Eskom - Knowledge

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shedding and Eskom's failure to maintain capacity. The price hike application is open for public participation until 20 January 2020. In NERSA has opposed an Eskom application to receive an additional R69 billion government bailout whilst Eskom is challenging NERSA's denial of an additional price increase for 2020/21 of 16% instead of the 8.1% price increase already approved by NERSA. During court proceedings with NERSA Eskom stated that this finances might collapse triggering a debt crisis for the South African government that has guaranteed Eskom's debt. Public Enterprises Minister Pravin Gordhan has stated that corruption and cost overruns during the construction of Medupi and Kusile power stations has resulted in a fourfold increase in electricity prices.

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accordance to government law. This new transmission entity would involve up to 6,000 people that are responsible of setting up thousands of kilometres of "wires" and transmission lines that would ensure electricity from the power stations to where power is needed. As part of the Transmission Development Plan (TDP) for 2020–2029 Eskom has plans to increase its transmission infrastructure by approximately 4,800 km of extra high voltage transmission lines, and over 35,000 MVA of transformer capacity over the next 10 years. This new outline of reconstructing Eskom comes from new regulatory guidelines from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) to publish an annual TDP report.

651: 2382: 769:, but on 12 July a new round of level 2 load shedding began due to the breakdown of generating units. During the winter of 2023, the country experienced Stage 6 blackouts, shaving a projected 2% off the country's GDP. During the worst period, power cuts lasted 12 hours a day. The company faces theft of materials for resale, sabotage to force repairs to be made at corruptly inflated prices, and assassination attempts which may be motivated by the attempt to replace coal with renewable sources. 1466: 1837: 8302: 511: 40: 12151: 9732: 8881: 1864:, former head of generation for Eskom, was named as acting CEO. He resigned in 2018 after being implicated in awarding contracts to a company linked to his stepdaughter. Koko, along with his wife and stepdaughter, were arrested in October 2022. In early 2018, following the establishment of the Ramaphosa government, multiple members of the Eskom board and executive team were replaced by government due to allegations of corruption and mismanagement. 2575: 797: 809: 229: 204: 177: 149: 9744: 2255:

the broader South African economy. The situation was alleviated once Eskom secured a R3 billion commercial loan which was paid back on 2 April after the Reserve Bank disbursed R5 billion to Eskom through an emergency provision. In July 2019 Eskom announced a loss of R20.7 billion due to the cost of servicing high levels of debt, the increased cost of primary energy and unpaid municipal debts.

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Green-Energy Initiative aimed at the development of solar and wind. This new initiative would allow loans to Eskom and below commercial rates on conditions that it would accelerate its closure of power plants and to start building renewable energy structures. This plan takes the steps in moving away from coal, and investing in alternative methods that better suit their needs for the future.

1860:. Ngubane also controversially attempted to blacklist newspapers perceived as unfriendly to Eskom. During parliament's state capture inquiry in 2017 former Eskom chairperson Zola Tsotsi (2012–2015) testified that Gupta family member Tony Gupta made threats against Tsotsi allegedly stating that Tsotsi will lose his job as he was not 'helping' the Guptas. In December 2016, 1783:

it has raised over $ 40.1 billion in investment into developing new infrastructure, related to renewable energies. This is aimed to help distance itself from Eskom coal power plants, and to focus more on wind and solar developments. The African investment forum is backed up by corporate organizations and lenders, private donors, and the African Development Bank.

920:(PIC) to reduce Eskom's debt from around R450 billion to more manageable levels. In return COSTATU proposed a number of conditions that included keeping workers employed. The trade union Solidarity was strongly apposed to the COSATU proposal arguing that it put the pensions of public employees at risk. The country's second biggest trade union, the 691:

artisans that would certify them as nuclear operators. In January 2018, Eskom's acting chief financial officer stated that the company could not afford a new build, following a 34% drop in interim profits due to declining sales and increasing financing costs. The government stated it would proceed with the plan but more slowly.

1799:. These new investments are directed towards more high efficiency, low emission standards with an emphasis on solar technologies in which 6,000 MW of new Solar PV capabilities and 14,400 MW of new wind power technologies. With renewable energies, the IRP plans to increase its investment in hydro-electric power. 2476:

A report compiled by Eskom and G9 Forensic found that the two consulting firms including Gupta owned Trillian made R1.6 billion (US$ 120 million) in fees with an additional R7.8 billion made from future contracts. An investigation done by the amaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism found that

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A number of South African municipalities are in significant arrears in paying Eskom for electricity supplied to them. The large amount owed to Eskom has caused significant controversy given the state utilities financial difficulties and repeated periods of load-shedding. By January 2020 South African

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In 2018 and 2019 Eskom's negative financial situation became serious as costs started exceeding income and the company started experiencing trouble raising money. For 72 hours between 26 March and 29 March 2019 it was reported that Eskom had run out of funds thereby threatening to negatively impact

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As result of the restructuring, a transmission entity called the National Transmission Company of South Africa (NTCSA), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eskom, would be given its own board, by 31 March 2020 in which the transmission legal entity would be responsible for hearing legislative amendments in

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During the 1970s the company controversially sought to increase electrical tariffs to help pay for its large expansion plans. Due to its financial situation, the government appointed Dr. W.J. de Villiers to chair a commission that recommended a number of financial and organisational changes for the

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during which he stated that Eskom was losing roughly R1 billion (US$ 53.9 million) a month due to theft and corruption. De Ruyter attributed this to the presence within Eskom of four criminal syndicates and went on to state that a senior - although unnamed - ANC MP was involved and that government

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On 19 November 2021, Eskom announced that an initial forensic investigation found evidence that recent damage to a coal conveyor at Lethabo was the result of deliberate sabotage. Steel supports had been severed, causing a power supply pylon to collapse. In a media briefing, de Ruyter commented that

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As of October 2019 Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd issued a tender to introduce 20 three-phase KW inverters and mountains structures. These structures are planned to distribute power to four power plants, and would introduce Eskom into the solar energy market. The African Investment Forum has announced that

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were not yet operational. Corruption during the Zuma administration had been noted as a major factor in the cost overruns and long delays in completing Medupi and Kusile power plants that had a knock-on effect leading to the 2019 power shortages. The power shortage and related troubles at Eskom was

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based on a rotating schedule, in periods where short supply threatened the integrity of the grid. Demand-side management has focused on encouraging consumers to conserve power during peak periods in order to reduce the incidence of load shedding. Following the national power shortage in 2007, Eskom

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From 1960 to 1990 Eskom increased its installed power production capacity from 4,000 MW to 40,000 MW so as to keep up with rapid economic growth in the 1960s and 70s. During the same period, Eskom established a nationwide 400 kV power network. During this period the company built a number of large

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In February 2019, a new round of load shedding began due to the failure of coal burning boilers at some power stations due to poor quality coal. This resulted in long running periods of level 4 load shedding across the country in mid-March 2019, including night-time load shedding. and promised to

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into state corruption a senior Eskom executive stated that an additional R25 billion loan from the China-based company Huarong Energy Africa was improperly and controversially taken out by Eskom. After the loan had been issued Eskom chairperson Jabu Mabuza stated to the Zondo Commission that Eskom

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In February 2023, with debt sitting at R423 billion, the South African government announced that, subject to approval from existing debt holders, it would be providing support worth R254 billion, including interest payments for the following three years and three capital payments of R78-billion in

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was made acting CEO and director of Eskom in May 2018 as part of President Ramaphosa's replacement of the company's executive team. A year into his term as CEO Hadebe resigned citing poor health and the difficult circumstances of the job. His resignation sparked a debate amongst political parties

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organised a national strike and called for a moratorium on retrenchments in the private and public sectors. This caused to the apparent abandonment of the government's company breakup and restructuring plans. In July 2019 the outgoing Eskom CEO announced that Eskom had entered a "death spiral" and

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In 2016, Eskom stated it intended to pursue a nuclear solution to the country's energy shortage. According to projections from late 2016, the use of nuclear power would provide over 1000GW of power by 2050. In preparation, the company launched a training program for 100 technicians, engineers and

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as supply fell behind demand, threatening to destabilise the national grid. With a reserve margin estimated at 8% or below, such "load shedding" is implemented whenever generating units are taken offline for maintenance, repairs or re-fuelling (in the case of nuclear units). From February 2008 to

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announced that the government would be splitting Eskom up into three new state-owned entities focusing on generation, transmission and distribution. This was done so as to better manage the serious operational and financial problems facing the company. By the time of the speech Eskom had a total

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Eskom's logo has been an integral symbol of the company since its founding. For a brief period in 1986 Eskom had no logo when it was moving away from the company's original logo of stylised letters spelling "ESC" within a circle to the more contemporary version with a blue shield with a stylised

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Load shedding was reintroduced in early November 2014. The Majuba power plant lost its capacity to generate power after a collapse of one of its coal storage silos on 1 November 2014. The Majuba power plant delivered approximately 10% of the country's entire capacity and the collapse halted the

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In February 2019, shortly after the announcement by government that the company would be broken up, Eskom initiated another round of emergency load shedding. Eskom stated that the 2019 load shedding was initiated due to breakdowns at power stations as well as the depletion of water and diesel

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Eskom have again applied to NERSA for an urgent 17% increase in tariffs for 2019/2020 in an attempt to make up a R27.323 billion shortfall, Eskom is citing lower returns due to lower sales volumes as main reason for needing this price hike. The lower sales volumes is directly related to load

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in which Soweto owes R13 billion to R16.4 billion in 2019. In response, Eskom initiated a process of cutting off electricity to debtors in the city, which resulted in violent public protests. The city has a history of non-payment dating back to the 1980s when non-payment was used as a form of

