:Reproductive medicine
4759:Occupational medicine
4713:Evolutionary medicine
2218:"The 10-Percent Rule"
1795:10.1093/epirev/mxx007
1783:Epidemiologic Reviews
1554:10.14797/mdcj-12-2-74
813:Frontiers in Oncology
366:
339:
331:
320:Exercise prescription
267:
250:exercise prescription
246:exercise prescription
127:Exercise prescription
4995:Traditional medicine
4955:Alternative medicine
4822:Addiction psychiatry
4636:Transfusion medicine
4631:Medical microbiology
4546:Gynecologic oncology
4398:Reproductive surgery
3518:10.5888/pcd14.170030
2583:(10137): 2356–2367.
1752:10.1002/cphy.c180016
926:10.1056/NEJMoa011858
448:Exercise is Medicine
64:Glossary of medicine
5101:Medical specialties
5017:History of medicine
5000:Veterinary medicine
4807:Preventive medicine
4659:Adolescent medicine
4501:Infectious diseases
3616:10.1093/ptj/pzac087
3043:10.2147/oajsm.s7627
2807:10.5694/mja17.00764
571:Exercise physiology
414:knee osteoarthritis
292:Exercise and cancer
73:
23:
4965:Molecular oncology
4922:Doctor of Medicine
4912:Master of Medicine
4829:Radiation oncology
4701:Emergency medicine
4654:Addiction medicine
4621:Clinical chemistry
4616:Clinical pathology
4408:Transplant surgery
4366:Orthopedic surgery
4344:Colorectal surgery
3831:Physical education
3024:Cullen, M (2010).
2620:Veterinary Journal
1316:The New York Times
369:
342:
334:
270:
141:Doctor of Medicine
134:Education required
71:
21:
5083:
5082:
4917:Master of Surgery
4881:
4880:
4866:Tropical medicine
4812:Prison healthcare
4727:Hospital medicine
4691:Disaster medicine
4681:Aviation medicine
4496:Hospital medicine
4403:Surgical oncology
4388:Pediatric surgery
4382:
4329:Endocrine surgery
4254:
4253:
4225:Sports portal
3836:Physical activity
3782:Athletic training
3765:Strength training
3717:Semi-professional
3268:Annals of Surgery
2762:10.1136/bmj.l4570
2708:Missouri Medicine
2442:(18): 1317–1318.
1507:10.1111/sms.13616
1411:10.1136/bmj.m2031
1271:10.1136/bmj.i3857
1205:(24): 1750–1758.
776:10.1136/bmj.m2031
728:10.1111/sms.12581
721:(Suppl 3): 1–72.
538:Exercise Medicine
227:athletic trainers
199:Exercise medicine
196:
195:
69:
68:
22:Exercise medicine
5108:
5073:
5072:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5033:
5032:
4737:Medical genetics
4722:General practice
4599:Nuclear medicine
4474:Gastroenterology
4430:Vascular surgery
4380:
4307:
4306:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4221:
3967:General managers
3869:Governing bodies
3666:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3604:Physical Therapy
3595:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3316:. 14 April 2021.
3306:
3300:
3299:
3265:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3181:(10): CD012509.
3166:
3160:
3159:
3141:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:The Conversation
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3081:The Conversation
3072:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2947:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2314:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2250:(7): 1243–1254.
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2180:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1689:(January 2019).
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1224:
1214:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1102:(10): CD009790.
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1018:(7): 1415–1427.
1003:
997:
996:
986:
953:
947:
946:
928:
904:
898:
897:
887:
870:(6): 1270–1281.
855:
849:
848:
838:
828:
804:
798:
797:
787:
755:
749:
748:
730:
706:
700:
699:
689:
657:
651:
650:
640:
608:
581:Physical therapy
576:Physical fitness
491:
435:carbon footprint
223:physiotherapists
207:physical fitness
205:that deals with
107:Activity sectors
74:
70:
31:
24:
20:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5096:Sports medicine
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5021:
5010:Chief physician
4943:
4888:
4877:
4871:Travel medicine
4856:Sports medicine
4839:Sexual medicine
4779:Palliative care
4774:Pain management
4718:Family medicine
4696:Diving medicine
4642:
4570:
4532:
4525:
4441:
4434:
4393:Plastic surgery
4339:General surgery
4319:Cardiac surgery
4300:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4255:
4250:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4167:Sport by region
4162:
4129:
4100:Artificial turf
4086:
4057:Olympic culture
3998:
3953:
3905:
3852:
3726:
3697:Military sports
3675:
3670:
3640:
3639:
3596:
3592:
3547:
3543:
3498:
3494:
3454:
3450:
3421:(22): 1627–33.
