4277:
516:
as much as 8:1 variation. There are several formulas published addressing the inaccuracy in LDL-C estimation. The inaccuracy is based on the assumption that VLDL-C (Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol) is always one-fifth of the triglyceride concentration. Another formulae addresses this issue by using an adjustable factor or by using a regression equation. There are few studies which have compared the LDL-C values derived from this formula and values obtained by direct enzymatic method. Direct enzymatic method are found to be accurate and it has to be the test of choice in clinical situations. In the resource poor settings, the option of using the formula has to be considered.
941:, especially delta- and gamma-tocotrienols, are being promoted as statin alternative non-prescription agents to treat high cholesterol, having been shown in vitro to have an effect. In particular, gamma-tocotrienol appears to be another HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and can reduce cholesterol production. As with statins, this decrease in intra-hepatic (liver) LDL levels may induce hepatic LDL receptor up-regulation, also decreasing plasma LDL levels. As always, a key issue is how benefits and complications of such agents compare with statins—molecular tools that have been analyzed in large numbers of human research and clinical trials since the mid-1970s.
520:
recognition of the value of more targeted and accurate measurements of LDL particles. Specifically, LDL particle number (concentration), and to a lesser extent size, have shown slightly stronger correlations with atherosclerotic progression and cardiovascular events than obtained using chemical measures of the amount of cholesterol carried by the LDL particles. It is possible that the LDL cholesterol concentration can be low, yet LDL particle number high and cardiovascular events rates are high. Correspondingly, it is possible that LDL cholesterol concentration can be relatively high, yet LDL particle number low and cardiovascular events are also low.
354:. Atherogenicity of oxidized LDL has been explained by lack of recognition of oxidation-modified LDL structures by the LDL receptors, preventing the normal metabolism of LDL particles and leading eventually to development of atherosclerotic plaques. Of the lipid material contained in LDL, various lipid oxidation products are known as the ultimate atherogenic species. Acting as a transporter of these injurious molecules is another mechanism by which LDL can increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
965:. Saturated fats are found in meat products (including poultry), full-fat dairy, eggs, and refined tropical oils like coconut and palm. Added trans fat (in the form of partially hydrogenated oils) has been banned in the USA since 2021. However, trans fat can still be found in red meat and dairy products as it is produced in small amounts by ruminants such as sheep and cows. LDL cholesterol can also be lowered by increasing consumption of soluble fiber and plant-based foods.
5366:
178:
27.5 nm in diameter and have a mass of about 3 million daltons. Since LDL particles contain a variable and changing number of fatty acid molecules, there is a distribution of LDL particle mass and size. Determining the structure of LDL has been a tough task because of its heterogeneous structure. However, the structure of LDL at human body temperature in native condition, with a resolution of about 16
27:
880:
particles carry many fat molecules (typically 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules per LDL particle); this includes cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and others. Thus even if the hundreds to thousands of cholesterol molecules within an average LDL particle were measured, this does not reflect the other fat molecules or even the number of LDL particles.
369:. In clinical context, mathematically calculated estimates of LDL-C are commonly used as an estimate of how much low density lipoproteins are driving progression of atherosclerosis. The problem with this approach is that LDL-C values are commonly discordant with both direct measurements of LDL particles and actual rates of atherosclerosis progression.
948:
may reduce the risk of CVD. Current supplemental guidelines for reducing LDL recommend doses of phytosterols in the 1.6-3.0 grams per day range (Health Canada, EFSA, ATP III, FDA) with a 2009 meta-analysis demonstrating an 8.8% reduction in LDL-cholesterol at a mean dose of 2.15 gram per day.
879:
LDL-C is not a measurement of actual LDL particles. LDL-C is only an estimate (not measured from the individual's blood sample) of how much cholesterol is being transported by all LDL particles, which is either a smaller concentration of large particles or a high concentration of small particles. LDL
673:
A study was conducted measuring the effects of guideline changes on LDL cholesterol reporting and control for diabetes visits in the US from 1995 to 2004. It was found that although LDL cholesterol reporting and control for diabetes and coronary heart disease visits improved continuously between 1995
515:
This formula provides an approximation with fair accuracy for most people, assuming the blood was drawn after fasting for about 14 hours or longer, but does not reveal the actual LDL particle concentration because the percentage of fat molecules within the LDL particles which are cholesterol varies,
467:
There are limitations to this method, most notably that samples must be obtained after a 12 to 14 h fast and that LDL-C cannot be calculated if plasma triglyceride is >4.52 mmol/L (400 mg/dL). Even at triglyceride levels 2.5 to 4.5 mmol/L, this formula is considered inaccurate. If
314:, indicates that most LDL particles are very close in size to the normal gaps in the endothelium (26 nm). According to one study, sizes 19.0–20.5 nm were designated as pattern B and LDL sizes 20.6–22 nm were designated as pattern A. Other studies have shown no such correlation at all.
947:
are widely recognized as having a proven LDL cholesterol lowering efficacy' A 2018 review found a dose-response relationship for phytosterols, with intakes of 1.5 to 3 g/day lowering LDL-C by 7.5% to 12%, but reviews as of 2017 had found no data indicating that the consumption of phytosterols
898:
reduce high levels of LDL particles by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in cells, the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. To compensate for the decreased cholesterol availability, synthesis of LDL receptors (including hepatic) is increased, resulting in an increased clearance of LDL
3049:
Howard, B. V.; Robbins, D. C.; Sievers, M. L.; Lee, E. T.; Rhoades, D.; Devereux, R. B.; Cowan, L. D.; Gray, R. S.; Welty, T. K.; Go, O. T.; Howard, W. J. (2000-03-01). "LDL cholesterol as a strong predictor of coronary heart disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and low LDL: The
933:
is effective at lowering cholesterol levels, but has been associated with significantly increased cancer and stroke mortality, despite lowered cholesterol levels. Other developed and tested fibrates, e.g. fenofibric acid have had a better track record and are primarily promoted for lowering VLDL
695:
Direct LDL particle measurement by NMR was mentioned by the ADA and ACC, in a 28 March 2008 joint consensus statement, as having advantages for predicting individual risk of atherosclerosis disease events, but the statement noted that the test is less widely available, is more expensive . Debate
658:
For instance, for people with known atherosclerosis diseases, the 2004 updated
American Heart Association, NIH and NCEP recommendations are for LDL levels to be lowered to less than 70 mg/dL. This low level of less than 70 mg/dL was recommended for primary prevention of 'very-high risk
317:
Some evidence suggests the correlation between
Pattern B and coronary heart disease is stronger than the correspondence between the LDL number measured in the standard lipid profile test. Tests to measure these LDL subtype patterns have been more expensive and not widely available, so the common
519:
However, the concentration of LDL particles, and to a lesser extent their size, has a stronger and consistent correlation with individual clinical outcome than the amount of cholesterol within LDL particles, even if the LDL-C estimation is approximately correct. There is increasing evidence and
177:
and unesterified cholesterol molecules. This core also carries varying numbers of triglycerides and other fats and is surrounded by a shell of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol, as well as the single copy of Apo B-100. LDL particles are approximately 22 nm (0.00000087 in.) to
788:
The lowest incidence of atherosclerotic events over time occurs within the <20% group, with increased rates for the higher groups. Multiple other measures, including particle sizes, small LDL particle concentrations, large total and HDL particle concentrations, along with estimations of
2251:
John D. Brunzell, MD, FACP, Michael
Davidson, MD, FACC, Curt D. Furberg, MD, PhD, Ronald B. Goldberg, MD, Barbara V. Howard, PhD, James H. Stein, MD, FACC, FACP and Joseph L. Witztum, MD Lipoprotein Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008; 51:1512-1524.