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launched an investigation into corruption related to the construction of the Medupi and Kusile power stations as a cause of repeated construction delays and project cost increases; this led to the investigation of 11 contractors for allegedly stealing R139 billion (US$ 9.13 billion) from the

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300MW of power are exported to Zimbabwe in a deal valued at US$ 2 million a month. At the end of November 2019 it was revealed that Zimbabwe owed $ 22 million in debt to Eskom (about 11 months in arrears). Despite statements that Eskom continues to supply Zimbabwe during scheduled blackouts,

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the Gupta family had received contracts worth R11.7 billion from Eskom to supply coal between 2014 and 2017. With pressure for Eskom to sign the first coal supply contracts with Gupta-owned entities being applied on the state-owned firm by then President Jacob Zuma. In 2019 South African

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to declare Eskom as being the "biggest risk to South Africa’s economy." The company had R413 billion in debt and planned to raise an additional R340 billion (US$ 26 billion) by 2022 thereby representing eight percent of South Africa's GDP. R218.2 billion of the company's debt consist of

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With failing power plants and coal not working as a viable solution, progress towards a greener future is in sight for South Africa. In agreement to the Paris Agreement, South Africa needs to reduce its carbon emission and cut-back from being dependent on Coal. There is new US$ 11 Billion

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Eskom was forced to suspend its chief financial officer Anoj Singh in July 2017 when the Development Bank of South Africa threatened to recall a R15 billion loan if no action was taken against Eskom officials (including Singh) who were involved in corruption allegations involving the

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reported that he was not given the support needed to succeed in the position. Shortly after the announcement that de Ruyter would be leaving Eskom it was reported that he survived a poisoning attempt after he unknowingly drank a cup of coffee at his office that was laced with

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In March 2020, Deloitte agreed to pay back R150 million of the R207 million sought by Eskom. However, in a joint statement, it denied being part of any corruption, and that they acknowledged that there were technical irregularities in the process of awarding the contracts.

2612:(NERSA) to increase tariffs by an additional 45% over the proceeding three years arguing that it needs the increase in revenue to avoid a debt induced death spiral. Eskom was controversially granted a 13.8% increase by NERSA in March 2019. The South African civil society 760:

which had caused a loss of 2000 megawatts of electricity, and announced measures to bring an end to load-shedding. Mantashe and Gordhan were tasked with presenting ways to increase electricity capacity to the cabinet, which would include self-generation. Amid the crisis,

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prepared by the Department of Minerals and Energy recommended that the government restructure Eskom into separate generation and transmission businesses. Although the report predicted that this action would improve power supply and reliability, it was never enacted.

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In February 2006, Eskom announced "load shedding" in the Western Cape province, due to issues experienced by Koeberg Nuclear Power Plant. This continued until June 2006. In January 2008, Eskom introduced load shedding nationally controversially introduced "load

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denied an application by Eskom to increase electricity tariffs by a future 19.9% for the financial year 2018/19. The regulator instead granted a 5.2% increase and gave a list of reasons for the refusal to grant higher tariffs that the South African newspaper

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In January 2020 South African Minister for Public Enterprises, Pravin Gordhan, stated that cost overruns and corruption during the construction of Medupi and Kusile power stations was an important reason for the dramatic increase in Eskom electricity prices.

2441:, reported to Parliament that additional incidents of cables being cut intentionally by saboteurs, rising theft at its power plants, and corruption around the supply of fuel oil, had greatly worsened the energy crisis and Eskom's ability to resolve it. 575:, which owned a number of other power plants across the country. Thanks to state support, Eskom was able to buy out the Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company in 1948 for £14.5 million (roughly equivalent to £2.55 billion in 2017). Following 2607:

Eskom took out a number of loans to construct the additional capacity and significantly increased electrical tariffs by an average of 22% a year between 2007 and 2015 to in an attempt to offset costs. In 2019 Eskom controversially applied to the

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stated that by 2019 Eskom's electrical tariffs had increased by 500% over the previous 11 years. Pietermaritzburg Economic Justice and Dignity stated that the increased tariffs will exacerbate urban poverty negating increases to South Africa's

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faced criticism as his departure for Egypt was announced shortly after the move to stage 6. He returned early to address the problem, meeting on 11 December with the Eskom board. Ramaphosa then announced that there had been an element of

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The company is divided into Generation, Transmission and Distribution divisions, and together Eskom generates approximately 95% of electricity used in South Africa, amounting to ~45% used in Africa, and emits 42% of South Africa's total

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stated painted "a picture of inefficiency, inaccurate forecasting and cost overruns" at the power utility. Part of the refusal was the finding that Eskom had 6,000 more employees than needed, costing the company R3.8 billion annually.

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further into subinvestment grade cutting its long-term credit rating to BB – two levels below the investment threshold. By 2017 increasing levels of debt and corruption scandals affecting the company has led investment bank

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government's powers to influence company policy and investment decisions were greatly expanded. Due to the South African government's attempted privatisation of Eskom in the late 1990s during the administration of President

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company to adopt. This led to the company abandoning its no-profit objective and to raise funds by taking out international loans. The number of Eskom employees was also reduced from 66,000 to 60,000 in the late-1980s.

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November 2014 blackouts were temporarily halted due to reduced demand and maintenance stabilization. This drop in demand was caused by many of the country's mines shutting down or slowing to help alleviate the burden.

647:, Eskom requests for budget to build new stations were denied. After leaving the presidency, Mbeki would later state in December 2007 that this was an error, resulting in adverse affects for the South African economy. 2521:

that the managing director for Deloitte Africa's advisory division Thiru Pillay and the lead consultant on the Eskom contract Shamal Sivasanker had resigned effective 31 March 2020 for their roles in the Eskom event.

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The IRP supports a diverse energy mix with policy aimed to help aim to meet the need of South Africa's energy goals. The Integrated Resource Plan supports electrical infrastructure developments with an aim focused on

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In July 2023, NERSA approved for the National Transmission Company of South Africa to operate a transmission system in South Africa. In September 2023, NERSA approved the remaining trading and import/export licences.

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then announced in his 2019 budget speech that government would be providing a R69 billion rand (US$ 5 billion) bail-out to Eskom over a three-year period so as to stabilise the company's serious financial situation.

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In 1981 Eskom was involved in one of its first large financial scandals when its Assistant Chief Accountant was caught embezzling R8 million from the company (equivalent to roughly R164.37 million in 2018).

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delivery of coal to the plant. A second silo developed a major crack on 20 November causing the shut down of the plant again, this after temporary measures were instituted to deliver coal to the plant.

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Eskom executives including Phakamani Hadebe (CEO), front row second from the left, and Jan Oberholzer (CTO), front row far left, at a 2019 public forum in Cape Town on Eskom's financial situation.

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government the company changed focus to electrification of previously neglected residential homes and to provide low cost electricity for economic growth. Following the passing of the 1998

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did not have the political will to resolve the situation. This resulted in de Ruyter's immediate resignation on 22 February 2023 from his position as CEO amidst criticism from the ANC. The

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over the difficult state of managing the financially strained state owned company as well as the lack of political cover he was given to deal with labour unions and tackle corruption.

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quoted an intelligence report that named the four criminal syndicates within Eskom as "the Presidential Cartel, the Mesh-Kings Cartel, the Legendaries Cartel and the Chief Cartel."

2469:, instructed Eskom to take legal action against firms and individuals involved; ranging from Gupta family-owned consultancy firm Trillian Capital Partners Ltd. and consultancy firm 4262:"COST COMPARISONS BETWEEN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS AND PULSE JET FABRIC FILTERS AND INHERENT CHALLENGES OF BOTH TECHNOLOGIES AT ESKOM'S 6 X 600 MW UNITS AT DUVHA POWER STATION" 10307: 7729: 3271: 9327: 9246: 6301: 4067: 10435: 9122: 7065: 2288:

downgraded Eskom's credit rating to B2 from B1 stating that it was concerned with "the lack of any tangible financial support for the company in the February state budget".

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An additional increase of 20.5% was approved by NERSA and announced by Eskom to take effect from 1 April 2022. This price raise was criticized by the mayor of Cape Town,

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on 10 000 kilometres of its existing power lines for the purpose of real-time monitoring of the electrical network; 80% consists of all-dielectric lashed cabling and 10%

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Between 2020 and 2021, two thousand employees lost their jobs at the power utility. 6000 more jobs are reportedly at risk in order for the company to continue operating.

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lightning bolt in its centre. The 1987 logo was replaced in 2002 with its current logo that replaced the shield with a circle but otherwise kept the logo as it was.

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projects. In 2019, two senior Eskom managers and two business people were charged with fraud and corruption related to the construction of the Kusile power station.

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Chaskalson, Matthew; Jochelson, Karen; Seekings, Jeremy (1987). "Rent Boycotts, the State, and the Transformation of the Urban Political Economy in South Africa".

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The Electricity Act stated that Eskom could only sell electricity at cost and was exempted from tax with the firm initially raising capital through the issuing of

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resigned from his post as chairperson of Eskom's board in January 2020. Between March and July 2020 the power supply was stable due to reduced demand during the

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skom has a proposal before the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to hike electricity prices by a rumoured 44% for the 2024/2025 financial year

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Eskom's sales have been declining by about 1% per annum. The less it sells, the higher the tariff it wants, and the less it sells – the utility death spiral.

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2016, Eskom said that unplanned outages had been reduced In May 2016, former president Jacob Zuma said assurances had been given to him by Eskom management.

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In 2011 eight out of ten Eskom board members were controversially sacked by the Zuma administration. From 2015 to 2017 the Zuma administration appointed

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https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/he-started-losing-energy-hes-okay-deputy-presidency-denies-mashatile-collapsed-on-stage-20240914?dicbo=v2-LWAtHDG

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involved, leading to the loss of 2000MW capacity. Ramaphosa faced criticism on social media, with many blaming incompetence rather than sabotage.

