502:
970:; quote: "To cope with the ubiquitous hong huzi, the Khudyakovs erected watchtowers, dug underground bunkers, and kept their power dry, enabling them to repulse periodic assaults. Less provident homesteaders took fatal risks. One day in 1879 a Finnish sea captain, Fridolf Heeck, returned to his home at Sidemi on an Amur Bay peninsula opposite Vladivostok to find the house in ruins, his common-law wife and manservant slaughtered, and his seven-year-old son abducted. What befell the Khudayakov and Heeck families threatened isolated southern Primorye settlements well into the twentieth century."
901:; quote: "Probably the first clash between the Russians and Chinese occurred in 1868. It was called the Manza War, Manzovskaia voina. "Manzy" was the Russian name for the Chinese population in those years. In 1868, the local Russian government decided to close down goldfields near Vladivostok, in the Gulf of Peter the Great, where 1,000 Chinese were employed. The Chinese decided that they did not want to go back, and resisted. The first clash occurred when the Chinese were removed from Askold Island, ..."
513:, merely 34,500 residents of Russia (both Russian and foreign citizens) self-identified as ethnic Chinese, about half of them in Western Russia (mostly Moscow). In the opinion of many Russian demographers, the census number may be an undercount; Russian demographers consider the estimate of 200,000 to 400,000, or at the very most 500,000, as the most reliable. For example, Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya, the chief of the Population Migration Laboratory of the National Economic Forecasting Institute of
1893:
159:
1771:"МИГРАЦИЯ ВЫШЛА ИЗ ТЕНИ. На вопросы Виталия КУРЕННОГО отвечает заведующая лабораторией миграции населения Института народно-хозяйственного прогнозирования РАН Жанна ЗАЙОНЧКОВСКАЯ (Migration has left the shadows. Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya, Director of the Population Migration Laboratory of the National Economy Forecasting Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, answers Vitaly Kurrenoy's questions)"
374:
440:, who were already considered a separate ethnic group. This was accompanied by a broader campaign to raise literacy among Chinese workers, estimated at just one-third in 1923. By the 1930s, there were ten state elementary schools, one vocational secondary school, one college, and two evening schools using Chinese as their medium of instruction.
581:, where they form an important part of the province's strategy to gain access to natural resources in Russia to fuel their own economic development. Between 1988 and 2003, 133,000 contract workers from Heilongjiang went to work in Russia; most were employed in construction and agriculture. Though some immigrants come from
542:
and those in the
Russian Far East. The community in Moscow was believed to have been the largest as of 2002, numbering 20,000 to 25,000 people; Chinese community leaders give even higher estimates in the 30,000 to 40,000 range. They come from most provinces of China. Moscow has the highest proportion
655:
by the
Russians. Russian newspapers began to publish speculation that between two and five million Chinese migrants actually resided in the Russian Far East, and predicted that half of the population of Russia would be Chinese by 2050. Russians typically believe that Chinese come to Russia with the
635:
rolled on fruitlessly, Chinese civilians made frequent incursions into territory and especially waters controlled by the USSR. However, both sides' military forces refrained from the use of lethal force in asserting their border rights until a March 1969 incident in which both sides claim the other
608:
Aside from resident contract workers, 1.1 million
Chinese also went to the border areas of the Russian Far East on tourist visas from 1997 to 2002. Despite the perception that many remain illegally in Russia, since 1996, over 97% of Chinese arriving on tourist visas departed on time by the same
253:
when the
Russians tried to shut off gold mining operations and expel Chinese workers there. The Chinese resisted a Russian attempt to take Askold Island and in response, 2 Russian military stations and 3 Russian towns were attacked by the Chinese, and the Russians failed to oust the Chinese.
389:, conducted in 1926, 100,000 respondents declared that they held Chinese nationality or that Chinese was their primary language; three-quarters of these were in the Russian Far East. Vladivostok was 22% Chinese, and even Moscow had a community of roughly 8,000 Chinese, largely of
597:. Population pressure and overcrowding on the Chinese side of the border are one motivation for emigration, while the chance to earn money doing business in Russia is described as the major pull factor. Over one hundred million people live in the three provinces of
416:
Few
Chinese women migrated to Russia; many Chinese men, even those who had left wives and children behind in China, married local women in the 1920s as a result, especially those women who had been widowed during the wars and upheavals of the previous decade. Their
474:. There was a great deal of factional infighting among them. From 1950 until 1965, roughly 9,000 Chinese students went to the Soviet Union for further studies; all but a few hundred eventually returned to China, though they often faced persecution from the
324:. One of the most successful Chinese in late 19th century Russia, the prosperous Khabarovsk merchant Ji Fengtai (紀鳳台), better known under the Russified name Nikolay Ivanovich Tifontai, had his first naturalization petition rejected by Governor
312:
bandits raided
Russian settlers in the far east region during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in one incident, the Honghuzi attacked the Heeck family, kidnapping Fridolf Heeck's son, and killing his servant and wife in 1879.
130:
claiming 998,000 in 2004 and 2005, and
Russian demographers generally accepting estimates in the 200,000–400,000 range as of 2004. Temporary migration and shuttle trade conducted by Chinese merchants are most prevalent in Russia's
2503:
517:, estimated in 2004 the total number of Chinese present in Russia at any given point (as resident or visitors) at about 400,000 persons, much smaller than ill-educated guess of 2 million that had been given by
917:; quote: "... in the Gulf of Peter the Great. They organized themselves and raided three Russian villages and two military posts. For the first time, this attempt to drive the Chinese out was unsuccessful."
332:; his second application was approved in 1894, despite the applicants Manchu hairstyle, as the authorities took into account the fact that his son, and the heir of his fortune, was born in Russia and was a
644:
soldiers lost their lives; however, they retained control over the island. The Soviet government feared that the fighting marked a prelude to a large-scale
Chinese incursion into the Russian Far East.
320:
would be able to become
Russian subjects. It is reported that, at least during one period, only persons who had been married to a Russian subject and had become Christian would be eligible for
447:
in 1937 for fear that their communities could be infiltrated by
Japanese spies. Roughly 11,000 Chinese were arrested beginning that year, with 8,000 forced to resettle in the north of Russia.
