Etchmiadzin Cathedral

2098: 1508: 1054: 11286: 748: 12390: 1083: 1615: 1178: 742: 1834: 590: 599: 526: 1532: 735: 565: 1361: 1633: 2499: 1810: 1846: 1642: 1014: 118: 1624: 3389: 1692: 550: 2511: 1822: 1520: 2267: 2137: 808: 1881: 1789: 3393: 11277: 40: 12569: 959: 12324: 1038:, during which the cathedral remained intact. The renovations resumed under Catholicos Pilippos (1632–55), who built new cells for monks and renovated the roof. During this century, belfries were added to many Armenian churches. In 1653–54, he started the construction of the belfry in the western wing of Etchmiadzin Cathedral. It was completed in 1658 by Catholicos Hakob IV Jugayetsi. Decades later, in 1682, Catholicos Yeghiazar constructed smaller bell towers with red 11269: 1166: 1798: 1337: 1867: 1262: 1556: 125: 12552: 12507: 1544: 1989:, who was the first European to thoroughly study Armenian architecture and place Armenia in the center of European architecture, suggested that several churches and chapels in Western Europe have been influenced by the cathedrals of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran due to similarities found within their plans. According to Strzygowski, some examples of churches influenced by Etchmiadzin and Bagaran are the 9th-century church of 12495: 11294: 12535: 2081: 10880: 1006:. Etchmiadzin was not moved, possibly because of the high costs. In the event, only some important stones—the altar, the stone where Jesus Christ descended according to tradition, and Armenian Church's holiest relic, the Right Arm of Gregory the Illuminator—were moved to New Julfa. They were incorporated in the local Armenian 2053:). Recognized as a national monument in 1983 by the Soviet Armenian government, this designation was reaffirmed by the government of Armenia in 2002. Joint councils consisting of the Ministry of Culture and the Armenian Apostolic Church are responsible for regulating its conservation, rehabilitation, and usage. In 2000 the 2258:, the Soviets often promoted its antiquity. A 1982 Soviet guidebook called it the "first Christian church to be built on the territory of the Soviet Union", while travel writer Georgi Kublitsky wrote in 1984 that the cathedral is "believed by some to be the oldest extant building on Soviet territory." 1746:

ornamentations. Bryce and Villari found the interior impressive, while Lynch called it "sufficiently remarkable". Porter found the interior "dark and gloomy" with the "ill-drawn, and worse-coloured" paintings and "dingy fresco" adding to the "gloom, without increasing the solemnity." Telfer described

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believed that they are from the fifth or sixth century. Grigoryan insisted that the reliefs were created in the early fourth century and were part of the original building of Gregory the Illuminator. According to Hasratyan, they are the earliest reliefs on the cathedral's walls and among the earliest

702:]" or "Descended the Only Begotten". However, the name Etchmiadzin did not come into use until the 15th century, while earlier sources call it "Cathedral of Vagharshapat." The Feast of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin (Տոն Կաթողիկե Սբ. Էջմիածնի) is celebrated by the Armenian Church 64 days after 1141:

The cathedral prospered under Russian rule, despite the suspicions that the Imperial Russian government had about Etchmiadzin becoming a "possible center of the Armenian nationalist sentiment." Formally, Etchmiadzin became the religious center of the Armenians living within the Russian Empire by the

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and mostly took its current form. The new church was very different from the original one and "consisted of quadric-apsidal hall built of dull, grey stone containing four free-standing cross-shaped pillars disdained to support a stone cupola." The new cathedral was "in the form of a square enclosing

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inscriptions that contain several names, including Arxia, Elpid, Daniel, Tirer, and Garikinis, none of whom have been identified. The last two are interpreted to be the Armenian names Tirayr and Garegin. The stones measure 52 by 69 cm (20 by 27 in) and 47 by 66 cm (19 by 26 in).

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The Shah wanted to "dispel Armenian hopes of returning to their homeland" by moving the religious center of the Armenians to Iran in order to provide Persia with a strong Armenian presence. He wanted to destroy the cathedral and have it physically transferred to the newly founded Armenian community

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As the center of Armenian Christianity, Etchmiadzin has been an important location in Armenia not only religiously, but also politically and culturally. A major pilgrimage site, it is one of the most visited places in the country. Along with several important early medieval churches located nearby,

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Etchmiadzin, but failed. A few days after the attempt, the Russians returned to Etchmiadzin, where they caught a different Persian force by surprise and routed them. Tsitsianov's forces entered Etchmiadzin, which, according to Auguste Bontems-Lefort, a contemporary French military envoy to Persia,

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took actions in preserving the cathedral. In 1770, Simeon I established a publishing house near Etchmiadzin, the first in Armenia. During Simeon's reign, the monastery was completely walled and separated from the city of Vagharshapat. Catholicos Ghukas (Lucas) continued the renovations in 1784–86.

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suggested that the cathedral was built in 303 within seven months because the building was not huge and probably, partially made of wood. He also argued that the foundation of the preexisting temple could have been preserved. Vahagn Grigoryan dismisses these dates as implausible and states that at

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Although the cathedral was renovated many times through the centuries and significant additions were made in the 17th and 19th centuries, it largely retains the form of the building constructed in 483/4, especially the floor plan. The fifth-century building is the core of the cathedral, while the

2967:"...at Germigny-des-Prés (on the Loire, near Orleans) is an exact reproduction of the Armenian apse-buttressed square with free central pillars, dating from the ninth century. The latter type occurs also at Milan (San Satiro). In both cases the plan closely resembles that of Bagaran in Armenia." 1030:

Since 1627, the cathedral underwent a major renovation under Catholicos Movses (Moses), when the dome, ceiling, roof, foundations and paving were repaired. At this time, cells for monks, a guesthouse and other structures were built around the cathedral. Additionally, a wall was built around the

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The cathedral's core is built in grey stone, while the 17th century additions in bright red. The rear extension, added by Catholicos Gevorg IV in 1868, was criticized by 19th century visitors for being out of harmony with the rest of the church. Telfer described it as being "in exquisitely bad

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was replaced by stone slabs. In 2003 the 1700th anniversary of the consecration of the cathedral was celebrated by the Armenian Church. Catholicos Karekin II declared 2003 the Year of Holy Etchmiadzin. In September of that year an academic conference on the cathedral was held at the Pontifical

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was elected after the seven-year vacancy of the position. The number of baptisms conducted at Etchmiadzin rose greatly: from 200 in 1949 to around 1,700 in 1951. Nevertheless, the cathedral's role was downplayed by the Communist official circles. "For them the ecclesiastical Echmiadzin belongs

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decided to close down the monastery, but the central Soviet government seemingly did not approve of such a measure. Isolated from the outside world, the cathedral barely continued to function and its administrators were reduced to some twenty people. It was reportedly the only church in Soviet

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bishops enhanced the importance of the region around Etchmiadzin. In 1441 a general council of several hundred religious figures met in Etchmiadzin and voted to reestablish a catholicosate there. The cathedral was restored by Catholicos Kirakos (Cyriacus) between 1441 and 1443. At that time

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In 1903, the Russian government issued an edict to confiscate the properties of the Armenian Church, including the treasures of Etchmiadzin. Russian policemen and soldiers entered and occupied the cathedral. Due to popular resistance and the personal defiance of Catholicos

771:, uncovered the remains of the original fourth-century building, including two levels of pillar bases below the current ones and a narrower altar apse under the present one. Based on these findings, Sahinian asserted that the original church had been a three-naved vaulted 1683:

inscription, which was reported by foreign travelers and scholars throughout the 19th century. According to Simon Maghakyan, the bell was removed in the late 1930s by the Soviets and has disappeared without a trace. The inscription survives as a copy in an 1890 book by

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went so far as to call it a "tiny chapel". Grigoryan argued that it is one of the largest churches of its time and, overall, one of the largest churches in Armenia. Two Soviet authors described it as a "massive cube surmounted by a faceted cone on a simple cylinder."

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Stepanos Lehatsi (Stephen of Poland) painted the belfry in 1664. The early frescoes inside the cathedral were restored in the 18th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Armenian painters created frescoes of scenes from the old testament and Armenian saints.

2077:. The UNESCO highlights that the cathedral and churches "graphically illustrate the evolution and development of the Armenian central-domed cross-hall type of church, which exerted a profound influence on architectural and artistic development in the region." 6864: 1919: 2523: 11746: 634:, become the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Armenian church tradition places the cathedral's foundation between 301 and 303. It was built near the royal palace in what was then the Armenian capital of 6099: 1304:

irrevocably to the past, and even if the monastery and the cathedral are occasionally the scene of impressive ceremonies including the election of a new catholicos, this has little importance from the communist point of view," wrote

2184:" as it is a major pilgrimage site for Armenians worldwide. Since the cathedral has been so important to the development of Armenians' sense of identity, a pilgrimage to Etchmiadzin is "as much as ethnic as a religious experience." 525: 492:, the administrative headquarters of the Armenian Apostolic Church, in the town dually known as Vagharshapat or Etchmiadzin (Ejmiatsin). For much of its history, the complex around the cathedral, which includes the residence of the 8018: 2578: 1496:

agreed; he noted that it is "neither the largest nor the most beautiful of Armenian churches", nevertheless, "the overall impression presented by the ensemble is inspiring, and Armenians hold the building in great reverence."

9438:"Ագաթանգեղոսի "Հայոց պատմությունը" և Հայաստանի վաղ միջնադարի ճարտարապետության ուսումնասիրության խնդիրները [Agathangeghos's "History of Armenia" and Problems in the Study of the Early Medieval Armenian Architecture]" 8692:"Կոստանդնուպոլսի Տիեզերական Պատրիարք Բարդուղիմեոս Առաջինի այցը Հայաստան և Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ էջմիածին, քրիստոնեության Հայաստանում պետական կրոն հռչակման 1700-ամյակի եզրափակիչ տոնակատարություններին մասնակցելու համար - Էջմիածին" 9677:"Вопросы формирования Эчмиадзинского кафедрала в контексте эволюции крестовокупольных систем [Structural Principles of the Cathedral of Echmiadzin within the Context of Developing Systems of Cross-Shaped Cupolas]" 1717:

khan." Martin proposed an alternative theory; suggesting that the bell may have originally been housed at a Buddhist temple in the area and was later salvaged and transferred to Etchmiadzin or may have been brought from

764:, who does not mention the cathedral in an episode that took place in 306 and suggests the usage of the span of 302 to 325—the reign of Gregory the Illuminator as Catholicos as the dates of the cathedral's construction. 7154:"Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Արմավիրի Մարզի Պատմության և Մշակույթի Անշարժ Հուշարձանների Պետական Ցուցակը [List of the Immovable Historical And Cultural Monuments in the Armavir Province of the Republic of Armenia]" 902:

sometime in the 460s–470s or 484, the cathedral never lost its significance and remained "one of the greatest shrines of the Armenian Church." The last known renovations until the 15th century were made by Catholicos

2439:(2016) have visited Etchmiadzin. Francis gave a prayer at the cathedral on 24 June 2016, where he called the cathedral "a witness to the history of your people and the centre from which its spirituality radiates." 10057: 2195:

For many centuries, Etchmiadzin was the national and political center of the stateless Armenian people, with one journalist describing it as "the focal point of Armenians everywhere." Before the foundation of the

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it as "gloomy, ineffective, and entirely deficient in any fascinating touches of architectural force and decoration". Bryce said it had a "certain sombre dignity, and an air of hoar antiquity about everything."

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Etchmiadzin slowly recovered its religious importance during World War II. The Holy See's official magazine resumed publication in 1944, while the seminary was reopened in September 1945. In 1945 Catholicos

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in an effort to undermine Armenians' attachment to their land. Since then the cathedral has undergone a number of renovations. Belfries were added in the latter half of the seventeenth century and in 1868 a

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in the mid-1950s, following Stalin's death. Archaeological excavations were held in 1955–56 and in 1959; the cathedral underwent a major renovation during this period. Wealthy diaspora benefactors, such as

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In the 19th century, during an architectural revival that looked back to Armenia's past, Etchmiadzin's plan was directly copied in new Armenian churches. Some notable examples from this period include the

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refugees. At the end of 1918, there were about 70,000 refugees in the Etchmiadzin district. A hospital and an orphanage within the cathedral's grounds were established and maintained by the U.S.-based

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family (Hakob, Harutyun and Hovnatan) created paintings throughout the 18th century. Their work was continued by the succeeding generations of the same family (Mkrtum and Hakob) in the 19th century.

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In the 19th century, Armenian architecture was usually seen as a "provincial extension of Byzantine architecture" and Byzantine influence was "somewhat exaggerated by 19th century archeologists."

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dated to the 8th-6th centuries BC was excavated under the main altar in the 1950s. Also excavated under the altar was an amphora, which has been interpreted to have been a part of a fire temple.

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region. A 2020 book on the cathedral, authorized by the Armenian Church, insisted that Etchmiadzin is the first church of Christian Armenia, although earlier Christian places of worship such as

1130:'s troops without fight and was formally annexed by Russia, with the Persian-controlled parts of Armenia, roughly corresponding to the territory of the modern Republic of Armenia (also known as 6931: 2562: 1923: 2586: 3419: 3160: 1432:), but are "fundamentally Hellenistic" in their "formal structure and proportional relationships." Similarly, Hewsen suggested that the design of the core of the church is a mixture of a 508:). Its external appearance led 19th century visitors to widely compare it to a fortress. The walled monastery, a vast quadrangular enclosure, could have been accessed through four gates. 918:

to compose one of his better known poems, "Lament on Behalf of the Cathedral", in 1300. In the poem, which tells about the consequences of the Mongol and Mamluk invasions of Armenia and

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The Crimea and Transcaucasia, being the narrative of a journey in the Kouban, in Gouria, Georgia, Armenia, Ossety, Imeritia, Swannety, and Mingrelia, and in the Tauric Range. Volume I

4953: 5324:"Եկեղեցու սեփականության բռնագրավումը Խորհրդային Հայաստանում (1920 թ. դեկտեմբեր – 1921 թ. փետրվար) [Expropriation of church in Soviet Armenia (December 1920 – February 1921)]" 850:. Etchmiadzin became part of the Persian-controlled east, under the rule of Armenian vassal kings until 428, when the Armenian Kingdom was dissolved. In 450, in an attempt to impose 2590: 922:, Orbelian portrays Etchmiadzin Cathedral "as a woman in mourning, contemplating her former splendor and exhorting her children to return to their homeland and restore its glory." 3390:"Էջմիածնի կաթողիկոսության հիմնադրման քաղաքական և աստվածաբանական հանգամանքները [Theological and political circumstances of the foundation of the Etchmiadzin Catholicosate]" 9824:"Շահ Աբաս Ա-ի հակաօսմանեան քաղաքականութիւնը եւ Նոր Ջուղայի մայր տաճարի կառուցումը The anti-Ottoman policy of Shah Abbas I and the construction of the Cathedral of New Julfa]" 1401:, its dome was originally wooden and was replaced with a stone one in a subsequent renovation. Portions of the northern and eastern walls of the original building have survived. 12462: 5473:

Crisis in the Armenian church: text of a memorandum to the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America on the dissident Armenian Church in America

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The latest renovation of the cathedral began in 2012, with a focus on strengthening and restoring the dome and the roof. Its ceremonial reopening is set for September 29, 2024.

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erected on a cross ," while Vahagn Grigoryan proposes what Mnatsakanian describes as an "extreme view," that the cathedral has been essentially in the same form as it is today.

564: 2570: 2641:, footage of the cathedral is shown when Azad Zakarian, the main character and a son of Armenian genocide survivors, is being questioned about his faith in a Catholic school. 671:

had a divine vision descending from heaven and striking the earth with a golden hammer to show where the cathedral should be built. Later tradition associated the figure with

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Armenia not to have been seized by the Communist government. The dissident anti-Soviet Armenian diocese in the US wrote that "the great cathedral became a hollow monument."

9157: 7447: 6455:"Многие годы над Первопрестольным Эчмиадзином раздавались звуки священной мантры [For Many Years, Sacred Mantra Sounds Reverberate Over Mother See of Etchmiadzin]" 9738:"Մոդուլային համակարգը Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարի V դարի գմբեթակիր կառուցվածքում [The Module System in the 5th Century Cupola Structures of the Cathedral of Echmiadzin]" 2714:

The city has been called Vagharshapat for the most of its history. It was officially called Etchmiadzin or Ejmiatsin between 1945 and 1995. Nowadays, both names are used

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noted that it is "built of excellent materials, and in a most solid manner." Bryce found little distinctive about its exterior and Lynch did not admire its architecture.

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they looted, seriously damaging the Armenian religious buildings. Shortly after, the Russians were forced to withdraw from the area as a result of the successful Persian

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Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.

5661: 515:), which by Lynch's measurements in the 1890s, was 349 feet 6 inches (106.53 m) by 335 feet 2 inches (102.16 m), making it larger than the 10015: 9336: 8659: 8801: 5640:"Գիտաժողով՝ նվիրված Սուրբ Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճարի օծման 1700-ամյակին [Academic conference on the 1700th anniversary of the consecration of Etchmiadzin Cathedral]" 4010:"Հոգևոր ավանդույթների ժառանգությունը (Պտղաբերության պաշտամունքից մինչև քրիստոնեություն) [Heritage of spiritual heritage (From fertility cult to Christianity)]" 2839:"In 483/484 ... the basic core of the current structure was created..." "483–484 Reconstructed by Vahan Mamikonyan. Etchmiadzin develops the design we see today." 2830:

The remains of the 4th century apse, the fire temple and other architectural details are now kept at a special structure built relatively recently under the east apse.