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was appointed by Zuma as Eskom CEO from April 2015 to November 2016. Molefe and Ngubane's tenure was controversial for their involvement with the

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met with Eskom's board and management to discuss about the energy crises. The president attributed the recent blackouts partly to sabotage at the

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into the air in 2019, Eskom is also the largest emitter of sulphur dioxide in the power industry in the world. Eskom has periodically implemented

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as chairman. The company changed its name by combining the two acronyms in its previous name (ESCOM and ESKOM) in 1987 to become known as Eskom.

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2003 IEEE 10th International Conference on Transmission and Distribution Construction, Operation and Live-Line Maintenance, 2003. 2003 IEEE ESMO

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Eskom – the only electricity utility in the country – has 16,789,974 subscribers in South Africa, comprising about one-third of the population.

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municipalities owed Eskom a total of roughly R43 billion (equivalent to US$ 2.88 billion). This had increased to R49.1 billion by July 2022.

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debt burden of R419 billion (US$ 30.8 billion) and was entering a death spiral whereby there was not enough revenue to make debt repayments.

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coal-fired power stations was started in the 2007-2019 period as part of Eskom's capacity expansion program following the energy crisis.

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completed in 1975 was one of the first of the "six-pack" coal-fired power plants built during this period that Eskom was well known for.

579:, South Africa experienced power shortages that led to Eskom negotiating power saving agreements with the mining industry in June 1948. 9287: 6985: 6570: 6518: 6352: 3938: 845: 572: 7884: 7730:"ESKOM INTELLIGENCE FILES, PART ONE : Introducing the four crime cartels that have brought Eskom and South Africa to their knees" 7652: 3279: 2298:

Due to the company's large size and important role as the region's primary energy producer President Ramaphosa stated that Eskom was "

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Prior to the establishment of Eskom, the provision of electricity was dominated by municipalities and private companies. The city of

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2023/24, R66 billion in 2024/25 and R40-billion in 2025/26, with the intention to reduce Eskom's overall debt to R300 billion.

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On 24 November 2020, Moody's further downgraded Eskom's long-term credit rating to Caa1. This places Eskom's credit within the

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blamed as a significant contributing factor to a 3.2% decline in GDP growth in the first quarter of 2019, prompting fears of a

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Rod Crompton, Adjunct professor African Energy Leadership Centre Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand

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In November 2021, Eskom announced that it had appointed Deloitte as its next external auditor, as its contract with

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In December 2019, load shedding reached a new high as Eskom introduced stage 6 load shedding for the first time.

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would not be repaying the Huarong loan due to irregularities and corruption involved in the issuing of the loan.

333: 269: 7038: 7008: 5782: 4485: 3756: 11213: 11082: 10910: 10730: 9657: 8943: 8903: 6934: 5050: 3356: 531: 419:, and was among the top utilities in the world in terms of generation capacity and sales. It is the largest of 313: 257: 7702: 4577: 68: 12048: 11529: 10793: 10702: 10013: 9515: 9332: 9215: 9189: 8786: 8718: 8708: 8584: 8484: 8139: 7955:"'Forget about state capture': Eskom warns of collapse without higher tariffs as it faces regulator in court" 6125: 4771: 1891: 1679: 1627: 917: 607: 452: 6215: 5881: 5130: 4937: 3964: 2314:

In July 2018 it was announced that Eskom had taken out a R33 billion loan from the Chinese government owned

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embarked on an aggressive electricity production expansion programme during the administration of President

10633: 9560: 9322: 9174: 8639: 8599: 8176: 6271: 4543: 3631: 2285: 1601: 1523: 305: 3093: 11906: 9791: 9717: 9282: 8953: 8866: 8861: 8579: 8554: 8544: 8520: 8515: 8221: 4456: 4108: 2666: 2599: 2376: 711: 672: 412: 6243: 5230:"ICNS Workshop 2019 - Global Aeronautical Distress & Safety System (GADSS): What You Need to Know". 5152:"ICNS Workshop 2019 - Global Aeronautical Distress & Safety System (GADSS): What You Need to Know". 3538: 1816:

In 2002, Eskom was issued a network operator licence. It embarked on a $ 100 million project installing

514:

The Congella Power Station completed in 1928 was one of the first power plants built and owned by Eskom.

11255: 11075: 10863: 10557: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10322: 9835: 9830: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9712: 9460: 8781: 8499: 8469: 8246: 6674: 4345: 2478: 277: 8008:"More than 20,000 people sign DA's petition to object to Eskom's request for a 20.5% electricity hike" 2985:"US, UK and EU will help fund South Africa's coal phaseout, offering a model for the developing world" 2727: 2318:. The loan conditions were controversially not made public with accusations that it was an example of 11571: 11466: 11283: 10415: 10302: 9555: 9465: 8836: 8325: 8286: 6045:"Eskom sabotage: How De Ruyter was undermined by new board, excluded from meetings, forced to resign" 4184: 4094: 3990: 1887: 1883: 487:

which brought the utility to the brink of bankruptcy. In 2019, it was announced that Eskom was to be

289: 39: 6302:"ANALYSIS: 72 hours in late March: When Eskom pushed South Africa to the edge of financial collapse" 5518:"Corruption Watch wants Molefe and former Eskom board members to never again be directors of an SOE" 5393: 2697: 2587: 2408:

report back. The situation at Eskom and resulting energy crisis became a political issue during the

1894:

CEO appointed to the position. De Ruyter resigned in December 2022 after repeated attacks on him by

522:

was one of the first users of public electricity when it installed electric streetlights in 1882 to

498:, a deal was announced for developed countries to fund South Africa's transition from coal power to 11691: 11459: 11452: 11297: 11019: 10931: 9510: 9485: 9420: 8811: 8619: 8559: 8216: 5492:"Pityana to Molefe; 'Foolishly opted to be state capture tool rather than instrument of democracy'" 5076: 4829: 2385:

An election poster referring to the Eskom energy crisis in the run up to the 2019 general election.

2302:" as the reason why government had to continue to fund it despite its serious financial situation. 1825: 1796: 1051: 913:

stated that they would fight any government restructuring efforts that might result in job losses.

519: 460: 351: 253: 6018: 11550: 10647: 9893: 9179: 9062: 8750: 8740: 8730: 6184: 2499: 2264: 1143: 1001: 7066:"Sunday Read: Load shedding through the years and how Eskom has struggled to keep the lights on" 5291:"South Africa's Integrated Resource Plan affirms coal power is set to be replaced by renewables" 679: 599:

standardised coal-fired power plants that could produce power at very low cost due to the large

491:

into three distinct nationally owned entities due to huge debts and poor reliability of supply.

10380: 10282: 10246: 10023: 9943: 9455: 9236: 9067: 9011: 8938: 8671: 8534: 8317: 8206: 7981:"Gordhan: You are paying 4 times more for electricity because of stealing at Medupi and Kusile" 7498:"Gordhan: You are paying 4 times more for electricity because of stealing at Medupi and Kusile" 5021: 4268: 3433:"No load-shedding until mid-Jan, promises Ramaphosa, as 'sabotage' partly blamed for blackouts" 2315: 1763:

Eskom has a number of planned infrastructure projects to further expand electrical production.

1169: 1019: 476: 12104: 11851: 11726: 10814: 10758: 10723: 10654: 10410: 9993: 9873: 9677: 9647: 9642: 9575: 9148: 9107: 9097: 8806: 8574: 8569: 8549: 6360: 4772:"MEDUPI POWER STATION NEW RAW WATER RESERVOIR AND PIPELINES PROJECT VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT" 3407:"No load-shedding from Tuesday, promises Ramaphosa as 'sabotage' partly blamed for blackouts" 3201: 2470: 1339: 1291: 428: 293: 1915:.Eskom withdraw its work in cape town afrer one of their employees being attacked by a dog 12005: 11823: 11809: 11033: 10519: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9938: 9707: 9520: 9143: 9127: 9117: 9102: 9092: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9052: 8400: 8162: 6782:"'Do not wait to get caught': Eskom continues cutting power to non-paying users in Gauteng" 2660: 2434: 2278: 1435: 1387: 1315: 1267: 1217: 1193: 1069: 753: 728: 724: 659: 655: 542: 448: 440: 432: 337: 285: 106: 10487: 5643:"Former Eskom boss Matshela Koko, wife and stepdaughter arrested on charges of corruption" 5467:"South Africa's "state capture" corruption report claimed its first high-ranking casualty" 720: 8: 11941: 11684: 11174: 10952: 10845: 10737: 10709: 10312: 10251: 9968: 9963: 9953: 9948: 9540: 9435: 9415: 9312: 9112: 9087: 9057: 9042: 8771: 8604: 8504: 8479: 8432: 8241: 8231: 8196: 5959:"Gordhan calls out Mantashe's bizarre accusations, applauds De Ruyter's efforts at Eskom" 5816: 2645: 2549:

In late February 2023 then Eskom CEO André de Ruyter gave a controversial interview with

2349:

The single largest South African municipality to owe Eskom for unpaid electricity is the

2319: 1363: 1243: 1095: 1043: 650: 591: 471:

since January 2008, a practice ascribed to basic dereliction of duty by former president

7238:"Ramaphosa slammed after blaming sabotage for Eskom loadshedding crisis | IOL News" 12026: 11948: 11761: 11583: 11424: 11316: 10889: 10870: 10765: 10751: 10543: 10420: 10400: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 9505: 9272: 8645: 8256: 6832: 5381: 5369: 5212: 5098: 4511: 3738: 3175: 2836:"Greenpeace blames Eskom, Sasol for world sulphur hot-spot in SA's Mpumalanga province" 2629: 2550: 2268: 1964: 1786:

These new inverters would be align with South Africa's Integrated Resource Plan (IRP).

