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Romanization of Armenian

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25: 4252: 457:
transliterations that are context dependent (and may in some cases create ambiguities, only the ISO 9985 and Hübschmann-Meillet romanizations do not use any context-dependant ambiguous digraphs for transcribing simple Armenian letters that are not ligatures, but the former is inconsistent with its representation of aspirated consonants and incompatible with all other systems for a pair of letters).
1476:
Note that in the table above, the last two columns refer to digraphs, not isolated letters (however, they are considered letters in the Reformed orthography). However the last column displays the ligature that is used in the Classical orthography only as an isolated symbol for the short Armenian word
127:
However, the computer support (fonts, rendering systems, availability on usual applications) of these combining diacritics has been poor for long, so some documents resorted to use, as possible fallbacks, their spacing variants (so-called “modifier letters”) written after the letter instead of above
456:
This is made visible in the table below by coloring transliterations specific to Classical or Eastern Armenian on green background, and those for Western Armenian on blue background. Other letters are transliterated independently of the language branch. However, cells with red background contain
439:
Some Armenian letters are entered as Latin digraphs, and may also be followed by the input of an ASCII single quote (which acts as the only letter modifier recognized) but this quote does not always mean that the intended Armenian letter should be aspirated (this may be the reverse for the input
1504:
Armenian script also uses some other digraphs that are often written as optional ligatures, in lowercase only (five of them are encoded in Unicode only for full roundtrip compatibility with some legacy encodings); when present, these ligatures (which are purely typographic and carry no semantic
444:), it is also used as a vowel modifier. Due to ambiguities, texts must be corrected by entering an intermediate dummy character before entering the second Latin letter or quote, then removing the dummy character, so that the automatic input converter keeps the Armenian letters distinct. 423:
On various Armenian websites, non-standard transliterators have appeared, which allows inputting modern Western or Eastern Armenian text using ASCII-only characters. It is not a proper transliterator but can be convenient for users that don't have Armenian keyboards.
288:
This system is recommended for international bibliographic text interchange (it is also the base of simplified romanizations found to localize the Armenian toponomy of for transliterating human names), where it works very well with the common
427:
Despite these input methods being commonly used, they do not adhere to any approved international or Armenian standard, so they are not recommended for the romanization of Armenian. Note that the input methods recognize the Latin digraphs
167:(U+02BD, which is the Latin-script equivalent of the Greek-script rough breathing), with the spacing turned comma having the advantage of excellent support in many Latin fonts because it is visually identical to the left single quote 174:
Also, some ambiguities were not solved to work with modern vernacular Armenian, which has two dialects, both using two possible orthographies (besides, the modern orthography is used for Classical Armenian in modern publications).
205:
This romanization was taken up by ISO (1996) and is considered obsolete. This system is a loose transcription and is not reversible (without using dictionary lookup), notably for single Armenian letters romanized into digraphs
413:
instead, when it is at the initial position of a word or of a radical in a compound word; this difficulty has disappeared in modern Armenian with the reformed orthography that changed the original Armenian letter in such
401:
instead, when it is at the initial position in a name and followed by another vowel; this difficulty has disappeared in modern Armenian with the reformed orthography that changed the original Armenian letter in such
452:
Some Armenian letters have very different phonetic sounds between Classical or Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, so that the usage of Armenian letters is different between the two sub-branches of the language.
1485:) and its derivations in a way similar to the ampersand (&) in the Latin script (in the Reformed orthography, it is also used at the middle and the end of words instead of եվ); the same transliteration to 3578: 1638:
for Visual Basic in Microsoft Word text editor, allowing to automatically replace the Armenian letters to Latin script, using the Versatile option above for the Eastern-Armenian language.
263:(1996) is the international standard for transliteration of the modern Armenian alphabet. Like with the BGN/PCGN romanization, the apostrophe is used to denote most of the aspirates. 315:
This standard changes the transliteration scheme used between Classical/Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian for the Armenian consonants represented by swapping the pairs
266:
This system is reversible because it avoids the use of digraphs and returns to the Hübschmann-Meillet (however some diacritics for vowels are also modified).