1119:. According to Bontems-Lefort, the Russian behaviour at Etchmiadzin contrasted with that of the Persian king, who treated the local Christian population with respect. 10216: 10209:Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն հատոր II. Հայաստանը վաղ ֆեոդալիզմի ժամանակաշրջանում [History of the Armenian People Volume II: Armenia in the Early Age of Feudalism] 1914: 4053: 1277:

policies in the late 1930s, the cathedral was a "besieged institution as the campaign was underway to eradicate religion." The repressions climaxed when Catholicos

8284: 7683: 6497: 6462: 3935:, p. 37: "Churches replaced old pagan shrines in Ani and Vagharshapat; in the latter, the temple of Anahit was replaced by the Cathedral of Holy Echmiadzin... 6578: 2852:. The complete title is "Allegorical prosopopoeia on the Holy Cathedral at Vagharshapat" («Բան բարառնական ոդեալ դիմառնաբար ի դիմաց Վաղարշապատու ս. Կաթուղիկէին», 10530: 8507: 6522:(1837). "Note sur quelques monnaies géorgiennes du Musée asiatique et sur une inscription tibétaine d'Edchmiadzin ; par M. Brosset (lu le 25 août 1837) ". 6627: 6340: 7896:, p. 150: "Таким образом, первое церковное здание в стране было возведено именно в Аштишате, а не в Вагаршапате, как это иногда отмечается в литературе." 12409: 9276: 9181:"Гербы городов Грузино-Имеретинской губернии Российской империи [Coats of arms of the cities of the Georgian-Imereti province of the Russian Empire]" 8258: 7196: 3518: 2873: 9244: 4451: 1157:, a theological school-college located on the cathedral's premises. Catholicos Markar I undertook the restoration of the interior of the cathedral in 1888. 12629: 10567: 6552: 1405:

argued that Etchmiadzin holds a unique position in Armenian (and non-Armenian) architecture history because it reproduces features of different periods of

4028: 11656: 9968:Եկայք շինեսցուք: Պատմութիւն Ս. Էջմիածնի Մայր Աթոռի շինարարական գործունէութեան Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Վազգէն Առաջինի գահակալութեան շրջանում (1955–1988) 1587:

are on the northern wall, which Vahagn Grigoryan has described as the most discussed sculptures of early medieval Armenia. One depicts a standing Saint

10891: 7175: 4894: 6927: 6336: 5863: 5551: 12594: 12414: 8309: 747: 9610:"Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարի ճարտարապետությունը Ղազար Փարպեցու օրոք [The Architecture of the Echmiadzin Cathedral in the Time of Lazarus Parpetsi]" 432:

after the cathedral was severely damaged in a Persian invasion. From its foundation until the second half of the fifth century, Etchmiadzin was the

12599: 12003: 4296: 3887: 3415: 468:. Diminished during the early Soviet period, Etchmiadzin revived again in the second half of the twentieth century, and under independent Armenia. 7274: 1053: 12057: 11908: 11462: 10622: 6767: 9226: 8718:"Անտիոքի և Համայն Արևելքի Ասորի Ուղղափառ Եկեղեցու պետ Նորին Սրբություն Իգնատիոս Զաքքա Ա Իվաս Պատրիարքի այցը Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ էջմիածին - Էջմիածին" 7045: 2029:, Etchmiadzin's design was spread to Europe via the Eastern Roman Empire and served as a model—besides Germigny-des-Prés and San Satiro—for the 12624: 11652: 9921: 9779: 9597: 8753: 7562: 7525: 6218: 5222: 2597: 2204:

as its capital in 1918, Western sources emphasized Etchmiadzin's political significance. A 1920 book prepared by the Historical Section of the

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In 2000 Etchmiadzin underwent a renovation prior to the celebrations of the 1700th anniversary of the Christianization of Armenia in 2001. Its

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monthly, the official periodical of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin founded in 1944, features the cathedral on its cover page as the logo.

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said its architecture is "of a rude character, when compared with even the roughest styles of Gothic churches that may be seen in England." A

148: 12435: 11984: 11478: 11245: 9477:"Մայր տաճարի հնագույն երեք քանդակների թվագրման խնդիրը [The Problem of Dating the Three Earliest Reliefs of the Echmiadzin Cathedral]" 3164: 12558: 11664: 5280:

Armenian victories at Khznavous and Sardarabad on May 23, 1918: and program for re-establishment of independent and neutral state of Armenia

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and is used for blessing offerings. He argued that the inscription suggests that the bell was a consecrated Buddhist object. An evidence of

4471:"Հայրապետական աթոռի' Վաղարշապատից Դվին տեղափոխման հարցի շուրջ [About Transfer of the Patriarchal Throne to Dvin from Vagharshapat]" 2108:

The museum of the cathedral has numerous items on display, including manuscripts and religious objects. Among its notable exhibits are the

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argues that although Etchmiadzin was not the original center of the Armenian Church (which was and remained in Ashtishat until after the

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Echmiadzin, in the Government of Erivan, the residence of the Armenian Patriarch, was regarded as the national capital of the Armenians.

3294: 2806:" and wrote that the word was used particularly for Etchmiadzin Cathedral. In modern Armenian, "katoghike" is also used to refer to the 11853: 11680: 11547: 11032: 10831: 10615: 5921: 2049:

The cathedral and the surrounding complex covers an area of 16.4 hectares (41 acres) and is property of the Armenian Apostolic Church (

741: 52: 9548:"Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարի հիմնական վերանորոգումը (1954–1955) [Fundamental restoration of Echmiadzin Cathedral temple (1954–1955)]" 862:

inside the cathedral. The pyre of the fire temple was unearthed under the altar of the east apse during the excavations in the 1950s.

10474: 7857: 4976: 2547: 1424:-era Byzantine architecture of Constantinople. He argued that they are local creations that borrow technical elements from the East ( 1286: 914:

Over the course of these centuries of neglect, the cathedral deteriorated to such an extent that it inspired the renowned archbishop

443:

Although never losing its significance, the cathedral subsequently suffered centuries of virtual neglect. In 1441 it was restored as

9948: 9417: 4918: 4197: 4094: 1226:

for security purposes, but he refused. The Armenian forces eventually repelled the Turkish offensive and set the foundations of the

827:

in the 360s (circa 363). Due to Armenia's unfavorable economic conditions, the cathedral was renovated only partially by Catholicoi

12604: 12052: 11823: 11343: 5606: 5453: 5639: 5624: 496:(patriarch), was known as the Monastery of Etchmiadzin. It was formerly surrounded by 30 ft (9.1 m) high walls, made of 12371: 12109: 11927: 11307: 9280: 9149: 7437: 5722:

Wharton, Alyson (2014). "Identity and Style: Armenian-Ottoman Churches in the Nineteenth Century". In Mohammad, Gharipour (ed.).

3988: 6815: 1385:, which are semicircular on the interior and polygonal on the exterior. Its roof is mostly flat, except the conspicuous central 791:

and Armen Khatchatrian held that the original church had been in the form of a rectangle with a dome supported by four pillars.

12313: 11968: 11506: 11249: 7633:...he built the Cathedral of Etchmiadzin (The descent of the Only Begotten). It is the oldest Christian Cathedral in existence. 7153: 464:(museum and room of relics) was constructed at the cathedral's east end. Today, it incorporates styles of different periods of 416:

The original church was built in the early fourth century—between 301 and 303 according to tradition—by Armenia's patron saint

117: 8463: 5671: 11502: 10422: 10396: 10374: 10318: 10285: 10266: 10244: 10177: 10009: 9995: 9984: 9324: 8407: 8154: 8122: 7928: 7786: 7727: 7413: 7404: 7251: 7242: 7225:(2007). "The territorial dimension: holy places and sacred spaces". In Young, Mitchell; Zuelow, Eric; Sturm, Andreas (eds.). 6966: 5814: 5428: 5391: 5287: 5149: 4864: 4798: 4768: 4732: 4704: 4545: 4520: 4367: 4280: 4135: 3957: 3821: 3788: 3750: 3692: 3278: 3241: 3177: 1035: 991: 8292: 8197: 5662:"Խորհրդակցություն Մայր տաճարի վերականգնման հարցերի շուրջ [Consultation on the Mother Cathedral's restoration issue]" 4147: 1492:

opined that it is "unusual and interesting rather than beautiful, and altogether inferior to many other Armenian churches."

1218:, which took place just miles away from the cathedral, the civilian and military leadership of Armenia suggested Catholicos 549: 12609: 12251: 12245: 12104: 11660: 11574: 11518: 11329: 11285: 11253: 10207: 8843: 2896: 2811: 433: 8975: 2021:

in Germany, to the list of churches to have been influenced by the cathedrals of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran and by Byzantine

12541: 12523: 12042: 11813: 11558: 11494: 11223: 10966: 9823: 9204: 8213: 5253: 3891: 1833: 428:

temple, symbolizing the conversion from paganism to Christianity. The core of the current building was built in 483/4 by

9062: 8779: 8437: 7994: 7672: 6505: 3555: 1519: 1451:

The cathedral measures 33 by 30 metres (108 by 98 ft), with its dome rising approximately 34 metres (112 ft).

967: 12389: 12114: 11474: 11169: 10770: 9332: 6586: 3460: 2625: 1045:

The renovations of Etchmiadzin continued during the 18th century. In 1720, Catholicos Astvatsatur and then, in 1777–83

10607: 6560: 5892: 5555: 2616:

of the cathedral was erected on the headquarters of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America next to the

1913:, dating from 624 to 631, was the only known church with a significantly similar plan and structure from that period. 12062: 11988: 11933: 11868: 11676: 11610: 11498: 10940: 10760: 10689: 10679: 10674: 10543: 10454: 10146: 9949:

Harutyunyan, Varazdat; Société pour la protection des monuments historiques et culturels de la RSS d'Arménie (1985).

9884: 9838: 9641:

Khatchatrian, Armen (1962). "Données historiques sur la fondation d'Edjmiatsin à la lumière des fouilles récentes ".

9308: 9180: 8497: 8002: 7719: 7423: 7261: 7204: 6537: 5929: 5735: 5239: 5206: 4998: 4654: 4157: 3123: 2605: 2515: 1248: 11696: 9092: 8178: 6635: 6363: 6201: 2009:. Sahinian suggested that Armenian church architecture was spread in Western Europe in the 8th–9th centuries by the 911:) and Catholicos Nerses III (r. 640–661). In 982 the cross of the cathedral was reportedly removed by an Arab emir. 734: 12239: 11923: 11706: 11532: 11514: 11339: 11318: 11257: 11052: 10735: 10340: 7853: 6226: 3964:

Following Gregory's vision, the great temple of Anahit in Vagharshapat was replaced by the cathedral of Edjmiadsin.

2227:, but this claim has found little support among scholars, who usually posit that the country's first church was in 2216:

Etchmiadzin is usually considered Armenia's first cathedral. A number of sources also hold that Etchmiadzin is the

1809: 9031: 7513:...the first Armenian Christian cathedral, which was called "Echmiadzin" (the Only-Begotten Son of God Descended). 7208: 12142: 11798: 11752: 11668: 11375: 10794: 10295: 9514: 9252: 7578:, p. 66: "...հիմնում (301–303) Կաթողիկե եկեղեցի՝ Հայաստանի քրիստոնեական անդրանիկ Մայր տաճար Ս. Էջմիածինը..." 5960: 5856:

Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland; Including the Crimea, Caucasus, Siberia, and Central Asia

5328: 4455: 3522: 2424: 2331: 2217: 1452: 1123: 1104: 410: 9001: 8945: 8915: 8721: 8695: 8637: 8582:"Քենթրբերիի Արքեպիսկոպոս Նորին Գերաշնորհություն դոկտ. Զորջ Քերիի քարոզը Սուրբ էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարում - Էջմիածին" 7023: 5580: 1845: 1782:

in 1956, and in 1981–82 by Vardges Baghdasaryan. In the 1950s, the stone floor was replaced with one of marble.

12341: 12208: 11980: 11589: 11526: 10750: 10138: 9127: 8893: 8634:"Վրաց Ուղղափառ Եկեղեցու պետ, Համայն Վրաստանի Կաթողիկոս-Պատրիարք Իլիա Բ-ի այցը Մայր Աթոռ Ս. էջմիածին - Էջմիածին" 8611: 8585: 8559: 8533: 8365: 7323: 7019: 6355: 6133: 5859: 4009: 2050: 1600: 627: 571: 489: 448: 406: 10257:(2013). "From confidence to apprehension: early Iranian interaction with Russia". In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.). 1531: 12619: 12614: 12156: 12007: 11964: 11606: 11490: 11486: 11354: 11230: 11143: 10855: 10714: 8865: 8343: 5965:

In Armenia (as at Ani, Etchmiadzin, etc.) are also interesting examples of late Armeno-Byzantine architecture

3432:

Foreign tourists usually visit the pagan temple of Garni, Geghard Monastery, Holy Etchmiadzin and Lake Sevan.

2617: 2543: 1998: 1929: 1649:

These reliefs have been tentatively dated between the first and sixth centuries. Some like Shahkhatunian and

1614: 1082: 780: 9994:

Miller, Julie A. (1996). "Echmiadzin (Armenia)". In Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (eds.).

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disagreed, asserting that fourth century Armenian churches, including Etchmiadzin, considerably differ from

955:

gained control of parts of Armenia, including Etchmiadzin, and granted the Armenian Church some privileges.

11602: 11447: 10724: 10720: 10311:

Russian Mediaeval Architecture with an Account of the Transcaucasian Styles and Their Influence in the West

9763: 9581: 9563: 9527: 9447: 8866:"Ժակ Շիրակը այցելել է Մայր Աթոռ Ս. Էջմիածին [Jacques Chirac visits Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin]" 7544: 6903: 6359: 6155:

A second journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, between the year 1810 and 1816

6037: 6009: 5384:

Armenia and the Bible: papers presented to the international symposium held at Heidelberg, July 16-19, 1990

5333: 5323: 4697:

Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries

4608: 3330: 2609: 1905:," and called "Etchmiadzin-type" in Armenian architectural historiography—was not common in Armenia in the 519:

in Cambridge, England. He suggested that it may have been at the time the largest quadrangle in the world.

141: 8340:"May the Atom ... " A Report of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Delegation to the U.S.S.R., August, 1971 8207: 7489:, p. 30: "Ուրեմն, Հայաստանի առաջին Կաթողիկե հաստատությունն ու շինությունը Վաղարշապատի Մայր տաճարն է:" 6982: 5142:

World Christian encyclopedia: a comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world, Volume 1

2924:

as describing the cupola as Byzantine, "probably by architects from Constantinople a thousand years ago."

1177: 1103:, in which Etchmiadzin was located, became an important target for the Russians. In June 1804, during the 11943: 11938: 11919: 11913: 11672: 11646: 11026: 10001: 9806: 8080: 6533: 6519: 6025: 5948: 2980:, it is "generally regarded" as the oldest cathedral in the world, while historian Steven Gertz wrote in 2955: 2909: 2291: 2271: 1775: 1417: 1258:'s supervision in what was the first case of restoration of an architectural monument in Soviet Armenia. 931: 493: 437: 77: 9745: 9692: 9625: 9492: 9459: 8347: 7949:, p. 26: "Ուրեմն, Հայաստանի առաջին եկեղեցի հաստատությունը Աշտիշատի սուրբ Երրորդություն եկեղեցին է:" 5091: 4598: 4470: 3895: 2125: 1002:

near the royal capital of Isfahan. Shah Abbas offered the prospective new cathedral in New Julfa to the

12485: 12306: 12180: 11903: 11482: 11466: 11427: 10326: 9720: 8608:"Համայն Վրաստանի Կաթողիկոս Պատրիարք Նորին Սրբություն Իլիա Բ-ի այցը Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ Էջմիածին - Էջմիածին" 8317: 8170: 7288: 6341:"Խորհրդանշանային պատկերագրության դասական մի օրինակ [A classic example of symbolic iconography]" 2432: 2319: 2085: 1975: 1971: 1755:

painted parts of the interior between 1712 and 1721. His paintings on the dome and the painting of the

589: 8223: 8088: 6757: 6612: 4919:"Plan de l'Eglise d'Ecs-miazin ; Profil de l'Eglise d'Ecs-miazin ; Persan fumant le Qalyoun" 3299: 2817:, which means "universal". The cathedral has been so called as a description of the "universality" of 1821: 11803: 11793: 11778: 11726: 11470: 11432: 11241: 9230: 8110: 7755:

The cathedral dates back to the 4th century, and is reckoned the oldest Christian cathedral in world.

7353: 7060: 6872: 5917: 3981:

The Life and Times of S. Gregory the Illuminator: The Founder and Patron Saint of the Armenian Church

3578: 2311: 2197: 1227: 1058: 939: 819:, the cathedral and the city of Vagharshapat were almost completely destroyed during the invasion of 512: 386: 57: 8743: 8660:"Apostolic Voyage in Armenia Prayer Visit Address of John Paul II, Apostolic Cathedral, Etchmiadzin" 6235: 12280: 12223: 12099: 11956: 11883: 11878: 11510: 11397: 11293: 10704: 9442: 7990: 7111: 6608: 5956: 5086: 4603: 3512: 2679: 2483: 2405: 2232: 1956: 1214:

In the spring of 1918 the cathedral was in danger of an attack by the Turks. Prior to the May 1918

1149:

In 1868, Catholicos Gevorg (George) IV made the last major alteration to the cathedral by adding a

631: 598: 451:

has been the administrative headquarters of the Armenian Church. Etchmiadzin was plundered by Shah

421: 371: 328: 12291: 10597: 9713:"Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարի սկզբնական տեսքը [The Original Shape of the Cathedral of Echmiatsin]" 8498:"Kim Kardashian Reveals She Was Baptized with Her Kids in Armenia and Shares Photos from Ceremony" 3183: 382: 12323: 12085: 11736: 11522: 11458: 11417: 10464: 10350: 9248: 9153: 8036: 5936:

the cruciform cupola-churches in the Middle Byzantine style of Etchmiadzin and Bagaran in Armenia

5603:"Celebrating 1,700th Anniversary of the Consecration of the Mother Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin" 4127: 2283: 2185: 2018: 1902: 1664: 1459:

suggested that it is small by Western standards but larger than other ancient Armenian churches.