600: 480: 400: 207: 180: 152: 9760: 7804:"Public hearing on Eskom's plan for 45% increase over three years begins | Cape Argus" 6622:"#StateCaptureInquiry: Mabuza says Eskom won't pay back R25bn Huarong loan | IOL News" 4854: 4800: 4632: 4427: 4375: 4323: 4297: 4238: 4212: 1879: 902: 564:

in Cape Town were the first power stations built by Eskom, both complete in mid-1928.

12055: 11973: 11698: 11536: 11445: 11390: 11181: 11012: 10903: 10807: 9400: 9307: 8796: 8676: 8281: 8092: 8033:"'Outrageous': Mayors slam Eskom's proposed electricity hikes as unlawful and unjust" 7914: 7257:"Eskom finds evidence of sabotage at Lethabo Power Station - pylon supports were cut" 6979: 6824: 6078: 5373: 5359: 5245: 5216: 5204: 5200: 5167: 3742: 3728: 3058: 2748: 1912: 1817: 523: 261: 6882: 6647:"Soweto trends as Mzansi fumes about load-shedding: 'They must pay for electricity'" 6596:"Eskom deceived SA Reserve Bank on R25bn Chinese loan, says senior company official" 4068:"2,000 Eskom employees gone in a year, but 6,000 more must go to reach 'right size'" 11934: 11795: 11754: 11631: 11473: 11383: 11350: 10938: 10677: 10241: 9475: 9410: 9395: 9365: 9292: 8745: 8686: 8390: 8385: 8362: 8271: 8211: 7624:"Eskom is the ANC's feeding trough — De Ruyter comes out guns blazing in interview" 6816: 6493:"BUDGET 2023: Government comes to Eskom's rescue by taking over R254bn of its debt" 5812: 5351: 5235: 5196: 5157: 4680: 3720: 3463: 2887:"A South African company emits more sulfur dioxide than anyone in the power sector" 2390: 2323: 2005: 1907: 1903: 1867: 1739: 1687: 1661: 1609: 1583: 1557: 1531: 499: 4346:"World's largest coal-fired power station. (Kendal Power Station in South Africa)" 3808:"Cosatu takes to the streets over Eskom, job losses. Here's what you need to know" 2583: 901:

highlighted the need for the company to restructure. Following the appointment of

12118: 11913: 11865: 11837: 11816: 11773: 11733: 11705: 11590: 11564: 11515: 11487: 11438: 11330: 11150: 10945: 10779: 10626: 10292: 9375: 9199: 8776: 8735: 8713: 8594: 8564: 8529: 8489: 8291: 6883:"Is Zimbabwe getting uninterrupted power from Eskom, despite SA's load-shedding?" 5240: 5162: 4962: 3861: 2421: 2299: 1731: 849: 737: 464: 6702:"Municipal debt to Eskom surged by R5 billion in just four months, Mabuza warns" 5355: 4758:"News on Renewable, Nuclear, Fossil, Technology, Market Data - Power Technology" 2598:

South African cents per kWh of electricity, 1994 to 2020, with the start of the

2381: 12132: 11920: 11712: 11610: 11543: 11364: 11241: 10744: 10716: 10425: 10405: 9595: 9550: 9297: 8801: 8791: 8589: 8201: 7472:"Former top Eskom managers appear in Joburg court on fraud, corruption charges" 7389: 6440:"Rating Action: Moody's downgrades Eskom's ratings; maintains negative outlook" 5343: 3665:"Eskom 'technically insolvent', won't last beyond April 2019 - committee hears" 2810:"Eskom and Sasol fingered over 'world's second-worst sulphur dioxide hot-spot'" 2555: 2526: 2438: 1895: 1705: 808: 796: 749: 745: 635: 392: 50: 7392:"amaBhungane and Scorpio #GuptaLeaks: How Eskom was captured | Daily Maverick" 6820: 2404:

In June 2018, there was Stage 1 load shedding along with a strike over wages.

12177: 11508: 11431: 11410: 11276: 11117: 10917: 10596: 10564: 10550: 10261: 9302: 9194: 8821: 8609: 8494: 8474: 8405: 8395: 8352: 8236: 8191: 6828: 6082: 5232:

2019 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS)

5208: 5154:

2019 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS)

4757: 2273: 1861: 1857: 1635: 424: 325: 58: 6467:"Eskom 'too big to fail' and won't be privatised, Ramaphosa tells investors" 3382:"Risk of South African economy hitting recession in 2019 high, says Moody's" 2437:

for further investigation. In May 2022 the Minister for Public Enterprises,

1465: 896:

In response to feared job losses resulting from the breakup the trade union

784: 11659: 11557: 11501: 11248: 11096: 11047: 10973: 9825: 9267: 8841: 8816: 8681: 8650: 8464: 8266: 5934:"ENERGY CRISIS OP-ED: De Ruyter resignation — tripping the light fantastic" 5694:"Gordhan appoints Phakamani Hadebe Eskom CEO in sweeping SOE board changes" 5668:"Gordhan appoints Phakamani Hadebe Eskom CEO in sweeping SOE board changes" 5408:"Revealed! How Brian Molefe sabotaged SA's world-class renewables industry" 2650: 2618: 2462: 2455: 2358:

era policies. This is thought to have cultivated a culture of non-payment.

1882:

was appointed CEO of Eskom. De Ruyter's appointment was criticised by the

1853: 1849: 1836: 1482: 1478: 865: 741: 699: 576: 484: 408: 114: 2389:

In the later months of 2007, South Africa started experiencing widespread

11740: 11719: 11624: 11323: 11103: 10994: 10619: 8666: 8634: 8427: 8415: 8335: 8261: 8251: 8181: 7858:"Sunday Read: Electricity costs will rocket way beyond 13.8%. Here's why" 7628: 6071:"South Africa police investigate alleged plot to poison CEO with cyanide" 4537:"Consolidated interim results for the six months ended 30 September 2010" 3991:"EXPLAINER: The plan to bankroll Eskom with government employee pensions" 3331:"Eskom and the multi-billion rand mega projects that could have saved SA" 2518: 2495: 2466: 1845: 837: 762: 644: 510: 472: 64: 8895: 7678:"Outgoing Eskom CEO Andre de Ruyter leaves with immediate effect | eNCA" 7653:"ANC leaders upset by Andre de Ruyter's scathing criticism of the party" 7361:"Brown orders Eskom to take legal steps against companies in Gupta saga" 7188:"Eskom is now rationing electricity at stage 6 – here's what that means" 4042:"Business Maverick: Union disunity holds up Cosatu's Eskom bailout idea" 3724: 12076: 11927: 11884: 10959: 10772: 9169: 8629: 8624: 8437: 8420: 8276: 8131: 7213:"As SA gets stage 6 load-shedding, Ramaphosa prepares to head to Egypt" 6836: 6353:"S&P's downgrades South Africa's Eskom further into junk territory" 6019:"Scandal at South Africa's Eskom: the CEO and the cyanide-laced coffee" 4267:. International Society for Electrostatic Precipitation. Archived from 2048: 1713: 1575: 1474: 861: 757: 684: 455:

in the Western Cape Province, the only nuclear power plant in Africa.

240: 169: 6731:"FACT CHECK: Does Soweto owe Eskom R18 billion in unpaid electricity?" 3691:"Eskom support will weigh on South Africa's finances - S&P Global" 3606:"Explainer: why South Africa's energy generator is in so much trouble" 3514:"South Africa's Eskom cannot say how long latest power cuts will last" 2927:"No power from Kusile after R233 billion and 15 years of construction" 2582:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

502:. However, employment in the mining sector threatens this transition. 11371: 11357: 11262: 11188: 11068: 11040: 10800: 10668: 10640: 10612: 9845: 9184: 8345: 8340: 8226: 8186: 7573:"Update: In the wake of Eskom scandal, two Deloitte directors resign" 7283:"André de Ruyter: Deliberate acts of sabotage are causing power cuts" 5908:"ESKOM'S SURPRISE BOSS: Questions arise after new Eskom CEO is named" 3487:"President Ramaphosa notes resignation of Eskom chair Mr Jabu Mabuza" 2959:"Eskom to be split into three SOEs, Cyril Ramaphosa confirms in Sona" 2632:

as damaging to the economy and requested that it not be implemented.

2355: 1653: 1470: 733: 567:

One of Eskom's first power plants was a coal-fired 128 MW station in

549: 541:

which allowed the South African Electricity Control Board to appoint

527: 436: 265: 160: 6571:"Eskom urged to divulge R33bn loan terms with China bank | IOL News" 2862:"South Africa is second-largest hotspot of sulfur dioxide emissions" 2502:

to recover R207 million in consulting fees from the consulting firm

12111: 11858: 11830: 11802: 11638: 11494: 11206: 11124: 10924: 10582: 9840: 8459: 7162:"Eskom was told to keep the lights on at all costs until elections" 6545:"Terms of Chinese loan to Eskom still confidential, says Ramaphosa" 3939:"Eskom's De Ruyter must either toe government's line or ours - NUM" 2901:"Thabo Mbeki's explosive allegations about Eskom and load-shedding" 2507: 2503: 2426: 1509: 977: 666: 5543:"Molefe among Eskom, Transnet executives facing arrest in January" 5317:"$ 11 Billion Green-Energy Initiative Takes Shape in South Africa" 5189:

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series

3459:"WRAP | Ramaphosa's promise to SA: 'It won't be a dark Christmas'" 12097: 12012: 11966: 11747: 11677: 11652: 11304: 11234: 11227: 11089: 10987: 10589: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 8380: 8370: 7001:"Watch Majuba Power Station Seconds Before Silo Collapse (Video)" 6909:"Eskom To Export Electricity To Zimbabwe Only If It Is Available" 5750:

Skiti, Sabelo; Cowan, Kyle; wa Africa, Mzilikazi (27 July 2017).