562:, though in 2002, the total combined Chinese population in those three cities is less than that in Moscow. In Ussuriysk, a large proportion of the Chinese migrants working as traders are
4196:
663:
was quoted as saying "If we do not take practical steps to advance the Far East soon, after a few decades, the Russian population will be speaking Chinese, Japanese, and Korean."
356:
4801:
422:
3627:
2410:
1961:
3786:
429:, while others took on Russian surnames, and a large proportion also invented new surnames using their father's entire family name and given name as the new surname.
1951:
2094:
1799:
3781:
2188:
2099:
2498:
2038:
1993:
609:
border crossing through which they entered Russia, and many of the remaining 3% either departed by other border crossings, or were arrested and deported.
2043:
235:
2517:
2262:
2074:
1941:
523:. If popular media estimates such as the 2003 figure of 3.26 million were correct, Chinese would form Russia's fourth largest ethnic group after the
5009:
1751:
Yu, Miin-ling (2002), "A reassessment of Chiang Kaishek and the policy of alliance with the Soviet Union, 1923-1927", in Leutner, Mechthild (ed.),
436:
developed for them; it was used to publish a number of periodicals. A separate, different, Latin-based writing system was simultaneously developed
2716:
2512:
1881:
1613:
463:
413:. The wave of Chinese migration to the Soviet Union lasted as late as 1929; the border remained relatively porous even up until the mid-1930s.
4324:
3290:
1859:
2279:
5004:
4726:
3985:
2705:
444:
386:
368:
493:
signed a visa-free tourism agreement. However, the Russian government terminated the visa-free travel agreement just six years later.
245:
The Manza War in 1868 was the first attempt by Russia to expel the Chinese from territory it controlled. Hostilities broke out around
1288:
4247:
238:(though not sovereignty over the territory itself); however, Russian troops massacred Qing subjects from the territory during the
4123:
443:
However, many Chinese migrant workers were repatriated to China in 1936. Those Chinese who remained in the Russian Far East were
1707:
4822:
4355:
4318:
1413:
Alekseev, Mikhail (2006), "In the Shadow of the "Asian Balkans": Anti-Chinese Alarmism and Hostility in the Russian Far East",
234:, the Qing ceded even the far bank of the Amur River to Russia. They retained administrative rights over the residents of the
4314:
2255:
1966:
1603:
1574:"How the Sino-Russian Boundary Conflict Was Finally Settled: From Nerchinsk 1689 to Vladivostok 2005 via Zhenbao Island 1969"
5019:
4877:
4277:
1375:
432:
In the late 1920s and the early 1930s, the Soviet Chinese people, like most sizable ethnic groups in the early USSR, had a
179:
5024:
1874:
1837:
1820:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. (General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897)"
1468:
Gelbras, Vilya G. (2002), "Contemporary Chinese Migration to Russia", in Nyíri, Pál; Rostislavovič Savelev, Igor (eds.),
215:
3216:
1583:, 21st Century COE Program Slavic Eurasian Studies, Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 47–72
4949:
4545:
4267:
1191:
1000:""Русский китаец" Николай Иванович Тифонтай (Цзи Фэнтай)/The "Russian Chinese" Nikolay Ivanovich Tifontai (Ji Fengtai)"
304:
of 1897 showed a total of 57,459 Chinese speakers (47,431 male and 10,028 female), of whom 42,823 (74.5%) lived in the
123:
1805:
4999:
4811:
1760:
1742:
1697:
1541:
1504:
1477:
1459:
1422:
1495:
Larin, Victor (2006), "Chinese in the Russian Far East: Regional views", in Akaha, Tsuneo; Vassilieva, Anna (eds.),
218:
during the 1670s and 1680s; in 1685 the two sides agreed to meet for boundary negotiations. The result was the 1689
5014:
2248:
1561:, Crossroads in Northeast Asia, vol. 1, Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 67–93
674:, and a widespread folk belief states that the Chinese migrants remember the exact locations of their ancestors'
666:
Some Russians perceive hostile intent in the Chinese practise of using different names for local cities, such as
501:
489:
and approved the resumption of cross-border trade; immigration remained sluggish until 1988, when China and the
4613:
3978:
3506:
1867:
4934:
4331:
3843:
3576:
2969:
2897:
2142:
1988:
1312:
4680:
4525:
4466:
4461:
4373:
4169:
4164:
4154:
4046:
3532:
1889:
1551:
602:
132:
1573:
4828:
4695:
3816:
2213:
724:
682:
concern against the Chinese influx is described as less prevalent in the east, where most of the Chinese
641:
632:
514:
135:, but most go back and forth across the border without settling down in Russia; the Chinese community in
4979:
4872:
4851:
4789:
4784:
4690:
4685:
4492:
4208:
4144:
4113:
4092:
4082:
2048:
397:
shops, as well as engaging in streetside peddling. Outside of the cities, others engaged in mining and
199:
139:
has a higher proportion of long-term residents. Their number in Russia has been shrinking since 2013.
4806:
4796:
4779:
4758:
4753:
4574:
4429:
4174:
4149:
4118:
4066:
4061:
4030:
4015:
3971:
3718:
3571:
2137:
2013:
704:
1644:
4897:
4892:
4763:
4721:
4716:
4508:
4383:
4237:
4203:
4159:
4139:
4097:
3881:
2526:
749:
4856:
4846:
4487:
4482:
4409:
4087:
4051:
4025:
4020:
3601:
2271:
2170:
1662:
800:
709:
337:
87:
4944:
4711:
4191:
4056:
3362:
3198:
2089:
1684:. See section "Japanese Communities within the Russian Far East and Their Economic Activities".