691:
Since the later 1990s, because of the development of NMR measurements, it has been possible to clinically measure lipoprotein particles at lower cost and higher accuracy. There are two other assays for LDL particles, however, like LDL-C, most only estimate LDL particle concentrations.
345:
attack, both lipid and protein parts of LDL can be oxidized in the vascular wall. Besides the oxidative reactions taking place in vascular wall, oxidized lipids in LDL can also be derived from oxidized dietary lipids. Oxidized LDL is known to associate with the development of
2578:
Sampson, Maureen; Ling, Clarence; Sun, Qian; Harb, Roa; Ashmaig, Mohmed; Warnick, Russell; Sethi, Amar; Fleming, James K.; Otvos, James D.; Meeusen, Jeff W.; Delaney, Sarah R.; Jaffe, Allan S.; Shamburek, Robert; Amar, Marcelo; Remaley, Alan T. (2020-05-01).
30:
LDL has been associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and blockage of the artery lumen, because it can carry cholesterol into smaller vessels. But LDL is also essential for carrying lipids that keep the human body alive, including in those small
3515:"Drug Safety Information for Healthcare Professionals - Follow-up to the January 25, 2008 Early Communication about an Ongoing Data Review for Ezetimibe/Simvastatin (marketed as Vytorin), Ezetimibe (marketed as Zetia), and Simvastatin (marketed as Zocor)"
687:
and associates) results in a 22-25% reduction in cardiovascular events within one year, contrary to the longstanding claims by many in the medical industry that the superiority over existing methods was weak, even by statements of some proponents.
926:
have been researched to improve HDL concentrations, but so far, despite dramatically increasing HDL-C, have not had a consistent track record in reducing atherosclerosis disease events. Some have increased mortality rates compared with
682:
There are several competing methods for measurement of lipoprotein particle concentrations and size. The evidence is that the NMR methodology (developed, automated & greatly reduced in costs while improving accuracy as pioneered by
393:
Chemical measures of lipid concentration have long been the most-used clinical measurement, not because they have the best correlation with individual outcome, but because these lab methods are less expensive and more widely available.
1238:
Dashty M, Motazacker MM, Levels J, de Vries M, Mahmoudi M, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F (2014). "Proteome of human plasma very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein exhibits a link with coagulation and lipid metabolism".
321:
There has also been noted a correspondence between higher triglyceride levels and higher levels of smaller, denser LDL particles and alternately lower triglyceride levels and higher levels of the larger, less dense ("buoyant") LDL.
646:
Over time, with more clinical research, these recommended levels keep being reduced because LDL reduction, including to abnormally low levels, was the most effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular death rates in one large
130:
A good clinical interpretation of blood lipid levels is that high LDL, in combination with a high amount of triglycerides, which indicates a high likelihood of the LDL being oxidised, is associated with increased risk of
699:
Using NMR, the total LDL particle concentrations, in nmol/L plasma, are typically subdivided by percentiles referenced to the 5,382 men and women, not on any lipid medications, who are participating in the MESA trial.
249:. LDL receptors are typically returned to the plasma membrane, where they repeat this cycle. If LDL receptors bind to PCSK9, however, transport of LDL receptors is redirected to the lysosome, where they are degraded.
114:
in diameter, typically transporting 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules per particle, and varying in size according to the number and mix of fat molecules contained within. The lipids carried include all fat molecules with
3218:
Brunzell, John D.; Davidson, Michael; Furberg, Curt D.; Goldberg, Ronald B.; Howard, Barbara V.; Stein, James H.; Witztum, Joseph L. (15 April 2008). "Lipoprotein
Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk".
696:
continues that it is "...unclear whether LDL particle size measurements add value to measurement of LDL-particle concentration", though outcomes have always tracked LDL particle, not LDL-C, concentrations.
670:, is about 35 mg/dL. However, all the above values refer to chemical measures of lipid/cholesterol concentration within LDL, not measured low-density lipoprotein concentrations, the accurate approach.
372:
Direct LDL measurements are also available and better reveal individual issues but are less often promoted or done due to slightly higher costs and being available from only a couple of laboratories in the
148:
Each native LDL particle enables emulsification, i.e. surrounding the fatty acids being carried, enabling these fats to move around the body within the water outside cells. Each particle contains a single
892:, in clinical trials, by several companies, are more effective for LDL reduction than the statins, including statins alone at high dose (though not necessarily the combination of statins plus ezetimibe).
2792:"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Executive Summary"
703:
LDL particle concentration can also be measured by measuring the concentration of the protein ApoB, based on the generally accepted principle that each LDL or VLDL particle carries one ApoB molecule.
3612:"WHO cooperative trial on primary prevention of ischemic heart disease with clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: final mortality follow-up. Report of the Committee of Principal Investigators".
1353:
Carson, Jo Ann S.; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Anderson, Cheryl A.M.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Meyer, Katie A.; Petersen, Kristina; Polonsky, Tamar; Van Horn, Linda (2020-01-21).
1877:"No association between 'bad cholesterol' and elderly deaths: Systematic review of studies of over 68,000 elderly people also raises questions about the benefits of statin drug treatments"
3514:
666:
From longitudinal population studies following progression of atherosclerosis-related behaviors from early childhood into adulthood, the usual LDL in childhood, before the development of
397:
The lipid profile does not measure LDL particles. It only estimates them using the
Friedewald equation by subtracting the amount of cholesterol associated with other particles, such as
711:
The LDL particle concentrations are typically categorized by percentiles, <20%, 20–50%, 50th–80th%, 80th–95% and >95% groups of the people participating and being tracked in the
1534:
Sun, Hung-Yu; Lin, Chun-Chieh; Lee, Jin-Ching; Wang, Shainn-Wei; Cheng, Pin-Nan; Wu, I.-Chin; Chang, Ting-Tsung; Lai, Ming-Derg; Shieh, Dar-Bin; Young, Kung-Chia (July 3, 2013).
585:
Optimal LDL cholesterol, corresponding to lower rates of progression, promoted as a target option for those known to clearly have advanced symptomatic cardiovascular disease
443:
333:, research studies have continued to show a stronger correlation between human clinically obvious cardiovascular events and quantitatively measured particle concentrations.
3985:"The effects of foods on LDL cholesterol levels: A systematic review of the accumulated evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials"
2937:
Cybulska, Barbara; KĹ‚osiewicz-Latoszek, Longina; Penson, Peter E.; Nabavi, Seyed
Mohammad; Lavie, Carl J.; Banach, Maciej; International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) (2021).
510:
1829:"Comparison of high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol subclasses and sizes in Asian Indian women with Caucasian women from the framingham offspring study"
3364:
198:
enzyme (LPL) and they become smaller and denser (i.e. fewer fat molecules with same protein transport shell), containing a higher proportion of cholesterol esters.
3340:"Management of Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Systematic Evidence Review from the Cholesterol Expert Panel | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)"
2323:
Sniderman AD, Blank D, Zakarian R, Bergeron J, Frohlich J (October 2003). "Triglycerides and small dense LDL: the twin
Achilles heels of the Friedewald formula".
3722:"Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to plant sterols and plant stanols and maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentrations"
1930:"Estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is adequate for classifying patients on the basis of nationally recommended cutpoints"
793:
pattern and standard cholesterol lipid measurements (for comparison of the plasma data with the estimation methods discussed above) are also routinely provided.