3629: 2728:"Which Countries Produce And Consume Most Electricity in Africa?" 2655: 723:

corruption, coal availability, and that new power plants such as

568: 444: 110: 5570:"Ex-Eskom chair Zola Tsotsi testifies how Guptas threatened him" 3632:

White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa

11985: 11480: 11290: 11269: 11220: 11138: 10966: 10838: 10661: 10605: 10198: 10113: 8375: 7882: 7390:

amaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism (9 June 2017).

7136:"ANALYSIS: Eskom's nine circles of hell, and election politics" 4259: 1875: 1856:

and for allegedly allowing the company to become a vehicle for

1802: 557: 552:, later issuing state-guaranteed loans instead. The coal-fired 416: 78: 4016:"Solidarity vows to fight Cosatu's Eskom pensions rescue plan" 3888:"Reading the signs, Eskom's death spiral is about to speed up" 3354: 2785:"Eskom, Sasol Emit Over Half of South Africa's Greenhouse Gas" 916:

In December 2019 COSATU suggested that money be used from the

12090: 12019: 11877: 11522: 11131: 10695: 10536: 10450: 10148: 10053: 7031:"Eskom admits another coal-storage silo at Majuba is cracked" 3637:(Report). Department of Minerals and Energy. pp. 55–56. 359: 196: 6852:"Zimbabwe Receiving "Uninterrupted Power Supply" from Eskom" 6756:"Protests over power cuts disrupt morning traffic in Soweto" 5441:"Former Eskom chair Ben Ngubane 'wanted papers blacklisted'" 5049:. South Africa: The Good News. 29 March 2009. Archived from 4484:. Government of South Africa. 11 August 2008. Archived from 3588:"Will South Africa's Power Crisis Sink Its Green Ambitions?" 3303:"Dark days are here again: As Eskom buckles, anger rises..." 719:

resources. Other reasons cited included legacy issues from

12083: 11645: 11417: 10517: 10236: 8330: 7829:"How Eskom's looming 'death spiral' is menacing SA economy" 7420:"SIU probes R139 billion rot at Medupi and Kusile - report" 7309:"Eskom finds evidence of sabotage at Lethabo Power Station" 6806: 5721:"Eskom head Hadebe quits 'toxic' job | IOL Business Report" 4349: 3914:"South Africa's Eskom facing "death spiral": departing CEO" 3564:

South Africa nearing end of daily power cuts, minister says

1902:

partly due to de Ruyter's advocacy for replacing coal with

610:

to both provide power to Cape Town and help facilitate the

8114: 7930:"'SA bent over backwards for Eskom': Nersa heads to court" 7525:"The dirt on Deloitte's consulting deals at Eskom, Part 1" 7085:"Eskom load shedding at crisis levels, says energy expert" 6519:"Eskom inks R33.4bn loan deal with China Development Bank" 3082:. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publishers. p. 77. 1789: 844:

In February 2019, these plans were resurrected during the

330:

The Natal Navigation Colliers & Estate Company Limited

2749:"Electricity - production - Country Comparison - TOP 100" 2212: 376: 7885:"Eskom's latest hike will 'wipe out' R80 grant increase" 6384:"Goldman Sachs sees Eskom as biggest risk to SA economy" 2473:

to Anoj Singh and acting chief executive Matshela Koko.

2367:

electricity is only supplied if Eskom does not need it.

415:. The utility is the largest producer of electricity in 9790: 6382:

Bonorchis, Renee; Burkhardt, Paul (22 September 2017).

5039: 4500: 3301:

Mthethwa, Rebecca Davis and Ayanda (11 February 2019).

1828:

prefixes of all registered network operator licensees.

1460: 625: 5752:"Eskom suspends Gupta-linked finance chief Anoj Singh" 4880:"CASE STUDY OF INGULA AND LIMA PUMPED STORAGE SCHEMES" 3539:"Eskom stage 2 load shedding starts on Sunday morning" 2933:. dailyinvestor.com. Daily Investor. 12 September 2023 2465:. In September 2017, Minister for Public Enterprises, 8089:

Eskom: Electricity and Technopolitics in South Africa

7110:"Eskom's nine circles of hell, and election politics" 5830:"Eskom CEO appointment met with surprise, scepticism" 5187:"AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK: Africa Investment Forum". 4904: 3077: 702:

and the administration of then President Jacob Zuma.

139:

Electricity generation, transmission and distribution

7703:"Andrè de Ruyter leaves Eskom with immediate effect" 5007: 4508:"CONSTRUCTION OF KUSILE POWER STATION GETS UNDERWAY" 3719:, OECD Publishing, 11 March 2019, pp. 192–193, 3575:

South Africa: load shedding will intensify in winter

3251:. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 February 2018 3249:"South Africa's nuclear plans under reconsideration" 606:

In 1974 the company was instructed to start work on

582: 5749: 5344:"Fibre optic roll out on Eskom transmission system" 3630:Department of Minerals and Energy (December 1998). 2907:. dailyinvestor.com. Daily Investor. 24 August 2023 2489: 6381: 5882:"EFF rejects de Ruyter's appointment as Eskom CEO" 4109:"ANKERLIG AND GOURIKWA GAS TURBINE POWER STATIONS" 2983:McKenzie, David; Balkiz, Ghazi (2 November 2021). 8059:"Eskom's unaffordable tariff hikes need a review" 5856:"Nampak's Andre de Ruyter appointed as Eskom CEO" 5595:"Matshela Koko takes reins at Eskom as acting CE" 4568: 4566: 4564: 4474: 4442: 3078:Conradie, S. R.; Messerschmidt, L. J. M. (2000). 2370: 12175: 7883:KAILENE PILLAY AND SE-ANNE RALL (4 April 2019). 7598:"Eskom picks Deloitte as next external auditors" 7334:"Saboteurs threaten South Africa's power supply" 5932:Mills, Ray Hartley and Greg (14 December 2022). 3837:"Eskom death spiral: Where's the restructuring?" 3585: 954: 924:, was also skeptical of COSATU's proposed plan. 667:Load shedding and second expansion: 2007-present 8086: 7778:"Eskom's shocking annual price hike since 2007" 4951: 4750: 4286: 3862:"Why the lights keep going out in South Africa" 3119:"South African Inflation Adjustment Calculator" 3055:Electricity, Industry and Class in South Africa 2295:of investment, with a "very high credit risk". 5986:"NEWSFLASH: Eskom CEO André de Ruyter resigns" 4815: 4597: 4595: 4561: 4531: 4529: 4312: 3355:Mike Cohen and Paul Vecchiatto (5 June 2019). 3227:"Eskom defends SA's nuclear aspirations | IOL" 2982: 2351:City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality 10503: 9776: 8911: 8147: 7911:"Eskom tariff hike - Energy Expert Coalition" 4698: 4681:"Majuba Coal Fired Power Plant, South Africa" 4621: 4338: 4260:Rod Hansen, Robbie van Rensburg (June 2006). 4253: 2663:– founder and first chairman of ESCOM (Eskom) 879:National Transmission Company of South Africa 496:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference 5811:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, 4938:"IAEA PRIS – Country Details – South Africa" 4789: 4647: 4398:"The Role of the State in the Energy Sector" 4364: 4201: 3241: 1874:Six months after Hadebe's departure, former 1803:Investment in renewables, hydro, wind, solar 695: 10252:President of South Africa Residence Nkandla 7753: 7307:Tshikalange, Shonisani (19 November 2021). 7306: 6935:"Expect Tight Energy Supply for Four Years" 5783:"Eskom: The art of steering a sinking ship" 5123:"Renewable Energy - Sere wind farm project" 4977: 4847: 4724: 4592: 4526: 4416: 4227: 4126: 4103: 4101: 4090: 4088: 3599: 3597: 3023: 2532: 1777: 405:Elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskommissie (EVKOM) 322:Technology Services International (Pty) Ltd 12189:Government-owned companies of South Africa 10510: 10496: 9783: 9769: 8918: 8904: 8154: 8140: 7358: 6906: 5774: 5718: 5567: 3024:Holtzhausen, Jacobus Petrus (March 2012). 2449: 612:South African government's nuclear program 573:Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company 488: 298:Hem-kom Live Line Engineering(pty) Limited 8991:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 8925: 7756:"Eskom electricity prices – 1994 to 2020" 6543:Magubane, Khulekani (11 September 2018). 6464: 5239: 5161: 4542:. Eskom. 23 November 2011. Archived from 4185:"Fact sheets with additional information" 2610:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 2361: 707:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 12184:Electric power companies of South Africa 9612:Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity 8986:South African Nuclear Energy Corporation 8161: 8087:Jaglin, Sylvy; Dubresson, Alain (2016). 7927: 7280: 7159: 7060: 7058: 7056: 6542: 6328:"Coal black cloud over Eskom's big loss" 5780: 5568:le Cordeur, Matthew (22 November 2017). 5341: 4859:Department of Water Affairs and Forestry 4390: 4098: 4085: 3885: 3757:"Eskom unbundling 'milestone' announced" 3603: 3594: 3300: 3199: 3052: 2380: 1900:Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy 1835: 1464: 819: 694:In 2017, Eskom was the focus of a major 649: 586: 509: 27:South African electricity public utility 12199:Nuclear power companies of South Africa 10451:Rheinmetall Denel Munition South Africa 10242:Mahlamba Ndlopfu Presidential Residence 7928:Slabbert, Antoinette (5 January 2020). 7852: 7850: 7414: 7412: 6932: 6724: 6722: 6669: 6667: 6569:Maqhina, Mayibongwe (29 October 2018). 6568: 6516: 6490: 6325: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5712: 5435: 5433: 3911: 3805: 3662: 3328: 2725: 2529:was expiring at the end of that month. 1811: 1790:South Africa's integrated resource plan 1767:Tubatse Pumped Storage Scheme – 1500MWe 395:. Eskom was established in 1923 as the 14: 12176: 12084:South African Broadcasting Corporation 11618:Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers 10687: 10247:Sefako Makgatho Presidential Residence 8005: 7570: 7522: 7444: 7359:Vecchiatto, Paul (22 September 2017). 7133: 6984:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6299: 6210: 6208: 6179: 6177: 6148: 6146: 5984:Diemen, Ethan van (14 December 2022). 5983: 5905: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5464: 4510:. Eskom. 5 August 2008. Archived from 4179: 4177: 4175: 3881: 3879: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3806:Niselow, Tehillah (13 February 2019). 3754: 3357:"How Eskom maimed SA's entire economy" 3324: 3322: 3272:"No more steep tariff hikes for Eskom" 3195: 3193: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2135:Employee benefit expenses (R billion) 1822:All-dielectric self-supporting cabling 942:List of power stations in South Africa 423:. Eskom operates a number of notable 421:South Africa's state owned enterprises 310:Rosherville Vehicle Services (Pty) Ltd 10491: 10431:BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa 10237:Nelson Mandela Qunu Village residence 9764: 8899: 8135: 8056: 7754:Labuschagne, Hanno (17 August 2020). 7727: 7281:Haffajee, Ferial (19 November 2021). 7254: 7053: 6998: 6880: 6407: 6068: 5931: 5906:Merten, Marianne (18 November 2019). 5719:Mkhawanazi, Siyabonga (26 May 2019). 5020:. Eskom. October 2005. Archived from 4828:. Eskom. October 2005. Archived from 4603:"Eskom Supply status – week 47, 2013" 4482:"Work begins on Kusile power station" 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4039: 3688: 3329:Gosling, Melanie (13 February 2019). 3269: 2956: 2859: 2833: 2614:Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse (OUTA) 935: 736:in 2019. In December 2019, President 530:in 1895 with the construction of the 397:Electricity Supply Commission (ESCOM) 11004: 10288:Northern Cape Provincial Legislature 9743: 7847: 7409: 6933:Hartleb, Thomas (11 February 2008). 6862:from the original on 25 October 2020 6849: 6719: 6699: 6664: 6264: 6236: 6107: 6003: 5686: 5430: 4989:International Hydropower Association 3717:Measuring the Digital Transformation 3663:Omarjee, Lameez (13 February 2019). 3644:from the original on 15 October 2021 3080:A Symphony of Power: The Eskom Story 2568: 2433:the matter had been referred to the 2410:2019 South African general elections 2265:Standard & Poor's Global Ratings 1831: 1461:Renewable and nuclear power stations 922:Federation of Unions of South Africa 626:Post-1994 election period: 1994-2007 479:during this period was fraught with 274:Eskom Enterprises Global West Africa 12063:Development Bank of Southern Africa 10446:South African National Space Agency 10278:Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature 10262:Presidential Residence (Genadendal) 9792:National Key Points in South Africa 9703:Department of Energy (South Africa) 9635: 7747: 7445:HOSKEN, GRAEME (24 February 2019). 7082: 6809:Review of African Political Economy 6517:Khumalo, Sibongile (24 July 2018). 6465:Chabalala, Jeanette (15 May 2019). 6205: 6174: 6143: 5738: 5465:Chutel, Lynsey (11 November 2016). 5195:(11): 22365B–22367A. January 2019. 4823:"Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme" 3965:"Cosatu suggests an Eskom solution" 3912:Winning, Alexander (30 July 2019). 3876: 3825: 3511: 3319: 3190: 3002: 2945: 2919: 2893: 2679: 463:. By releasing 1.6 million tons of 318:South Dunes Coal Terminal (Pty) Ltd 24: 10328:Western Cape Provincial Parliament 8832:Renewable energy commercialization 8080: 7134:Merten, Marianne (26 March 2019). 7037:. 21 November 2014. Archived from 6999:Gibbs, JeVanne (4 November 2014). 6881:Banya, Nelson (11 December 2019). 6619: 6300:Merten, Marianne (24 April 2019). 5817:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.17529 5099:"Renewable Energy: Sere wind farm" 4152: 4065: 3835:Duncan, Felicity (1 August 2019). 3604:Crompton, Rod (10 February 2019). 2561: 2494:In October 2019, Eskom's chairman 2335: 1824:. It currently has the sixth most 1758: 891: 25: 12215: 10467:O. R. Tambo International Airport 10386:Onderstepoort Biological Products 10298:North West Provincial Legislature 9924:Durban North Distribution Station 9919:Durban South Distribution Station 9165:Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme 8106: 7801: 7728:Bloom, Kevin (26 February 2023). 7650: 7523:Comrie, Susan (15 January 2020). 7160:Modjadji, Ngwako (1 April 2019). 6728: 6675:"Cosatu has a plan to save Eskom" 6491:Mahlaka, Ray (22 February 2023). 6042: 5640: 5414:. 2 February 2018. Archived from 4040:Davie, Kevin (12 February 2020). 3886:Haffajee, Ferial (31 July 2019). 3586:Mariel Ferragamo (20 July 2023). 3200:Donnelly, Lynley (10 June 2011). 3174:. 21 January 2007. Archived from 2726:Sanchez, Dana (28 October 2014). 1550:Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme 856:In a February 2019 briefing, the 583:First expansion period: 1960-1994 302:Mountain Communications (Pty) Ltd 282:Eskom Finance Company SOC Limited 18:Eskom Finance Company SOC Limited 12150: 12149: 11027:African Alliance Investment Bank 10472:King Shaka International Airport 9999:Muldersvlei Transmission Station 9742: 9731: 9730: 9591:Wesley-Ciskei Wind Power Station 9406:Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility 8880: 8879: 8300: 8050: 8025: 8006:Zeeman, Kyle (23 January 2022). 