618:
475:
286:
986:
4922:
3654:
3367:
3338:
3275:
2003:
1931:
1897:
967:
914:
898:
679:
510:
301:
222:, under which the Qing relented from their earlier claims of territory all the way up to the
119:
4608:
3801:
3412:
2603:
2053:
1978:
1936:
1432:
830:
246:
211:
4180:
999:
8:
4971:
4917:
4530:
4434:
4378:
4349:
4342:
4308:
4301:
3669:
3659:
3646:
3464:
3357:
3343:
2084:
2079:
2018:
1956:
1946:
1911:
1559:
Siberia and the Russian Far East in the 21st Century: Partners in the "Community of Asia"
657:
622:
585:
as well, the provincial government there is more interested in developing relations with
402:
261:
did not begin until the late 19th century. From 1878 until the early 1880s, thousands of
219:
509:
The total ethnic Chinese population in Russia is a somewhat controversial topic. In the
4882:
4642:
4424:
4404:
4399:
4272:
3952:
3876:
3821:
3713:
3640:
3556:
3040:
2203:
2123:
2033:
1998:
1636:
1380:
574:
451:
352:
257:
Large-scale migration from Qing territories to lands actually under the control of the
570:); their total population there is estimated at perhaps two or three thousand people.
4557:
4518:
4513:
4419:
4336:
4295:
4262:
4229:
3587:
3581:
3561:
3517:
3328:
3047:
2193:
2147:
2118:
2069:
2028:
1924:
1756:
1738:
1719:
1693:
1599:
1537:
1500:
1473:
1455:
1418:
1385:
1306:
628:
455:
433:
378:
329:
83:
1770:
4959:
4954:
4939:
4596:
4414:
4257:
4252:
4186:
3994:
3942:
3806:
3664:
3608:
3392:
3265:
3093:
2859:
2666:
2208:
2183:
2163:
2023:
1628:
1053:
719:
636:
fired first. The fighting escalated into a Soviet attempt to drive the Chinese off
567:
547:
543:
of long-term residents (those living in Russia for more than three years), at 34%.
467:
426:
317:
297:
231:
203:
107:
63:
59:
47:
1845:
1515:"Сколько в России китайских мигрантов? (How many Chinese migrants are in Russia?)"
1514:
1415:
Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States
1199:
1048:, p. 42. He points out that these naming practises are not unique to Russia;
4929:
4816:
4647:
4552:
4535:
3947:
3896:
3871:
3791:
3747:
3695:
3621:
3229:
3176:
3148:
3141:
3120:
3070:
3006:
2844:
2829:
2610:
2198:
2178:
2008:
1596:
Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational era
941:
687:
640:, a then-disputed island under de facto Chinese control. On the Chinese side, 51
598:
471:
437:
348:
239:
207:
171:
4657:
2872:
1819:
997:
4662:
4242:
3861:
3851:
3551:
3511:
3477:
3446:
3439:
3377:
3303:
3280:
3134:
3099:
2849:
2729:
2617:
2405:
2379:
2374:
1983:
1049:
660:
637:
394:
321:
305:
258:
175:
4652:
1735:
To the Harbin Station: the liberal alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898-1914
601:, while across the border, the population of the 6.2 million square kilometer
4993:
4579:
4287:
3886:
3837:
3723:
3684:
3679:
3635:
3524:
3459:
3454:
3432:
3407:
3387:
3270:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3127:
3033:
3026:
3012:
2834:
2815:
2810:
2797:
2687:
2680:
2555:
2446:
2415:
2229:
2110:
1971:
1919:
1663:"Dangerous Rapprochement: Russia and Japan in the First World War, 1914-1916"
1389:
699:
683:
505:
Chinese demonstration in 1932 in Moscow against Japanese aggression in China.
347:, several thousand of the Russian Empire's Chinese residents were brought to
187:
4625:
3937:
3674:
3260:
3183:
3113:
3083:
2954:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2805:
2749:
2653:
2640:
2575:
2487:
2482:
2468:
2317:
648:
578:
490:
282:
195:
191:
79:
2240:
647:
Additionally, the expanding Chinese presence in the area began to lead to
226:, in exchange for the destruction of Russian forts and settlements in the
4567:
3927:
3917:
3856:
3773:
3595:
3491:
3349:
3190:
3106:
3019:
2959:
2944:
2839:
2582:
2492:
2384:
2289:
2156:
714:
671:
652:
594:
590:
555:
481:
The most recent wave of immigration traces its origin back to 1982, when
406:
344:
325:
262:
250:
4635:
4618:
4589:
4562:
4540:
3796:
3729:
3703:
3689:
3484:
3382:
3323:
2993:
2949:
2769:
2759:
2474:
2420:
1640:
1452:
China inside out: contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism
551:
532:
482:
459:
418:
227:
223:
1838:"Национальный состав населения (Ethnic composition of the population)"
458:, many aspiring Chinese Communists went to study in Moscow, including
3932:
3762:
3737:
3616:
3470:
3333:
3298:
2982:
2867:
2821:
2673:
2569:
2561:
2435:
2430:
2330:
2302:
605:
declined from roughly nine million in 1991 to seven million in 2002.
559:
519:
278:
153:
1632:
328:
in the late 1880s on the grounds of the applicant's still wearing a
206:
until it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1858–1860 through the
4630:
3963:
3757:
3566:
3372:
3252:
3245:
2977:
2929:
2911:
2882:
2784:
2754:
2596:
2590:
2534:
2390:
2360:
2350:
2323:
2309:
2295:
1804:, Taipei: Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, 2005, archived from
1534:
The Communist Party of China and Marxism 1921-1985: A Self-Portrait
1497:
Crossing National Borders: human migration issues in Northeast Asia
524:
390:
309:
266:
167:
75:
296:
Separately, other groups of Chinese-speaking migrants went to the
4601:
4584:
3912:
3891:
3811:
3752:
3708:
3234:
3209:
3203:
3078:
3060:
3055:
2887:
2779:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2648:
2540:
2453:
2425:
2355:
2345:
2337:
1753:
The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster
1614:"Karakunuz: An Early Settlement of the Chinese Muslims in Russia"
675:
410:
333:
290:
274:
158:
1528:. This is a survey article, with links to original publications.