668: 646:

period. Although no historical sources point to a pre-Christian place of worship in its place, a

608: 417: 210: 12639: 8274:Русская художественная литература и геноцид армян: - Page 244, Михаил Давидович Амирханян - 1988 7750: 6810: 6658: 5522: 5198: 5192: 4793: 3993:

The sanctuary of Etchmiadzin was reared by him on the ruins of a temple to the goddess Anahid...

3333:(in Armenian). Armavir Province: Armenian Ministry of Territorial Administration. Archived from 1360: 12128: 11767: 11731: 11407: 11208: 10669: 8942:"Վրաստանի Հանրապետության նախագահ Միխայիլ Սահակաշվիլու այցը Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ էջմիածին - Էջմիածին" 7314: 7279: 7010: 6990: 6150: 5724:

Sacred Precincts: The Religious Architecture of Non-Muslim Communities Across the Islamic World

5450:

Investigation of Communist takeover and occupation of the non-Russian nations of the U. S. S. R

4926: 4850: 3984: 3270: 2535: 2341:

Many prominent individuals have visited Etchmiadzin, including Russian diplomat and playwright

2295: 2205: 1948: 1910: 1632: 1475: 1413: 1116: 10486: 8395: 8066: 7310:"Ամենայն Հայոց Վեհափառ Հայրապետի կոնդակը Հայաստանի ազատ ու ինքնիշխան պետության հռչակման առթիվ" 7234: 6828:

Bagaran was noted for the fine church of St. Theodore (erected 624-31), now totally destroyed.

6162: 6158: 5992: 4871:...the holiest relic of the Armenian Church, the right arm of Saint Gregory the Illuminator... 4760: 4359: 4353: 3780: 3770: 12351: 12299: 12047: 11972: 11335: 11058: 10986: 10827: 10575: 9298: 8235: 8138: 8044: 7806: 7149: 5727: 5379: 5166: 3813: 3805: 3742: 3736: 3586: 3304: 2917: 2582: 2459: 2428: 2315: 2058: 1906: 1406: 1328:, financially assisted the renovation of the cathedral. Gulbenkian alone provided $ 400,000. 1135: 1067: 505: 465: 200: 11828: 10436: 8530:"Բուլղար օրթոդոքս եկեղեցու պետ, Նորին Սրբություն Տ. Կիրիլ պատրիարքը Մայր Աթոռում - Էջմիածին" 7226: 5909: 4752: 3625: 3258: 2905: 2251:

in 387), it had "clearly been a holy shrine" from the "earliest Christian time in Armenia."

12203: 11843: 11782: 11631: 11626: 11215: 11198: 11176: 11132: 10848: 10526: 9929: 9879:(in English, Italian, Russian, German, French, and Armenian). Yerevan: Moughni Publishers. 9543: 9055:"Catholicos of All Armenians Garegin II holds meeting with German Chancellor Angela Merkel" 7920: 7916: 3976: 3543: 2475: 2014: 2006: 1398: 1300: 1215: 1208: 1111: 904: 816: 9789:"Էջմիածին եւ հայոց հնագոյն եկեղեցիներ [Etchmiadzin and ancient Armenian churches]" 7847: 7766: 4142:

In a vision, Gregory was shown to build the first church in the country, in Etchmiadzin...

4090: 1990: 1887: 1243:

After two years of independence, Armenia was Sovietized in December 1920. During the 1921

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During the 16th and 17th centuries, Armenia suffered from its location between Persia and

886:

against Persia. Most researchers have concluded that, thus, the church was converted into

8: 12634: 12511: 12499: 12472: 12457: 12361: 12356: 11808: 11621: 11359: 11276: 11068: 11001: 10960: 10935: 10860: 10841: 10823: 10765: 10652: 10440: 10432: 10203: 10165: 9672: 9382: 9358: 7984: 7778: 5188: 4201: 4119: 4024: 3551: 2999: 2934: 2463: 2455: 2342: 2177: 2074: 2070: 2062: 1710: 1484: 1471: 1440: 1378: 1321: 1278: 1219: 1071: 1046: 935: 899: 807: 792: 612: 516: 473: 298: 288: 195: 10500: 10299: 9579:

Harutiunian, Z. (1978). "Էջմիածին. Պատմական ակնարկ (Etchmiadzin: Historical Overview)".

7611:...the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that of Etchmiadzin, founded in the 4th century. 7594: 4273:

The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney

3454: 2498: 2013:, who migrated from Armenia en mase after being suppressed by the Byzantines during the 1797: 1641: 12404: 12166: 12161: 12022: 11888: 11848: 11838: 11757: 11569: 10930: 10755: 10740: 10659: 10637: 10561: 10482: 10362: 9915: 9773: 9708: 9591: 7811: 7714:; Delisle, Jean, eds. (2012). "Mesrop Mashtots and the flowering of Armenian culture". 7556: 7519: 7442: 7383:

In Echmiadzin, in the "Armenian Vatican," sits the Pope of the World Armenian Church...

7180: 5647: 5623:. Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Information Services. 3 February 2003. Archived from 5605:. Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Information Services. 30 January 2003. Archived from 5515: 5444: 4349: 4290: 3945: 3683: 3615: 3539: 3359: 3357: 3355: 2982: 2778: 2416: 2327: 2323: 2282:

Early European visitors to Etchmiadzin who gave descriptions of the cathedral included

2248: 2208:

acknowledged that Etchmiadzin "was regarded as the national capital of the Armenians."

2002: 1402: 1154: 839: 768: 722: 639: 10581:

Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races Between the Black Sea and the Caspian

10516: 3200: 3198: 3196: 1713:, the bell, Hewsen suggested, was "probably the long-forgotten gift of some Mongol or 1254:

In December 1923, the southern apse of the cathedral collapsed. It was restored under

1013: 1010:

when it was built in 1611. Fifteen stones from Etchmiadzin still remain at St. Georg.

11996: 11772: 11742: 11701: 11686: 11616: 11584: 11442: 11412: 11237: 11203: 11159: 11021: 11006: 10991: 10981: 10945: 10896: 10813: 10539: 10496: 10450: 10418: 10411: 10392: 10370: 10314: 10281: 10262: 10240: 10173: 10142: 10121: 10105: 10101: 10085: 10045: 10005: 9980: 9954: 9937: 9894: 9880: 9842: 9793: 9684: 9660: 9652: 9648: 9617: 9555: 9519: 9484: 9451: 9409: 9304: 8502: 8150: 8145:. Translated by John Edward Taylor. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. Foreword by 8118: 8114: 7998: 7924: 7816: 7782: 7723: 7711: 7650: 7602: 7504: 7400: 7238: 7227: 7101: 6962: 6805: 6197: 6033: 5925: 5888: 5810: 5731: 5424: 5419:

Corley, Felix (2010). "The Armenian Apostolic Church". In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.).

5387: 5337: 5308: 5283: 5245: 5235: 5202: 5145: 5002: 4980: 4957: 4860: 4854: 4764: 4753: 4728: 4700: 4627: 4541: 4516: 4478: 4363: 4276: 4131: 3953: 3817: 3784: 3766: 3746: 3688: 3274: 3259: 3237: 3173: 3119: 2995: 2799: 2736: 2728: 2670: 2566: 2479: 2420: 2401: 2374: 2299: 2244: 2224: 1986: 1967: 1691: 1677: 1654: 1623: 1596: 1543: 1479: 1244: 1200: 983: 915: 883: 865:

By the last quarter of the fifth century the cathedral was dilapidated. According to

796: 756: 611:

on the cathedral's western belfry (1650s) and a 1901 painting of Gregory's vision by

452: 362: 7157: 4163: 3352: 2510: 1571:

The exterior contains extensive decorative geometric and floral patterns as well as

1555: 1397:

stone cupola, turrets, belfry, and rear extension are later additions. According to

12430: 12366: 12036: 11992: 11960: 11893: 11711: 11598: 11564: 11324: 11073: 11011: 10876: 10835: 10806: 10789: 10745: 10694: 10585: 10406: 10187: 10069: 9401: 9397: 8778:. Russian Orthodox Church Department for External Church Relations. 16 March 2010. 8459: 8102: 7539: 7395:

Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David M. (2002). "Eastern Orthodoxy and Pilgrimage".

6928:"Շուշիի Ղազանչեցոց Ս. Ամենափրկիչ եկեղեցի [Ghazanchetsots Church of Shushi]" 6801: 6448: 5980: 4898: 4508: 3193: 3111: 2916:

suggested that its original ground plan is "that of an ordinary Byzantine church".

2913: 2818: 2574: 2370: 2362: 2346: 2303: 2266: 2161: 2136: 2113: 2066: 1771: 1752: 1592: 1493: 1255: 1193: 1108: 1075: 1007: 919: 879: 832: 429: 104: 10468: 8411: 7910: 7105: 5082:"Արևելյան Հայաստանի միացումը Ռուսաստանին [Eastern Armenia Joining Russia]" 4788: 3619: 3416:"The number of foreign tourists visiting Armenia expected to surge to one million" 1770:

in 1889. The paintings were moved out of the cathedral by the order of Catholicos

1412:

In the West, its style has traditionally been described as Byzantine or linked to

12467: 11762: 11579: 11422: 11391: 11120: 11098: 11092: 11085: 11040: 10908: 10777: 10709: 10699: 10579: 10446: 10384: 10199: 10195: 9802: 9605: 9266: 8971: 7906: 7679: 7550:

301—303-ին այստեղ հիմնվեց Կաթողիկե եկեղեցին՝ Հայաստանի քրիստ․ առաջին Մայր տաճարը։

7171: 6923: 6600: 4676: 4578: 3828:

Most scholars now place that event in 314 but 301 remains the date of tradition.

3776: 3732: 3003: 2938: 2869: 2857: 2807: 2558: 2451: 2382: 2366: 2358: 2026: 2022: 1685: 1650: 1316: 1204: 1131: 963: 876: 866: 847: 820: 784: 540: 10532:Հայկական ճարտարապետության պատմություն [History of Armenian Architecture] 10367:

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times

9977:Кафедральный собор Сурб Эчмиадзин и восточнохристианское зодчество IV-VII веков 8835: 7870:Սբ Էջմիածնի գլխավոր շինությունը Մայր տաճարն է. այն հայկական առաջին եկեղեցին է... 7659:

Etchmiadzin, with the world's oldest cathedral and the seat of the Catholicos...

6203:

Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c. Volume 1

5006: 4999:"Иванов Михаил (1748-1823). Вид трёх церквей на фоне горы Арарат в Армении.1783" 4198:"Տոն Կաթողիկե Սբ. Էջմիածնի [Feast of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin]" 4118: 4061: 1251:, which had dominated the pre-Soviet Armenian government between 1918 and 1920. 12575: 11976: 11952: 11818: 11641: 11386: 11268: 10901: 10870: 10512: 10254: 10191: 9761:

Sahinian, Alexander; Zarian, A.; Ghazarian, M. (1978). "Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար ".

9643: 9294: 8967: 8556:"Քենթրբերիի Արքեպիսկոպոս դոկտոր Ֆրեդերիկ Դոնալդ Կոգանը Մայր Աթոռում - Էջմիածին" 8288: 8146: 7849:Դպրոցական Մեծ Հանրագիտարան, Գիրք II [Great School Encyclopedia Book II] 7749:. New York: Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern). Archived from 7275:"Խրիմյան Հայրիկի անդրանիկ կոնդակը [Khrimian Hayrik's First Encyclical]" 7222: 6653: 6129: 5988: 5577:"Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots" 4646: 3678: 3548:

The Earth and Its Inhabitants: The Universal Geography. Vol. VI: Asiatic Russia

2732: 2731:. A growing number of authors argue that the correct date is 314 by citing the 2638: 2447: 2443: 2394: 2378: 2350: 2335: 2034: 1788: 1604: 1456: 1325: 1127: 1100: 1096: 987: 975: 887: 851: 788: 776: 556: 501: 9850: 9405: 9212: 8321: 5226: 4507: 4355:

The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age

2542:

The Soviet Union and Armenia issued postage stamps depicting the cathedral in

2527: 12588: 11164: 11102: 10974: 10950: 10593: 10336: 10089: 9846: 9688: 9656: 9621: 9559: 9523: 9488: 9455: 9413: 9185: 9054: 8775: 8484: 8433: 7820: 7508: 7374: 6649: 5510: 5341: 4784: 4482: 3261:

Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices

2551: 2503: 2471: 2408: 2255: 2149: 2117: 2102: 1779: 1756: 1489: 1460: 1305: 1274: 1265:

The Soviet government issued a postage stamp depicting the cathedral in 1978.

1203:, the cathedral of Etchmiadzin and its surrounding became a major center for 943: 444: 163: 150: 67: 39: 11636: 10125: 10109: 10049: 9958: 9941: 9664: 5249: 4275:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 455–456. 2550:, respectively. The cathedral is depicted on the obverse side of the 50,000 1880: 12327: 11183: 11137: 11016: 10784: 10730: 10684: 8058: 7654: 6121: 5695: 4066:....Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարը ... որտեղ գտնվում էր Սանդարամետի գետնափոր մեհյանը։ 3583:

Researches of the rev. E. Smith and rev. H.G.O. Dwight in Armenia, Volume 2

2436: 2412: 2287: 2189: 2181: 2169: 2145: 2030: 2017:

period. Sahinian added many other medieval churches in Europe, such as the

2010: 1739: 1572: 1467: 1390: 1170: 1018: 979: 958: 952: 948: 855: 843: 828: 761: 672: 664: 635: 511:

The cathedral stood—and continues to stand—at the center of a courtyard (a

394: 100: 10301:

Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in Autumn of 1876

10084:(in Armenian). Vagharshapat: Holy Etchmiadzin Cathedral Publishing. 1890. 9190: 9113:Рукописные сокровища Матенадарана - Page 7, Ашот Гарегини Абрахамян - 1959 8890:"Ֆրանսիայի եւ Հայաստանի նախագահների այցը Մայր Աթոռ Ս. Էջմիածին - Էջմիածին" 7606: 4725:

Medieval Armenian Manuscripts at the University of California, Los Angeles

3731: 1759:

under the altar have survived to this day. Other members of the prominent

667:

narrates the legend of the cathedral's foundation. Armenia's patron saint

11401: 11113: 10920: 10332: 9084: 8839: 8460:"Modern history [part 2]. How Cher arrived in "freezing" Armenia" 6726: 2774: 2715: 2487: 2467: 2390: 2354: 2038: 1994: 1760: 1735: 1726:

merchants in the 17th century, around the time the bell tower was built.

1436: 1433: 1270: 1165: 1153:(museum and room of relics) to its east end. In 1874, he established the 892: 859: 390: 9211:(in Russian). Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. Archived from 7468: 5475:. Boston: Armenian National Apostolic Church of America. pp. 22–23. 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 698:"begotten"), which translates to "the Descent of the Only-Begotten [ 12121: 11833: 11788: 11381: 11369: 11364: 11302: 11154: 11149: 11108: 11063: 10925: 10886: 10799: 10664: 9058: 9023: 8664: 7699:...the spot on which the first cathedral of Christendom would be built. 5880: 5868:

The Cathedral of Etchmiadzin is built chiefly in the Byzantine style...

5621:"His Holiness Karekin II Declares 2003 as the Year of Holy Etchmiadzin" 4093:. Araratian Patriarchal Diocese of the Armenian Holy Apostolic Church. 3814:[https://books.google.com/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C&pg=PA39 39] 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2901: 2770: 2109: 1345: 1336: 1261: 1099:

gradually penetrated Transcaucasia by the early 19th century. Persia's

699: 684: 10365:; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2005). 6738: 6110:. George H. Hanna (translator). New York: Sheridan House. p. 125. 5576: 5447:(R-WI), the chairman of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression. 4903: 4884: 4352:; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). 4114: 4112: 3172:(in Armenian). Yerevan State University Publishing. pp. 145–146. 1866: 1774:

in 1891 and are now kept in various museums in Armenia, including the

1653:

suggested that these reliefs were created before the invention of the

787:. However, other scholars, have rejected Sahinian's view. Among them, 340: 12173: 12018: 11948: 11127: 10955: 10215:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing. 10186: 8997: 8941: 8919: 8836:"Владимир Путин прибыл в Эчмиадзин [Putin visits Echmiadzin]" 8717: 8691: 8633: 7005: 6958: 6955:

The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh

6307: 4406: 4169: 3574: 3363: 3204: 2854:

Ban barařnakan vodeal dimařnabar i dimats Vagharshapatu s. Katoğikein

2803: 2749: 2307: 2240: 2228: 2121: 1743: 1723: 1714: 1706: 1429: 1421: 1393:

on a polygonal drum and the four small belfries on top of the apses.

1374: 999: 978:, and the conflicts between those two empires. Concurrently with the 824: 811:

The ground plan of the cathedral after the 5th century reconstruction

707: 456: 420:, following the adoption of Christianity as a state religion by King 402: 188: 10044:(in Armenian, Russian, and French). Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. 9123: 8889: 8607: 8581: 8555: 8529: 8361: 7309: 7006:"Բուխարեստի հայկական եկեղեցի [Armenian Church of Bucharest]" 6884: 6882: 3331:"Պատմաաշխարհագրական ակնարկ [Historical-geographic overview]" 3234:

History on the Move: Views, Interviews and Essays on Armenian Issues

3018: 1901:

The design of the cathedral—classified as a "four-apsed square with

1501:

taste", while Lynch opined that it "perverts the original edifice."

1247:

Etchmiadzin was briefly (until April) taken over by the nationalist

12321: 11721: 11349: 11193: 11188: 11078: 10865: 10638:

Ancient, medieval, and historical Armenian churches and monasteries

10062:Ստորագրութիւն Կաթուղիկէ Էջմիածնի եւ հինգ գաւառացն Արարատայ , 2 vols 9997:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa

9744:(in Armenian) (2). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 140–158. 9683:(in Armenian) (1). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 147–158. 9616:(in Armenian) (2). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 266–271. 8809: 7397:

Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1

7305: 5684:...Մայր Տաճարի գմբեթների եւ տանիքների ամրակայման եւ վերանորոգման... 5140:

Barrett, David B.; Kurian, George Thomas; Johnson, Todd M. (2001).