3090: 3085: 3307: 120:
diacritic (U+0314), a reversed comma combining above the letter, which is easier to distinguish visually, and serves a similar purpose in Greek:
3095: 2590: 1968: 362:
a soft sign (a prime, US-MARC hexadecimal code A7) is inserted between two separate letters that would otherwise be interpreted as a digraph
247:
initially, in isolation or after the vowel characters Ե/ե, Է/է, Ը/ը, Ի/ի, Ո/ո, ՈՒ/ու and Օ/օ; in all other cases it should be romanized as
2812: 1762: 3782: 1493:(reformed orthography) will be used for the letters this ligature represents, when they are used as digraphs: it used to refer to the 3887: 3807: 3598: 3593: 3439: 3605: 1959: 1757: 1573: 4138: 2328: 1663: 2500: 221:
initially or after the vowel characters Ե/ե, Է/է, Ը/ը, Ի/ի, Ո/ո, ՈՒ/ու and Օ/օ; in all other cases it should be romanized as
4207: 4008: 3531: 2914: 2505: 2475: 312:
in Arabic, so some documents may contain either the preferred left half-ring, or sometimes the ASCII backquote ` U+0060).
3852: 3182: 2979: 2303: 4276: 3379: 2403: 68: 46: 39: 3943: 3115: 2959: 1896: 4038: 4033: 3792: 3740: 1541: 308:(in fact the modifier letter left half-ring ʿ U+02BF, US-MARC hexadecimal code B0, that is also used to denote 3832: 3162: 2675: 2323: 4286: 436:
for Western Armenian, but offer no way to disambiguate words where the digraphs should not be recognized.
4177: 3655: 1952: 1546: 4281: 3837: 3745: 3695: 3454: 2787: 2782: 2181: 1891: 1881: 1876: 1836: 1794: 1774: 1656: 191: 4103: 4048: 3827: 3812: 3070: 2490: 1986: 1871: 1866: 1809: 1779: 1701: 1553: 4151: 4058: 3847: 3822: 3029: 1846: 1821: 1769: 33: 3705: 3247: 3237: 3232: 2807: 2792: 2732: 2166: 2161: 2121: 1886: 1804: 1799: 1752: 1747: 1737: 1635: 1505:
distinction in normal Armenian texts) must be romanized by decomposing their component letters.
4291: 4255: 4023: 4013: 3142: 2560: 2141: 1945: 1906: 1856: 1831: 1789: 1727: 50: 3444: 2954: 2176: 2146: 2039: 2029: 1990: 1982: 1921: 1851: 1826: 1742: 1691: 1649: 1350: 845: 208:(these non-reversible, or ambiguous romanizations are shown in a red cell in the table below) 183: 163:(U+02BB, which has the shape of a single left quotation mark), or the spacing reversed comma 285:(signifying չ) collides with the Hübschmann-Meillet transliteration (where it signifies ճ). 4202: 4108: 3842: 3817: 3660: 3501: 3252: 2939: 2742: 2615: 2398: 1911: 8: 4043: 1926: 1861: 1841: 1686: 301: 3988: 3923: 2263: 1617:
Supports both Eastern and Western pronunciations of Armenian, includes a spell checker.
1519: 304:(1997) is largely compatible with BGN/PCGN, but returns to expressing aspirates with a 2817: 1706: 1536: 1514: 87: 3551: 3292: 2620: 1937: 1784: 1529: 1524: 281:
with an underdot appearing nowhere else in the system. Note that in this scheme,
4161: 3882: 3787: 3541: 3469: 3464: 3459: 2944: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 1620: 199: 148:(U+02CB or U+0060) even if they are too flat, or even the ASCII apostrophe-quote 117: 105: 1722: 3449: 3197: 3009: 2872: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2196: 2186: 1901: 1814: 305: 290: 187: 213:
Some Armenian letters have several romanizations, depending on their context:
4270: 4237: 4212: 4197: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 3958: 3903: 3872: 3862: 3725: 3715: 3685: 3680: 3630: 3610: 3588: 3573: 3526: 3491: 3434: 3429: 3419: 3297: 3242: 3217: 3212: 3192: 3065: 2605: 2044: 2014: 1696: 4098: 4068: 3928: 3272: 3267: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3039: 2984: 2934: 2867: 2822: 2797: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2665: 2630: 2540: 2535: 2363: 2171: 1672: 358:
In all cases, and to make this romanization less ambiguous and reversible,
83: 4073: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3344: 3261: 2233: 4063: 3968: 3675: 3650: 3414: 3369: 3105: 2762: 2575: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2418: 2393: 2268: 2024: 1916: 405:
with the Classical Armenian orthography only, the vowel represented by
393:
with the Classical Armenian orthography only, the vowel represented by
4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4192: 4182: 4143: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3963: 3953: 3938: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3857: 3802: 3797: 3777: 3755: 3735: 3690: 3670: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3583: 3546: 3536: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3496: 3481: 3476: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3374: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3339: 3334: 3282: 3277: 3257: 3227: 3202: 3187: 3157: 3110: 3100: 3080: 3075: 3060: 3055: 2969: 2690: 2685: 2580: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 109: 3867: 3645: 3349: 3177: 3014: 3004: 2989: 2964: 2949: 2924: 2919: 2802: 2777: 2772: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2737: 2702: 2697: 2680: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2625: 2610: 2600: 2595: 2585: 2570: 2565: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2495: 2480: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2413: 2408: 2388: 2383: 2373: 2368: 2358: 2353: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2308: 2298: 2191: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 269:
The aspirate series is not treated consistently in ISO 9985: while
104:
In linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, the commonly used
4156: 3948: 3933: 3730: 3720: 3710: 3486: 3302: 3147: 3135: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2201: 2156: 2151: 2136: 2131: 2126: 277:
is not, and instead its unaspirated counterpart ճ is transcribed
232:
initially, except in the word եո where it should be romanized as
136:(U+02BB) — or sometimes the spacing Greek-script rough breaking 4018: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3665: 3640: 3568: 3424: 3409: 3389: 3384: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3207: 3172: 3019: 2670: 2485: 2049: 1641: 1421: 1384: 901: 879: 4053: 4028: 3750: 3635: 3506: 3287: 3152: 3024: 2999: 2994: 2974: 2348: 2318: 2313: 2034: 2019: 2009: 2004: 1437: 1221: 929: 723: 155:
The preferred character today is the spacing left half-ring
3700: 3563: 3556: 3222: 3167: 2767: 2378: 309: 366:; no prime is present in the middle of romanized digraphs 108:
is that of Hübschmann-Meillet (1913). It uses a combining
4187: 3877: 2929: 1614: 273:
are romanized with an apostrophe-like mark, aspirated չ
116:. Some documents were rather published using the Greek 228:
the Armenian vowel letter Ո/ո should be romanized as
217:
the Armenian vowel letter Ե/ե should be romanized as
1967: 243:
the Armenian consonant letter և should be romanized
4268: 1574:"Romanization of Armenian: BGN/PCGN 1981 System" 236:; in all other cases it should be romanized as 152:(U+0027) when there was no confusion possible. 1218:Romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian 720:Romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian 1953: 1657: 112:diacritic (U+0307) to express the aspirates: 99: 418: 1960: 1946: 1664: 1650: 94: 1600:Antoine Meillet and Heinrich Hübschmann, 447: 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 32:This article includes a list of general 1604:, Heidelberg, 1913 (2nd edition, 1980). 954: 293:Latin encoding used in Central Europe. 4269: 390:representing a single Armenian letter; 271:pʼ, tʼ, cʼ, kʼ 159:(U+02BF), or the spacing turned comma 140:(U+1FFE), or the spacing grave accent 132:(U+02D9), or the spacing turned comma 1941: 1645: 1631:(Institute of the Estonian Language). 