3411:
3407:
3384:10.1071/AH17184
3368:
3364:
3325:
3321:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3216:
3212:
3167:
3163:
3118:
3114:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3069:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2973:
2969:
2924:
2920:
2881:
2877:
2834:
2830:
2791:
2787:
2741:
2737:
2700:
2696:
2665:(13): 818–819.
2651:
2647:
2616:
2612:
2568:
2564:
2519:
2515:
2475:
2471:
2432:
2428:
2383:
2379:
2340:
2336:
2283:
2279:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2214:
2210:
2157:
2153:
2106:
2102:
2057:
2053:
2008:
2004:
1973:(9): CD004366.
1959:
1955:
1910:
1906:
1863:
1859:
1814:
1810:
1779:
1775:
1736:
1732:
1683:
1679:
1634:
1630:
1583:
1579:
1534:
1530:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1440:
1436:
1391:
1387:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1308:
1304:
1250:
1246:
1188:
1184:
1137:
1133:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1053:
1049:
1004:
1000:
954:
950:
919:(11): 793–801.
905:
901:
856:
852:
805:
801:
756:
752:
707:
703:
658:
654:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:Sports training
561:
498:
462:
450:
444:
426:
402:
381:Sports medicine
378:
361:
359:Sports medicine
355:
322:
316:
314:Exercise dosing
308:
302:
294:
286:LDL cholesterol
278:
258:
242:pharmaceuticals
201:is a branch of
190:sports medicine
186:
166:
164:
135:
108:
96:
95:Occupation type
41:Musculoskeletal
17:
12:
11:
5:
5114:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5057:
5047:
5037:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4948:Related topics
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Medical school
4893:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Sleep medicine
4848:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4664:Anesthesiology
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4594:Neuroradiology
4591:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4531:Obstetrics and
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4413:Trauma surgery
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4376:Otolaryngology
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4302:subspecialties
4292:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4228:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4153:National sport
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Sports mascots
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3610:(9): pzac087.
3590:
3561:(6): 866–872.
3541:
3492:
3448:
3405:
3378:(3): 241–245.
3362:
3335:(7): 386–387.
3319:
3301:
3274:(6): 986–995.
3251:
3230:(1): e27–e35.
3210:
3161:
3112:
3093:
3067:
3016:
3002:
2967:
2938:(4): 206–212.
2918:
2875:
2828:
2801:(6): 244–245.
2785:
2735:
2694:
2645:
2610:
2562:
2533:(4): 386–393.
2513:
2486:(6): 373–390.
2469:
2426:
2397:(1): 144–150.
2377:
2350:(4): 182–186.
2334:
2297:(3): 561–580.
2277:
2234:
2222:Runner's World
2208:
2171:(7): 369–375.
2151:
2114:BMC Psychiatry
2100:
2051:
2002:
1953:
1924:(8): 299–304.
1904:
1857:
1828:(4): 169–174.
1808:
1773:
1746:(1): 165–205.
1730:
1677:
1648:(6): 620–628.
1628:
1577:
1528:
1501:(5): 816–827.
1478:
1451:(9): 831–845.
1434:
1385:
1336:
1302:
1244:
1191:Sherrington, C
1182:
1131:
1082:
1047:
998:
969:(1): e002168.
948:
899:
850:
799:
750:
701:
672:(4): e001228.
652:
623:(1): e001152.
602:
601:
599:
596:
594:
593:
588:
586:Sports science
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
497:
494:
493:
492:
474:(4): 391–399.
461:
458:
446:Main article:
443:
440:
425:
422:
401:
398:
377:
374:
357:Main article:
354:
351:
318:Main article:
315:
312:
304:Main article:
301:
298:
293:
290:
282:blood pressure
277:
274:
257:
254:
194:
193:
187:
184:
181:
180:
167:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
150:
144:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:cardiovascular
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5113:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5076:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5038:
5036:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Public health
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Allied health
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Oral medicine
4767:
4765:
4764:Ophthalmology
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Cytopathology
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4566:Urogynecology
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Endocrinology
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4247:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4204:South America
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:North America
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Sportsmanship
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Entertainment
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3959:Communication
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3901:International
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:Organizations
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Rating system
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Periodization
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:(3): 207–14.