4699:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 230. 4109: 3266: 2921: 2753: 2173: 1680: 1312: 1223: 1150: 772: 691: 643: 461: 455:

in 1604, when relics and stones were taken out of the cathedral to

10361: 9554:(in Armenian) (10). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 56–67. 8875: 8485:

Alain Delon visited Holy Echmiadzin, Armenpress, 18 December, 2012

6206:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. pp. 186–188. 5234:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Republican Party of Armenia. p. 332. 4682: 4633: 4584: 4348: 2986:

that Etchmiadzin is regarded as such "according to some scholars."

12506: 12259: 12215: 11716: 10996: 10915: 10644: 10413:

The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars

9719:(in Armenian) (3). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 71–94. 9518:(in Armenian) (7). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 77–85. 8748: 7110:(in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. pp. 6879: 6782: 5835: 2201: 1944: 871: 647: 9547: 9509: 9483:(in Armenian) (3). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 3–20. 7815:(85). Carol Stream, Illinois: Christianity Today International. 7156:(in Armenian). Armenian Legal Information System. Archived from 6845: 5823: 5345: 4515:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 227. 3334: 3256: 3166:Հայոց պաշտամունքային վայրեր [Armenian places of worship] 2765:

The temple is believed to have been dedicated to either goddess

1470:

called it a "substantial but dark structure, all built of large

895:

and contains two chapels, one on either side of the east apse."

882:

in 483/4, when the country was relatively stable, following the

12231: 12196: 12149: 12135: 12026: 11542: 10074:Էջմիածնի տաճարը: Ճարտարապետական եւ հնագիտական հետազօտութիւններ 8870: 5897:

erected on a cruciform plan, under a cupola, in Byzantine style

5643: 4477:(in Armenian) (3). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 171. 2942: 2766: 2633: 2612:

depicts the cathedral along with other major Armenian sites. A

2236: 2054: 1960: 1767: 1699: 1588: 1584: 1386: 1086:

Painting of the cathedral by an unknown European artist (1870s)

908: 760:

least several years were needed for its construction. He cites

703: 650: 477: 12494: 10259:

Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800

9788: 7952: 5809:(2nd revised ed.). Richmond: Curzon Press. p. Z-72. 5554:. Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. 10 June 2014. Archived from 4977:"Aivazovsky, I. K. View of Echmiadzin in Armenia. 1783 - 1823" 4358:. Vol. 1. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 4225: 4223: 3521: ed.). Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. 1879. pp. 3215: 3213: 2727:

301 AD is the traditional date, first calculated by historian

2160:, respectively. In his first encyclical (1893) as Catholicos, 1698:

Dan Martin, a scholar of Tibet, wrote that the three-syllable

1340:

An aerial view of the cathedral undergoing restoration in 2021

12517: 12273: 12266: 12092: 12078: 10518:

Armenia: Travels and Studies. Volume I: The Russian Provinces

9737: 9676: 9609: 9476: 9437: 9229:(in Armenian). Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. Archived from 8968:"Georgian president Giorgi Margvelashvili visits Etchmiadzin" 7983:

Parsons, Howard Lee (1987). "The Armenian Apostolic Church".

6930:. Institute of Armenian Studies of Yerevan State University. 6429: 5762: 5081: 4612: 4486: 3833: 3593: 2157: 2128:, though it is unclear if these are still within the church. 2080: 1719: 1425: 1409:. It makes the building of "immense architectural interest." 1382: 706:, during which a hymn, written by the 8th century Catholicos 653: 497: 425: 10120:(in Armenian). Saint Petersburg: Pushkinean Aragatip. 1903. 9712: 8998:"Ռումինիայի նախագահի այցը Մայր Աթոռ Սբ. Էջմիածին - Էջմիածին" 8025:. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 17. 7912:

Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art

7887: 7734:...Echmiadzin Cathedral, the first cathedral in Christendom. 6833: 6417: 4694: 4200:(in Armenian). Araratian Patriarchal Diocese. Archived from 3808:. In Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh (eds.). 2530:

Erivan (Yerevan), approved in 1843, featured the cathedral.

1676:

The 17th century bell tower previously housed a bell with a

1169:

The monastery of Etchmiadzin in the early 20th century with

297:

Official name: Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the

11863: 8248:"Boris de Zirkoff on Blavatsky's background and early life" 8079: 6317: 6068: 5666: 4554: 4452:"Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin: Mother Cathedral: History" 4396: 4394: 4381: 4379: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4220: 3210: 2894:

Its architectural style has been described as Byzantine by

2386: 2278:(1718). The cathedral is depicted on the middle right side. 2270:"A view of Mount Ararat from the Three Churches", from the 2165: 2153: 2144:

The locus of Etchmiadzin is "a sanctified soil" similar to

1952: 1282: 1039: 1003: 9150:"Prince Charles visits the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin" 8236:Александр Грибоедов. Его жизнь и литературная деятельность 8185: 7673:"Eastern Liturgy in the West: The Case of Armenian Church" 7569: 6285: 5774: 5705: 5703: 5360: 5177:(11). New York: Missionary Review Publishing Company: 817. 5111: 5109: 4833: 4831: 4818: 4816: 2739:

writes that "the scholarly consensus is to prefer c. 314."

11594: 9510:"Էջմիածնի մայր տաճարը [Cathedral of Etchmiadzin]" 7964: 7940: 7875: 7775:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

7480: 7381:. New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas. p. 270. 7130: 6385: 5049: 4666: 4664: 4208: 3950:

A History of the Armenian People: Pre-history to 1500 A.D

3914: 3902: 2978:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

1488:

writer described it as an "austere and commanding work".

7197:"The Holy Etchmiadzin Museum: History of a Long Journey" 6373: 5061: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 4727:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 40. 4391: 4376: 4315: 4235: 4175: 3952:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. p. 64. 3701: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3347:...Վաղարշապատ (1945–1995թթ. կոչվել է Էջմիածին) քաղաքը... 1017:

An engraving of Etchmiadzin in the late 17th century by

9760: 8434:"Елена Боннэр. До дневников, Журнал «Знамя», #11, 2005" 7935:...Ashtishat, 'where the first church had been built... 7473:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 49. 7229:

Nationalism in a Global Era: The Persistence of Nations

6744: 6732: 6518: 6080: 5786: 5744: 5700: 5197:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 5121: 5106: 5018: 5016: 4828: 4813: 4425: 3926: 3713: 3649: 3647: 3132: 3033: 898:

Although the seat of the Catholicos was transferred to

767:

Archaeological excavations in 1955–56 and 1959, led by

10369:. Vol. 3. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 8802:"Visit and Prayer to the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral" 7118: 6869:Искусство стран и народов мира. 1: Австралия - Египет 6702: 6261: 6098: 5470: 4954:"Creative Discoveries of the Russian Artist-travelers" 4933: 4661: 4566: 4330: 4252: 3659: 3632: 3484: 3369: 3311: 3236:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 211. 2684: 2044: 1042:

turrets on the southern, eastern, and northern wings.

376: 12483: 10357:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 10135:Սուրբ Էջմիածին. քրիստոնեական առաջին գմբեթավոր տաճարը 10033:Էջմիածինն անցյալում: Պատմական ուսումնասիրության փորձ 7148: 7082: 7070: 6714: 6273: 6056: 6044: 5529: 5491: 5479: 5164: 5144:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 78. 5028: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4071: 3467: 3118:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 259. 1778:. The frescoes inside the cathedral were restored by 1734:

Etchmiadzin's interior is extensively decorated with

9124:"Նեպալի թագավորը և թագուհին Մայր Աթոռում - Էջմիածին" 7399:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 154. 7176:"Despite Ages of Captivity, The Armenians Persevere" 5400: 5139: 5013: 3644: 2192:

are the "two great objects of Armenian veneration."

1595:

seated on cross-legged stool. The other contains an

1057:

A 1783 watercolor of the churches of Etchmiadzin by

638:, on the site of a pagan temple, which was dated by 8776:"Patriarch Kirill's speech at Echmiadzin cathedral" 8041:

Les six voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier Volume 1

7548:(in Armenian). Vol. 13. Yerevan. p. 623. 7362:...Etchmiadzin, the Vatican of the Armenian church. 5546: 5544: 5194:

The Republic of Armenia: The First Years, 1918–1919

4511:; McHugh, Michael P.; Norris, Frederick W. (1999). 3392:(in Armenian). Religions in Armenia. Archived from 2486:(2013) have visited the cathedral as part of their 2223:It has sometimes been described as Armenia's first 2180:." The cathedral complex has been called "Armenian 2112:(Spear), relics belonging to Apostles of Jesus and 10507:. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books. pp. 15–26. 10410: 9227:""Էջմիածին" ամսագիր [Etchmiadzin monthly]" 8297:...Белый побывал в древнем монастыре Эчмиадзине... 5514: 4895:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences 4535: 4431: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 1738:-influenced frescoes. They depict flowers, birds, 1455:deemed it small relative to its importance, while 1126:, Etchmiadzin was captured by the Russian General 10431: 10278:The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule: 1795–1828 10100:(in Armenian). San Lazzaro degli Armeni, Venice: 9085:"Անգելա Մերկելն այցելեց Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ Էջմիածին" 7710: 7469:Historical Section of the Foreign Office (1920). 6888: 6851: 6788: 6553:"What Happened to Armenia's Famous Tibetan Bell?" 5841: 5829: 4060:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh. p. 3257:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 1955:, dating from 1811 or 1819 through 1830, and the 1766:The wooden doors of the cathedral were carved in 795:suggested that the original building had been a " 12586: 12422:Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Depository 10566:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 10098:Ս. Էջմիածին 303–1903: Պատկերազարդ նկարագրութիւն 9908:Նկարագրութիւն Մայր եկեղեցիոյն հայոց Ս. Էջմիածնի 9205:"Герб Еревана [Coat of arms of Yerevan]" 8396:Владимир Высоцкий: воспоминания, Давид Карапетян 6534:Imperial Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg 6108:Soviet Russia: The Land and Its People Volume 25 5914:Early Medieval Architecture as Bearer of Meaning 5541: 5169:(ed.). "Riots and the gospel in Transcaucasia". 4695:Gervers, Michael; Bikhazi, Ramzi Jibran (1990). 4454:. Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. Archived from 4192: 4190: 3456:An Illustrated Description of the Russian Empire 1705:, repeated thrice on the bell, is ubiquitous in 947:Etchmiadzin was under the control of the Turkic 447:and remains as such to this day. Since then the 8326:Katedralen som er Armenias nasjonale helligdom. 8175:Reise nach dem Ararat und dem Hochland Armenien 8149:. London: Gomidas Institute. pp. 200–201. 8113:. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: 8065:(in French). Paris: Daniel Horthemels. p. 8063:Journal du voiage du Chevalier Chardin en Perse 7644: 7438:"Vazgen I, Head of Armenian Church, Dies at 85" 7394: 6766:(in Armenian). Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. 6572: 6570: 5670:(in Armenian). 22 February 2013. Archived from 4599:"Ստեփանոս Օրբելյան [Stepanos Orbelian]" 3496: 3159: 2557:The cathedral has been depicted in painting by 10574: 10548:. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023 10349: 10042:Ս. Էջմիածին / Св. Эчмиадзин / St. Etchmiadzine 8310:"Fridtjof Nansen bildearkiv – Fridtjof Nansen" 7542:(1987). "Մայրաքաղաքը և քաղաքները. Էջմիածին ". 6475: 6411: 6303: 6020: 6018: 6005: 5421:Eastern Christianity and the Cold War, 1945–91 4882: 4755:Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran 3599: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3144: 2442:Leaders of several countries, such as Russia ( 1668:examples of Christian Armenian sculpture art. 719:The form of the original fourth century church 488:The cathedral is located at the center of the 12436:Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Library 12307: 10623: 10056: 9786: 9383:"The Armenian Church Under the Soviet Regime" 8874:(in Armenian). 1 October 2006. Archived from 7772: 6863: 6407: 4187: 4122:; Westerfield Tucker, Karen B., eds. (2005). 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3735:; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh, eds. (2000). 3610: 3608: 2600:, created by the 20th-century Israeli artist 2057:added Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the churches of 1034:The renovation works were interrupted by the 802: 124: 10331: 10118:Սուրբ Էջմիածին: 1600-րդ տարեդարձ (303–1903) 10076:(in Armenian). Tiflis: Aganiants Publishing. 9671: 9640: 8177:(in German). Stuttgart: J.G. Cotta. p. 8143:Transcaucasia and the Tribes of the Caucasus 7893: 6839: 6567: 6074: 5985:A History of the Holy Eastern Church. Part I 4885:"Autour de l'Eglise Saint-Georges d'Esfahan" 4859:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. 4560: 4309: 4295:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4091:"Feast of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin" 4003: 4001: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 2810:. It is derived from the Ancient Greek word 2624:depicting the cathedral is displayed at the 1928:suggested that the type is also seen in the 1446: 12630:Armenian Apostolic churches in Vagharshapat 12426:Karekin I Centre of Theology and Armenology 10525: 10275: 10132: 9965: 9928: 9905: 9578: 9542: 9052: 9024:"Lebanon president visits Holy Etchmiadzin" 7958: 7629:Armenian Evangelical Union of North America 7575: 7293:...ի Սիոն Այրարատայ, ի Կաթողիկէ Էջմիածին... 7100: 6030:Rome: The Late Empire: Roman Art AD 200-400 6015: 5780: 5768: 5366: 5187: 5055: 4890:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 4849: 4468: 4312:, p. 149: "...крайняя точка зрения..." 3944: 3920: 3908: 3839: 3624:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 3573: 3562: 3265:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: 3219: 2084:The Holy Lance during an exhibition at the 1981: 1909:. The now-destroyed St. Theodore Church of 1896: 710:, retelling St. Gregory's vision, is sung. 621: 440:, the supreme head of the Armenian Church. 12314: 12300: 10630: 10616: 10445:. Translated by Celestine Dars. New York: 10068: 9920:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9778:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9596:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9474: 9435: 8257:. 7 April 2018. p. 10. Archived from 8137: 8043:(in French). Paris: Pierre Ribou. p. 7946: 7905: 7599:Armenian Architecture: 4th to 17th Century 7561:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7524:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7486: 6975: 6952: 6423: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6323: 6311: 6291: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6145: 6143: 6086: 6024: 5953:A Text-Book of the History of Architecture 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5423:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 190. 5282:. New York: St. Vartan Press. p. 14. 5079: 4925:. Brown Digital Repository. Archived from 4718: 4716: 4229: 4181: 3621:Travels in the Central Caucasus and Bashan 3614: 3605: 2001:, Italy. This view was later supported by 1970:, such as in the plans and designs of the 1513:View of the cathedral from the south-east 1364:The present-day ground plan of Etchmiadzin 1031:cathedral, making it a fort-like complex. 925: 38: 10475:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 10405: 10383: 10325:Reprint of the 1934 ed. published by the 10304:(3rd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. 10082:Նկարագրութիւն Սուրբ Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարի 10030: 9936:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh. 9821: 9604: 9507: 8744:"Patriarch of Antioch Visits Etchmiadzin" 8386:Советская музыка - Issues 7–12 – Page 111 8362:"Վիլյամ Սարոյանը Մայր Աթոռում - Էջմիածին" 8035: 8017: 7601:. Paris: Editions A. Morancé. p. 7. 7498: 7336:Սուրբ Էջմիածինը՝ մեր Սողոմոնի տաճարն է... 7136: 6900: 6579:"That Tibetan Bell in Armenia - Part Two" 6550: 6452: 6435: 6335: 6126:The Travels of Sir John Chardin. Volume 9 5975: 5973: 5637: 5321: 4902: 4837: 4822: 4746: 4744: 4596: 4400: 4385: 4324: 4246: 4052: 4046: 4007: 3998: 3932: 3845: 3810:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought 3738:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought 3719: 3707: 3534: 3532: 3138: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 869:, it was rebuilt from the foundations by 229:303 (original building; traditional date) 221:301 (original building; traditional date) 12595:Armenian Apostolic cathedrals in Armenia 10505:Studies in Classical Armenian Literature 10039: 9974: 9910:(in Armenian and Russian). Vagharshapat. 9893: 9735: 9707: 9586:(in Armenian). Yerevan. pp. 654–68. 9303:. Harvard University Press. p. 36. 9293: 9245:"Banknotes in circulation – 50000 drams" 7622: 7593: 7538: 7304: 7164: 6498:"That Tibetan Bell in Armenia Once More" 5908: 5792: 5696:https://armenpress.am/hy/article/1198616 5454:United States Government Printing Office 5378: 5302: 5277: 5221: 4645: 4342: 4336: 4258: 4214: 3677: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 2509: 2497: 2265: 2135: 2124:also originally held items belonging to 2096: 2079: 1359: 1335: 1260: 1176: 1164: 1081: 1052: 1012: 957: 806: 570:An aerial view of the cathedral and the 12600:Tourist attractions in Armavir Province 12419:Alex and Marie Manoogian Treasury House 10592: 10495: 10463: 10417:. New York: Columbia University Press. 10253: 10164: 9874: 9768:(in Armenian). Yerevan. pp. 71–73. 9265: 8057: 7982: 7970: 7881: 7419: 7373: 7347: 7257: 7170: 7107:Der dom zu Aachen und seine entstellung 6692: 6599: 6251: 6185: 6140: 6120: 5798: 5750: 5721: 5709: 5638:Danielyan, Gayane (12 September 2003). 5562: 5165:Rev. Samuel G. Wilson (November 1905). 5127: 5115: 5043: 4951: 4939: 4722: 4713: 4670: 4572: 4271:Edwards, Robert W., "Ēĵmiacin" (2016). 4270: 4264: 4153: 4124:The Oxford History of Christian Worship 4077: 3803: 3765: 3687:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 29. 3665: 3638: 3490: 3375: 3317: 3231: 2637:, directed by French-Armenian director 2101:The cross under which is a fragment of 12587: 12381:Saints Vartan and Hovhannes Baptistery 10481: 10308: 9993: 9423:from the original on 23 September 2015 9380: 9359:"Mayrig/Mother (Full Movie in French)" 8495: 8191: 8169: 8101: 7221: 7194: 7124: 7088: 7076: 6800: 6708: 6672: 6628:"Tibetan Bell in Armenia - Concluding" 6625: 6576: 6495: 6453:Vagramyan, Kristina (8 October 2012). 6267: 6216: 6196: 6149: 5970: 5947: 5804: 5535: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5418: 5406: 4750: 4741: 3538: 3529: 3478: 3114:(2001). "The Monastery of Ējmiatsin". 3110: 2493: 2140:Etchmiadzin on a 2009 stamp of Armenia 1331: 1160: 1025: 980:deportation of up to 350,000 Armenians 938:experienced decline and disarray. The 12625:4th-century establishments in Armenia 12295: 10611: 10511: 10294: 10234: 10172:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 9901:(in Armenian). Constantinople: Shant. 9748:from the original on 22 February 2014 9723:from the original on 22 February 2014 9095:from the original on 1 September 2018 9065:from the original on 2 September 2018 9053:Harutyunyan, Aneta (25 August 2018). 9034:from the original on 23 February 2018 8978:from the original on 18 November 2015 8846:from the original on 18 November 2015 8782:from the original on 18 November 2015 8756:from the original on 19 November 2015 8466:from the original on 5 September 2019 8337: 8285:"Мемориальная квартира Андрея Белого" 8219: 8203: 7804: 7670: 7450:from the original on 12 December 2019 7435: 6934:from the original on 28 February 2017 6922: 6901:Petrosian, S. (1978). "Թադեի վանք ". 6770:from the original on 28 December 2014 6745:Sahinian, Zarian & Ghazarian 1978 6733:Sahinian, Zarian & Ghazarian 1978 6720: 6696: 6688: 6676: 6642: 6483: 6479: 6279: 6255: 6179: 6175: 6062: 6050: 6032:. Translated by Peter Green. London: 5979: 5879: 5583:from the original on 25 February 2021 5067: 5022: 4974: 4801:from the original on 28 December 2014 4426:Sahinian, Zarian & Ghazarian 1978 3975: 3653: 3452: 3437: 3039: 3034:Sahinian, Zarian & Ghazarian 1978 2377:, Russian-American poet and essayist 1311:Etchmiadzin revived under Catholicos 994:, Etchmiadzin was plundered in 1604. 398: 247:1682 (smaller belfries with turrets) 12524: 9979:(in Russian). Moscow: Locus Standi. 9970:(in Armenian). Los Angeles: Erebuni. 9373: 9339:from the original on 3 February 2021 9178: 8948:from the original on 12 October 2017 8896:from the original on 1 February 2020 8816:from the original on 7 February 2021 8698:from the original on 23 October 2019 8023:The Soviet People: Portrait Sketches 7860:from the original on 5 November 2021 7827:from the original on 5 November 2021 7807:"How Armenia "Invented" Christendom" 7003: 6648: 5552:"Renovation of the Mother Cathedral" 5094:from the original on 13 October 2020 4883:Vivier-Muresan, Anne Sophie (2007). 4783: 3422:from the original on 13 January 2015 2933:Bandinelli lists the "cathedrals of 1966:Its plan was also replicated in the 1107:, the Russian troops led by General 675:, hence the name of Etchmiadzin (էջ 9809:from the original on 19 August 2014 9566:from the original on 19 August 2014 9530:from the original on 19 August 2014 8408:"Ереванские этюды Иосифа Бродского" 8085:A voyage into the Levant Volume II 7645:Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). 7026:from the original on 12 August 2018 5259:from the original on 19 August 2014 4034:from the original on 14 August 2014 3892:California State University, Fresno 3812:. Oxford University Press. p. 3741:. Oxford University Press. p. 3387: 2798:(Կաթողիկե, literally "Cathedral"). 2261: 2211: 2188:wrote in 1910 that Etchmiadzin and 2045:Protection and heritage designation 1090: 574:complex surrounding it from a plane 13: 10521:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 10018:from the original on 22 March 2021 9862: 9333:American Museum of Natural History 9130:from the original on 19 April 2019 9004:from the original on 19 April 2019 8724:from the original on 19 April 2019 8672:from the original on 11 April 2014 8640:from the original on 19 April 2019 8614:from the original on 19 April 2019 8588:from the original on 20 April 2019 8562:from the original on 19 April 2019 8536:from the original on 20 April 2019 8368:from the original on 19 April 2019 7501:The Armenian Church and the Others 7436:Saxon, Wolfgang (19 August 1994). 7326:from the original on 19 April 2019 5171:The Missionary Review of the World 4513:Encyclopedia of Early Christianity 4097:from the original on 29 March 2014 3459:. New York: Robert Sears. p. 3418:. ARKA News Agency. 30 June 2014. 2626:American Museum of Natural History 1690: 1525:Etchmiadzin cathedral view in 2024 1281:was murdered in April 1938 by the 1196:, the edict was canceled in 1905. 531:A map of the town of Vagharshapat 14: 12651: 10491:. London: Henry S. King & Co. 10239:. University of Minnesota Press. 10222:from the original on 14 July 2014 9899:Ս. Էջմիածնի բարեկարգութեան պէտքը 9839:Research on Armenian Architecture 9695:from the original on 14 July 2014 9628:from the original on 14 July 2014 9495:from the original on 14 July 2014 9462:from the original on 14 July 2014 8916:"French President visits Armenia" 8510:from the original on 23 July 2021 8440:from the original on 29 July 2021 7720:John Benjamins Publishing Company 7689:from the original on 3 March 2016 7287:(11–12): 68. 1968. Archived from 7205:Armenian General Benevolent Union 6496:Martin, Dan (24 September 2017). 6217:Jordan, Robert Paul (June 1978). 5807:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History 4655:Armenian General Benevolent Union 2661:Less commonly referred to as the 2400:Religious leaders like Patriarch 2365:(1971), Armenian American writer 1872:The plan of the Bagaran cathedral 1575:and medallions depicting saints. 1249:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 504:, and had eight circular towers ( 12567: 12550: 12533: 12505: 12493: 12388: 12322: 11292: 11284: 11275: 11267: 10503:. In Greppin, John A. C. (ed.). 10391:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 10355:Armenia and the Byzantine Empire 10170:Historical Dictionary of Armenia 10035:(in Armenian). Pethrat: Yerevan. 9953:(in French). Yerevan: Hayastan. 9351: 9317: 9287: 9259: 9237: 9219: 9197: 9172: 9160:from the original on 8 July 2015 9142: 9116: 9107: 9077: 9046: 9016: 8990: 8960: 8934: 8908: 8882: 8858: 8828: 8794: 8768: 8736: 8710: 8684: 8652: 8626: 8600: 8574: 8548: 8522: 8489: 8478: 8452: 8426: 8400: 8389: 8380: 8354: 8331: 8302: 8277: 8268: 8240: 8229: 8163: 8131: 8095: 8073: 8051: 8029: 8011: 7976: 7899: 7854:Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing 7839: 7805:Gertz, Steven (1 January 2005). 7798: 7760: 7739: 7704: 7664: 7638: 7616: 7587: 7581: 7532: 7492: 7462: 7429: 7388: 7367: 7341: 7298: 7267: 7215: 7188: 7142: 7094: 7038: 6997: 6946: 6916: 6894: 6857: 6818:from the original on 17 May 2014 6794: 6750: 6682: 6666: 6619: 6593: 6551:Maghakyan, Simon (11 May 2021). 6544: 6512: 6489: 6469: 6441: 6397: 6329: 6297: 6245: 6227:The National Geographic Magazine 6210: 6169: 6114: 6092: 6028:(1971). "Syria and Asia Minor". 5941: 5902: 5873: 5847: 5756: 5715: 5689: 5654: 5646:Armenian Service. Archived from 5631: 5613: 5595: 5503: 5464: 5437: 5412: 5372: 5315: 5296: 5271: 5215: 5181: 5158: 5133: 5073: 4759:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 4536:Casiday, Augustine, ed. (2012). 2989: 2970: 2961: 2948: 2937:and Echmiadzin, the churches of 2927: 2897:Murray's Handbook for Travellers 2888: 2879: 2792:Vağaršapati Kat'oğike yekeghetsi 2200:and the official designation of 2176:described the cathedral as "our 1879: 1865: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1787: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1518: 1506: 1233: 746: 740: 733: 712: 626:In the early fourth century the 597: 588: 563: 548: 543:). The cathedral is marked as 1. 524: 299:Archaeological Site of Zvartnots 123: 116: 12605:World Heritage Sites in Armenia 10276:Bournoutian, George A. (1992). 9787:Ter-Movsisian, Mesrovb (1907). 9552:Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 9515:Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 9368: 9091:(in Armenian). 25 August 2018. 8496:Juneau, Jen (11 October 2019). 6626:Martin, Dan (14 October 2017). 5471:Central Diocesan Board (1958). 5329:Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri 4991: 4968: 4945: 4911: 4876: 4843: 4777: 4723:Sanjian, Avedis Krikor (1999). 4688: 4639: 4590: 4540:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 47. 4529: 4501: 4462: 4083: 3969: 3938: 3797: 3759: 3725: 3671: 3408: 3381: 3323: 2863: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2784: 2759: 2742: 2721: 2708: 2655: 2425:Bartholomew I of Constantinople 2131: 1711:Armenian contacts with Buddhism 1671: 1355: 970:, an Ottoman Armenian traveler. 393:as Etchmiadzin (Ejmiatsin) and 12405:Gevorkian Theological Seminary 12342:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 10599:Fire and Sword in the Caucasus 10538:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Luys. 10342:Travel and Politics in Armenia 10313:. New York: Hacker Art Books. 10139:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 9966:Harutyunyan, Varazdat (1988). 8320:. 28 June 1925. Archived from 7986:Christianity Today in the USSR 7348:Elliott, Mabel Evelyn (1924). 7020:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 6577:Martin, Dan (6 October 2017). 6356:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 3287: 3250: 3225: 2474:, 2018), and royalty, such as 2051:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 1285:. In August of that year, the 1238: 1142:1836 statute or constitution ( 1036:Ottoman-Safavid War of 1635–36 884:struggle for religious freedom 775:, similar to the basilicas of 490:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 472:the cathedral was listed as a 449:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 1: 12463:Vagharshapat Football Academy 12377:Church of the Holy Archangels 12181:Saint Gregory the Illuminator 12053:Church of the Holy Archangels 10064:(in Armenian). Holy Ejmiacin. 9875:Ashjian, Mesrob, ed. (2003). 9390:Religion, State & Society 9267:Gagarin, Grigorij Grigorjevic 8344:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 7846:"Մայր աթոռ Սուրբ Էջմիածին ". 7195:Zenian, David (1 July 1996). 7059:(20): 4. 2005. Archived from 6889:Thierry & Donabédian 1989 6852:Thierry & Donabédian 1989 6789:Thierry & Donabédian 1989 5842:Thierry & Donabédian 1989 5830:Thierry & Donabédian 1989 5521:. London: Macmillan. p. 2954:Starting as early as 1837 by 2790:Վաղարշապատի Կաթողիկե եկեղեցի 2663:Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin 2644: 2218:oldest cathedral in the world 1997:, an Armenian architect) and 1933: 1657: 1182: 1122:On 13 April 1827, during the 1074:, Etchmiadzin Cathedral, and 539:in the late 19th century (by 411:oldest cathedral in the world 233:483/4–1868 (current building) 10309:Buxton, David Roden (1975). 