1417: 1217: 1088: 962: 959: 897: 719: 592: 465: 462: 432:for Classic or Eastern Armenian, and 1680:By publisher (for several languages) 1022: 820: 18: 13: 1615:Armenian Transliteration Converter 1594: 255: 178: 128:it, such as the spacing dot above 38:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 4303: 1608: 1418:Romanization of Western Armenian 898:Romanization of Western Armenian 4251: 4250: 1671: 1623:by Thomas T. Pedersen, in KNAB ( 1497:consonant, now it refers to the 296: 23: 198:, the opposite of the original 1566: 1542:Classical Armenian orthography 430:zh, dz, gh, tw, sh, vo, ch, rr 1: 1716:By language or writing system 1559: 81:There are various systems of 1602:Altarmenisches Elementarbuch 7: 1627:, Place Names Database) of 1621:Transliteration of Armenian 1547:Armenian orthography reform 1508: 364:(in red in the table below) 188:right single quotation mark 10: 4308: 434:zh, dz, tz, gh, vo, ch, rr 306:left single quotation mark 192:modifier letter apostrophe 4246: 4170: 3896: 3048: 1997: 1979: 1715: 1679: 1554:List of ISO romanizations 1436: 1431: 1425: 1420: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1375: 1363: 1354: 1349: 1335: 1332: 1320: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1241: 1229: 1226: 1220: 928: 923: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 900: 892: 889: 886: 883: 878: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 844: 830: 819: 808: 802: 790: 785: 773: 770: 764: 761: 758: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 722: 100:Hübschmann-Meillet (1913) 4277:Romanization of Armenian 1489:(classical Armenian) or 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 419:ASCII-only input methods 194:) to express aspirates, 409:will be represented by 397:will be represented by 165:⟨ʽ⟩ 95:Transliteration systems 53:more precise citations. 448:Transliteration tables 144:or ASCII backquote or 1629:Eesti Keele Instituut 184:BGN/PCGN romanization 196:tʼ, chʼ, tsʼ, pʼ, kʼ 190:(more accurately, a 4287:ALA-LC romanization 1289:Hübschmann-Meillet 791:Hübschmann-Meillet 302:ALA-LC romanization 122:t̔, ch̔, č̔, p̔, k̔ 1973:by standard number 1520:Classical Armenian 4282:Armenian alphabet 4264: 4263: 1987:ISO romanizations 1935: 1934: 1625:Kohanimeandmebaas 1537:Armenian alphabet 1515:Armenian language 1474: 1473: 169:⟨‘⟩ 161:⟨‘⟩ 157:⟨ʿ⟩ 150:⟨'⟩ 146:⟨`⟩ 142:⟨ˋ⟩ 138:⟨῾⟩ 134:⟨‘⟩ 130:⟨˙⟩ 88:Armenian alphabet 79: 78: 71: 16:Armenian alphabet 4299: 4254: 4253: 1974: 1962: 1955: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1666: 1659: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1530:Eastern Armenian 1525:Western Armenian 960:Armenian script 463:Armenian script 460: 459: 170: 166: 162: 158: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 114:ṫ, cḣ, č̇, ṗ, k̇ 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 49:this article by 40:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4242: 4166: 3892: 3044: 1993: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1936: 1931: 1711: 1675: 1670: 1611: 1597: 1595:Further reading 1592: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1511: 1209: 1083: 450: 421: 299: 258: 256:ISO 9985 (1996) 200:rough breathing 181: 179:BGN/PCGN (1981) 168: 164: 160: 156: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 118:rough breathing 106:transliteration 102: 97: 75: 64: 58: 55: 45:Please help to 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4305: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 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Retrieved 1568: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 455: 451: 441: 438: 433: 429: 426: 422: 410: 406: 398: 394: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 357: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 314: 300: 287: 282: 278: 274: 270: 268: 265: 260: 259: 248: 244: 237: 233: 229: 222: 218: 212: 207: 204: 195: 182: 173: 154: 126: 121: 113: 103: 84:romanization 82: 80: 65: 56: 37: 3897:20000–29999 3049:10000–19999 1501:consonant. 202:diacritic. 