3464:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:(6): 1046–9.
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:(3): 405–18.
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:(3): 527–33.
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2714:(2): 98–105.
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:(4): 542–56.
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:(5): 472–81.
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
895:
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
846:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
697:
693:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
648:
644:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
603:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
525:
521:
519:
518:
514:
512:
511:
507:
505:
504:
500:
499:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
463:
457:
455:
449:
439:
436:
432:
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:spinal fusion
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
373:
365:
360:
350:
347:
338:
330:
326:
321:
311:
307:
297:
289:
287:
284:and lowering
283:
273:
266:
262:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Allied health
212:
208:
204:
200:
191:
188:
182:
179:
175:
171:
168:
160:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
137:
131:
128:
125:
121:
116:
113:
110:
104:
101:
98:
92:
86:
85:
84:
80:
75:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
4985:Rural health
4970:Nanomedicine
4521:Rheumatology
4452: /
4371:Hand surgery
4356:Neurosurgery
4216:
4015:Cheerleaders
3924:Broadcasting
3819:Sports drink
3787:Chriopractic
3745:Biomechanics
3712:Professional
3607:
3603:
3593:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3271:
3267:
3254:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3106:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:
3070:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3005:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2565:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2221:
2211:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1789:(1): 71–92.
1786:
1782:
1776:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1701:(1): 16–24.
1698:
1694:
1687:Dewhirst, MW
1680:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1315:
1305:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1061:
1050:
1015:
1011:
1001:
966:
962:
951:
916:
912:
902:
867:
863:
853:
816:
812:
802:
767:
763:
753:
718:
714:
704:
669:
665:
655:
620:
616:
606:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
471:
467:
451:
427:
403:
379:
370:
343:
323:
309:
295:
279:
271:
259:
235:
198:
197:
185:Related jobs
123:Competencies
39:
18:
5055:Wikiproject
4844:Venereology
4789:Neonatology
4686:Dermatology
4541:Gynaecology
4533:gynaecology
4516:Pulmonology
4334:Eye surgery
4296:Specialties
4120:Flying disc
4035:Memorabilia
3944:Sponsorship
3132:: 381–403.
1548:(2): 74–5.
392:), Canada (
231:podiatrists
118:Description
5090:Categories
4817:Psychiatry
4803:(PM&R)
4796:Phlebology
4784:Pediatrics
4611:Anatomical
4576:Diagnostic
4556:Obstetrics
4506:Nephrology
4491:Hematology
4486:Geriatrics
4479:Hepatology
4464:Cardiology
4454:Immunology
4158:Regulation
4148:Ministries
4143:Sports law
4125:Sportswear
4062:Philosophy
3972:Journalism
3884:Postseason
3802:Psychology
3797:Physicians
3760:Physiology
3702:Parasports
3687:Individual
2312:10344/8522
2120:(1): 175.
1062:The Lancet
819:: 788113.
598:References
178:university
165:employment
149:(M.B.B.S.)
77:Occupation
52:Specialist
5005:Physician
4889:education
4747:Neurology
4742:Narcology
4606:Pathology
4584:Radiology
4459:Angiology
4423:Andrology
4179:Australia
4092:Equipment
4067:Rivalries
4052:Numbering
4045:Nicknames
3994:Promoters
3977:Magazines
3939:Marketing
3929:Economics
3848:Sociology
3809:Nutrition
3624:1538-6724
3487:207179559
3357:255966794
3296:216202267
3156:229302547
2962:220846618
2756:: l4570.
2372:214749061
2329:207899218
2272:211729657
2203:246055491
2187:0306-3674
1948:199448688
1877:: 42–51.
1852:214751316
1523:211035029
1405:: m2031.
1324:0362-4331
1279:1756-1833
1265:: i3857.
1239:206882055
1151:(1): 78.
935:0028-4793
770:: m2031.