7999: 7973: 7947: 7921: 7903: 7876: 7821: 7795: 7770: 7721: 7695: 7670: 7644: 7616: 7590: 7564: 7542: 7516: 7490: 7464: 7438: 7383: 7352: 7326: 7300: 7274: 7255:Cowan, Kyle (19 November 2021). 7248: 7230: 7205: 7179: 7153: 7127: 7102: 7076: 7023: 6992: 6952: 6926: 6900: 6874: 6843: 6800: 6774: 6748: 6693: 6639: 6613: 6588: 6562: 6536: 6510: 6484: 6458: 6432: 6401: 6375: 6345: 6326:KHUMALO, KABELO (31 July 2019). 6319: 6293: 6096: 6062: 6036: 5977: 5951: 5925: 5899: 5874: 5848: 5822: 5800: 5781:Donnelly, Lynley (29 May 2019). 5660: 5641:Cowan, Pieter du Toit and Kyle. 5634: 5608: 5587: 5561: 5535: 5510: 5484: 5458: 5400: 5335: 5309: 5234:. IEEE. April 2019. pp. i. 5201:10.1111/j.1467-6346.2018.08659.x 5156:. IEEE. April 2019. pp. i. 4959:"Annual Report 2006 (Chapter 3)" 3689:Jones, Marc (21 February 2019). 3057:. London: Macmillan. p. 5. 2957:Paton, Carol (7 February 2019). 2573: 2490:2019 Deloitte consulting lawsuit 2330: 1773:Tasakoolo Wind farm 200 – 200Mwe 858:Department of Public Enterprises 807: 795: 783: 228: 227: 203: 202: 176: 175: 148: 147: 38: 12194:Companies based in Johannesburg 12162:Companies based in Johannesburg 10477:Cape Town International Airport 10363:South African Bank Note Company 10318:Houses of Parliament, Cape Town 10184:Transnet Pipeline Witbank Depot 9934:Lotus Park Distribution station 9904:Klaarwater Distribution Station 9864:Grassridge Transmission Station 9566:Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm 9451:Impofu Wind Power Farms Complex 8122:Official Eskom Heritage website 7185: 6907:cfeditoren (12 December 2019). 6408:Laing, Robert (29 March 2018). 6272:"Integrated Annual Report 2019" 6244:"Integrated Annual Report 2018" 6216:"Integrated Annual Report 2017" 6185:"Integrated Annual Report 2015" 6154:"Integrated Annual Report 2013" 6115:"Integrated Annual Report 2011" 6017:Pilling, David (2 March 2023). 5616:"Eskom's Matshela Koko resigns" 5283: 5258: 5223: 5180: 5145: 5115: 5091: 5065: 5015:"Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme" 4985:"Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme" 4930: 4872: 4764: 4673: 4450:"Coal-burning generating plant" 4059: 4033: 4008: 3983: 3957: 3931: 3905: 3854: 3799: 3774: 3748: 3708: 3682: 3656: 3623: 3590:. Council on Foreign Relations. 3579: 3568: 3557: 3531: 3505: 3479: 3451: 3425: 3399: 3374: 3348: 3294: 3263: 3219: 3164: 3132: 3111: 3086: 3071: 3046: 2976: 2834:McKay, David (19 August 2019). 2698:"Integrated Annual Report 2021" 2498:filed a court affidavit at the 2309: 1580:Free State-Eastern Cape border 872: 391:is a South African electricity 334:Trans Africa Projects (Pty) Ltd 270:Eskom Enterprises (Pty) Limited 10009:Droeriver Transmission Station 9658:Graaff Electric Lighting Works 7571:Comrie, Susan (9 April 2020). 6850:Head, Tom (11 December 2019). 3270:Joffe, Hilary (5 March 2018). 2879: 2853: 2827: 2802: 2777: 2767:"Company information overview" 2759: 2741: 2719: 2371:Power shortage: 2007 - ongoing 946: 532:Graaff Electric Lighting Works 314:Rotek Industries (Pty) Limited 258:EON Solutions Africa (Pty) Ltd 13: 1: 12155:Companies based in Ekurhuleni 12049:Airports Company South Africa 10794:Rossair Executive Air Charter 10703:African International Airways 10411:Main Telephone Exchange (PPR) 10308:Government Building Nelspruit 10014:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station 9333:Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project 9216:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station 9190:Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme 8827:Renewable Energy Certificates 8787:Cost of electricity by source 8709:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 8585:High-voltage shore connection 3755:Comins, Lyse (30 July 2023). 2789:news.bloombergenvironment.com 2672: 2517:In April 2020, Deloitte told 2444: 1918: 1848:as chairperson of the board. 1680:Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme 955:Fossil-fuelled power stations 927: 918:Public Investment Corporation 907:National Union of Mineworkers 608:Koeberg nuclear power station 543:Hendrik Johannes van der Bijl 453:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station 9909:Pegasus Transmission Station 9889:Minerva Transmission Station 9869:Perseus Transmission Station 9328:SlimSun Swartland Solar Park 9323:Redstone Solar Thermal Power 9247:Newcastle Cogeneration Plant 9175:Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme 8842:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 8640:Transmission system operator 8600:Mains electricity by country 8177:Automatic generation control 7447:"Eskom: R139bn theft probed" 6410:"Eskom's credit rating blow" 5241:10.1109/icnsurv.2019.8735411 5163:10.1109/icnsurv.2019.8735411 4400:. dme.gov.za. Archived from 2354:non-violent protest against 2211:Electrical output capacity ( 1602:Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme 1524:Colley Wobbles Power Station 632:democratic elections in 1994 534:to power 775 street lights. 306:PN Energy Services (Pty) Ltd 7: 10436:Hartebeeshoek Earth Station 10323:120 Plein Street, Cape Town 10004:Acasia Transmission Station 9929:Athene Transmission Station 9899:Impala Transmission Station 9884:Apollo Transmission Station 9718:South African energy crisis 9283:Jasper Solar Energy Project 9123:Pretoria West Power Station 8867:List of electricity sectors 8862:Electric energy consumption 8580:High-voltage direct current 8555:Electric power transmission 8545:Electric power distribution 8222:Energy return on investment 5356:10.1109/TDCLLM.2003.1196468 5270:www.cliffedekkerhofmeyr.com 5073:"Renewable Energy Projects" 5047:"SA to get third wind farm" 2667:South African energy crisis 2639: 2602:in 2007 marked on the chart 2600:South African energy crisis 2415: 2377:South African energy crisis 2324:Zondo Commission of Inquiry 846:State of the Nation address 673:South African energy crisis 413:Southern African Power Pool 10: 12220: 12204:Corruption in South Africa 11572:Union Carriage & Wagon 11256:iVeri Payment Technologies 11076:Imperial Bank South Africa 10174:Bosloop Water Pump Station 10124:Tarlton Distribution Depot 10049:OilTanking Grindrod Calulo 9879:Hydra Transmission Station 9713:Renewable energy in Africa 9351:Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm 9318:Mulilo Sonnedix Prieska PV 9048:Bloemfontein Power Station 8782:Carbon offsets and credits 8500:Three-phase electric power 3053:Christie, Renfrew (1984). 2479:Special Investigating Unit 2453: 2374: 939: 905:as Eskom CEO trade unions 876: 670: 505: 278:Eskom Finance Co (Pty) Ltd 12144: 12036: 11997: 11958: 11896: 11785: 11669: 11602: 11467:Isuzu Trucks South Africa 11402: 11342: 11198: 11166: 10880: 10855: 10828: 10574: 10526: 10459: 10371: 10303:KwaZulu-Natal Legislature 10270: 10227: 10164:Grootfontein Pump Station 10037: 9914:Drakensberg Power Station 9854: 9798: 9726: 9695: 9624: 9604: 9556:Seriti Wind Power Station 9341: 9260: 9224: 9208: 9157: 9136: 9035: 9024: 9007:Atomic Energy Corporation 8999: 8973: 8964: 8931: 8875: 8850: 8837:Renewable Energy Payments 8760: 8697: 8659: 8513: 8450: 8361: 8326:Fossil fuel power station 8316: 8309: 8298: 8169: 6821:10.1080/03056248708703748 6444:Moody's Investors Service 4294:"Grootvlei Power Station" 2344: 2286:Moody's Investors Service 1469:Eskom Generation's pilot 654:Construction work on the 537:Eskom was founded by the 526:. This was followed by 372: 368: 350: 346: 290:Gallium Insurance Co. Ltd 239: 221: 194: 167: 143: 135: 120: 102: 84: 74: 56: 46: 37: 11692:African Rainbow Minerals 11298:Teraco Data Environments 11020:Access Bank South Africa 10391:SSA Communication Centre 10293:Pretoria Union Buildings 10179:Nooitgedact Pump Station 10159:Rieftontein Pump Station 10119:Airport e-Natis Facility 9959:Sol Transmission Station 9673:Mount Road Power Station 9486:Loeriesfontein Wind Farm 9278:Droogfontein Solar Power 8620:Single-wire earth return 8560:Electrical busbar system 8217:Energy demand management 8091:. Cape Town: UCT Press. 8057:Eyaaz (29 August 2024). 6069:Staff (8 January 2023). 5350:. IEEE. pp. 50–57. 4320:"HENDRINA POWER STATION" 3491:www.thepresidency.gov.za 3202:"Behind the Eskom purge" 3094:"Congella Power Station" 2533:2023 de Ruyter interview 1886:and factions within the 1797:renewable energy sources 1778:Investment in renewables 772: 562:Salt River Power Station 475:. Implementation of new 461:greenhouse gas emissions 254:Amazing Amanzi (Pty) Ltd 11551:South African Breweries 10648:Phoebus Apollo Aviation 10024:Ankerlig Power Station 9894:Grootvlei Power Station 9846:Mokolo Dam Pump Station 9683:Swartkops Power Station 9668:Kroonstad Power Station 9496:Noblesfontein Wind Farm 9431:Golden Valley Wind Farm 9180:Kouga Dam Power Station 9063:Grootvlei Power Station 8751:Residual-current device 8741:Power system protection 8731:Generator interlock kit 8063:The Mail & Guardian 6679:The Mail & Guardian 5963:The Mail & Guardian 4961:. Eskom. Archived from 4912:"Koeberg Power Station" 4799:. Eskom. Archived from 4734:. Eskom. Archived from 4708:. Eskom. Archived from 4706:"MATIMBA POWER STATION" 4657:. Eskom. Archived from 4631:. Eskom. Archived from 4629:"Lethabo Power Station" 4455:. Eskom. Archived from 4426:. Eskom. Archived from 4374:. Eskom. Archived from 4322:. Eskom. Archived from 4296:. Eskom. Archived from 4237:. Eskom. Archived from 4211:. Eskom. Archived from 4136:. Eskom. Archived from 3969:The Mail & Guardian 3864:. BBC. 16 February 2019 3761:The Mail & Guardian 3033:Stellenbosch University 2500:Johannesburg High Court 2450:2017 corruption scandal 2258: 2097:Total debt (R billion) 1144:Grootvlei Power Station 860:stated that Eskom was " 539:Electricity Act of 1922 90:; 101 years ago 11111:Stanchart South Africa 10381:Square Kilometre Array 10283:Free State Legislature 10214:FA Production Platform 10074:Kroonstad Pump Station 10064:Coalbrook Pump Station 10059:Bethlehem Pump Station 10019:Gourikwa Power Station 9944:Hendrina Power Station 9857:and transmission sites 9855:Electricity generation 9663:Ingagane Power Station 9653:Driehoek Power Station 9586:West Coast 1 Wind Farm 9456:Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm 9252:Port Rex Power Station 9242:Gourikwa Power Station 9237:Ankerlig Power Station 9068:Hendrina Power Station 9012:Johannesburg Gas Works 8939:Energy in South Africa 8535:Distributed generation 8207:Electric power quality 6122:financialresults.co.za 4797:"Tutuka Power Station" 4655:"KAJUBA POWER STATION" 4372:"KENDAL POWER STATION" 4209:"Camden Power Station" 2541: 2386: 2362:Zimbabwe Power Exports 2316:China Development Bank 1841: 1486: 1412:Port Rex Power Station 1284:4/6 units operational 1170:Hendrina Power Station 1120:Gourikwa Power Station 1020:Ankerlig Power Station 828: 663: 595: 554:Congella Power Station 515: 404: 12105:South African Airways 11852:Incredible Connection 10815:South African Express 10759:Interair South Africa 10194:Zaaihoek Pump Station 10169:Vygeboom Pump Station 9994:Matimba Power Station 9874:Lethabo Power Station 9678:Orlando Power Station 9648:Colenso Power Station 9643:Athlone Power Station 9576:Van Stadens Wind Farm 9526:Phezukomoya Wind Farm 9361:Brandvallei Wind Farm 9149:Rooiwal Power Station 9108:Matimba Power Station 9098:Lethabo Power Station 8926:Power in South Africa 8807:Fossil fuel phase-out 8575:Electricity retailing 8570:Electrical substation 8550:Electric power system 8127:Map of Power Stations 6700:Magubane, Khulekani. 