10040:Sahinian, Alexander (1978). 9764:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia 9736:Sahinian, Alexander (1978). 9582:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia 9448:Armenian Academy of Sciences 9446:(in Armenian) (1). Yerevan: 9275:(in French). Paris. p. 9189:(in Russian). Archived from 8139:Haxthausen, Baron August von 7718:(rev. ed.). Amsterdam: 7545:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia 7055:. New Series (in Romanian). 6904:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia 6461:(in Russian). Archived from 6157:. London: Longman. pp. 6026:Bandinelli, Ranuccio Bianchi 5949:Hamlin, Alfred Dwight Foster 5517:Religion in the Soviet Union 5334:Armenian Academy of Sciences 5278:Ayvazian, Arthur A. (1985). 5228:Հատընտիր [Selection] 4609:Armenian Academy of Sciences 4607:(in Armenian) (4). Yerevan: 4538:The Orthodox Christian World 2908:, and "Armeno-Byzantine" by 2610:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2554:banknote (2001) of Armenia. 2516:St. George's Church, Tbilisi 2373:, Russian singer-songwriter 1976:Armenian Church of Bucharest 1972:Armenian Church of Singapore 1856: 1389:with the typically Armenian 942:and the locally influential 854:on Armenians, Sasanian King 409:, and often regarded as the 7: 12610:Church buildings with domes 10133:Khachatryan, Tovma (2020). 10002:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 9906:Bastamiants, Vahan (1877). 9649:Mechitharisten-Congregation 9647:(in French) (1–2). Vienna: 9475:Grigoryan, Vahagn (2012b). 9436:Grigoryan, Vahagn (2012a). 8338:Lewin, Joseph, ed. (1972). 8081:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort 7773:Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008). 7716:Translators through History 7671:Findikyan, Michael Daniel. 6759:Մայր Տաճար > Պատմություն 6132:. London: Longman. p. 5885:Overland to India. Volume 1 5386:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 4952:Krylova, Margarita (2010). 4469:Harutyunyan, Arsen (2013). 3890:. Armenian Studies Program 3232:Azadian, Edmond Y. (1999). 3116:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 2910:Alfred Dwight Foster Hamlin 2876:based on Ivanov's original. 2856:). It was first printed in 2748:It was likely dedicated to 2693:. Alternatively spelled as 2685: 2292:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort 2272:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort 1776:National Gallery of Armenia 1729: 1418:Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli 1124:Russo-Persian War (1826–28) 1105:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 992:war with the Ottoman Empire 932:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 377: 78:Catholicos of All Armenians 10: 12656: 10327:Cambridge University Press 10237:Russia and Iran, 1780–1828 10137:(in Armenian). Ejmiatsin: 10031:Parsamian, Vardan (1931). 9877:The Etchmiadzin chronicles 9822:Hovsepian, Shahen (2021). 9508:Grigoryan, Vahagn (1986). 9300:Jerusalem, City of Longing 8318:National Library of Norway 7625:A Brief History of Armenia 7499:Postajian, Torkom (2005). 6953:Chorbajian, Levon (1994). 6867:(1962). "Армянская ССР ". 5303:Kayaloff, Jacques (1973). 5080:Nercissian, M. G. (1972). 4008:Hmayakyan, Hasmik (2005). 2848:«Ողբ ի դիմաց Կաթողիկէին», 2433:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow 2164:called the cathedral the " 2086:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1566: 1293: 930:Following the fall of the 803:Reconstruction and decline 579: 535:and Etchmiadzin monastery 483: 289:UNESCO World Heritage Site 12444: 12397: 12386: 12372:Holy Mother of God Church 12334: 12189: 12071: 12017: 11862: 11541: 11441: 11301: 11265: 10643: 9406:10.1080/09637499608431724 8111:William Desborough Cooley 7649:. Lucerne: Reich Verlag. 7647:Armenia: Past and Present 7623:Papajian, Sarkis (1974). 7354:Fleming H. Revell Company 7350:Beginning Again at Ararat 6873:Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya 5918:Columbia University Press 4597:Grigorian, G. M. (1976). 4058:Հայրենագիտական էտյուդներ 2674: 2406:Archbishops of Canterbury 2369:(1976), English composer 2198:First Republic of Armenia 2092: 2019:Palatine Chapel of Aachen 1447:Dimensions and appearance 1377:plan, four free-standing 1228:First Republic of Armenia 1209:Armenian Near East Relief 1134:), according to the 1828 1059:Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov 940:Catholicosate of Aghtamar 715: 387:Armenian Apostolic Church 366: 346: 336: 321: 313: 305: 295: 286: 278: 270: 262: 257: 225: 217: 206: 194: 184: 179: 140: 111: 96: 91: 83: 73: 63: 58:Armenian Apostolic Church 51: 46: 37: 28: 23: 12281:San Lazzaro degli Armeni 12058:Monastery of St. Saviour 10465:Dowling, Theodore Edward 10351:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie 10202:; Danielian, Eduard L.; 10058:Shahkhatunian, Hovhannes 10000:. Vol. 4. Chicago: 9975:Kazarian, Armen (2007). 9742:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 9717:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 9681:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 9614:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 9481:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 9443:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 9179:Revo, O. (August 2000). 8037:Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste 7991:International Publishers 7852:(in Armenian). Yerevan: 7503:. Glendale, California. 6758: 6609:San Lazzaro degli Armeni 6234:(6): 873. Archived from 6075:Buxton & Buxton 1914 5957:Longmans, Green, and Co. 5858:(3rd ed.). London: 5305:The Battle of Sardarabad 5087:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 4604:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 4475:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 3513:Encyclopaedia Britannica 2850:Voğb i dimats Katoğikein 2802:defined "katoghike" as " 2502:Etchmiadzin on a 50,000 2276:A voyage into the Levant 2126:Athenogenes of Pedachtoë 1982:On European architecture 1957:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 1897:On Armenian architecture 1368: 1287:Armenian Communist Party 661:History of the Armenians 622:Foundation and etymology 555:A plan of the monastery 87:Active, under renovation 29: 16:Mother church of Armenia 10204:Ter-Ghevondian, Aram N. 9249:Central Bank of Armenia 9154:Public Radio of Armenia 7046:"Arhitectii Catedralei" 7004:Nanu, Yon Sava (1979). 6908:(in Armenian). p. 6607:(in Armenian). Venice: 6520:Brosset, Marie-Félicité 5090:(in Armenian) (1): 12. 4856:Armenian Van/Vaspurakan 4751:Babaie, Sussan (2004). 4128:Oxford University Press 3804:Guroian, Vigen (2000). 3300:Encyclopædia Britannica 3161:Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan 2488:state or private visits 2345:(1828), Russian mystic 2284:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier 2249:division of the country 2186:Theodore Edward Dowling 1915:Hovhannes Khalpakhchian 1665:Sirarpie Der Nersessian 926:From revival to plunder 669:Gregory the Illuminator 609:Gregory the Illuminator 418:Gregory the Illuminator 282:34 m (112 ft) 266:33 m (108 ft) 211:Gregory the Illuminator 164:40.161861°N 44.291000°E 12143:St. Nicholas Monastery 12043:Cathedral of St. James 10602:. London: T. F. Unwin. 10576:von Haxthausen, August 10389:The History of Armenia 10235:Atkin, Muriel (1980). 9381:Corley, Felix (1996). 9272:Le Caucase pittoresque 8291:. 2019. Archived from 7627:. Fresno, California: 6991:National Library Board 6871:(in Russian). Moscow: 5322:Sukiasyan, H. (2014). 5167:Pierson, Arthur Tappan 3946:Bournoutian, George A. 3616:Freshfield, Douglas W. 3587:Crocker & Brewster 3552:J. S. Virtue & Co. 3453:Sears, Robert (1855). 2956:Marie-Félicité Brosset 2606:Chapel of Saint Helena 2519: 2507: 2349:(1849), Russian poets 2279: 2206:British Foreign Office 2172:." In 1991 Catholicos 2141: 2105: 2089: 1978:in Romania (1911–12). 1949:St. Thaddeus Monastery 1707:Secret Mantra Buddhism 1695: 1414:Byzantine architecture 1381:, and four projecting 1365: 1341: 1266: 1188: 1174: 1087: 1079: 1022: 971: 812: 424:. It was built over a 389:, located in the city 274:30 m (98 ft) 142:Geographic coordinates 12520:Etchmiadzin Cathedral 12398:Education and culture 12352:Saint Hripsime Church 12347:Etchmiadzin Cathedral 10527:Harutyunyan, Varazdat 9930:Harutyunyan, Varazdat 9544:Harutyunyan, Varazdat 8668:. 25 September 2001. 8295:on 27 November 2020. 7233:. Routledge. p. 7150:Government of Armenia 6865:Khalpakhchian, O. Kh. 6525:Bulletin Scientifique 6308:Arakelian et al. 1984 6219:"The Proud Armenians" 5805:Chahin, Mack (2001). 5380:Burchard, Christopher 4611:: 162. Archived from 4170:Arakelian et al. 1984 3977:Malan, Solomon Caesar 3364:Arakelian et al. 1984 3205:Arakelian et al. 1984 2918:August von Haxthausen 2872:subsequently offered 2583:August von Haxthausen 2513: 2501: 2460:Giorgi Margvelashvili 2429:Ignatius Zakka I Iwas 2316:August von Haxthausen 2269: 2139: 2100: 2083: 1907:early medieval period 1694: 1583:The most significant 1407:Armenian architecture 1363: 1339: 1264: 1180: 1168: 1136:Treaty of Turkmenchay 1085: 1056: 1016: 961: 907:in 618 (according to 810: 466:Armenian architecture 359:Etchmiadzin Cathedral 24:Etchmiadzin Cathedral 12620:5th-century churches 12615:4th-century churches 12063:Chapel of St. Helena 10433:Thierry, Jean-Michel 10345:. London: Macmillan. 10280:. Mazda Publishers. 10188:Arakelian, Babken N. 10166:Adalian, Rouben Paul 10004:. pp. 250–253. 9856:on 27 December 2021. 9673:Mnatsakanian, Stepan 9215:on 17 February 2020. 9030:. 21 February 2018. 8974:. 28 February 2014. 8324:on 7 November 2021. 8264:on 23 November 2018. 8255:philaletheians.co.uk 7917:J. Paul Getty Museum 7184:. pp. 287, 300. 7174:(29 February 1976). 6811:Encyclopædia Iranica 6804:(15 December 1988). 6659:Encyclopædia Iranica 6652:(15 December 1998). 6638:on 23 November 2023. 6589:on 23 November 2023. 6478:, pp. 286–287; 6465:on 22 November 2012. 6369:on 12 December 2023. 6104:Pokshishevsky, Vadim 5854:"Route 40.—Erivan". 5650:on 6 September 2014. 5627:on 6 September 2014. 5609:on 6 September 2014. 5452:. Washington, D.C.: 5189:Hovannisian, Richard 5009:on 13 December 2023. 4987:on 13 December 2023. 4929:on 13 December 2023. 4851:Hovannisian, Richard 4794:Encyclopædia Iranica 4683:Hacikyan et al. 2005 4651:A History of Armenia 4634:Hacikyan et al. 2005 4585:Hacikyan et al. 2005 4120:Wainwright, Geoffrey 3806:"Armenian tradition" 3777:Blackwell Publishing 3189:on 23 November 2018. 2618:St. Vartan Cathedral 2528:Russian-administered 2476:Nicholas I of Russia 2116:, and a fragment of 2075:World Heritage Sites 2037:and the churches of 2007:Varazdat Harutyunyan 1993:in France (built by 1963:, dating from 1868. 1815:Frescoes on the dome 1399:Varazdat Harutyunyan 1216:Battle of Sardarabad 1021:(from 1811 edition)․ 982:into Persia by Shah 838:In 387, Armenia was 817:Faustus of Byzantium 378:Ēǰmiaçni mayr tač̣ar 241:17th century (dome) 169:40.161861; 44.291000 132:Shown within Armenia 12473:BMA-Arai Echmiadzin 12458:Etchmiadzin Stadium 12410:Catholicosal Museum 12362:Zvartnots Cathedral 12357:Saint Gayane Church 12048:Church of St. Toros 11989:St. Sarkis, Isfahan 11804:Skanchelagordz Vank 11647:Barthoghimevos Vank 11483:Jigrasheni Avetyats 10470:The Armenian Church 10437:Donabédian, Patrick 10363:Hacikyan, Agop Jack 10200:Bartikian, Hrach M. 10196:Arevshatian, Sen S. 9709:Sahinian, Alexander 9193:on 29 January 2022. 8752:. 21 October 2002. 8194:, pp. 225–237. 8087:. London. pp. 7779:Infobase Publishing 7291:on 2 January 2023. 7211:on 22 October 2017. 7172:Lottman, Herbert R. 6987:Singapore Infopedia 6875:. pp. 102–103. 6563:on 5 December 2021. 6476:von Haxthausen 1854 6438:, pp. 267–268. 6412:Der Nersessian 1945 6304:Der Nersessian 1945 6100:Mikhailov, Nicholas 6006:von Haxthausen 1854 5332:(in Armenian) (1). 5070:, pp. 120–121. 4975:Mitrevski, George. 4893:(in French) (138). 4787:(9 December 2011). 4636:, pp. 535–536. 4350:Hacikyan, Agop Jack 4025:Noravank Foundation 3600:von Haxthausen 1854 3337:on 28 February 2014 3000:Stepan Mnatsakanian 2773:, major figures in 2573:), and in books by 2494:Cultural depictions 2466:in 1998), Lebanon ( 2464:Emil Constantinescu 2462:in 2014), Romania ( 2456:Mikheil Saakashvili 2454:in 2011), Georgia ( 2343:Alexander Griboedov 2071:Zvartnots Cathedral 1999:San Satiro of Milan 1603:) with a series of 1485:National Geographic 1441:classical antiquity 1439:and a mausoleum of 1332:Independent Armenia 1322:Calouste Gulbenkian 1161:20th century and on 1047:Simeon I of Yerevan 1026:17th–18th centuries 793:Stepan Mnatsakanian 613:Yeghishe Tadevosyan 517:Trinity Great Court 474:World Heritage Site 367:Էջմիածնի մայր տաճար 279:Dome height (outer) 160: / 31:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար 12162:Notre Dame de Tyre 11254:St. Paul and Peter 10660:Arshakid Mausoleum 10497:Thomson, Robert W. 10192:Yeremian, Suren T. 9895:Balakian, Grigoris 8414:on 11 January 2017 8117:. pp. 81–82. 7961:, pp. 23, 47. 7812:Christianity Today 7747:"Holy Etchmiadzin" 7712:Woodsworth, Judith 7443:The New York Times 7181:The New York Times 7102:Strzygowski, Josef 7066:on 9 October 2012. 6764:armenianchurch.org 6408:Shahkhatunian 1842 6348:Kristonya Hayastan 6339:(September 2009). 6198:Porter, Robert Ker 5445:Charles J. Kersten 4615:on 3 December 2013 3842:, pp. 25, 27. 3684:The Burning Tigris 2983:Christianity Today 2779:Armenian mythology 2520: 2508: 2470:, 2018), Germany ( 2446:in 2005), France ( 2417:Ilia II of Georgia 2415:(1993), Patriarch 2328:John Buchan Telfer 2324:Douglas Freshfield 2280: 2142: 2106: 2090: 2003:Alexander Sahinian 1696: 1579:Greek inscriptions 1403:Alexander Sahinian 1373:Etchmiadzin has a 1366: 1342: 1267: 1189: 1175: 1155:Gevorgian Seminary 1088: 1080: 1064:From left to right 1023: 990:policy during the 972: 813: 769:Alexander Sahinian 723:Alexander Sahinian 640:Alexander Sahinian 628:Kingdom of Armenia 399:usually considered 12481: 12480: 12335:Places of worship 12289: 12288: 12238:Nor Nakhichevan ( 10941:Mashtots Hayrapet 10814:Targmanchats Vank 10483:Telfer, J. Buchan 10424:978-0-231-51133-9 10407:Panossian, Razmik 10398:978-1-4039-7467-9 10376:978-0-8143-3221-4 10320:978-0-87817-005-0 10287:978-0-939214-18-1 10268:978-0-415-62433-6 10246:978-0-8166-0924-6 10179:978-0-8108-7450-3 10102:Mechitarist Order 10070:Toramanian, Toros 10011:978-1-884964-03-9 9986:978-5-94428-041-1 9794:Azgagrakan Handes 9374:Academic articles 9325:"Dish, Decorated" 9255:on 27 March 2014. 9233:on 31 March 2014. 8878:on 3 August 2014. 8842:. 25 March 2005. 8156:978-1-909382-31-2 8124:978-1-909382-24-4 8115:Gomidas Institute 8107:Journey to Ararat 8103:Parrot, Friedrich 8019:Kublitsky, Georgi 7973:, pp. 18–19. 7930:978-0-89236-639-2 7894:Mnatsakanian 1987 7788:978-1-4381-2676-0 7753:on 13 June 2014. 7729:978-90-272-7381-9 7595:Utudjian, Édouard 7540:Hakobian, Tadevos 7406:978-1-57607-004-8 7244:978-0-415-41405-0 7160:on 12 March 2014. 6983:"Armenian Church" 6968:978-1-85649-288-1 6840:Mnatsakanian 1987 6802:Hewsen, Robert H. 6735:, pp. 72–73. 6426:, pp. 18–20. 6337:Shakhkyan, Garnik 6034:Thames and Hudson 5981:Neale, John Mason 5889:Macmillan and Co. 5816:978-0-7007-1452-0 5771:, pp. 75–79. 5726:. BRILL. p. 5430:978-1-135-23382-2 5393:978-1-55540-597-7 5289:978-0-934728-15-7 5151:978-0-19-510318-2 5003:Tretyakov Gallery 4981:Auburn University 4964:on 30 March 2023. 4958:Tretyakov Gallery 4923:library.brown.edu 4904:10.4000/assr.4542 4866:978-1-56859-130-8 4770:978-1-86064-721-5 4734:978-0-520-09792-6 4706:978-0-88844-809-5 4561:Mnatsakanian 1987 4547:978-1-136-31484-1 4522:978-0-8153-3319-7 4509:Ferguson, Everett 4369:978-0-8143-2815-6 4310:Mnatsakanian 1987 4282:978-0-8028-9016-0 4232:, pp. 28–29. 4217:, pp. 91–92. 4204:on 29 March 2014. 4137:978-0-19-513886-3 4054:Avetisyan, Kamsar 3959:978-0-939214-96-9 3823:978-0-19-860024-4 3790:978-0-631-22037-4 3752:978-0-19-860024-4 3694:978-0-06-186017-1 3388:Jaloyan, Vardan. 3280:978-1-59884-204-3 3243:978-0-8143-2916-0 3222:, pp. 85–86. 3179:978-5-8084-1068-8 3112:Hewsen, Robert H. 2996:Robert W. Thomson 2800:Malachia Ormanian 2737:Elizabeth Redgate 2729:Mikayel Chamchian 2683: 2631:In the 1991 film 2567:Panos Terlemezian 2480:Mahendra of Nepal 2421:Pope John Paul II 2402:Cyril of Bulgaria 2397:and many others. 2375:Vladimir Vysotsky 2300:Robert Ker Porter 2245:Robert W. Thomson 1991:Germigny-des-Prés 1987:Josef Strzygowski 1968:Armenian diaspora 1888:Germigny-des-Prés 1851:The main entrance 1655:Armenian alphabet 1597:equal-armed cross 1480:Robert Ker Porter 1245:February Uprising 1220:Gevorg (George) V 1201:Armenian genocide 1173:in the background 1117:defense of Erivan 916:Stepanos Orbelian 831:(r. 353–373) and 757:Malachia Ormanian 754: 753: 727: 453:Abbas I of Persia 397:, Armenia. It is 375: 356: 355: 332: 244:1654–58 (belfry) 12647: 12580: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12563: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12546: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12526: 12510: 12509: 12498: 12497: 12489: 12431:Eurnekian School 12392: 12367:Shoghakat Church 12326: 12316: 12309: 12302: 12293: 12292: 12250:St. Petersburg ( 12037:Armenian Quarter 11651:Constantinople ( 11428:Yeghishe Arakyal 11296: 11288: 11279: 11271: 10632: 10625: 10618: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10589: 10586:Chapman and Hall 10571: 10565: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10537: 10522: 10508: 10492: 10478: 10460: 10428: 10416: 10402: 10385:Payaslian, Simon 10380: 10358: 10346: 10324: 10305: 10291: 10272: 10250: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10214: 10183: 10152: 10129: 10113: 10093: 10077: 10065: 10053: 10036: 10027: 10025: 10023: 9990: 9971: 9962: 9945: 9925: 9919: 9911: 9902: 9890: 9857: 9855: 9849:. Archived from 9828: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9783: 9777: 9769: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9668: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9606:Hasratyan, Murad 9601: 9595: 9587: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9422: 9398:Keston Institute 9387: 9363: 9362: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9283:on 7 March 2024. 9279:. Archived from 9263: 9257: 9256: 9251:. Archived from 9241: 9235: 9234: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8922:. 6 October 2011 8912: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8812:. 24 June 2016. 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8493: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8410:. Archived from 8404: 8398: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8316:(in Norwegian). 8306: 8300: 8299: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8252: 8244: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8217: 8211: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8109:. Translated by 8099: 8093: 8092: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8015: 8009: 8008: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7959:Khachatryan 2020 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7907:Nersessian, Vrej 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7884:, p. 18-19. 7879: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7865: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7688: 7677: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7576:Harutiunian 1978 7573: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7552: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7523: 7515: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7433: 7427: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7331: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7271: 7265: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7232: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7207:. Archived from 7192: 7186: 7185: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6924:Hasratyan, Murad 6920: 6914: 6913: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6877: 6876: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6686: 6680: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6634:. Archived from 6623: 6617: 6616: 6601:Alishan, Ghevont 6597: 6591: 6590: 6585:. Archived from 6574: 6565: 6564: 6559:. Archived from 6548: 6542: 6541: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6504:. Archived from 6493: 6487: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6449:Levon Abrahamian 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6362:. Archived from 6345: 6333: 6327: 6326:, pp. 3, 5. 