178:) in 1893. This photo of him was taken between 1905 and 1915 by
3866:
3767:
3742:
3402:
3397:
3239:
3224:
2905:
2774:
2764:
2724:
2695:
2658:
2634:
2626:
2547:
2463:
2440:
2397:
2129:
1892:
1450:
Breidenbach, Joana (2005), Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach (ed.),
539:
528:
486:
214:. The Russian trans-Ural expansion into the area resulted in a
163:
136:
127:
95:
43:
1433:"The Chinese Diaspora, Mongolia and the Sino-Russian Frontier"
3538:
3498:
3426:
3418:
3088:
3001:
2987:
2919:
2877:
2790:
2366:
1594:
Nyíri, Pál (2007), "Chinese in the Soviet Union, 1922-1989",
1499:, New York: United Nations University Press, pp. 47–67,
1376:"Vladivostok Lures Chinese Tourists (Many Think It's Theirs)"
586:
582:
398:
373:
270:
91:
1692:(reprint, illustrated ed.), Stanford University Press,
336:. Later, Tifontai was to play an important part in Russia's
3922:
1844:, Federal Service of State Statistics, 2002, archived from
1454:(illustrated ed.), Central European University Press,
1173:
351:
to work on the construction of fortifications. After the
1470:
Globalizing Chinese Migration: Trends in Europe and Asia
550:, the major urban centres of Chinese settlement include
538:
The two main Chinese communities of Russia are those in
831:""红茶大王"刘峻周与宁波/The "King of Tea" Liu Junzhou and Ningbo"
998:
Aleksandr Ivanovich Petrov/Александр Иванович ПЕТРОВ,
773:
771:
405:, they spread out into other urban centres, including
1611:
926:
1552:"Korean-Chinese Migration into the Russian Far East"
1513:Larin, Alexander (29 September – 12 October 2008),
768:
1708:"Does Chinese Migration Endanger Russian Security"
1246:
1244:
1094:
1092:
940:; the 1897 census did not distinguish speakers of
866:
864:
862:
236:Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River
1660:
1229:
952:
573:Most Chinese workers in the region come from the
377:A 1930s Soviet Chinese-language newspaper in the
4991:
1818:
1472:, London: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 100–107,
1079:
1077:
937:
811:
1768:
1241:
1184:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1089:
859:
777:
633:negotiations about regularization of the border
1836:
1755:, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 98–124,
1661:Saveliev, Igor R.; Pestushko, Yuri S. (2001),
1437:Japan Policy Research Institute Working Papers
762:
750:"Russian Census 2021: Population by ethnicity"
496:
285:, fleeing persecution in the aftermath of the
122:. However, this figure is contested, with the
3979:
2256:
1875:
1712:Briefing Papers of the Carnegie Moscow Centre
1074:
612:
450:Also starting from the time of Russia's 1917
1140:
1056:have also invented surnames in this fashion.
118:officially numbered 39,483 according to the
2270:
1705:
1490:, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University
1449:
1224:
978:
976:
910:
894:
464:President of the People's Republic of China
3986:
3972:
2263:
2249:
1882:
1868:
1295:, archived from the original on 2006-05-27
1164:
1162:
478:as a result of their foreign connections.
434:writing system based on the Latin alphabet
387:First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union
369:Deportation of Chinese in the Soviet Union
355:of 1917, a large number of ethnic Chinese
170:was invited to set up a tea plantation in
4563:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
1536:, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,
1280:
393:origin, who ran laundries, bakeries, and
1801:The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population
1612:Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer, Svetlana (1992),
1412:
1361:
1349:
1098:
973:
870:
500:
454:and continuing up until the 1950s-1960s
372:
157:
5010:Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
4974:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
1687:
1571:
1467:
1430:
1373:
1337:
1325:
1286:
1250:
1235:
1168:
1159:
1064:
1062:
963:
882:
853:
817:
801:"Indicators of International Migration"
678:patches, and seek to reclaim them. The
4992:
1531:
1289:"The Chinese are coming ... to Russia"
1220:
1218:
1216:
1122:
656:aim of permanent settlement, and even
3967:
2244:
1863:
1732:
1593:
1512:
1494:
1274:
1179:
1153:
1134:
1083:
1045:
1033:
1021:
982:
805:Current statistical survey, No. 2(97)
788:
357:participated in the Russian Civil War
3993:
1798:
1485:
1068:
1059:
631:reached its peak and Beijing-Moscow
180:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii
38:Regions with significant populations
1549:
1262:
1213:
13:
1750:
1110:
568:Chinese citizens of Korean descent
124:Overseas Community Affairs Council
14:
5036:
5005:Russian people of Chinese descent
1431:Bedeski, Robert (November 1999),
445:deported to other areas of Russia
147:
1891:
1769:Zayonchkovskaya, Zhanna (2004),
362:
194:of China ruled the territory of
1690:The Russian Far East: A History
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1268:
1256:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1039:
1027:
1015:
991:
957:
946:
931:
920:
904:
888:
876:
686:is actually occurring, than in
425:; some retained their fathers'
230:basin. However, under the 1860
2411:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
1579:, in Iwashita, Akihiro (ed.),
1572:Maxwell, Neville (June 2007),
1557:, in Iwashita, Akihiro (ed.),
1417:, Cambridge University Press,
1374:Higgins, Andrew (2016-07-23).