51:introducing 4271:Categories 3676:16949 (TS) 3273:11941 (TR) 1971:standards 1927:Vietnamese 1795:Macedonian 1775:Belarusian 1560:References 1089:minuscule 593:minuscule 34:references 3631:15926 WIP 2995:9592/9593 2920:9000/9001 2808:8805/8806 1872:Maldivian 1867:Malayalam 1842:Inuktitut 1810:Ukrainian 1780:Bulgarian 1758:in Taiwan 1481:(meaning 1321:ISO 9985 110:dot above 4256:Category 1981:List of 1892:Sanskrit 1847:Japanese 1822:Georgian 1770:Cyrillic 1733:Armenian 1692:BGN/PCGN 1634:A ready 1582:10 March 1509:See also 1379:ev, yev 1351:BGN/PCGN 963:capital 846:BGN/PCGN 821:ISO 9985 466:capital 261:ISO 9985 4157:29199-2 4029:23094-2 4024:23094-1 4014:23090-3 3883:19794-5 3878:19775-1 3666:16612-2 3656:16355-1 3345:13406-2 3303:12234-2 3071:10118-3 1902:Tibetan 1887:Persian 1877:Marathi 1805:Serbian 1800:Russian 1753:Chinese 1748:Burmese 1738:Bengali 1723:Amharic 1413:ew, ev 1149:և (եւ) 1023:  955:  86:of the 47:improve 4171:30000+ 3010:9797-1 2818:8820-5 2763:8501-1 2319:1073-2 2314:1073-1 1998:1–9999 1922:Uyghur 1907:Telugu 1897:Syriac 1882:Nepali 1857:Korean 1832:Hebrew 1790:Kyrgyz 1785:Kazakh 1743:Berber 1728:Arabic 1687:ALA-LC 1440:input 1422:ALA-LC 1385:ALA-LC 1313:k̔, k̇ 1298:č̔, č̇ 1224:input 932:input 902:ALA-LC 880:ALA-LC 726:input 36:, but 4238:80000 4233:56000 4228:55000 4223:50001 4218:45001 4213:42010 4208:40500 4203:39075 4198:38500 4193:37001 4188:32000 4183:31000 4178:30170 4162:29500 4152:29148 4148:29110 4144:28000 4139:27729 4134:27006 4129:27005 4124:27002 4119:27001 4114:27000 4104:26324 4099:26300 4094:26262 4089:26000 4084:25964 4079:25178 4074:24728 4069:24707 4064:24617 4059:24613 4054:24517 4049:23941 4044:23360 4039:23271 4034:23270 4019:23092 4009:23009 4004:23008 3999:23003 3994:23000 3989:22537 3984:22395 3979:22301 3974:22300 3969:22275 3964:22000 3959:21827 3954:21500 3949:21122 3944:21047 3939:21001 3934:21000 3929:20830 3924:20802 3919:20400 3914:20121 3909:20022 3904:20000 3888:19831 3873:19770 3868:19757 3863:19752 3858:19600 3853:19510 3848:19509 3843:19508 3838:19507 3833:19506 3828:19505 3823:19503 3818:19502 3813:19501 3808:19500 3803:19439 3798:19407 3793:19136 3788:19125 3783:19115 3778:19114 3761:19092 3756:19011 3751:19005 3746:18916 3741:18629 3736:18245 3731:18181 3726:18014 3721:18004 3716:17799 3711:17506 3706:17442 3701:17369 3696:17203 3691:17100 3686:17025 3681:17024 3671:16750 3661:16485 3651:16262 3646:16023 3641:15938 3636:15930 3626:15926 3621:15924 3616:15919 3611:15897 3606:15707 3594:15706 3589:15693 3584:15686 3579:15511 3574:15504 3569:15438 3564:15445 3547:15444 3542:15408 3537:15398 3532:15291 3527:15288 3522:15189 3517:15022 3512:14971 3507:14882 3502:14764 3497:14698 3492:14651 3487:14649 3482:14644 3477:14617 3425:14496 3420:14443 3415:14396 3410:14289 3405:14224 3400:14031 3395:14000 3390:13818 3385:13816 3380:13616 3375:13584 3370:13568 3365:13567 3360:13490 3355:13485 3350:13450 3340:13399 3335:13250 3330:13216 3313:13211 3308:12620 3298:12207 3293:12182 3288:12052 3283:12006 3278:11992 3268:11941 3258:11940 3253:11898 3248:11889 3243:11801 3238:11785 3233:11784 3228:11783 3223:11544 3218:11404 3213:11179 3208:11172 3203:11170 3198:11073 3193:10967 3188:10962 3183:10957 3178:10861 3173:10746 3168:10664 3163:10646 3158:10628 3153:10589 3148:10585 3143:10383 3111:10303 3106:10279 3101:10218 3096:10206 3091:10179 3086:10165 3081:10161 3076:10160 3066:10116 3061:10007 3056:10006 1852:Khmer 1837:Hindi 1827:Greek 1815:Uzbek 1636:macro 1577:(PDF) 1464:k', q 1438:ASCII 1358:o, vo 1310:p̔, ṗ 1307:c̔, ċ 1272:k', q 1222:ASCII 1213:0587 1084:0552 930:ASCII 850:e, ye 800:t̔, ṫ 724:ASCII 715:0574 588:0544 414:case. 402:case; 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Index

references
inline citations
improve
introducing
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romanization
Armenian alphabet
transliteration
dot above
rough breathing
BGN/PCGN romanization
right single quotation mark
modifier letter apostrophe
rough breathing
ISO/IEC 8859-2
ALA-LC romanization
left single quotation mark
ayin
ASCII
ISO 9985
BGN/PCGN
ALA-LC
ALA-LC
ASCII
ASCII
BGN/PCGN
ALA-LC
ALA-LC
ASCII
Armenian language

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