488:2159-676X
418:back pain
192:physician
170:Hospitals
163:Fields of
100:Specialty
87:Physician
5035:Category
4511:Oncology
4442:medicine
4440:Internal
4288:Medicine
4236:Category
4135:Politics
4115:Exercise
4082:Violence
3982:Podcasts
3934:Industry
3911:Business
3826:Pedagogy
3777:Medicine
3750:Practice
3740:Exercise
3632:35778932
3585:33781618
3536:29191260
3512:: E123.
3479:27172086
3443:26898017
3435:24759911
3400:19201926
3392:29731002
3349:36653142
3288:32516230
3246:29615206
3205:29084357
3148:33326297
3062:24198537
3036:: 11–4.
2997:24584695
2954:32727712
2905:25037899
2862:22130474
2815:29614932
2780:31434697
2730:30228692
2689:28663212
2640:28911839
2597:29573870
2557:31333893
2508:26434756
2500:28504066
2464:12096034
2456:27884860
2421:29122356
2364:32233343
2321:31691167
2264:32125672
2195:35012931
2146:32299418
2095:26724541
2046:25697132
1997:24026850
1940:31389872
1891:26978184
1844:32233341
1803:28453622
1768:56492477
1760:30549018
1725:30573180
1672:34547483
1623:30324108
1572:27486487
1515:32020713
1465:29524110
1429:32611588
1380:25082581
1329:12 April
1297:27510511
1231:27707740
1177:32563261
1126:34580864
1042:35218402
993:35361692
963:RMD Open
943:11893790
894:31095084
845:35359426
794:32611588
745:21208328
737:26606383
696:34925878
647:35136656
566:Exercise
559:See also
496:Journals
431:net zero
211:exercise
203:medicine
112:Medicine
60:Glossary
5075:Outline
5045:Commons
4990:Therapy
4887:Medical
4450:Allergy
4418:Urology
4311:Surgery
4246:Outline
4199:Oceania
4030:History
4010:Betting
4003:Culture
3874:Leagues
3732:Science
3722:Amateur
3576:8154650
3527:5716811
3196:6485910
3086:3 April
3053:3781848
2913:6763231
2870:7256358
2823:4606643
2771:6699591
2721:6139866
2680:6029635
2626:: 4–5.
2605:4354991
2548:6620421
2412:5736445
2227:2 April
2137:7164166
2086:4744495
2071:: 1–7.
2037:4498975
1988:9721454
1899:1012687
1716:6656408
1663:8724621
1614:6172294
1597:: 135.
1563:4969029
1473:3790367
1420:7328465
1371:4131752
1288:4979358
1222:6243488
1168:7305604
1117:8477273
1075:22 June
1033:8881760
984:8971792
885:6527136
836:8964011
785:7328465
687:8628332
638:8788312
238:surgery
174:Clinics
155:(MBChB)
5065:Portal
4932:MD–PhD
4189:Europe
4174:Africa
4110:Caving
4040:Naming
3919:Agents
3891:School
3879:Season
3792:Injury
3772:Doping
3630:
3622:
3583:
3573:
3534:
3524:
3485:
3477:
3441:
3433:
3398:
3390:
3355:
3347:
3294:
3286:
3244:
3203:
3193:
3154:
3146:
3060:
3050:
2995:
2960:
2952:
2911:
2903:
2868:
2860:
2821:
2813:
2778:
2768:
2728:
2718:
2687:
2677:
2638:
2603:
2595:
2577:Lancet
2555:
2545:
2506:
2498:
2462:
2454:
2419:
2409:
2370:
2362:
2327:
2319:
2270:
2262:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2144:
2134:
2093:
2083:
2044:
2034:
1995:
1985:
1946:
1938:
1897:
1889:
1850:
1842:
1801:
1766:
1758:
1723:
1713:
1670:
1660:
1621:
1611:
1570:
1560:
1521:
1513:
1471:
1463:
1427:
1417:
1378:
1368:
1322:
1295:
1285:
1277:
1237:
1229:
1219:
1175:
1165:
1124:
1114:
1040:
1030:
991:
981:
941:
933:
892:
882:
843:
833:
792:
782:
743:
735:
694:
684:
645:
635:
486:
143:(M.D.)