4133:
O'Keefe JH, Cordain L, Harris WH, Moe RM, Vogel R (June 2004). "Optimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mg/dL: lower is better and physiologically normal".
3455:
674:
and 2004, neither the 1998 ADA guidelines nor the 2001 ATP III guidelines increased LDL cholesterol control for diabetes relative to coronary heart disease.
540:
provide a set of guidelines for fasting LDL-Cholesterol levels, estimated or measured, and risk for heart disease. As of about 2005, these guidelines were:
3454:
3339:
659:
patients' and in secondary prevention as a 'reasonable further reduction'. This position was disputed. Statin drugs involved in such clinical trials have
2894:
Hayward, Rodney A. (3 October 2006). "Narrative Review: Lack of
Evidence for Recommended Low-Density Lipoprotein Treatment Targets: A Solvable Problem".
1536:"Very low-density lipoprotein/lipo-viro particles reverse lipoprotein lipase-mediated inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection via apolipoprotein C-III"
4499:
4479:
2521:
Martin, Seth S.; Blaha, Michael J.; Elshazly, Mohamed B.; Toth, Peter P.; Kwiterovich, Peter O.; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Jones, Steven R. (2013-11-20).
984:
and circulating VLDL particle concentrations, thus both increasing LDL particle concentrations and accelerating the development of diabetes mellitus.
2255:
4183:
3497:
2523:"Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile"
4527:
3681:"Insig-Dependent Ubiquitination and Degradation of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Stimulated by Delta- and Gamma-Tocotrienols"
876:) is an essential component and performs the first of 37 steps within the cholesterol production pathway, and is present in every animal cell.
872:
serves as the basis for the biosynthesis of many molecules, including cholesterol. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (
274:
pheromone, preventing signaling through its receptor. Mice deficient in apolipoprotein B are more susceptible to invasive bacterial infection.
222:
that marks the LDL receptor for degradation. LDL receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane and diffuse freely until they associate with
4127:
4122:
2814:"Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group"
4590:
3467:
365:
commonly report LDL-C: the amount of cholesterol which is estimated to be contained with LDL particles, on average, using a formula, the
5163:
3395:
3459:
4422:
4389:
3851:
Demonty, I.; Ras, R.T.; van der Knaap, H.C.; Duchateau, G.S.; Meijer, L.; Zock, P.L.; Geleijnse, J.M.; Trautwein, E.A. (Feb 2009).
2581:"A New Equation for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With Normolipidemia and/or Hypertriglyceridemia"
2273:"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge"
976:). Visceral fat, which is more metabolically active than subcutaneous fat, has been found to produce many enzymatic signals, e.g.
4514:
4489:
4276:
2939:"How much should LDL cholesterol be lowered in secondary prevention? Clinical efficacy and safety in the era of PCSK9 inhibitors"
2272:
1890:
Superko HR, Nejedly M, Garrett B (2002). "Small LDL and its clinical importance as a new CAD risk factor: a female case study".
226:-coated pits. When LDL receptors bind LDL particles in the bloodstream, the clathrin-coated pits are endocytosed into the cell.
2454:
Chen, Yunqin; Zhang, Xiaojin; Pan, Baishen; Jin, Xuejuan; Yao, Haili; Chen, Bin; Zou, Yunzeng; Ge, Junbo; Chen, Haozhu (2010).
1929:
537:
4935:
3432:
1337:
968:
Another lifestyle approach to reduce LDL cholesterol has been minimizing total body fat, in particular fat stored inside the
712:
237:, such as that found in the endosome, LDL receptors undergo a conformation change, releasing LDL. LDL is then shipped to the
3371:
4940:
4454:
4176:
2399:"A new accurate, simple formula for LDL-cholesterol estimation based on directly measured blood lipids from a large cohort"
468:
both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels are elevated then a modified formula, with quantities in mg/dL, may be used
3290:
Sniderman, A. D.; Thanassoulis, G.; Glavinovic, T.; Navar, A. M.; Pencina, M.; Catapano, A.; Ference, B. A. (1 Dec 2019).
3134:
Peter P. Toth; Michael
Grabner; Rajeshwari S. Punekar; Ralph A. Quimbo; Mark J. Cziraky; Terry A. Jacobson (August 2014).
2767:
3095:"Lack of Effect of Guideline Changes on LDL Cholesterol Reporting and Control for Diabetes Visits in the U.S., 1995–2004"
3916:
1780:
618:
Borderline high LDL level, corresponding to even higher rates for developing symptomatic cardiovascular disease events
574:
Optimal LDL cholesterol, levels in healthy young children before onset of atherosclerotic plaque in heart artery walls
1690:
385:
recognized direct LDL particle measurement by NMR as superior for assessing individual risk of cardiovascular events.
4417:
3428:
1445:"Three-Dimensional cryoEM Reconstruction of Native LDL Particles to 16Ă… Resolution at Physiological Body Temperature"
1044:
905:
reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol, thus can reduce LDL particle concentrations when combined with statins.
1827:
Bhalodkar, Narendra C.; Blum, Steve; Rana, Thakor; Kitchappa, Radha; Bhalodkar, Ami N.; Enas, Enas A. (1 May 2005).
341:
Oxidized LDL is a general term for LDL particles with oxidatively modified structural components. As a result, from
5090:
4707:
4537:
4240:
1039:
596:
Optimal LDL cholesterol, corresponding to lower, but not zero, rates for symptomatic cardiovascular disease events
63:
3892:
4722:
4583:
4169:
3433:"Evaluating statin drugs to treat High Cholesterol and Heart Disease: Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
3343:
834:
moderately high, meaning a 10-20% risk of heart attack within 10 years and more than 2 heart attack risk factors
5041:
607:
Near optimal LDL level, corresponding to higher rates for developing symptomatic cardiovascular disease events
382:
4853:
4427:
4409:
3463:
533:
378:
183:
99:
3569:
Soudijn W, van
Wijngaarden I, Ijzerman AP (May 2007). "Nicotinic acid receptor subtypes and their ligands".
629:
High LDL level, corresponding to much higher rates for developing symptomatic cardiovascular disease events
165:), along with 80 to 100 additional ancillary proteins. Each LDL has a highly hydrophobic core consisting of
5158:
5078:
4783:
4226:
3519:
640:
Very high LDL level, corresponding to highest increased rates of symptomatic cardiovascular disease events
59:
2253:
1443:
Kumar V, Butcher SJ, Katrina O, Engelhardt P, Heikkonen J, Kaski K, Ala-Korpela M, Kovanen PT (May 2011).
5173:
5168:
4895:
4885:
2697:
Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, Navar AM, Pencina M, Catapano A, Ference BA (December 2019).
760:
Those with Borderline-High rate of cardiovascular disease events & higher LDL particle concentration
5356:
5274:
4925:
4900:
4717:
4646:
4576:
845:
moderate, meaning a 10% risk of heart attack within 10 years and more than 2 heart attack risk factors
738:
Those with lowest rate of cardiovascular disease events & low (optimal) LDL particle concentration
529:
3984:
5299:
5242:
4890:
4843:
4693:
4656:
3959:
2031:"Oxidized lipids in the diet are incorporated by the liver into very low density lipoprotein in rats"
1355:"Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: A science advisory from the American Heart Association"
934:
particles (triglycerides), not LDL particles, yet can help some in combination with other strategies.