1287:Lintner, Bertil (2006-05-27),
847:
823:
793:
782:
756:
741:
1:
1737:, Stanford University Press,
1598:, Routledge, pp. 41–48,
1196:Asia Africa Intelligence Wire
953:Saveliev & Pestushko 2001
730:
33:19,644 (official census 2021)
4119:Democratic Republic of Congo
1706:Vitkovskaya, Galina (1999),
1198:. 2003-09-23. Archived from
603:Far Eastern Federal District
421:children tended to be given
133:Far Eastern Federal District
7:
5020:Chinese diaspora by country
1581:Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia
725:Vietnamese people in Russia
693:
627:During the 1960s, when the
515:Russian Academy of Sciences
497:Demography and distribution
289:; they became known as the
216:low level of armed conflict
10:
5041:
5025:Chinese diaspora in Europe
1405:
927:Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer 1992
616:
613:Allegations of irredentism
366:
316:Few of the Chinese in the
151:
142:
4968:
4910:
4865:
4839:
4772:
4746:
4739:
4704:
4673:
4501:
4475:
4454:
4447:
4392:
4366:
4286:
4228:
4221:
4132:
4106:
4075:
4039:
4008:
4001:
3905:
3830:
3316:
3289:
3069:
2968:
2896:
2858:
2715:
2704:
2278:
2222:
2062:
1904:
1688:Stephan, John J. (1996),
1311:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
705:Japanese people in Russia
318:Russian Empire's Far East
106:
101:
74:
69:
58:
53:
42:
37:
32:
27:
5000:Asian diaspora in Russia
1488:China's Language Reforms
735:
651:-style fears of Chinese
642:People's Liberation Army
116:Ethnic Chinese in Russia
23:Chinese people in Russia
5015:Ethnic groups in Russia
2272:Ethnic groups in Russia
1550:Lee, Jeanyoung (2005),
1532:Ladany, Laszlo (1992),
710:North Koreans in Russia
401:cultivation. Under the
88:Chinese Orthodox Church
1775:Otechestvennye Zapiski
1621:Asian Folklore Studies
1192:"A Chinese 'Invasion'"
619:Sino-Russian relations
506:
476:Anti-Rightist Movement
382:
183:
16:Ethnic group in Russia
1898:Immigration to Russia
1733:Wolff, David (1999),
1670:Acta Slavica Iaponica
938:Demoscope Weekly 2005
504:
376:
302:Russian Empire Census
162:Liu Junzhou (劉峻周) of
161:
102:Related ethnic groups
4727:United Arab Emirates
4619:Straits-Born Chinese
3831:Unrecognized peoples
3317:Other ethnic peoples
2604:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
1808:on November 23, 2013
778:Zayonchkovskaya 2004
247:Peter the Great Gulf
212:Convention of Peking
4972:overseas department
4278:Trinidad and Tobago
3906:Assimilated peoples
2499:Meadow-Eastern Mari
1718:(8), archived from
763:Russian Census 2002
623:Chinese irredentism
531:(7.2 million), and
403:New Economic Policy
287:Hui Minorities' War
220:Treaty of Nerchinsk
24:
4980:Hong Kong Diaspora
4248:Dominican Republic
3953:Siberian Bukharans
3089:Aukhovite Chechens
3041:Siberian Bukharans
2367:Aukhovite Chechens
1381:The New York Times
1071:, pp. 108–110
1004:Энциклопедия Китая
985:, pp. 15–16,
820:, pp. 104–106
575:northeast of China
507:
452:October Revolution
383:
353:October Revolution
338:economic expansion
334:baptized Christian
184:
174:(then part of the
22:
4987:
4986:
4926:
4906:
4905:
4825:
4735:
4734:
4614:Chinese nationals
4541:Peranakan Chinese
4443:
4442:
4356:by city and state
4352:
4345:
4311:
4304:
4217:
4216:
4124:Republic of Congo
3961:
3960:
3590:
3588:Astrakhan Kazakhs
3312:
3311:
3048:Zabolotnie Tatars
2527:Northwestern Mari
2238:
2237:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2132:
2113:
1975:
1605:978-0-415-44686-0
1486:Hsia, T. (1956),
1293:Asia Times Online
1054:Chinese Filipinos
629:Sino-Soviet split
527:(104.1 million),
456:Sino-Soviet split
423:Russian forenames
381:alphabetic script
379:Latinxua Sin Wenz
200:Russian Manchuria
113:
112:
84:Eastern Orthodoxy
5032:
4950:Papua New Guinea
4920:
4821:
4744:
4743:
4452:
4451:
4348:
4341:
4315:British Columbia
4307:
4300:
4226:
4225:
4006:
4005:
3995:Overseas Chinese
3988:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3877:Crimean Italians
3846:
3776:
3732:
3698:
3665:Meskhetian Turks
3649:
3630:
3611:
3609:Sakhalin Koreans
3604:
3586:
3541:
3527:
3520:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3421:
3393:Crimean Karaites
3352:
3255:
3248:
3219:
3212:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
2996:
2914:
2824:
2800:
2793:
2713:
2712:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2667:Astrakhan Tatars
2662:
2643:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2578:
2564:
2550:
2543:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2477:
2456:
2449:
2400:
2393:
2369:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2128:
2109:
1969:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1824:Demoscope Weekly
1815:
1814:
1813:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1765:
1747:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1702:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1643:, archived from
1618:
1608:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1519:Demoscope Weekly
1509:
1491:
1482:
1464:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1427:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:, pp. 61–63
1323:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1225:Vitkovskaya 1999
1222:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1138:
1137:, pp. 42–43
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
995:
989:
980:
971:
961:
955:
950:
944:
935:
929:
924:
918:
911:Breidenbach 2005
908:
902:
895:Breidenbach 2005
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
857:
856:, pp. 48–49
851:
845:
844:
843:
842:
827:
821:
815:
809:
808:
797:
791:
786:
780:
775:
766:
760:
754:
753:
745:
720:Sakhalin Koreans
548:Russian Far East
468:Chiang Ching-kuo
427:Chinese surnames
340:into Manchuria.
298:Russian Far East
232:Treaty of Peking
204:Russian Far East
108:Overseas Chinese
48:Russian Far East
28:Total population
25:
21:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5029:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4964:
4902:
4861:
4835:
4768:
4731:
4700:
4669:
4546:Bangka-Belitung
4536:Benteng Chinese
4497:
4471:
4439:
4388:
4362:
4282:
4213:
4128:
4102:
4071:
4035:
3997:
3992:
3962:
3957:
3901:
3872:Caucasus Greeks
3844:Afro-Abkhazians
3842:
3826:
3772:
3728:
3696:Kola Norwegians
3694:
3645:
3626:
3607:
3600:
3537:
3523:
3516:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3417:
3348:
3308:
3285:
3251:
3244:
3215:
3208:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3065:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3007:Siberian Tatars
2992:
2964:
2910:
2892:
2854:
2820:
2796:
2789:
2707:
2700:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2639:
2625:
2616:
2611:Baikal Cossacks
2609:
2602:
2595:
2581:
2574:
2560:
2546:
2539:
2525:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2473:
2452:
2445:
2396:
2389:
2365:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2239:
2234:
2218:
2058:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1809:
1784:
1782:
1763:
1745:
1725:
1723:
1700:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1633:10.2307/1178334
1616:
1606:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1544:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1480:
1462:
1442:
1440:
1425:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1050:Sino-Mauritians
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1006:
996:
992:
981:
974:
962:
958:
951:
947:
942:Dungan language
936:
932:
925:
921:
909:
905:
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
860:
852:
848:
840:
838:
835:Zhejiang Online
829:
828:
824:
816:
812:
799:
798:
794:
787:
783:
776:
769:
761:
757:
748:
746:
742:
738:
733:
696:
688:European Russia
625:
615:
599:Northeast China
535:(5.1 million).