6321: 6315: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6241:on 28 July 2013. 6240: 6223: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6194: 6183: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6128:. Translated by 6118: 6112: 6111: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6022: 6013: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5910:Bandmann, Gunter 5906: 5900: 5899: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5862:. 1875. p. 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5781:Harutyunyan 1992 5778: 5772: 5769:Harutyunyan 1992 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5560: 5559: 5548: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5456:. 1954. p. 5441: 5435: 5434: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5376: 5370: 5367:Harutyunyan 1984 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5344:. Archived from 5319: 5313: 5312: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5258: 5233: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5056:Bournoutian 1992 5053: 5047: 5041: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5005:. Archived from 4995: 4989: 4988: 4983:. Archived from 4972: 4966: 4965: 4960:. Archived from 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4758: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4485:. Archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4458:on 4 April 2014. 4448: 4429: 4423: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4286: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4194: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3921:Khachatryan 2020 3918: 3912: 3909:Khachatryan 2020 3906: 3900: 3899: 3898:on 23 June 2014. 3894:. Archived from 3884: 3843: 3840:Khachatryan 2020 3837: 3831: 3830: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3733:Hastings, Adrian 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3571: 3560: 3559: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3507: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3465: 3464: 3450: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3396:on 11 April 2014 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3307:on 4 April 2014. 3303:. Archived from 3291: 3285: 3284: 3264: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3229: 3223: 3220:Khachatryan 2020 3217: 3208: 3202: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3182:. Archived from 3171: 3157: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3108: 3037: 3031: 3007: 2993: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2931: 2925: 2914:John Mason Neale 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2867: 2861: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2788: 2782: 2763: 2757: 2746: 2740: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2667:Holy Etchmiadzin 2659: 2620:in New York and 2589:), John Ussher ( 2575:John Mason Neale 2514:A fresco inside 2371:Benjamin Britten 2363:Glenn T. Seaborg 2347:Helena Blavatsky 2304:Friedrich Parrot 2262:Notable visitors 2212:Oldest cathedral 2178:Solomon's Temple 2162:Mkrtich Khrimian 2114:John the Baptist 1938: 1935: 1927: 1883: 1869: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1791: 1772:Mkrtich Khrimian 1753:Naghash Hovnatan 1662: 1659: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1593:Paul the Apostle 1558: 1546: 1534: 1522: 1510: 1494:Robert H. Hewsen 1273:and the radical 1256:Toros Toramanian 1205:Turkish Armenian 1194:Mkrtich Khrimian 1187: 1184: 1109:Pavel Tsitsianov 1091:Russian takeover 1008:St. Georg Church 962:A detail from a 888:cruciform church 880:Vahan Mamikonian 848:Sasanian Empires 829:Nerses the Great 750: 744: 737: 717: 713: 601: 592: 567: 552: 528: 430:Vahan Mamikonian 380: 370: 368: 326: 250:1868 (sacristy) 175: 174: 172: 171: 170: 165: 161: 158: 157: 156: 153: 127: 126: 120: 105:Armavir Province 42: 21: 20: 12655: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12579:from Wikivoyage 12573: 12568: 12566: 12562:from Wikisource 12556: 12551: 12549: 12539: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12525:sister projects 12522:at Knowledge's 12516: 12504: 12492: 12484: 12482: 12477: 12468:FC Vagharshapat 12440: 12415:Khrimian Museum 12393: 12384: 12330: 12320: 12290: 12285: 12185: 12067: 12013: 11858: 11537: 11499:Karmir Avetaran 11437: 11433:Yerits Mankants 11392:Kusanats Anapat 11297: 11290: 11289: 11281: 11280: 11273: 11272: 11263: 11093:Bgheno-Noravank 10710:Kristapori Vank 10639: 10636: 10606: 10559: 10558: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10535: 10513:Lynch, H. F. B. 10457: 10447:Harry N. Abrams 10425: 10399: 10377: 10321: 10288: 10269: 10255:Behrooz, Maziar 10247: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10206:, eds. (1984). 10180: 10155: 10149: 10116: 10096: 10080: 10021: 10019: 10012: 9987: 9913: 9912: 9887: 9865: 9863:Published books 9860: 9853: 9833:(in Armenian). 9826: 9812: 9810: 9803:Yervand Lalayan 9797:(in Armenian). 9771: 9770: 9751: 9749: 9726: 9724: 9698: 9696: 9631: 9629: 9589: 9588: 9569: 9567: 9533: 9531: 9498: 9496: 9465: 9463: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9385: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9323: 9322: 9318: 9311: 9295:Goldhill, Simon 9292: 9288: 9264: 9260: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9156:. 30 May 2013. 9148: 9147: 9143: 9133: 9131: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9051: 9047: 9037: 9035: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9005: 8996: 8995: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8972:PanARMENIAN.Net 8966: 8965: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8935: 8925: 8923: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8899: 8897: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8774: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8690: 8689: 8685: 8675: 8673: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8643: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8591: 8589: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8513: 8511: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8336: 8332: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8230: 8218: 8214: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8100: 8096: 8078: 8074: 8056: 8052: 8034: 8030: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7947:Grigoryan 2012a 7945: 7941: 7931: 7915:. Los Angeles: 7904: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7863: 7861: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7709: 7705: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7680:Yale University 7675: 7669: 7665: 7643: 7639: 7621: 7617: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7554: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7517: 7516: 7497: 7493: 7487:Grigoryan 2012a 7485: 7481: 7467: 7463: 7453: 7451: 7434: 7430: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7393: 7389: 7372: 7368: 7346: 7342: 7329: 7327: 7318:(in Armenian). 7303: 7299: 7283:(in Armenian). 7273: 7272: 7268: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7223:Safran, William 7220: 7216: 7193: 7189: 7169: 7165: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7027: 7014:(in Armenian). 7002: 6998: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6921: 6917: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6880: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6821: 6819: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6695:, p. 238, 6691:, p. 301; 6687: 6683: 6675:, p. 231; 6671: 6667: 6647: 6643: 6624: 6620: 6598: 6594: 6575: 6568: 6549: 6545: 6517: 6513: 6508:on 1 July 2020. 6494: 6490: 6482:, p. 309; 6474: 6470: 6447:Interview with 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6424:Grigoryan 2012b 6422: 6418: 6404:Grigoryan 2012b 6402: 6398: 6392:Grigoryan 2012b 6390: 6386: 6380:Grigoryan 2012b 6378: 6374: 6366: 6350:(in Armenian). 6343: 6334: 6330: 6324:Grigoryan 2012b 6322: 6318: 6312:Grigoryan 2012b 6310:, p. 594; 6302: 6298: 6294:, pp. 3–4. 6292:Grigoryan 2012b 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254:, p. 238; 6250: 6246: 6238: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6195: 6186: 6178:, p. 301; 6174: 6170: 6148: 6141: 6119: 6115: 6097: 6093: 6087:Grigoryan 2012b 6085: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6023: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5978: 5971: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5907: 5903: 5878: 5874: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5690: 5677: 5675: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5642:(in Armenian). 5636: 5632: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5563: 5558:on 4 July 2014. 5550: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5469: 5465: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5348:on 12 July 2020 5320: 5316: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5242: 5231: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5186: 5182: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5029: 5021: 5014: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4973: 4969: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4693: 4689: 4685:, pp. 4–5. 4681: 4677: 4669: 4662: 4647:Kurkjian, Vahan 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4489:on 14 July 2014 4467: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4432: 4424: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4236: 4230:Grigoryan 2012a 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4182:Grigoryan 2012a 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4130:. p. 147. 4117: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4019:(in Armenian). 4012: 4006: 3999: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3886: 3885: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3679:Balakian, Peter 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3579:Dwight, H. G. O 3572: 3563: 3537: 3530: 3510:"Etchmiadzin". 3509: 3508: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3468: 3451: 3438: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3353: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3169: 3158: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3109: 3040: 3032: 3019: 3010: 3006:, and Grigoryan 3004:Vrej Nersessian 2994: 2990: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2949: 2941:and, possibly, 2932: 2928: 2906:Günter Bandmann 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2870:Ivan Aivazovsky 2868: 2864: 2858:Nor Nakhichevan 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2808:Catholic Church 2789: 2785: 2769:, or archangel 2764: 2760: 2747: 2743: 2726: 2722: 2716:interchangeably 2713: 2709: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2608:at Jerusalem's 2593:), and others. 2559:Grigory Gagarin 2496: 2452:Nicolas Sarkozy 2383:Andrei Sakharov 2367:William Saroyan 2359:Fridtjof Nansen 2312:H. G. O. Dwight 2286:(before 1668), 2264: 2243:existed prior. 2225:church building 2214: 2134: 2095: 2073:to the list of 2069:and the ruined 2047: 2027:Murad Hasratyan 2025:. According to 2023:decorative arts 1984: 1974:(1835) and the 1936: 1917: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1840: 1837: 1828: 1825: 1816: 1813: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1732: 1686:Ghevont Alishan 1674: 1660: 1651:Ghevont Alishan 1645: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1550: 1549:The bell tower 1547: 1538: 1535: 1526: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1449: 1371: 1358: 1334: 1317:Khrushchev Thaw 1296: 1241: 1236: 1185: 1163: 1132:Eastern Armenia 1093: 1062: 1028: 986:as part of the 951:, but in 1502, 928: 877:Persian Armenia 867:Ghazar Parpetsi 805: 785:Aparan (Kasagh) 745: 728: 721:as proposed by 720: 692:linking element 679:"descent" + մի 624: 619: 618: 617: 616: 604: 603: 602: 594: 593: 582: 575: 568: 559: 553: 544: 541:Ghevont Alishan 529: 486: 407:ancient Armenia 291: 253: 235: 234: 168: 166: 162: 159: 154: 151: 149: 147: 146: 136: 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12653: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12582: 12581: 12564: 12547: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12502: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12454:Komitas Square 12452: 12451:Nersisian Park 12448: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12420: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12394: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12382: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12331: 12319: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12296: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12270: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12256: 12255: 12248: 12243: 12235: 12234: 12228: 12227: 12219: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12190:Rest of Europe 12187: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12153: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12089: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12032: 12030: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12011: 12000: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11889:Dzordzori Vank 11886: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11622:Arakelots Vank 11619: 11614: 11603:Tigran Honents 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11554: 11552: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11471:Ejmiatsnetsots 11454: 11452: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11398:Ghazanchetsots 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11314: 11312: 11299: 11298: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11234: 11227: 11219: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11044: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10873: 10871:Makenyats Vank 10868: 10863: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10818:Vagharshapat ( 10816: 10810: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10649: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10635: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10612: 10605: 10604: 10594:Villari, Luigi 10590: 10572: 10544: 10523: 10509: 10501:"Agathangelos" 10493: 10479: 10461: 10455: 10429: 10423: 10403: 10397: 10381: 10375: 10359: 10347: 10337:Buxton, Harold 10329: 10319: 10306: 10292: 10286: 10273: 10267: 10251: 10245: 10232: 10184: 10178: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10153: 10147: 10130: 10114: 10094: 10078: 10066: 10054: 10037: 10028: 10010: 9991: 9985: 9972: 9963: 9946: 9926: 9903: 9891: 9885: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9819: 9784: 9758: 9733: 9705: 9669: 9644:Handes Amsorya 9638: 9602: 9576: 9540: 9505: 9472: 9433: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9350: 9316: 9309: 9286: 9258: 9236: 9218: 9196: 9171: 9141: 9115: 9106: 9076: 9045: 9015: 8989: 8959: 8933: 8907: 8881: 8857: 8838:(in Russian). 8827: 8793: 8767: 8735: 8709: 8683: 8651: 8625: 8599: 8573: 8547: 8521: 8488: 8477: 8451: 8425: 8399: 8388: 8379: 8353: 8330: 8301: 8289:Pushkin Museum 8287:(in Russian). 8276: 8267: 8239: 8228: 8212: 8196: 8184: 8171:Wagner, Moritz 8162: 8155: 8147:Dominic Lieven 8130: 8123: 8094: 8072: 8050: 8028: 8010: 8003: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7929: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7838: 7797: 7787: 7781:. p. 65. 7765: 7759: 7738: 7728: 7703: 7663: 7637: 7615: 7586: 7580: 7568: 7531: 7491: 7479: 7461: 7428: 7412: 7405: 7387: 7379:Soviet Journey 7375:Fischer, Louis 7366: 7340: 7297: 7266: 7250: 7243: 7214: 7187: 7163: 7141: 7139:, p. 270. 7137:Hasratyan 2003 7129: 7127:, p. 100. 7117: 7093: 7081: 7069: 7037: 6996: 6974: 6967: 6961:. p. 84. 6945: 6915: 6893: 6891:, p. 308. 6878: 6856: 6844: 6842:, p. 157. 6832: 6793: 6791:, p. 599. 6781: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6723:, p. 301. 6713: 6711:, p. 231. 6701: 6681: 6665: 6650:Cowe, S. Peter 6641: 6618: 6592: 6566: 6543: 6511: 6488: 6468: 6440: 6436:Hasratyan 2003 6428: 6416: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6328: 6316: 6306:, p. 95; 6296: 6284: 6282:, p. 263. 6272: 6270:, p. 232. 6260: 6244: 6209: 6184: 6168: 6139: 6130:John Pinkerton 6113: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6065:, p. 267. 6055: 6053:, p. 300. 6043: 6014: 5998: 5989:Joseph Masters 5969: 5940: 5930: 5901: 5872: 5846: 5844:, p. 352. 5834: 5822: 5815: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5755: 5753:, p. 298. 5743: 5736: 5714: 5712:, p. 238. 5699: 5688: 5674:on 4 July 2014 5653: 5630: 5612: 5594: 5561: 5540: 5528: 5511:Kolarz, Walter 5502: 5490: 5478: 5463: 5436: 5429: 5411: 5399: 5392: 5371: 5359: 5314: 5295: 5288: 5270: 5240: 5223:Asatryan, Hayk 5214: 5207: 5180: 5157: 5150: 5132: 5130:, p. 301. 5120: 5118:, p. 130. 5105: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5027: 5025:, p. 120. 5012: 5001:(in Russian). 4990: 4967: 4944: 4942:, p. 543. 4932: 4910: 4875: 4865: 4853:, ed. (2000). 4842: 4838:Hovsepian 2021 4827: 4823:Hovsepian 2021 4812: 4785:Cowe, S. Peter 4776: 4769: 4740: 4733: 4712: 4705: 4687: 4675: 4673:, p. 300. 4660: 4657:. p. 355. 4638: 4626: 4589: 4587:, p. 536. 4577: 4575:, p. 299. 4565: 4563:, p. 154. 4553: 4546: 4528: 4521: 4500: 4461: 4430: 4405: 4403:, p. 268. 4401:Hasratyan 2003 4390: 4388:, p. 269. 4386:Hasratyan 2003 4375: 4368: 4341: 4329: 4327:, p. 267. 4325:Hasratyan 2003 4314: 4302: 4281: 4263: 4251: 4249:, p. 266. 4247:Hasratyan 2003 4234: 4219: 4207: 4186: 4174: 4172:, p. 205. 4162: 4146: 4136: 4108: 4082: 4070: 4045: 4023:(8). Yerevan: 3997: 3968: 3958: 3937: 3933:Payaslian 2007 3925: 3913: 3901: 3844: 3832: 3822: 3796: 3789: 3767:Redgate, A. E. 3758: 3751: 3724: 3720:Panossian 2006 3712: 3710:, p. 106. 3708:Panossian 2006 3700: 3693: 3670: 3668:, p. 237. 3658: 3656:, p. 243. 3643: 3641:, p. 236. 3631: 3604: 3602:, p. 286. 3592: 3561: 3540:Reclus, Élisée 3528: 3495: 3493:, p. 223. 3483: 3481:, p. 235. 3466: 3436: 3407: 3380: 3378:, p. 128. 3368: 3366:, p. 571. 3351: 3322: 3320:, p. 297. 3310: 3286: 3279: 3249: 3242: 3224: 3209: 3207:, p. 572. 3192: 3178: 3143: 3141:, p. 271. 3139:Hasratyan 2003 3131: 3124: 3038: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3008: 2988: 2969: 2960: 2947: 2926: 2887: 2878: 2862: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2783: 2758: 2741: 2733:Edict of Milan 2720: 2707: 2686:Surb Ejmiatsin 2675:Սուրբ Էջմիածին 2653: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639:Henri Verneuil 2495: 2492: 2484:Prince Charles 2448:Jacques Chirac 2444:Vladimir Putin 2419:(1997, 2003), 2395:Kim Kardashian 2379:Joseph Brodsky 2351:Valery Bryusov 2336:H. F. B. Lynch 2263: 2260: 2213: 2210: 2133: 2130: 2094: 2091: 2046: 2043: 2035:Constantinople 1983: 1980: 1930:Mastara Church 1898: 1895: 1885: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1786: 1731: 1728: 1722:to Armenia by 1673: 1670: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1612: 1581: 1580: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1457:H. F. B. Lynch 1448: 1445: 1370: 1367: 1357: 1354: 1333: 1330: 1326:Alex Manoogian 1295: 1292: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1162: 1159: 1128:Ivan Paskevich 1101:Erivan Khanate 1097:Russian Empire 1092: 1089: 1027: 1024: 988:scorched earth 976:Ottoman Turkey 966:of Armenia by 927: 924: 875:(governor) of 852:Zoroastrianism 835:(r. 387–439). 804: 801: 789:Suren Yeremian 752: 751: 738: 730: 729: 716: 623: 620: 606: 605: 596: 595: 587: 586: 585: 584: 583: 581: 578: 577: 576: 569: 562: 560: 557:H. F. B. Lynch 554: 547: 545: 530: 523: 485: 482: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 338: 334: 333: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 293: 292: 287: 284: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 258:Specifications 255: 254: 252: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 232: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 218:Groundbreaking 215: 214: 208: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 177: 176: 144: 138: 137: 131: 122: 121: 115: 114: 113: 112: 109: 108: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12652: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12578: 12577: 12576:Travel guides 12565: 12561: 12560: 12548: 12544: 12543: 12531: 12530: 12527: 12521: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12396: 12391: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12317: 12312: 12310: 12305: 12303: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12253: 12252:St. Catherine 12249: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12151: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11973:St. Catherine 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11861: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11611:Holy Apostles 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11549: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11418:Tsitsernavank 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11320: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11300: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11270: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11145: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11103:Tatevi Anapat 11100: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10951:Neghutsi Vank 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10840: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10633: 10628: 10626: 10621: 10619: 10614: 10613: 10610: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10547: 10545:5-545-00215-4 10541: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10456:0-8109-0625-2 10452: 10448: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10312: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10261:. Routledge. 