856:
low, meaning less than 10% risk of heart attack within 10 years and 1 or 0 heart attack risk factors
715:, a medical research study sponsored by the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
407:
4014:
3853:"Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake"
3136:"Cardiovascular risk in patients achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle targets"
2302:
1959:
749:
Those with moderate rate of cardiovascular disease events & moderate LDL particle concentration
50:
molecules around the body in extracellular water. These groups, from least dense to most dense, are
5391:
5284:
5097:
5051:
5046:
4870:
4848:
4261:
1069:
398:
67:
782:
Those with very high rate of cardiovascular disease events and highest LDL particle concentration
5339:
5321:
4803:
4798:
4762:
3796:"Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases"
2359:
1876:
771:
Those with High rate of cardiovascular disease events and even higher LDL particle concentration
474:
351:
295:
132:
3133:
1591:"Structural requirements for PCSK9-mediated degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor"
5311:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5120:
5056:
4698:
4599:
3737:"LDL-Cholesterol Lowering of Plant Sterols and Stanols—Which Factors Influence Their Efficacy?"
2791:
2746:
2123:
Stocker, Roland; Keaney, John F. (2004). "Role of Oxidative Modifications in Atherosclerosis".
1099:
823:
High, meaning a 20% or greater risk of heart attack within 10 years, or an extreme risk factor
463:
are triglycerides, and k is 0.20 if the quantities are measured in mg/dL and 0.45 if in mmol/L.
3941:
3475:
1589:
Zhang, Da-Wei; Garuti, Rita; Tang, Wan-Jin; Cohen, Jonathan C.; Hobbs, Helen H. (2008-09-02).
1327:
5396:
5316:
5061:
4920:
4912:
4880:
4767:
4437:
2074:
1064:
325:
With continued research, decreasing cost, greater availability and wider acceptance of other
263:
219:
2907:
298:. This is thought to be because the smaller particles are more easily able to penetrate the
5230:
5225:
5029:
4821:
4052:
1602:
1456:
1194:
915:), lowers LDL by selectively inhibiting hepatic diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, reducing
652:
20:
4161:
3152:
3135:
1982:"Measurement of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"
8:
5386:
5306:
5073:
4266:
4116:
1746:
1003:
998:
366:
166:
95:
4056:
3534:
Meyers CD, Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML (December 2004). "Niacin therapy in atherosclerosis".
1699:"Apolipoprotein B Is an innate barrier against invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection"
1606:
1460:
1198:
5220:
5130:
4712:
4399:
4084:
3828:
3795:
3771:
3736:
3637:
3594:
3316:
3291:
3200:
3026:
2993:
2974:
2919:
2723:
2698:
2676:
2613:
2580:
2555:
2522:
2503:
2490:
2455:
2436:
2229:
2202:
2183:
2102:
2006:
1981:
1853:
1828:
1804:
1775:
1723:
1698:
1633:
1590:
1571:
1479:
1444:
1264:
1215:
1182:
981:
908:
869:
790:
660:
282:
LDL can be grouped based on its size: large low density LDL particles are described as
195:
3625:
2360:"Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol estimation by a new formula in Indian population"
2336:
2047:
2030:
1303:
1286:
957:
LDL cholesterol can be lowered by through dietary intervention by limiting foods with
5011:
4960:
4860:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4296:
4236:
4150:
4088:
4076:
4068:
4040:
3874:
3833:
3815:
3776:
3758:
3702:
3629:
3586:
3551:
3547:
3491:
3389:
3321:
3236:
3192:
3175:
Krauss RM (August 2010). "Lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular disease risk".
3157:
3116:
3075:
3067:
3031:
3013:
2978:
2966:
2958:
2911:
2876:
2835:
2728:
2680:
2668:
2660:
2618:
2600:
2560:
2542:
2495:
2477:
2440:
2428:
2420:
2379:
2340:
2294:
2234:
2175:
2140:
2094:
2052:
2011:
1951:
1907:
1903:
1858:
1809:
1728:
1679:
1638:
1620:
1563:
1555:
1511:
1484:
1425:
1384:
1376:
1333:
1308:
1256:
1220:
873:
242:
207:
3735:
Trautwein, Elke; Vermeer, Mario; Hiemstra, Harry; Ras, Rouyanne (7 September 2018).
3721:
3598:
2923:
1268:
5016:
4665:
4568:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4318:
4142:
4060:
3996:
3864:
3823:
3807:
3766:
3748:
3692:
3641:
3621:
3578:
3543:
3424:
3311:
3303:
3228:
3204:
3184:
3147:
3106:
3059:
3021:
3005:
2950:
2903:
2866:
2825:
2718:
2710:
2652:
2608:
2592:
2550:
2534:
2485:
2467:
2410:
2371:
2332:
2284:
2224:
2214:
2187:
2167:
2132:
2106:
2086:
2042:
2001:
1993:
1941:
1899:
1848:
1840:
1799:
1789:
1718:
1710:
1669:
1628:
1610:
1547:
1474:
1464:
1415:
1366:
1298:
1280:
1278:
1248:
1210:
1202:
969:
330:
162:
154:
107:
2507:
2158:
Birukov, K. G. (2006). "Oxidized lipids: The two faces of vascular inflammation".
2090:
1575:
815:
then the patient should consider LDL-C reduction if the count in mg/dL is over...
5208:
5203:
5115:
4838:
4793:
4673:
4363:
4000:
3423:
3307:
3188:
3009:
2714:
2656:
2596:
2375:
2259:
1469:
1371:
1354:
889:
347:
75:
2830:
2813:
2358:
Anandaraja, S.; Narang, R.; Godeswar, R.; Laksmy, R.; Talwar, K.K. (June 2005).
2289:
1275:
5370:
5257:
5107:
4970:
4930:
4865:
4826:
4737:
4394:
4285:
4256:
4146:
4064:
3655:
3232:
3111:
3094:
2954:
2639:
Ramasamy, Jagadish; Job, Victoria; Mani, Thenmozhi; Jacob, Molly (2021-05-06).
2456:"A modified formula for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values"
2219:
2136:
1946:
1776:"Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein as Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Diseases"
1714:
1595:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1551:
1503:
1084:
973:
923:
258:
150:
71:
4112:
2397:
de Cordova, Caio Mauricio Mendes; de Cordova, Mauricio Mendes (January 2013).
2171:
1420:
1403:
1155:
5380:
5125:
4788:
4072:
4041:"In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates"
3819:
3762:
3254:
3071:
3017:
2962:
2664:
2604:
2546:
2538:
2481:
2424:
2403:
Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine
1674:
1658:"Inclisiran: a new milestone on the PCSK9 road to tackle cardiovascular risk"
1657:
1624:
1559:
1380:
1104:
1089:
1079:
1008:
958:
667:
374:
267:
infection. The mechanism of antagonism entails binding apolipoprotein B to a
170:
124:
120:
4952:
3063:
2938:
2415:
2398:
1615:
1535:
5266:
5178:
4993:
4683:
4626:
4522:
4217:
4154:
4080:
3878:
3837:
3780:
3706:
3697:
3680:
3590:
3555:
3325:
3292:"Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review"
3240:
3196:
3161:
3120:
3079:
3035:
2970:
2915:
2880:
2732:
2699:"Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review"
2672:
2641:"Calculated values of serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) - for better or worse?"
2640:
2622:
2564:
2499:
2472:
2432:
2383:
2344:
2238:
2179:
2144:
2098:
2015:
1997:
1911:
1862:
1844:
1813:
1794:
1732:
1683:
1642:
1567:
1515:
1488:
1388:
1312:
1260:
1224:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1074:
1049:
916:
655:; far more effective than coronary angioplasty/stenting or bypass surgery.