36:System
4647:Other
4105:Balls
3987:Radio
3949:Trade
3896:Teams
3864:Clubs
3707:Women
3680:Types
3673:Sport
3483:S2CID
3439:S2CID
3396:S2CID
3353:S2CID
3292:S2CID
3264:(PDF)
3152:S2CID
2958:S2CID
2909:S2CID
2866:S2CID
2819:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2504:S2CID
2460:S2CID
2368:S2CID
2325:S2CID
2268:S2CID
2199:S2CID
1944:S2CID
1895:S2CID
1848:S2CID
1764:S2CID
1519:S2CID
1491:(PDF)
1469:S2CID
1235:S2CID
741:S2CID
82:Names
4184:Asia
3692:Team
3628:PMID
3620:ISSN
3581:PMID
3532:PMID
3475:PMID
3431:PMID
3388:PMID
3345:PMID
3284:PMID
3242:PMID
3201:PMID
3144:PMID
3088:2022
3058:PMID
2993:PMID
2950:PMID
2901:PMID
2858:PMID
2811:PMID
2776:PMID
2726:PMID
2685:PMID
2636:PMID
2593:PMID
2553:PMID
2496:PMID
2452:PMID
2417:PMID
2360:PMID
2317:PMID
2260:PMID
2229:2022
2191:PMID
2183:ISSN
2142:PMID
2091:PMID
2042:PMID
1993:PMID
1971:2013
1936:PMID
1887:PMID
1840:PMID
1799:PMID
1756:PMID
1721:PMID
1668:PMID
1619:PMID
1568:PMID
1511:PMID
1461:PMID
1425:PMID
1376:PMID
1331:2022
1320:ISSN
1293:PMID
1275:ISSN
1227:PMID
1173:PMID
1122:PMID
1077:2024
1038:PMID
989:PMID
939:PMID
931:ISSN
890:PMID
841:PMID
790:PMID
733:PMID
692:PMID
643:PMID
484:ISSN
416:and
406:knee
229:and
4381:ENT
4299:and
4025:Fan
3612:doi
3608:102
3571:PMC
3563:doi
3522:PMC
3514:doi
3467:doi
3423:doi
3380:doi
3337:doi
3276:doi
3272:272
3232:doi
3191:PMC
3183:doi
3134:doi
3048:PMC
3038:doi
2985:doi
2940:doi
2893:doi
2850:doi
2803:doi
2799:208
2766:PMC
2758:doi
2754:366
2716:PMC
2712:115
2675:PMC
2667:doi
2628:doi
2624:226
2585:doi
2581:391
2543:PMC
2535:doi
2488:doi
2444:doi
2407:PMC
2399:doi
2352:doi
2307:hdl
2299:doi
2252:doi
2173:doi
2132:PMC
2122:doi
2081:PMC
2073:doi
2032:PMC
2024:doi
1983:PMC
1975:doi
1926:doi
1879:doi
1830:doi
1791:doi
1748:doi
1711:PMC
1703:doi
1658:PMC
1650:doi
1609:PMC
1599:doi
1558:PMC
1550:doi
1503:doi
1453:doi
1415:PMC
1407:doi
1403:370
1366:PMC
1358:doi
1283:PMC
1267:doi
1263:354
1259:BMJ
1217:PMC
1207:doi
1163:PMC
1153:doi
1112:PMC
1104:doi
1066:doi
1028:PMC
1020:doi
979:PMC
971:doi
921:doi
917:346
880:PMC
872:doi
831:PMC
821:doi
780:PMC
772:doi
768:370
723:doi
682:PMC
674:doi
633:PMC
625:doi
476:doi
5092::
4720:/
3626:.
3618:.
3606:.
3602:.
3579:.
3569:.
3559:60
3557:.
3553:.
3530:.
3520:.
3510:14
3508:.
3504:.
3481:.
3473:.
3463:15
3461:.
3437:.
3429:.
3419:48
3417:.
3394:.
3386:.
3376:43
3374:.
3351:.
3343:.
3333:57
3331:.
3312:.
3290:.
3282:.
3270:.
3266:.
3240:.
3226:.
3222:.
3199:.
3189:.
3179:10
3177:.
3173:.
3150:.
3142:.
3130:42
3128:.
3124:.
3105:.
3079:.
3056:.
3046:.
3032:.
3028:.
2991:.
2979:.
2956:.