499:
472:Chiang Kai-shek
438:for the Dungans
371:
365:
349:European Russia
308:alone. Chinese
306:Primorye region
240:Boxer Rebellion
208:Treaty of Aigun
156:
150:
145:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4985:
4984:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4923:from Hong Kong
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:Czech Republic
4875:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4823:from Hong Kong
4817:United Kingdom
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4343:from Hong Kong
4334:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4305:
4302:from Hong Kong
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Astrakhan Jews
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:Siberian Finns
3443:
3440:Murmansk Finns
3436:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3304:Tver Karelians
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:Kuban Cossacks
2614:
2607:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2509:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Crimean Tatars
2403:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2230:Black Africans
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1842:Russian Census
1834:
1816:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1766:
1761:
1748:
1743:
1730:
1703:
1698:
1685:
1658:
1627:(2): 243–279,
1609:
1604:
1591:
1569:
1547:
1542:
1529:
1510:
1505:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1465:
1460:
1447:
1428:
1423:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1240:
1228:
1212:
1183:
1172:
1158:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1088:
1073:
1058:
1038:
1026:
1014:
990:
972:
956:
945:
930:
919:
903:
887:
875:
858:
846:
822:
810:
792:
781:
767:
755:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
695:
692:
661:Vladimir Putin
638:Zhenbao Island
614:
611:
498:
495:
364:
361:
322:naturalization
259:Russian Empire
176:Russian Empire
149:
148:Russian Empire
146:
144:
141:
111:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
72:
71:
67:
66:
56:
55:
51:
50:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5037:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:United States
4335:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Pontic Greeks
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Mountain Jews
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:North Koreans
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3525:Volga Germans
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Georgian Jews
3505:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:Ingrian Finns
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Bukharan Jews
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:Kalmak Tatars
3031:
3028:
3027:Eushta Tatars
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:Baraba Tatars
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:Mishar Tatars
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:Mountain Mari
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2282:nationalities
2277:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2171:North Koreans
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1848:on 2009-02-01
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1762:0-7007-1690-4
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1744:0-8047-3266-3
1740:
1736:
1731:
1722:on 2007-04-16
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1699:0-8047-2701-5
1695:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1650:on 2007-06-30
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1543:962-209-305-1
1539:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1506:92-808-1117-7
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1479:0-7546-1793-9
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1461:963-7326-14-6
1457:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1424:0-521-84988-8
1420:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1362:Alekseev 2006
1358:
1351:
1350:Alekseev 2006
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1308:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1253:, p. 104
1252:
1247:
1245:
1238:, p. 106
1237:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1202:on 2006-03-15
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1125:, p. 156
1124:
1119:
1113:, p. 112
1112:
1107:
1100:
1099:Alekseev 2006
1095:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1005:
1001:
994:
988:
984:
979:
977:
969:
965:
960:
954:
949:
943:
939:
934:
928:
923:
916:
912:
907:
900:
896:
891:
884:
879:
873:, p. 111
872:
871:Alekseev 2006
867:
865:
863:
855:
850:
836:
832:
826:
819:
814:
806:
802:
796:
790:
785:
779:
774:
772:
764:
759:
752:(in Russian).
751:
744:
740:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:Dungan people
698:
697:
691:
689:
685:
684:shuttle trade
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
659:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
624:
620:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:, especially
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:
516:
512:
503:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
470:, the son of
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
375:
370:
363:Soviet Russia
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
281:Mountains to
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:escaped from
264:
260:
255:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
155:
140:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
109:
105:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
4975:
4887:
4197:Johannesburg
4192:South Africa
4179:
3675:Montenegrins
3546:
3363:Azerbaijanis
3199:Azerbaijanis
2654:Volga Tatars
2641:Tozhu Tuvans
2483:Komi-Permyak
2104:
2095:Bangladeshis
2090:Azerbaijanis
1850:, retrieved
1846:the original
1841:
1828:, retrieved
1826:, 2005-04-24
1823:
1810:, retrieved
1806:the original
1800:
1783:, retrieved
1778:
1774:
1752:
1734:
1724:, retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1711:
1689:
1678:, retrieved