648:
342:
211:
3869:
3852:
3633:
2839:
2298:
2056:
1955:
1774:
Ivanova EA, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN (2017).
1429:
1181:
Dashti M, Kulik W, Hoek F, Veerman EC, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F (2011).
919:
synthesis and VLDL secretion through a receptor HM74 and HM74A or GPR109A.
110:
for LDL and the larger particles). A single LDL particle is about 220–275
5331:
4727:
4232:
4221:
4205:
4196:
3811:
2871:
2855:"Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease"
2854:
1252:
1059:
1034:
944:
938:
557:
362:
299:
271:
206:
When a cell requires additional cholesterol (beyond its current internal
194:
LDL particles are formed when triglycerides are removed from VLDL by the
116:
51:
43:
5247:
5237:
5198:
5142:
5135:
4965:
3753:
3719:
2936:
930:
246:
173:
and hundreds to thousands (about 1500 commonly cited as an average) of
158:
3582:
1206:
1183:"A phospholipidomic analysis of all defined human plasma lipoproteins"
388:
5001:
4742:
4678:
4634:
4617:
4612:
3093:
Wang, Y Richard; G Caleb Alexander; David O Meltzer (December 2005).
1134:
1129:
1124:
1094:
1054:
962:
902:
684:
179:
111:
3289:
3092:
2696:
677:
229:
Vesicles containing LDL receptors bound to LDL are delivered to the
5365:
5215:
4817:
4754:
4688:
4639:
1773:
1029:
977:
547:
350:, and it is therefore widely studied as a potential risk factor of
238:
230:
223:
3794:
Cabral, Carlos Eduardo; Klein, Márcia Regina Simas Torres (2017).
818:
and LDL-C reduction is indicated if the count in mg/dL is over...
103:
3850:
106:, typically 80–100 proteins per particle (organized by a single
4608:
4446:
4381:
3217:
2029:
Staprans, I.; Rapp, J. H.; Pan, X. M.; Feingold, K. R. (1996).
1928:
Warnick GR, Knopp RH, Fitzpatrick V, Branson L (January 1990).
1352:
1287:"Structure of apolipoprotein B-100 in low density lipoproteins"
899:
particles from the extracellular water, including of the blood.
895:
303:
3568:
3272:
2357:
2322:
1927:
1237:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4509:
4504:
4464:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4192:
1655:
1442:
1016:
1012:
551:
215:
174:
87:
3940:
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2023-08-30).
1697:
Peterson MM, Mack JL, Hall PR, et al. (December 2008).
1502:
Pirahanchi, Yasaman; Sinawe, Hadeer; Dimri, Manjari (2022),
1285:
Segrest JP, Jones MK, De Loof H, Dashti N (September 2001).
4984:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4191:
4132:
3893:"Cholesterol Diet: How Nutrition & Foods Impact Levels"
3734:
2994:"Measuring LDL-cholesterol: what is the best way to do it?"
2812:
Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. (November 1995).
55:
26:
1826:
102:. Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple
4015:"Scientists Gene-Hacked Monkeys to Fix Their Cholesterol"
2270:
1284:
91:
47:
2645:
Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD
3960:"Trans Fatty Acid - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
3048:
2520:
2028:
806:(Per 2004 United States Government Minimum Guidelines)
234:
3982:
3468:"NHLBI, High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need to Know"
1180:
5354:
3678:
3456:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
2634:
2632:
1889:
1656:
Santulli G, Jankauskas SS, Gambardella J (May 2021).
1501:
477:
410:
4598:
3533:
2638:
2396:
2271:
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (June 1972).
1588:
401:
and VLDL, assuming a prolonged fasting state, etc.:
261:
system that upregulates genes required for invasive
3989:
Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases
3806:(5). Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: 475–482.
389:
Estimation of LDL particles via cholesterol content
294:has been associated by some with a higher risk for
252:
3052:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
2629:
2577:
1408:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
504:
437:
210:production pathway), it synthesizes the necessary
74:. LDL has been associated with the progression of
2811:
2799:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
2075:"Oxidized lipoprotein lipids and atherosclerosis"
678:Direct measurement of LDL particle concentrations
5378:
3720:European Food Safety Authority, Journal (2010).
2852:
1696:
1001:can decrease blood levels of LDL cholesterol in
2453:
1769:
1767:
1510:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
3273:"MESA - Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis"
2203:"HDL, lipid peroxidation, and atherosclerosis"
1401:
804:Markers indicating a need for LDL-C Reduction
4584:
4177:
4135:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
2991:
2122:
1533:
127:dominant; amounts of each vary considerably.
3562:
3496:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2853:William E. Boden; et al. (April 2007).
2773:. American Heart Association. September 2007
2200:
1883:
1764:
3793:
2805:
2264:
796:
663:beyond simply the reduction of LDL levels.
286:, and small high density LDL particles are
58:by the overall density naming convention),
16:One of the five major groups of lipoprotein
5164:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
4591:
4577:
4184:
4170:
3513:Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and.
3402:
2801:. National Institutes of Health. May 2001.
2118:
2116:
2068:
2066:
1923:
1921:
1160:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
201:
98:, making fats available to body cells for
19:"LDL" redirects here. For other uses, see
4039:Musunuru, Kiran; et al. (May 2021).
3939:
3868:
3827:
3770:
3752:
3696:
3460:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
3315:
3174:
3151:
3110:
3025:
2870:
2829:
2722:
2612:
2554:
2489:
2471:
2414:
2316:
2288:
2228:
2218:
2046:
2005:
1945:
1852:
1803:
1793:
1781:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
1722:
1673:
1632:
1614:
1478:
1468:
1419:
1370:
1346:
1302:
1214:
66:(IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and
4038:
651:, randomized clinical trial of men with
25:
2992:Wolska, Anna; Remaley, Alan T. (2020).
2908:10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00010
2893:
2692:
2690:
2201:Shao, Baohai; Heinecke, Jay W. (2009).
2157:
2113:
2072:
2063:
1979:
1918:
1156:"LDL and HDL: Bad and Good Cholesterol"
1141:
318:lipid profile test is used more often.
5379:
3679:Song, B.L.; DeBose-Boyd, R.A. (2006).
3394:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
997:In 2021, scientists demonstrated that
4936:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
4572:
4165:
4123:Adult Treatment Panel III Full Report
3153:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.914
2768:"What Do My Cholesterol Levels Mean?"
1326:Sira, Elevina E. PĂ©rez (2021-10-05).
70:(HDL). LDL delivers fat molecules to
42:) is one of the five major groups of
4941:Generalized essential telangiectasia
3512:
3086:
2687:
1747:"When it comes to LDL, size matters"
1325:
812:If the patient's cardiac risk is...
277:
3800:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
2943:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
2859:The New England Journal of Medicine
2818:The New England Journal of Medicine
2364:International Journal of Cardiology
1662:Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother
13:
3885:
1892:Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing
1329:Foods for Special Dietary Regimens
14:
5408:
4106:
3429:Drug Effectiveness Review Project
1045:Cholesteryl ester storage disease
883:
706:
5364:
5091:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
4275:
3548:10.1097/00041433-200412000-00006
1904:10.1111/j.0889-7204.2002.01453.x
1404:"LDL Particle Size Distribution"
1154:
1040:Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency
523:
253:Role in the innate immune system
64:intermediate-density lipoprotein
4032:
4007:
3983:Schoeneck M, Iggman D. (2021).
3976:
3952:
3933:
3909:
3844:
3787:
3728:
3713:
3672:
3648:
3620:(8403): 600–4. September 1984.