2948:.
2936:55
2934:.
2930:.
2907:.
2899:.
2889:35
2887:.
2864:.
2856:.
2846:40
2844:.
2840:.
2817:.
2809:.
2797:.
2774:.
2764:.
2752:.
2748:.
2724:.
2710:.
2706:.
2683:.
2673:.
2663:52
2661:.
2657:.
2634:.
2622:.
2599:.
2591:.
2579:.
2575:.
2551:.
2541:.
2529:.
2525:.
2502:.
2494:.
2484:47
2482:.
2458:.
2450:.
2440:51
2438:.
2415:.
2405:.
2395:54
2393:.
2389:.
2366:.
2358:.
2348:49
2346:.
2323:.
2315:.
2305:.
2295:50
2293:.
2289:.
2266:.
2258:.
2248:50
2246:.
2220:.
2197:.
2189:.
2181:.
2169:56
2167:.
2163:.
2140:.
2130:.
2118:20
2116:.
2112:.
2089:.
2079:.
2069:74
2067:.
2063:.
2040:.
2030:.
2020:49
2018:.
2014:.
1991:.
1981:.
1969:.
1965:.
1942:.
1934:.
1922:18
1920:.
1916:.
1893:.
1885:.
1875:77
1873:.
1869:.
1846:.
1838:.
1826:49
1824:.
1820:.
1797:.
1787:39
1785:.
1762:.
1754:.
1742:.
1719:.
1709:.
1699:29
1697:.
1693:.
1666:.
1656:.
1646:10
1644:.
1640:.
1617:.
1607:.
1593:.
1589:.
1566:.
1556:.
1546:12
1544:.
1540:.
1517:.
1509:.
1499:30
1497:.
1493:.
1467:.
1459:.
1449:33
1447:.
1423:.
1413:.
1401:.
1397:.
1374:.
1364:.
1354:64
1352:.
1348:.
1318:.
1314:.
1291:.
1281:.
1273:.
1261:.
1257:.
1233:.
1225:.
1215:.
1203:51
1201:.
1197:.
1171:.
1161:.
1149:17
1147:.
1143:.
1120:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1064:.
1060:.
1036:.
1026:.
1016:33
1014:.
1010:.
987:.
977:.
965:.
961:.
937:.
929:.
915:.
911:.
888:.
878:.
868:51
866:.
862:.
839:.
829:.
817:12
815:.
811:.
788:.
778:.
766:.
762:.
739:.
731:.
719:25
717:.
713:.
690:.
680:.
668:.
664:.
641:.
631:.
619:.
615:.
482:.
472:10
470:.
233:.
225:,
221:,
176:,
172:,
43:,
4280:e
4273:t
4266:v
3665:e
3658:t
3651:v
3634:.
3614::
3587:.
3565::
3538:.
3516::
3489:.
3469::
3445:.
3425::
3402:.
3382::
3359:.
3339::
3298:.
3278::
3248:.
3234::
3228:2
3207:.
3185::
3158:.
3136::
3109:.
3090:.
3064:.
3040::
3034:1
3013:.
2999:.
2987::
2981:9
2964:.
2942::
2915:.
2895::
2872:.
2852::
2825:.
2805::
2782:.
2760::
2732:.
2691:.
2669::
2642:.
2630::
2607:.
2587::
2559:.
2537::
2531:8
2510:.
2490::
2466:.
2446::
2423:.
2401::
2374:.
2354::
2331:.
2309::
2301::
2274:.
2254::
2231:.
2205:.
2175::
2148:.
2124::
2097:.
2075::
2048:.
2026::
1999:.
1977::
1950:.
1928::
1901:.
1881::
1854:.
1832::
1805:.
1793::
1770:.
1750::
1744:9
1727:.
1705::
1674:.
1652::
1625:.
1601::
1595:5
1574:.
1552::
1525:.
1505::
1475:.
1455::
1431:.
1409::
1382:.
1360::
1333:.
1299:.
1269::
1241:.
1209::
1179:.
1155::
1128:.
1106::
1100:9
1079:.
1068::
1044:.
1022::
995:.
973::
967:8
945:.
923::
896:.
874::
847:.
823::
796:.
774::
747:.
725::
698:.
676::
670:7
649:.
627::
621:8
490:.
478::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
