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The spots on the back vary from green to dark brown and sometimes red spots appear, too. The underside is white or very lightly coloured. The
European green toad will change colour in response to heat and light changes. Females are larger than males and can lay 9,000 to 15,000 eggs at a time.
249:
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behaviors are sometimes recorded during parts of the year, especially in spring. It loves warm summers with high water temperatures and in order to avoid the cold weather it
923:
Stöck, Matthias; Craig Moritz; Michael
Hickerson; Daniel Frynta; Tatjana Dujsebayeva; Valery Eremchenko; J. Robert Macey; Theodore J. Papenfuss; David B. Wake (2006).
973:"Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: Mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives"
1360:
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and these toxins are effective enough to kill most of the toad's predators. They are harmless to humans when contact is made with the skin.
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604:". Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia.
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971:
Stöck, Matthias; Alessandra
Sicilia; Natalia M Belfiore; David Buckley; Sabrina Lo Brutto; Mario Lo Valvo; Marco Arculeo (2008).
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Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum
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It can reach a maximum size (head and body length) of 10 centimetres (3.9 in), but growth to this size is rare.
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352:) are now regarded as separate species. These species and the European green toad are placed in their own genus
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868:"Strong reproductive barriers in a narrow hybrid zone of West-Mediterranean green toads (
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during the winter. Its lifespan is 8-9 years in captivity and up to 7 years in the wild.
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925:"Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (
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Colliard, C.; Sicilia, A.; Turrisi, G.F.; Arculeo, M.; Perrin, N.; Stöck, M. (2010).
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found in steppes, mountainous areas, semi-deserts, urban areas and other habitats in
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The
European green toad has the ability to secrete defensive toxins from its
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reviews, 14 populations (all largely or entirely Asian, except for the
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630:"Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited"
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337:
314:
298:
106:
851:. Vienna: "Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern". 214 pp. + Plates I–V. (
717:
A Field Guide to the
Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe
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301:. As historically defined, the species ranged east through the
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855:, new species, p. 27 + Plate I, figure 1). (in Latin).
694:. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York
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subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity"
692:
Amphibian
Species of the World, an Online Reference
526:. There has also been a reported attack on a bat.
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580:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T182530066A730332.en
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555:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2023).
872:subgroup) with Plio-Pleistocene divergence"
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422:Learn how and when to remove this message
1361:Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
805:
437:
385:This section includes a list of general
247:
240:
745:"European green toad - hepretofauna.gr"
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808:"Fish and amphibians as bat predators"
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936:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
682:
634:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1308:27FF5CCE-F82E-44A3-B376-A8A2827A23AC
1191:190f6e39-5126-49a0-83e9-b587dfd1ce7e
739:
737:
529:
371:
1331:IUCN Red List least concern species
628:Dufresnes, C.; et al. (2019).
566:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
838:
676:
391:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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859:
734:
376:
73:
799:
793:"AmphibiaWeb - Bufotes viridis"
459:This species of toad is mainly
785:
769:"European green toad- Skansen"
706:
615:"Green Toad (Bufotes viridis)"
607:
594:
367:
1:
541:
1356:Amphibians described in 1768
731:, p. 74 + Plate 8 + Map 33).
358:, but they were included in
232:Darrel R. Frost et al., 2006
7:
956:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.026
813:European Journal of Ecology
719:. London: Collins. 272 pp.
688:"Search for Taxon: Bufotes"
654:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106615
454:
281:, ranging from far eastern
10:
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204:European green toad range
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255:European green toad sound
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70:Scientific classification
68:
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37:
28:
23:
977:BMC Evolutionary Biology
897:10.1186/1471-2148-10-232
876:BMC Evolutionary Biology
573:: e.T182530066A730332.
474:
406:more precise citations.
998:10.1186/1471-2148-8-56
448:
256:
245:
1351:Amphibians of Armenia
1277:Paleobiology Database
1116:Pseudepidalea_viridis
827:10.1515/eje-2015-0010
441:
254:
244:
228:Pseudepidalea viridis
1346:Amphibians of Europe
1186:Fauna Europaea (new)
1043:Pseudepidala viridis
715:, Burton JA (1978).