3605:
3527:
3506:
3357:
3332:
3283:
3265:
3247:
3211:
3168:
3127:
3042:
2985:
2930:
2887:
2846:
2784:
2760:
2739:
2571:
2514:
2447:
2390:
2351:
2245:
2194:
2160:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
2151:
2022:
1973:
1869:
1820:
1739:
1649:
1582:
1527:
1504:"Biochemistry, LDL Cholesterol"
992:
438:{\displaystyle L\approx C-H-kT}
336:
138:
5042:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1495:
1436:
1395:
1332:. Bentham Science Publishers.
1319:
1231:
1174:
1148:
1007:monkeys for months by 60% via
661:numerous physiological effects
186:, has been described in 2011.
1:
4854:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
4708:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
3626:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90595-6
3536:Current Opinion in Lipidology
3464:National Institutes of Health
3442:, Consumer Reports, p. 9
3177:Current Opinion in Lipidology
2998:Current Opinion in Cardiology
2337:10.1016/S0009-9120(03)00117-6
2091:10.1080/10715762.2017.1319944
2048:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37628-8
1304:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)30267-4
327:lipoprotein subclass analysis
189:
184:cryogenic electron microscopy
100:receptor-mediated endocytosis
5159:Chronic venous insufficiency
4784:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
4001:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032
3656:"TRILIPIX (fenofibric acid)"
3520:Food and Drug Administration
3308:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3780
3189:10.1097/MOL.0b013e32833b7756
3010:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000740
2749:. American Heart Association
2715:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3780
2657:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.016
2597:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0013
2460:Lipids in Health and Disease
2376:10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.05.009
1470:10.1371/journal.pone.0018841
1372:10.1161/cir.0000000000000743
952:
143:
60:very low-density lipoprotein
7:
5174:Inferior vena cava syndrome
5169:Superior vena cava syndrome
4896:Vertebral artery dissection
4886:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2831:10.1056/NEJM199511163332001
1022:
987:
505:{\displaystyle L=C-H-0.16T}
161:residues and a mass of 514
81:
10:
5413:
5275:Hypertensive heart disease
4926:Arteriovenous malformation
4901:Familial aortic dissection
4147:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.046
4065:10.1038/s41586-021-03534-y
3571:Medicinal Research Reviews
3233:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.034
3112:10.2337/diacare.28.12.2942
2955:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.008
2220:10.1194/jlr.E900001-JLR200
2137:10.1152/physrev.00047.2003
1715:10.1016/j.chom.2008.10.001
1552:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301798
530:American Heart Association
357:
167:polyunsaturated fatty acid
157:, a protein that has 4536
18:
5330:
5300:Renovascular hypertension
5265:
5256:
5243:Hepatic artery thrombosis
5191:
5151:
5106:
5010:
4992:
4983:
4951:
4911:
4891:Carotid artery dissection
4844:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
4816:
4776:
4753:
4694:Intermittent claudication
4664:
4657:Peripheral artery disease
4655:
4625:
4607:
4536:
4436:
4408:
4379:
4284:
4273:
4204:
2290:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
2207:Journal of Lipid Research
2172:10.1007/s11883-006-0077-x
2035:Journal of Lipid Research
1421:10.1161/01.ATV.12.12.1410
1291:Journal of Lipid Research
803:
329:assay methods, including
233:. In the presence of low
94:) around the body in the
5285:Hypertensive nephropathy
5098:Post-thrombotic syndrome
5079:Paget–Schroetter disease
4871:Coronary artery aneurysm
4849:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
3857:The Journal of Nutrition
2539:10.1001/jama.2013.280532
2073:Ahotupa, Markku (2017).
1947:10.1093/clinchem/36.1.15
1070:High density lipoprotein
961:and avoiding foods with
797:Lowering LDL-cholesterol
257:LDL interferes with the
68:high-density lipoprotein
5340:Orthostatic hypotension
5322:White coat hypertension
4799:Fibromuscular dysplasia
4763:Carotid artery stenosis
4410:Lipid transfer proteins
3064:10.1161/01.atv.20.3.830
2416:10.1258/acb.2012.011259
1703:Cell Host & Microbe
1616:10.1073/pnas.0806312105
1402:Campos, Hannia (1992).
352:cardiovascular diseases
202:Transport into the cell
133:cardiovascular diseases
36:Low-density lipoprotein
5312:Pulmonary hypertension
5295:Secondary hypertension
5290:Essential hypertension
5280:Hypertensive emergency
5121:Portacaval anastomosis
5057:Portal vein thrombosis
4699:Critical limb ischemia
4600:Cardiovascular disease
4438:Cell surface receptors
3698:10.1074/jbc.M605575200
2473:10.1186/1476-511X-9-52
1998:10.1002/clc.4960221405
1845:10.1002/clc.4960280510
1675:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab014
1100:Polyphenol antioxidant
506:
459:is total cholesterol,
439:
296:coronary heart disease
86:Lipoproteins transfer
32:
5317:Systolic hypertension
5062:Renal vein thrombosis
4921:Arteriovenous fistula
4913:Vascular malformation
4881:Intracranial aneurysm
4768:Renal artery stenosis
4113:Fat (LDL) Degradation
3964:www.sciencedirect.com
3870:10.3945/jn.108.095125
3050:Strong Heart Study".
2325:Clinical Biochemistry
2125:Physiological Reviews
2079:Free Radical Research
1980:Otvos J (June 1999).
1065:Health effects of tea
724:LDL particles nmol/L
507:
440:
264:Staphylococcus aureus
220:proprotein convertase
29:
5231:Paradoxical embolism
5226:Cholesterol embolism
5052:May–Thurner syndrome
5047:Budd–Chiari syndrome
5030:Deep vein thrombosis
5025:primarily lower limb
4804:Raynaud's phenomenon
4540:cassette transporter
3812:10.5935/abc.20170158
3747:(9). MDPI AG: 1262.
2872:10.1056/NEJMoa070829
2747:"Cholesterol Levels"
1795:10.1155/2017/1273042
1253:10.1160/TH13-02-0178
1142:Notes and references
653:hypercholesterolemia
475:
455:is LDL cholesterol,
451:is HDL cholesterol,
408:
21:LDL (disambiguation)
5307:Benign hypertension
4267:Remnant cholesterol
4199:particle metabolism
4128:ATP III Update 2004
4117:The Proteolysis Map
4057:2021Natur.593..429M
3691:(35): 25054–25601.
1992:(6 Suppl): II21–7.
1879:. sciencedaily.com.
1607:2008PNAS..10513045Z
1601:(35): 13045–13050.
1461:2011PLoSO...618841K
1199:2011NatSR...1E.139D
1004:Macaca fascicularis
999:CRISPR gene editing
367:Friedewald equation
96:extracellular fluid
46:that transport all
5221:Pulmonary embolism
5131:Esophageal varices
5069:upper limb / torso
4713:Arteriolosclerosis
3754:10.3390/nu10091262
3277:www.mesa-nhlbi.org
2277:Clinical Chemistry
2258:2012-02-27 at the
1934:Clinical Chemistry
982:insulin resistance
870:mevalonate pathway
791:insulin resistance
502:
435:
243:cholesterol esters
196:lipoprotein lipase
33:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5192:Arteries or veins
5187:
5186:
5012:Venous thrombosis
4979:
4978:
4961:Cherry hemangioma
4861:Aortic dissection
4812:
4811:
4647:Buerger's disease
4566:
4565:
4051:(7859): 429–434.