1673:
1669:
1652:, retrieved
1645:the original
1624:
1620:
1595:
1585:, retrieved
1580:
1563:, retrieved
1558:
1533:
1522:, retrieved
1518:
1496:
1487:
1469:
1451:
1441:, retrieved
1436:
1414:
1393:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1364:, p. 95
1357:
1352:, p. 98
1345:
1340:, p. 67
1338:Maxwell 2007
1333:
1326:Maxwell 2007
1321:
1297:, retrieved
1292:
1282:
1277:, p. 50
1270:
1265:, p. 81
1258:
1251:Gelbras 2002
1236:Gelbras 2002
1231:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1195:
1186:
1175:
1169:Bedeski 1999
1156:, p. 49
1130:
1118:
1106:
1101:, p. 97
1086:, p. 44
1041:
1036:, p. 42
1029:
1024:, p. 41
1017:
1007:, retrieved
1003:
993:
964:Stephan 1996
959:
948:
933:
922:
906:
890:
885:, p. 56
883:Maxwell 2007
878:
854:Maxwell 2007
849:
839:, retrieved
837:, 2006-04-07
834:
825:
818:Gelbras 2002
813:
804:
795:
784:
765:, Table 4.01
758:
743:
680:identitarian
667:
665:
649:yellow peril
646:
626:
607:
579:Heilongjiang
572:
563:
545:
537:
518:
508:
491:Soviet Union
480:
449:
442:
431:
415:
384:
342:
315:
295:
283:Central Asia
256:
244:
196:East Tartary
192:Qing dynasty
185:
115:
114:
80:Christianity
19:Ethnic group
4945:New Zealand
4812:Netherlands
4636:Phuket Baba
4597:Philippines
4568:Sino-Native
4350:from Taiwan
4309:from Taiwan
4268:Puerto Rico
3857:Armeno-Tats
3774:Ural Swedes
3660:Macedonians
3655:Lithuanians
3492:Mingrelians
3368:Belarusians
3350:Cherkesogai
3020:Chat Tatars
2516: [
2502: [
2223:From Africa
2157:Koryo-saram
2004:Lithuanians
1932:Belarusians
1905:From Europe
1793:Data tables
1123:Ladany 1992
715:Koryo-saram
672:Vladivostok
653:irredentism
595:South Korea
556:Vladivostok
511:2002 Census
407:Novosibirsk
345:World War I
263:Hui Chinese
251:Vladivostok
120:2002 census
4994:Categories
4681:Bangladesh
4648:Minh Hương
4526:East Timor
4467:Kyrgyzstan
4462:Kazakhstan
4374:Costa Rica
4187:Seychelles
4170:Mozambique
4155:Madagascar
4047:Cape Verde
3817:Vietnamese
3802:Ukrainians
3730:Ruska Roma
3704:Pakistanis
3690:Norwegians
3647:Latgalians
3557:Hungarians
3518:Mennonites
3383:Bulgarians
3266:Tabasarans
2760:Kamchadals
2706:Indigenous
2475:Izhma Komi
2421:Kabardians
2214:Vietnamese
2189:Mongolians
2100:Cambodians
2054:Ukrainians
2009:Norwegians
1979:Hungarians
1937:Bulgarians
1852:2009-01-18
1830:2009-01-18
1812:2009-01-18
1785:2009-01-20
1726:2007-05-01
1680:2009-01-18
1654:2007-05-01
1587:2009-01-18
1565:2010-01-03
1524:2009-01-18
1443:2009-01-18
1395:2021-02-11
1299:2009-01-18
1275:Larin 2006
1206:2009-01-18
1180:Larin 2008
1154:Larin 2006
1135:Nyíri 2007
1084:Nyíri 2007
1046:Nyíri 2007
1034:Nyíri 2007
1022:Nyíri 2007
1009:2012-11-04
983:Wolff 1999
966:, p.
913:, p.
897:, p.
841:2009-04-16
789:Larin 2008
731:References
668:Hǎishēnwǎi
617:See also:
552:Khabarovsk
533:Ukrainians
483:Hu Yaobang
460:Liu Shaoqi
419:mixed-race
367:See also:
326:A.N. Korff
228:Amur River
224:Lena River
152:See also:
4918:Australia
4696:Sri Lanka
4609:Singapore
4531:Indonesia
4502:Southeast
4435:Venezuela
4400:Argentina
4379:Nicaragua
4319:Vancouver
4230:Caribbean
4165:Mauritius
3948:Pumpokols
3943:Meshchera
3763:Spaniards
3738:Romanians
3670:Moldovans
3617:Krymchaks
3552:Hamshenis
3471:Adjarians
3465:Georgians
3413:Estonians
3358:Assyrians
3344:Armenians
3334:Americans
3299:Besermyan
3217:Kubachins
3142:Chamalals
3121:Bagvalals
2983:Kumandins
2912:Hamnigans
2868:Izhorians
2860:Northwest
2830:Nganasans
2822:Khandeyar
2717:Far North
2688:Nağaybäks
2674:Kryashens
2570:Ossetians
2562:Khandeyar
2436:Karelians
2431:Karachays
2331:Telengits
2303:Natukhajs
2085:Assyrians
2080:Armenians
2063:From Asia
2039:Spaniards
2019:Romanians
1957:Georgians
1947:Estonians
1912:Albanians
1390:0362-4331
1069:Hsia 1956
658:president
564:joseonjok
560:Ussuriysk
520:Izvestiya
462:, future
359:as well.
279:Tian Shan
277:over the
154:Millionka
54:Languages
4976:See also
4873:Bulgaria
4852:Portugal
4840:Southern
4747:Northern
4691:Pakistan
4631:Chin Haw
4626:Thailand
4558:Malaysia
4514:Cambodia
4493:Mongolia
4425:Suriname
4273:Suriname
4222:Americas
4209:Zimbabwe
4145:Botswana
4133:Southern
4114:Cameroon
4093:Tanzania
4083:Ethiopia
3897:Sireniki
3838:Africans
3787:Turkmens
3758:Slovenes
3714:Persians
3641:Latvians
3572:Japanese
3567:Italians
3373:Bosniaks
3281:Tsakhurs
3253:Karagash
3246:Ak Nogai
3177:Khwarshi
3149:Godoberi
3135:Botlikhs
3100:Akhvakhs
3071:Dagestan
3061:Tofalars
2978:Kamasins
2930:Negidals
2898:Far East
2883:Vepsians
2845:Yukaghir
2785:Alyutors
2755:Itelmens
2730:Chukchis
2597:Cossacks
2591:Russians
2535:Mordvins
2391:Besleney
2385:Cherkess
2361:Chechens
2351:Bashkirs
2338:Tubalars
2324:Chelkans
2318:Altaians
2310:Shapsugs
2296:Bzhedugs
2204:Turkmens
2164:Sakhalin
2152:Koreans
2138:Japanese
2124:Iranians
2034:Slovenes
1999:Latvians
1994:Italians
1925:Scottish
1916:British
1307:citation
1263:Lee 2005
694:See also
525:Russians
485:visited
395:knitwear
391:Shandong
310:Honghuzi
267:Xinjiang
168:Zhejiang
76:Buddhism
70:Religion
4911:Oceania
4883:Romania
4866:Eastern
4807:Ireland
4802:Hungary
4797:Germany
4780:Belgium
4773:Western
4759:Finland
4754:Denmark
4663:San Diu
4643:Vietnam
4602:Sangley
4585:Panthay
4575:Myanmar
4519:Hokkien
4455:Central
4430:Uruguay
4367:Central
4325:Toronto
4263:Jamaica
4181:Réunion
4175:Namibia
4150:Lesotho
4107:Central
4067:Senegal
4062:Nigeria
4031:Morocco
4016:Algeria
3913:Agrzhan
3892:Qaratay
3882:Korlaks
3822:Yazidis
3812:Uyghurs
3753:Slovaks
3709:Pamiris
3628:Kurmanj
3596:Koreans
3582:Kazakhs
3562:Indians
3512:Germans
3478:Ingiloy
3408:Dungans
3378:Britons
3329:Afghans
3235:Lezgins
3210:Kaitags
3204:Dargins
3170:Karatas
3163:Hunzibs
3156:Hinukhs
3128:Bezhtas
3079:Abazins
3056:Teleuts
2970:Siberia
2888:Votians
2835:Selkups
2780:Koryaks
2745:Dolgans
2740:Chuvans
2735:Chulyms
2708:peoples
2649:Udmurts
2541:Mokshas
2454:Abugach
2447:Koibals
2426:Kalmyks
2380:Chuvash
2375:Chukchi
2356:Buryats
2346:Balkars
2280:Titular
2194:Nepalis
2148:Kazakhs
2119:Indians
2111:Dungans
2105:Chinese
2070:Afghans
2029:Slovaks
1962:Germans
1920:English
1676:: 19–41
1641:1178334
1406:Sources
1111:Yu 2002
807:. 2016.