350:Balearic green toads
321:, and south through
24:European green toad
16:Species of amphibian
989:2008BMCEE...8...56S
948:2006MolPE..41..663S
888:2010BMCEE..10..232C
749:www.herpetofauna.gr
646:2019MolPE.14106615D
261:European green toad
40:Conservation status
482:eats a variety of
449:
257:
246:
1318:
1317:
1264:Open Tree of Life
1064:Taxon identifiers
1041:"IUCN Red List -
806:Mikula P (2015).
530:Defense mechanism
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317:and northwestern
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1341:Fauna of Croatia
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398:Please help to
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279:mainland Europe
266:Bufotes viridis
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860:External links
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412:November 2015
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55:Least Concern
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1072:Bufo viridis
1071:
1048:. Retrieved
1042:
980:
976:
939:
935:
927:Bufo viridis
926:
879:
875:
870:Bufo viridis
869:
853:Bufo viridis
852:
848:
820:(1): 71–80.
817:
811:
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787:
776:. Retrieved
772:
763:
752:. Retrieved
748:
729:Bufo viridis
728:
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696:. Retrieved
691:
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584:. Retrieved
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524:caterpillars
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331:North Africa
307:Central Asia
265:
264:
260:
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227:
219:Bufo viridis
218:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
1212:iNaturalist
1096:Wikispecies
845:Laurenti JN
500:butterflies
463:, although
404:introducing
368:Description
329:islands to
309:to western
303:Middle East
1325:Categories
1050:2009-09-12
882:(1): 232.
778:2024-08-26
754:2024-08-26
640:: 106615.
542:References
504:earthworms
496:meal worms
469:hibernates
387:references
336:Following
1007:1471-2148
983:(1): 56.
713:Arnold EN
698:8 January
670:202573454
490:, mainly
461:nocturnal
275:true toad
155:Species:
137:Bufonidae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1230:11346436
1152:46394579
1123:BioLib:
1081:Wikidata
1033:18294389
1015:47657384
964:16919484
916:20670415
847:(1768).
686:(2020).
662:31520778
498:, small
492:crickets
455:Behavior
446:tadpoles
325:and the
315:Mongolia
299:Caucasus
297:and the
210:Synonyms
187:Laurenti
133:Family:
117:Amphibia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1336:Bufotes
1303:ZooBank
1217:1453013
1204:5216588
1087:Q243242
1024:2276203
985:Bibcode
944:Bibcode
907:2923517
884:Bibcode
642:Bibcode
520:spiders
512:beetles
484:insects
465:diurnal
400:improve
355:Bufotes
346:African
338:genetic
291:Balkans
289:to the
287:Denmark
271:species
269:) is a
189:, 1768)
148:Bufotes
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1269:962317
1243:661888
1165:BUFOVI
1031:
1021:
1013:
1005:
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914:
904:
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668:
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389:, but
283:France
1282:94503
1225:IRMNG
1173:EUNIS
932:(PDF)
666:S2CID
586:8 May
508:moths
323:Italy
319:India
311:China
127:Anura
1295:2931
1238:ITIS
1199:GBIF
1160:EPPO
1139:NPH5
1029:PMID
1011:OCLC
1003:ISSN
960:PMID
912:PMID
721:ISBN
700:2020
658:PMID
588:2024
571:2023
522:and
516:ants
486:and
475:Diet
361:Bufo
348:and
340:and
305:and
285:and
259:The
1290:TSA
1251:NBN
1178:640
1147:EoL
1134:CoL
1126:324
1111:ADW
1019:PMC
993:doi
952:doi
902:PMC
892:doi
822:doi
727:. (
650:doi
638:141
575:doi
333:.
273:of
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991:.
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958:.
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940:41
938:.
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910:.
900:.
890:.
880:10
878:.
874:.
816:.
810:.
771:.
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736:^
690:.
664:.
656:.
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510:,
506:,
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995::
987::
981:8
966:.
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419:(
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410:(
396:.
263:(
185:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