3583:10.1002/med.20102
3302:(12): 1287–1295.
3227:(15): 1512–1524.
3221:J Am Coll Cardiol
3105:(12): 2942–2944.
2865:(15): 1503–1516.
2709:(12): 1287–1295.
2533:(19): 2061–2068.
1414:(12): 1410–1419.
1339:978-981-4998-07-9
1207:10.1038/srep00139
980:, which increase
974:visceral body fat
874:HMG CoA reductase
866:
865:
786:
785:
644:
643:
278:LDL size patterns
5404:
5369:
5368:
5360:
5263:
5262:
5074:Mondor's disease
5017:Thrombophlebitis
4990:
4989:
4666:Arteriosclerosis
4662:
4661:
4623:
4622:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4279:
4208:particle classes
4186:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3995:(5): 1325–1338.
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:Cleveland Clinic
3889:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3756:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3474:. Archived from
3450:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3425:Consumer Reports
3421:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3370:. Archived from
3369:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3342:. Archived from
3336:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2651:(5): 1486–1493.
2636:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2493:
2475:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2301:. Archived from
2292:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2131:(4): 1381–1478.
2120:
2111:
2110:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1958:. Archived from
1949:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1546:(8): 1193–1203.
1531:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1152:
970:abdominal cavity
890:PCSK9 inhibitors
801:
800:
721:MESA Percentile
718:
717:
543:
542:
511:
509:
508:
503:
444:
442:
441:
436:
331:NMR spectroscopy
153:B-100 molecule (
108:apolipoprotein B
5412:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5392:Lipid disorders
5377:
5376:
5375:
5363:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5326:
5252:
5209:Microangiopathy
5204:Macroangiopathy
5183:
5147:
5116:Gastric varices
5102:
5015:
5006:
4975:
4947:
4907:
4839:Aortic aneurysm
4825:
4808:
4794:Erythromelalgia
4772:
4749:
4674:Atherosclerosis
4651:
4615:
4603:
4597:
4567:
4562:
4539:
4532:
4432:
4404:
4375:
4286:Apolipoproteins
4280:
4271:
4209:
4200:
4190:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3917:"Saturated Fat"
3915:
3914:
3910:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3849:
3845:
3792:
3788:
3733:
3729:
3718:
3714:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3567:
3563:
3532:
3528:
3511:
3507:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3422:
3403:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3365:"Archived copy"
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3296:JAMA Cardiology
3288:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3216:
3212:
3173:
3169:
3140:Atherosclerosis
3132:
3128:
3091:
3087:
3047:
3043:
2990:
2986:
2935:
2931:
2892:
2888:
2851:
2847:
2810:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2703:JAMA Cardiology
2695:
2688:
2637:
2630:
2585:JAMA Cardiology
2576:
2572:
2519:
2515:
2452:
2448:
2395:
2391:
2356:
2352:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2269:
2265:
2260:Wayback Machine
2250:
2246:
2199:
2195:
2156:
2152:
2121:
2114:
2071:
2064:
2027:
2023:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1926:
1919:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1825:
1821:
1788:(10): 1273042.
1772:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1695:
1691:
1654:
1650:
1587:
1583:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1500:
1496:
1441:
1437:
1400:
1396:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1283:
1276:
1241:Thromb. Haemost
1236:
1232:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1025:
995:
990:
955:
924:CETP inhibitors
914:
886:
799:
727:Interpretation
709:
680:
563:Interpretation
528:In the US, the
526:
476:
473:
472:
409:
406:
405:
391:
377:. In 2008, the
360:
348:atherosclerosis
339:
280:
255:
245:in the LDL are
204:
192:
146:
141:
84:
76:atherosclerosis
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5410:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5374:
5373:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5260:
5258:Blood pressure
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5108:Varicose veins
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5021:
5019:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4971:Spider angioma
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4953:Vascular nevus
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4931:Telangiectasia
4928:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4873:
4868:
4866:Aortic rupture
4863:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4831:
4829:
4827:pseudoaneurysm
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4738:Oxycholesterol
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4631:
4629:
4620:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4380:Extracellular
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4229:
4224:
4213:
4211:
4210:and subclasses
4202:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4141:(11): 2142–6.
4130:
4125:
4120:
4108:
4107:External links
4105:
4102:
4101:
4031:
4006:
3975:
3951:
3932:
3908:
3884:
3843:
3786:
3727:
3712:
3671:
3647:
3604:
3561:
3526:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3451:, which cites
3440:Best Buy Drugs
3431:(March 2013),
3401:
3356:
3331:
3282:
3264:
3259:www.google.com
3246:
3210:
3167:
3146:(2): 585–591.
3126:
3085:
3058:(3): 830–835.
3041:
3004:(4): 405–411.
2984:
2929:
2896:Ann Intern Med
2886:
2845:
2824:(20): 1301–7.
2804:
2783:
2759:
2738:
2686:
2628:
2591:(5): 540–548.
2570:
2513:
2446:
2389:
2370:(1): 117–120.
2350:
2331:(7): 499–504.
2315:
2283:(6): 499–502.
2263:
2244:
2213:(4): 599–601.
2193:
2150:
2112:
2085:(4): 439–447.
2062:
2021:
1972:
1917:
1882:
1868:
1839:(5): 247–251.
1819:
1763:
1738:
1689:
1668:(3): e11–e12.
1648:
1581:
1526:
1494:
1435:
1394:
1365:(3): e39–e53.
1345:
1338:
1318:
1297:(9): 1346–67.
1274:
1247:(3): 518–530.
1230:
1173:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:Lipoprotein(a)
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1021:
994:
991:
989:
986:
954:
951:
950:
949:
942:
935:
928:
920:
912:
906:
900:
893:
885:
884:Pharmaceutical
882:
864:
863:
860:
857:
853:
852:
849:
846:
842:
841:
838:
835:
831:
830:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
809:
808:
798:
795:
784:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
762:
761:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
740:
739:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
708:
707:Optimal ranges
705:
679:
676:
642:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
554:
525:
522:
513:
512:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
465:
464:
445:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
390:
387:
359:
356:
338:
335:
304:arterial walls
279:
276:
259:quorum sensing
254:
251:
203:
200:
191:
188:
151:apolipoprotein
145:
142:
140:
137:
83:
80:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5409:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Caput medusae
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4789:Degos disease
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3922:
3921:www.heart.org
3918:
3912:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3863:(2): 271–84.
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:J. Biol. Chem
3682:
3675:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:(3): 417–33.
3576:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:(6): 659–65.
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3499:
3493:
3478:on 2013-04-01
3477:
3473:
3472:nhlbi.nih.gov
3469:
3466:(June 2005).
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3391:
3377:on 2016-03-03
3373:
3366:
3360:
3346:on 2014-11-25
3345:
3341:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:(4): 305–11.
3182:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:Diabetes Care
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:(7): 520–30.
2901:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2769:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2305:on 2019-09-12
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:(3): 223–31.
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2041:(2): 420–30.
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1962:on 2019-09-12
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:(4): 167–73.
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:(6): 555–66.
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:(5): e18841.