676:ginseng
546:In the
411:Barnaul
385:In the
343:During
291:Dungans
275:Ningxia
172:Georgia
143:History
64:Russian
60:Chinese
4935:Hawaii
4898:Turkey
4893:Serbia
4888:Russia
4829:London
4785:France
4764:Sweden
4740:Europe
4722:Turkey
4717:Israel
4580:Kokang
4509:Brunei
4415:Guyana
4405:Brazil
4384:Panama
4332:Mexico
4296:Canada
4253:Guyana
4238:Belize
4204:Zambia
4160:Malawi
4140:Angola
4098:Uganda
4002:Africa
3933:Muroma
3867:Buzava
3807:Uzbeks
3782:Tajiks
3768:Swedes
3743:Rusyns
3636:Kyrgyz
3533:Greeks
3460:Gagauz
3455:French
3403:Czechs
3398:Cubans
3324:Abkhaz
3271:Talysh
3261:Rutuls
3240:Nogais
3225:Kumyks
3184:Tindis
3114:Archis
3084:Aghuls
3002:Soyots
2940:Orochs
2935:Nivkhs
2906:Evenks
2850:Yupiks
2816:Nenets
2811:Naukan
2798:Karaga
2775:Khanty
2765:Kereks
2725:Aleuts
2696:Yakuts
2659:Tatars
2635:Tuvans
2627:Pomors
2576:Digors
2556:Nenets
2548:Erzyas
2464:Khanty
2441:Khakas
2416:Ingush
2398:Ademey
2290:Adyghe
2209:Uzbeks
2184:Kyrgyz
2130:Tajiks
2044:Swedes
1972:Pontic
1967:Greeks
1952:French
1759:
1741:
1696:
1639:
1602:
1540:
1503:
1476:
1458:
1421:
1388:
558:, and
540:Moscow
529:Tatars
487:Harbin
466:, and
300:; the
273:, and
188:Manchu
164:Ningbo
137:Moscow
128:Taiwan
96:Taoism
44:Moscow
4960:Tonga
4955:Samoa
4940:Palau
4857:Spain
4847:Italy
4790:Paris
4686:India
4674:South
4590:Pashu
4488:Korea
4483:Japan
4410:Chile
4393:South
4288:North
4258:Haiti
4088:Kenya
4052:Ghana
4026:Libya
4021:Egypt
4009:North
3938:Merya
3928:Kotts
3918:Asans
3852:Ainus
3792:Turks
3748:Serbs
3719:Poles
3685:Mugat
3622:Kurds
3539:Urums
3499:Svans
3427:Finns
3419:Setos
3339:Arabs
3291:Other
3107:Andis
3094:Avars
2988:Shors
2960:Ulchs
2955:Udege
2945:Oroks
2925:Nanai
2920:Evens
2878:Setos
2840:Yughs
2806:Mansi
2791:Apuka
2750:Enets
2583:Irons
2520:]
2506:]
2488:Mansi
2199:Turks
2179:Kurds
2075:Arabs
2049:Swiss
2024:Serbs
2014:Poles
1984:Irish
1942:Danes
1666:(PDF)
1648:(PDF)
1637:JSTOR
1617:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
736:Notes
591:North
587:Japan
583:Jilin
399:opium
330:queue
271:Gansu
249:, in
190:-led
92:Islam
4930:Fiji
4712:Iran
4705:West
4658:Nùng
4653:Ngái
4553:Laos
4476:East
4448:Asia
4420:Peru
4243:Cuba
4076:East
4057:Mali
4040:West
3923:Chud
3797:Udis
3724:Roma
3577:Jews
3276:Tats
3230:Laks
3191:Tsez
2873:Sámi
2770:Kets
2657:(as
2493:Mari
2469:Komi
2143:Jews
1989:Jews
1781:(19)
1757:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1439:(62)
1419:ISBN
1386:ISSN
1313:link
1052:and
670:for
621:and
593:and
589:and
409:and
210:and
186:The
4970:An
3547:Han
3485:Laz
2994:Aba
2950:Taz
1629:doi
987:199
202:in
198:or
126:of
4996::
4978::
2518:ru
2504:ru
1840:,
1822:,
1777:,
1773:,
1714:,
1710:,
1674:18
1672:,
1668:,
1635:,
1625:51
1623:,
1619:,
1517:,
1435:,
1384:.
1378:.
1309:}}
1305:{{
1291:,
1243:^
1215:^
1194:.
1161:^
1142:^
1091:^
1076:^
1061:^
1002:,
975:^
968:65
915:90
899:89
861:^
833:,
803:.
770:^
690:.
554:,
293:.
269:,
242:.
166:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
62:,
46:,
4925:)
4921:(
4321:)
4317:(
3987:e
3980:t
3973:v
2661:)
2264:e
2257:t
2250:v
1974:)
1970:(
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1779:4
1716:1
1631::
1398:.
1315:)
1209:.
747:[
566:(
182:.
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