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10242: 10238: 10233: 10218: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10156: 10150: 10148:9789939592497 10144: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10038: 10034: 10029: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9992: 9988: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9969: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9909: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9886:99941-33-04-7 9882: 9878: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9820: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9767: 9765: 9759: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9645: 9639: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9585: 9583: 9577: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9360: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9312: 9310:9780674034686 9306: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9290: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9209:heraldicum.ru 9206: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9186:Nauka i Zhizn 9182: 9175: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9110: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8486: 8481: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8392: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8271: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8232: 8225: 8221: 8216: 8209: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8059:Chardin, Jean 8054: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8006: 8004:9780717806515 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7979: 7972: 7967: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7943: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7763: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7722:. p. 6. 7721: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7700: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7564: 7558: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7535: 7527: 7521: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7432: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7201:AGBU Magazine 7198: 7191: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7091:, p. 98. 7090: 7085: 7079:, p. 74. 7078: 7073: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6970: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6883: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6854:, p. 66. 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6747:, p. 73. 6746: 6741: 6734: 6729: 6722: 6717: 6710: 6705: 6699:, p. 262 6698: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6679:, p. 300 6678: 6674: 6669: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6528:(in French). 6527: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6486:, p. 266 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6459:armtoday.info 6456: 6450: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6409: 6406:, p. 9; 6405: 6400: 6394:, p. 20. 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6320: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6258:, p. 263 6257: 6253: 6248: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6182:, p. 262 6181: 6177: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6151:Morier, James 6146: 6144: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6122:Chardin, Jean 6117: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6077:, p. 70. 6076: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5933: 5931:9780231501729 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5832:, p. 36. 5831: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5795:, p. 71. 5794: 5793:Sahinian 1966 5789: 5783:, p. 73. 5782: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5739: 5737:9789004280229 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5538:, p. 25. 5537: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500:, p. 21. 5499: 5494: 5488:, p. 18. 5487: 5482: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5443:According to 5440: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5369:, p. 56. 5368: 5363: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5311:. p. 29. 5310: 5307:. The Hague: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5241:99930-1-057-X 5237: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5210: 5208:0-520-01805-2 5204: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5058:, p. 14. 5057: 5052: 5046:, p. 56. 5045: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4840:, p. 51. 4839: 4834: 4832: 4825:, p. 48. 4824: 4819: 4817: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4747: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4428:, p. 72. 4427: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4339:, p. 72. 4338: 4337:Sahinian 1966 4333: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4311: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4261:, p. 84. 4260: 4259:Sahinian 1966 4255: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4215:Sahinian 1966 4211: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4184:, p. 27. 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4080:, p. 19. 4079: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3923:, p. 27. 3922: 3917: 3911:, p. 64. 3910: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:"Etchmiadzin" 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3772:The Armenians 3768: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3722:, p. 42. 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3596: 3589:. p. 94. 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3127: 3125:0-226-33228-4 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3036:, p. 71. 3035: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2976:According to 2973: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2628:in New York. 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2604:, inside the 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2504:Armenian dram 2500: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2478:(1837), King 2477: 2473: 2472:Angela Merkel 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:Donald Coggan 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:Moritz Wagner 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2256:state atheism 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150:Golden Temple 2147: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1889: 1882: 1868: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1780:Lydia Durnovo 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757:Mother of God 1754: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1669: 1666: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1573:blind arcades 1557: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1533: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490:Luigi Villari 1487: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461:Harold Buxton 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1362: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1306:Walter Kolarz 1302: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:state atheist 1272: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1234:Soviet period 1231: 1229: 1225: 1222:to leave for 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1181:Etchmiadzin, 1179: 1172: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1112:tried to take 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1084: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 969: 968:Eremya Çelebi 965: 960: 956: 954: 950: 945: 941: 937: 934:in 1375, the 933: 923: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 901: 896: 894: 889: 885: 881: 878: 874: 873: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 833:Sahak Parthev 830: 826: 822: 818: 815:According to 809: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 758: 749: 743: 739: 736: 732: 731: 726: 724: 714: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:Tiridates III 629: 614: 610: 600: 591: 573: 566: 561: 558: 551: 546: 542: 538: 534: 527: 522: 521: 520: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 481: 479: 475: 469: 467: 463: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:catholicosate 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:Tiridates III 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:mother church 379: 373: 364: 360: 352: 349: 345: 342: 339: 337:Reference no. 335: 330: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301: 300: 294: 290: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 249: 246: 243: 240: 238:483/4 (core) 237: 236: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 202: 199: 197: 193: 190: 187: 183: 178: 173: 145: 143: 139: 119: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 90: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 59: 56: 54: 50: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 12574: 12557: 12545:from Commons 12540: 12519: 12512:Christianity 12500:Architecture 12346: 12328:Vagharshapat 12072:Rest of Asia 12035: 12004:St. Thaddeus 11981:St. Nicholas 11884:Maghardavank 11867: 11768:Marinos Vank 11732:Karapet Vank 11546: 11503:Geghardavank 11446: 11408:Targmanchats 11344:St. Thaddeus 11306: 11283: 11274: 11209:Tsakhats Kar 11138:Jukhtak Vank 11053:Holy Saviour 10828:St. Hripsime 10819: 10785:Aghjots Vank 10766:Yeghipatrush 10731:Saghmosavank 10685:Hovhannavank 10670:Astvatsankal 10598: 10580: 10550:. Retrieved 10531: 10517: 10504: 10487: 10469: 10442:Armenian Art 10441: 10412: 10388: 10366: 10354: 10341: 10333:Buxton, Noel 10310: 10300: 10296:Bryce, James 10277: 10258: 10236: 10224:. Retrieved 10208: 10169: 10134: 10117: 10097: 10081: 10073: 10061: 10041: 10032: 10020:. Retrieved 9996: 9976: 9967: 9950: 9933: 9907: 9898: 9876: 9851:the original 9834: 9830: 9811:. Retrieved 9798: 9792: 9762: 9750:. Retrieved 9741: 9725:. Retrieved 9716: 9697:. Retrieved 9680: 9642: 9630:. Retrieved 9613: 9580: 9568:. Retrieved 9551: 9532:. Retrieved 9513: 9497:. Retrieved 9480: 9464:. Retrieved 9441: 9425:. Retrieved 9393: 9389: 9369:Bibliography 9353: 9341:. Retrieved 9328: 9319: 9299: 9289: 9281:the original 9271: 9261: 9253:the original 9239: 9231:the original 9221: 9213:the original 9208: 9199: 9191:the original 9184: 9174: 9162:. Retrieved 9144: 9132:. Retrieved 9118: 9109: 9097:. Retrieved 9088: 9079: 9067:. Retrieved 9048: 9036:. Retrieved 9027: 9018: 9006:. Retrieved 8992: 8980:. Retrieved 8962: 8950:. Retrieved 8936: 8924:. Retrieved 8910: 8898:. Retrieved 8884: 8876:the original 8869: 8860: 8848:. Retrieved 8830: 8818:. Retrieved 8805: 8796: 8784:. Retrieved 8770: 8758:. Retrieved 8747: 8738: 8726:. Retrieved 8712: 8700:. Retrieved 8686: 8674:. Retrieved 8663: 8654: 8642:. Retrieved 8628: 8616:. Retrieved 8602: 8590:. Retrieved 8576: 8564:. Retrieved 8550: 8538:. Retrieved 8524: 8512:. Retrieved 8501: 8491: 8480: 8468:. Retrieved 8454: 8442:. Retrieved 8428: 8416:. Retrieved 8412:the original 8402: 8391: 8382: 8370:. Retrieved 8356: 8339: 8333: 8325: 8322:the original 8313: 8304: 8296: 8293:the original 8279: 8270: 8259:the original 8254: 8242: 8231: 8215: 8199: 8187: 8174: 8165: 8142: 8133: 8106: 8097: 8084: 8075: 8062: 8053: 8040: 8031: 8022: 8013: 7989:. New York: 7985: 7978: 7971:Thomson 1994 7966: 7954: 7942: 7934: 7911: 7901: 7889: 7882:Thomson 1994 7877: 7869: 7862:. Retrieved 7848: 7841: 7829:. Retrieved 7810: 7800: 7792: 7777:. New York: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7754: 7751:the original 7741: 7733: 7715: 7706: 7698: 7691:. Retrieved 7666: 7658: 7646: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7610: 7598: 7589: 7583: 7571: 7549: 7543: 7534: 7512: 7500: 7494: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7452:. Retrieved 7441: 7431: 7420:Dowling 1910 7415: 7396: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7369: 7361: 7352:. New York: 7349: 7343: 7335: 7328:. Retrieved 7319: 7313: 7300: 7292: 7289:the original 7284: 7278: 7269: 7258:Dowling 1910 7253: 7228: 7217: 7209:the original 7200: 7190: 7179: 7166: 7158:the original 7144: 7132: 7120: 7106: 7096: 7084: 7072: 7061:the original 7056: 7052: 7040: 7028:. Retrieved 7015: 7009: 6999: 6986: 6977: 6954: 6948: 6936:. Retrieved 6918: 6902: 6896: 6868: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6827: 6820:. Retrieved 6809: 6796: 6784: 6772:. Retrieved 6763: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6693:Villari 1906 6684: 6668: 6657: 6644: 6636:the original 6632:Tibeto-logic 6631: 6621: 6604: 6595: 6587:the original 6583:Tibeto-logic 6582: 6561:the original 6557:Tibeto-logic 6556: 6546: 6529: 6523: 6514: 6506:the original 6502:Tibeto-logic 6501: 6491: 6471: 6463:the original 6458: 6443: 6431: 6419: 6414:, p. 95 6399: 6387: 6382:, p. 7. 6375: 6364:the original 6351: 6347: 6331: 6319: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6252:Villari 1906 6247: 6236:the original 6231: 6225: 6212: 6202: 6171: 6154: 6125: 6116: 6107: 6094: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6029: 6001: 5984: 5964: 5955:. New York: 5952: 5943: 5935: 5913: 5904: 5896: 5884: 5875: 5867: 5855: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5806: 5800: 5788: 5776: 5764: 5758: 5751:Adalian 2010 5746: 5723: 5717: 5710:Villari 1906 5691: 5683: 5676:. Retrieved 5672:the original 5665: 5656: 5648:the original 5633: 5625:the original 5615: 5607:the original 5597: 5585:. Retrieved 5556:the original 5531: 5516: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5472: 5466: 5449: 5439: 5420: 5414: 5409:, p. 9. 5402: 5383: 5374: 5362: 5350:. Retrieved 5346:the original 5327: 5317: 5304: 5298: 5279: 5273: 5261:. Retrieved 5227: 5217: 5193: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5141: 5135: 5128:Adalian 2010 5123: 5116:Adalian 2010 5096:. Retrieved 5085: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5044:Behrooz 2013 5007:the original 4993: 4985:the original 4970: 4962:the original 4947: 4940:Adalian 2010 4935: 4927:the original 4922: 4913: 4888: 4878: 4870: 4855: 4845: 4803:. Retrieved 4792: 4779: 4754: 4724: 4696: 4690: 4678: 4671:Adalian 2010 4653:. New York: 4650: 4641: 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4613:the original 4602: 4592: 4580: 4573:Adalian 2010 4568: 4556: 4537: 4531: 4512: 4503: 4491:. Retrieved 4487:the original 4474: 4464: 4456:the original 4354: 4344: 4332: 4305: 4272: 4266: 4254: 4210: 4202:the original 4177: 4165: 4154:Dowling 1910 4149: 4141: 4123: 4099:. Retrieved 4085: 4078:Thomson 1994 4073: 4065: 4057: 4048: 4036:. Retrieved 4020: 4017:21st Century 4016: 3992: 3980: 3971: 3963: 3949: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3896:the original 3835: 3827: 3809: 3799: 3771: 3761: 3737: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3682: 3673: 3666:Villari 1906 3661: 3639:Villari 1906 3634: 3620: 3595: 3582: 3547: 3544:Keane, A. H. 3511: 3491:Villari 1906 3486: 3455: 3431: 3424:. Retrieved 3410: 3398:. Retrieved 3394:the original 3383: 3376:Adalian 2010 3371: 3346: 3339:. 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London: 10552:30 January 10473:. London: 9801:. Tiflis: 9361:. YouTube. 9059:Armenpress 8820:15 January 8806:vatican.va 8665:vatican.va 8222:, p. 8220:Lynch 1901 8206:, p. 8204:Bryce 1878 7993:. p. 7919:. p. 7422:, p. 7356:. p. 7260:, p. 6957:. London: 6721:Bryce 1878 6697:Lynch 1901 6689:Bryce 1878 6677:Bryce 1878 6611:. p. 6484:Lynch 1901 6480:Bryce 1878 6280:Lynch 1901 6256:Lynch 1901 6180:Lynch 1901 6176:Bryce 1878 6063:Lynch 1901 6051:Bryce 1878 6036:. p. 6008:, p. 5987:. London: 5920:. p. 5887:. London: 5587:26 October 5579:. UNESCO. 5336:: 95–102. 5068:Atkin 1980 5023:Atkin 1980 4156:, p. 3987:. p. 3985:Rivingtons 3983:. London: 3779:. p. 3775:. Oxford: 3654:Lynch 1901 3585:. Boston: 3575:Smith, Eli 3550:. London: 3426:12 January 3269:. p. 2902:Sven Hedin 2819:the Church 2815:katholikos 2796:Kat'oghike 2771:Sandaramet 2703:Edjmiadsin 2695:Echmiadzin 2645:References 2518:, Georgia 2118:Noah's Ark 2110:Holy Lance 2103:Noah's Ark 2063:St. Gayane 2033:church in 2015:Iconoclasm 2011:Paulicians 1937: 600 1803:The cupola 1740:scrollwork 1661: 405 1346:metal roof 1315:since the 1144:polozhenie 936:See of Sis 700:Son of God 572:Mother See 513:quadrangle 494:Catholicos 438:Catholicos 401:the first 322:Designated 317:(ii) (iii) 213:(original) 74:Leadership 12174:Singapore 12023:Palestine 12019:Jerusalem 11993:St. Minas 11977:Bethlehem 11949:Nor Jugha 11899:Darashamb 11829:Trebizond 11783:Holy Sign 11743:Cathedral 11702:Gaziantep 11697:Eskişehir 11657:Kuzguncuk 11599:Cathedral 11515:Holy Sign 11487:Kamoyants 11467:Chugureti 11463:Bethlehem 11457:Tbilisi ( 11360:Gandzasar 11330:Aprakunis 11242:Katoghike 11236:Yerevan ( 11231:St. James 11229:Kanaker ( 11144:Arakelots 11142:Kirants ( 11128:Goshavank 11099:Monastery 11074:Pemzashen 11069:Marmashen 11002:Horomayri 10982:Monastery 10961:Tejharuyk 10956:Ptghavank 10946:Mayravank 10936:Makravank 10875:Noratus ( 10861:Hayravank 10842:Zvartnots 10836:Shoghakat 10790:Artavazik 10719:Oshakan ( 10695:Karmravor 10562:cite book 10439:(1989) . 10090:861620582 9934:Էջմիածին 9916:cite book 9847:1829-2003 9841:: 48–52. 9774:cite book 9689:0135-0536 9657:0017-7377 9622:0135-0536 9592:cite book 9560:0320-8117 9524:0320-8117 9489:0135-0536 9456:0135-0536 9450:: 14–37. 9414:0963-7494 9164:22 August 8982:22 August 8926:22 August 8920:Rustavi 2 8850:22 August 8786:22 August 8760:22 August 8676:22 August 8141:(2016) . 8105:(2016) . 7821:0009-5753 7557:cite book 7520:cite book 7509:216938598 7030:12 August 7022:: 56–60. 6959:Zed Books 6938:18 August 6806:"Bagaran" 5342:0320-8117 5263:18 August 4897:: 49–68. 4483:0135-0536 4291:cite book 3013:Citations 2812:καθολικός 2804:cathedral 2699:Ejmiatsin 2680:romanized 2602:Hava Yofe 2458:in 2004, 2330:(1870s), 2308:Eli Smith 2231:, in the 2229:Ashtishat 2122:reliquary 2067:Shoghakat 1857:Influence 1839:The altar 1744:arabesque 1724:New Julfa 1703:oṃ aḥ hūṃ 1537:Side view 1472:freestone 1430:Sarvestan 1422:Justinian 1375:cruciform 1308:in 1961. 1301:Gevorg VI 1211:by 1919. 1076:Shoghakat 1000:New Julfa 825:Shapur II 708:Sahak III 683:"only" + 480:in 2000. 457:New Julfa 405:built in 403:cathedral 381:) is the 372:romanized 226:Completed 189:Cathedral 107:, Armenia 12224:St. Mary 12167:Ganchvor 12115:Saidabad 12110:Chinsura 12105:Calcutta 12002:Tehran ( 11969:St. John 11957:St. Mary 11934:Mujumbar 11920:St. Mary 11918:Tabriz ( 11914:Mahlezan 11849:Yeghrdut 11839:Varzahan 11758:Khtzkonk 11747:St. Mary 11575:Aghtamar 11570:Aghperig 11559:St. Mary 11511:Norashen 11423:Vankasar 11396:Shusha ( 11350:Dadivank 11340:St. Mary 11317:Agulis ( 11250:St. John 11194:Noravank 11189:Gndevank 11170:Voskepar 11079:Yererouk 11049:St. Mary 11047:Gyumri ( 11033:St. Mary 11027:Sverdlov 10967:St. Mary 10931:Kecharis 10902:Yot Verk 10892:Tsovinar 10877:Cemetery 10866:Kotavank 10856:Ddmashen 10832:St. Mary 10761:Voskevaz 10675:Byurakan 10596:(1906). 10578:(1854). 10529:(1992). 10515:(1901). 10499:(1994). 10485:(1876). 10467:(1910). 10409:(2006). 10387:(2007). 10353:(1945). 10339:(1914). 10298:(1878). 10217:Archived 10168:(2010). 10126:46338801 10110:35048877 10104:. 1903. 10072:(1910). 10060:(1842). 10050:47168540 10016:Archived 9959:78980119 9942:19983186 9932:(1978). 9897:(1911). 9868:Specific 9807:Archived 9766:Volume 4 9746:Archived 9721:Archived 9711:(1966). 9693:Archived 9675:(1987). 9665:26019166 9626:Archived 9608:(2003). 9584:Volume 4 9564:Archived 9546:(1984). 9528:Archived 9493:Archived 9460:Archived 9418:Archived 9400:: 9–53. 9337:Archived 9329:amnh.org 9297:(2009). 9269:(1847). 9158:Archived 9134:19 April 9128:Archived 9093:Archived 9063:Archived 9032:Archived 9008:19 April 9002:Archived 8976:Archived 8952:19 April 8946:Archived 8900:19 April 8894:Archived 8844:Archived 8814:Archived 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