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Saturated fat
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Lipoprotein-X
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Lipid profile
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
959:saturated fat
946:
943:
940:
936:
932:
929:
925:
921:
918:
910:
907:
904:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
881:
877:
875:
871:
861:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
836:
833:
832:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
810:
807:
802:
794:
792:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
719:
716:
714:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
675:
671:
669:
668:fatty streaks
664:
662:
656:
654:
650:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
568:25 to <50
567:
566:
562:
559:
555:
553:
549:
545:
544:
541:
539:
535:
531:
524:Normal ranges
521:
517:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
471:
470:
469:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
404:
403:
402:
400:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
375:United States
370:
368:
364:
355:
353:
349:
344:
334:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
270:
266:
265:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:LDL receptors
209:
199:
197:
187:
185:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
136:
134:
128:
126:
125:triglycerides
122:
121:phospholipids
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
5397:Lipoproteins
5267:Hypertension
5179:Venous ulcer
5085:
5068:
5036:
5024:
4994:Inflammation
4875:
4834:
4732:
4723:Hyperplastic
4684:Fatty streak
4627:Inflammation
4538:ATP-binding
4245:
4231:delivery of
4216:delivery of
4138:
4134:
4092:. Retrieved
4048:
4044:
4034:
4022:. Retrieved
4018:
4009:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3967:. Retrieved
3963:
3954:
3945:
3935:
3924:. Retrieved
3920:
3911:
3900:. Retrieved
3896:
3887:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3715:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3650:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3518:
3508:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:the original
3471:
3444:, retrieved
3439:
3379:. Retrieved
3372:the original
3359:
3348:. Retrieved
3344:the original
3334:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2798:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2762:
2751:. Retrieved
2741:
2706:
2702:
2648:
2644:
2588:
2584:
2573:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2409:(1): 13–19.
2406:
2402:
2392:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2280:
2276:
2266:
2247:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2128:
2124:
2082:
2078:
2038:
2034:
2024:
1989:
1986:Clin Cardiol
1985:
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1937:
1933:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1871:
1836:
1833:Clin Cardiol
1832:
1822:
1785:
1779:
1755:. Retrieved
1753:. 2022-07-18
1750:
1741:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1519:, retrieved
1507:
1497:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1328:
1321:
1294:
1290:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1193:(139): 139.
1190:
1186:
1176:
1166:11 September
1164:. Retrieved
1159:
1150:
1120:Triglyceride
1115:Sterol ester
1110:Stanol ester
1075:LDL receptor
1050:Coenzyme Q10
1002:
996:
993:Gene editing
967:
956:
945:Phytosterols
939:tocotrienols
917:triglyceride
878:
867:
805:
787:
768:1,600–2,000
757:1,300–1,599
746:1,000–1,299
710:
702:
698:
694:
690:
681:
672:
665:
657:
649:double blind
645:
527:
518:
514:
466:
460:
456:
452:
448:
396:
392:
371:
361:
343:free radical
340:
337:Oxidized LDL
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:intermediate
311:
307:
291:
287:
283:
281:
268:
262:
256:
228:
205:
193:
147:
139:Biochemistry
129:
85:
52:chylomicrons
39:
35:
34:
5332:Hypotension
4876:head / neck
4728:Cholesterol
4618:capillaries
4222:Chylomicron
4206:Lipoprotein
4197:lipoprotein
3942:"Trans Fat"
1940:(1): 15–9.
1359:Circulation
1060:Glutathione
1035:Cholesterol
626:4.1 to 4.9
623:160 to 199
615:3.3 to 4.1
612:130 to 159
604:2.6 to 3.3
601:100 to 129
363:Blood tests
300:endothelium
272:autoinducer
214:as well as
117:cholesterol
44:lipoprotein
5387:Cardiology
5381:Categories
5248:Vasculitis
5238:Thrombosis
5199:Angiopathy
5143:Varicocele
5136:Hemorrhoid
4966:Halo nevus
4822:dissection
4613:arterioles
4119:-animation
3969:2024-02-16
3926:2024-02-16
3902:2024-02-16
3381:2014-11-16
3350:2014-11-16
2777:2009-11-14
2753:2009-11-14
2309:2008-05-05
1966:2009-11-02
1757:2022-08-04
1521:2022-12-26
1508:StatPearls
931:Clofibrate
779:>2,000
735:<1,000
713:MESA trial
247:hydrolysed
190:Physiology
175:esterified
159:amino acid
5002:Phlebitis
4743:Trans fat
4679:Foam cell
4635:Arteritis
4602:(vessels)
4089:234790939
4073:1476-4687
3820:0066-782X
3763:2072-6643
3741:Nutrients
3072:1079-5642
3018:1531-7080
2979:229942314
2963:1873-1740
2949:: 65–74.
2681:232309411
2665:1590-3729
2605:2380-6591
2547:1538-3598
2482:1476-511X
2466:(1): 52.
2441:207193749
2425:0004-5632
1751:HLTH Code
1625:0027-8424
1560:1468-3288
1381:0009-7322
1135:Vitamin E
1130:Vitamin C
1125:Vitamin A
1095:Melatonin
1055:Flavonoid
963:trans fat
953:Lifestyle
903:Ezetimibe
685:Jim Otvos
494:−
488:−
427:−
421:−
415:≈
308:Pattern I
292:Pattern B
288:pattern B
284:pattern A
269:S. aureus
180:Angstroms
171:linoleate
169:known as
155:Apo B-100
144:Structure
112:angstroms
5216:Embolism
4818:Aneurysm
4755:Stenosis
4689:Atheroma
4640:Aortitis
4609:Arteries
4155:15172426
4081:34012082
4019:Futurism
3879:19091798
3838:29267628
3781:30205492
3707:16831864
3599:20876888
3591:17238156
3556:15529025
3492:cite web
3482:27 March
3446:27 March
3390:cite web
3326:31642874
3255:"Google"
3241:18402913
3197:20531184
3162:24956532
3121:16306559
3080:10712410
3036:32412961
2971:33383060
2924:29849069
2916:17015870
2881:17387127
2733:31642874
2673:33744036
2623:32101259
2565:24240933
2500:20487572
2433:23108766
2384:15939107
2345:14563441
2256:Archived
2239:19141435
2180:16640959
2145:15383655
2099:28412863
2016:10376193
1912:12417832
1863:15971461
1814:28572872
1733:19064256
1684:33655296
1643:18753623
1568:22689516
1516:30137845
1489:21573056
1449:PLOS ONE
1389:31838890
1313:11518754
1269:20566238
1261:24500811
1225:22355656
1187:Sci. Rep
1030:Catechin
1023:See also
1009:knockout
988:Research
978:resistin
927:placebo.
922:Several
776:>95%
637:>4.9
634:>200
593:<2.6
590:<100
582:<1.8
571:<1.3
241:, where
239:lysosome
231:endosome
224:clathrin
104:proteins
82:Overview
62:(VLDL),
31:vessels.
5371:Biology
5037:abdomen
4718:Hyaline
4382:enzymes
4115:: PMAP
4094:13 June
4053:Bibcode
4024:13 June
3829:5729784
3772:6163911
3642:2473318
3634:6147641
3317:7369156
3205:1775446
3027:7360339
2840:7566020
2724:7369156
2614:7240357
2556:4226221
2491:2890624
2299:4337382
2230:2656652
2188:7852910
2107:3397099
2057:9026539
2007:6655988
1956:2297909
1854:6654695
1805:5441126
1724:2639768
1634:2526098
1603:Bibcode
1480:3090388
1457:Bibcode
1430:1450174
1216:3216620
1195:Bibcode
1015:in the
896:Statins
765:89–95%
754:50–80%
743:20–50%
579:<70
358:Testing
5357:Portal
4528:LRPAP1
4447:SCARB1
4253:sd LDL
4250:lb LDL
4193:Lipids
4153:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4045:Nature
3877:
3836:
3826:
3818:
3779:
3769:
3761:
3705:
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