5342:Marshall, E. (2003). 4732:"MATLA POWER STATION" 4424:"KRIEL POWER STATION" 4235:"DUVHA POWER STATION" 4134:"Arnot Power Station" 2537: 2384: 2322:by China. During the 2279:government guarantees 1906:as an energy source. 1890:who instead wanted a 1839: 1628:Koeberg Power Station 1468: 1340:Matimba Power Station 1292:Lethabo Power Station 862:technically insolvent 824: 820:Restructuring efforts 653: 634:and the start of the 590: 524:reduce crime at night 513: 429:Matimba Power Station 294:Golang Coal (Pty) Ltd 12006:Avis Southern Africa 11845:Hyundai South Africa 11824:The Creative Counsel 10967:Riovic Capital Group 10864:DLO Energy Resources 10846:Murray & Roberts 10520:Greater Johannesburg 10374:and technology sites 10209:PetroSA GTL Refinery 10189:Khutala Pump Station 10154:Jericho Pump Station 9989:Majuba Power Station 9984:Komati Power Station 9979:Kendal Power Station 9974:Tutuka Power Station 9939:Camden Power Station 9708:Coal in South Africa 9521:Perdekraal Wind Farm 9516:Oyster Bay Wind Farm 9471:Klipheuwel Wind Farm 9441:Grassridge Wind Farm 9426:Gibson Bay Wind Farm 9232:Acacia Power Station 9144:Kelvin Power Station 9128:Tutuka Power Station 9118:Medupi Power Station 9103:Majuba Power Station 9093:Kusile Power Station 9083:Komati Power Station 9078:Kendal Power Station 9073:Kelvin Power Station 9053:Camden Power Station 8163:Electricity delivery 7917:on 15 December 2019. 7371:on 22 September 2017 4803:on 27 September 2011 4661:on 16 September 2019 4514:on 27 September 2011 4241:on 27 September 2011 4215:on 27 September 2011 3512:Winning, Alexander. 2661:Hendrik van der Bijl 2173:Number of employees 1812:Other infrastructure 1436:Tutuka Power Station 1388:Medupi Power Station 1316:Majuba Power Station 1268:Kusile Power Station 1218:Komati Power Station 1194:Kendal Power Station 1070:Camden Power Station 994:Acacia Power Station 836:In December 1998, a 754:Tutuka Power Station 449:Kendal Power Station 441:Kusile Power Station 433:Medupi Power Station 407:). Eskom represents 338:Transpoint (Pty) Ltd 286:Eskom Uganda Limited 11175:Southern Sun Hotels 11062:First National Bank 10953:Lesaka Technologies 10787:Nationwide Airlines 10738:Executive Aerospace 10710:AirQuarius Aviation 10518:Companies based in 10348:SARB Port Elizabeth 10333:SARB Port Elizabeth 10313:Limpopo Legislature 9969:Duvha Power Station 9964:Matla Power Station 9954:Arnot Power Station 9949:Kriel Power Station 9561:Soetwater Wind Farm 9546:San Kraal Wind Farm 9541:Roggeveld Wind Farm 9536:Rietkloof Wind Farm 9491:Metrowind Wind Farm 9446:Hopefield Wind Farm 9436:Gouda Wind Facility 9416:Excelsior Wind Farm 9391:Copperton Wind Farm 9386:Cookhouse Wind Farm 9313:Letsatsi Solar Park 9113:Matla Power Station 9088:Kriel Power Station 9058:Duvha Power Station 9043:Arnot Power Station 8772:Availability factor 8724:Sulfur hexafluoride 8605:Overhead power line 8505:Virtual power plant 8480:Induction generator 8433:Sustainable biofuel 8242:Home energy storage 8232:Grid energy storage 8197:Droop speed control 7396:dailymaverick.co.za 7041:on 11 December 2014 7011:on 11 December 2014 6939:Mail & Guardian 6620:Dludla, Siphelele. 6363:on 26 November 2016 5418:on 26 December 2019 5323:. 16 September 2019 5133:on 21 December 2018 4712:on 18 November 2019 4404:on 16 December 2007 3725:10.1787/b710d3da-en 3178:on 22 February 2006 2646:Cahora Bassa (HVDC) 2320:debt-trap diplomacy 2293:"speculative grade" 2267:downgraded Eskom's 1364:Matla Power Station 1244:Kriel Power Station 1096:Duvha Power Station 1044:Arnot Power Station 740:, deputy president 640:Eskom Amendment Act 592:Arnot Power Station 477:generating capacity 223:Number of employees 188:US$ -1.28 billion 34: 12027:Surtees Rail Group 11762:Sibanye-Stillwater 11584:Basil Green Motors 11425:African Explosives 11317:Internet Solutions 11097:Rand Merchant Bank 10871:Total South Africa 10766:Interlink Airlines 10752:Imperial Air Cargo 10421:African Explosives 10401:Denel Land Systems 10104:Total Depot Alrode 10099:Sasol Depot Alrode 10089:Shell Depot Alrode 10069:Sasol Pump Station 9799:Water supply sites 9506:Noupoort Wind Farm 9381:Coleskop Wind Farm 9273:De Aar Solar Power 8646:Transmission tower 8257:Nameplate capacity 7782:businesstech.co.za 7709:. 22 February 2023 7632:. 22 February 2023 7478:. 19 December 2019 7426:. 24 February 2019 6600:businesslive.co.za 6446:. 24 November 2020 5965:. 15 December 2022 5862:. 18 November 2019 5836:. 18 November 2019 5787:The M&G Online 5622:. 16 February 2018 5620:businesslive.co.za 5549:. 22 December 2019 5498:. 27 February 2017 5445:businesslive.co.za 4835:on 16 October 2013 4549:on 24 January 2011 3971:. 13 December 2019 3945:. 18 December 2019 3467:. 11 December 2019 3439:. 11 December 2019 3413:. 11 December 2019 3206:The M&G Online 3152:on 2 February 2017 2963:businesslive.co.za 2866:businesstech.co.za 2773:. 14 January 2021. 2630:Geordin Hill-Lewis 2619:basic income grant 2387: 1842: 1818:fibre optic cables 1487: 936:Installed capacity 696:corruption scandal 664: 601:economies of scale 596: 516: 215:US$ 52.84 billion 126:Mpho Paul Makwana 32: 12171: 12170: 12056:Denel Aeronautics 11974:SA Waste Holdings 11699:AngloGold Ashanti 11537:SkyReach Aircraft 11446:Clover Industries 11391:Mandela and Tambo 11182:Sun International 11162: 11161: 10824: 10823: 10485: 10484: 10358:SARB Johannesburg 10343:SARB Bloemfontein 10230:residential sites 10079:Magdala TPL Depot 9758: 9757: 9691: 9690: 9620: 9619: 9581:Waainek Wind Farm 9531:Red Cap Wind Farm 9461:Kangans Wind Farm 9401:Darling Wind Farm 9308:Lesedi Solar Park 9020: 9019: 8893: 8892: 8797:Environmental tax 8677:Cascading failure 8446: 8445: 8282:Utility frequency 8098:978-1-77582-215-8 7987:. 22 January 2020 7961:. 15 January 2020 7835:. 6 December 2018 7604:. 4 November 2021 7504:. 22 January 2020 7186:Wet, Phillip de. 7035:Business day live 6856:The South African 6788:. 30 January 2020 6762:. 3 February 2020 6681:. 29 January 2020 5365:978-0-7803-7917-6 5297:. 28 January 2021 5251:978-1-72811-893-2 5173:978-1-72811-893-2 5079:on 24 August 2013 4995:on 7 January 2009 4965:on 3 January 2010 4462:on 17 August 2011 4430:on 24 August 2010 4326:on 25 August 2010 4300:on 25 August 2010 3918:finance.yahoo.com 3734:978-92-64-31198-5 3493:. 10 January 2020 3064:978-1-349-07032-9 2889:. 7 October 2021. 2707:. 15 January 2021 2595: 2594: 2544:- André de Ruyter 2391:rolling blackouts 2284:On 28 March 2018 2252: 2251: 1832:Corporate affairs 1770:Wind 500 – 550MWe 1756: 1755: 1458: 1457: 971:Date commissioned 767:COVID-19 lockdown 680:rolling blackouts 469:rolling blackouts 385:Eskom Hld SOC Ltd 382: 381: 262:Escap SOC Limited 235: 217: 213: 190: 186: 158: 88:1 March 1923 16:(Redirected from 12211: 12164: 12157: 12153: 12152: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12114: 12107: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12079: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12029: 12022: 12015: 12008: 11988: 11981: 11976: 11969: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11930: 11923: 11916: 11909: 11887: 11880: 11873: 11868: 11861: 11854: 11847: 11840: 11833: 11826: 11819: 11812: 11805: 11798: 11776: 11769: 11764: 11757: 11755:Northam Platinum 11750: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11687: 11680: 11662: 11655: 11648: 11641: 11634: 11632:Nu Metro Cinemas 11627: 11620: 11613: 11593: 11586: 11579: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11546: 11539: 11532: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11476: 11474:Land Systems OMC 11469: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11393: 11386: 11379: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11351:Bowman Gilfillan 11333: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11216: 11209: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11153: 11146: 11141: 11134: 11127: 11120: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11078: 11071: 11064: 11057: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10939:Livestock Wealth 10934: 10932:Liberty Holdings 10927: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10873: 10866: 10848: 10841: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10678:Solenta Aviation 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10636: 10634:National Airways 10629: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10567: 10560: 10558:Chancellor House 10553: 10546: 10539: 10512: 10505: 10498: 10489: 10488: 10396:CSIR Wind Tunnel 10338:SARB East London 10271:Government sites 10204:PetroSA Voorbaai 10199:Chevron Refinery 10144:Rustenburg Depot 10134:Langlaagte Depot 10129:Klerksdorp Depot 10042:processing sites 9785: 9778: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9746: 9745: 9734: 9733: 9633: 9632: 9501:Nojoli Wind Farm 9476:Khobab Wind Farm 9466:Karusa Wind Farm 9411:Dorper Wind Farm 9396:De Aar Wind Farm 9366:Castle Wind Farm 9356:Aurora Wind Farm 9293:Kathu Solar Park 9033: 9032: 8971: 8970: 8949:Renewable energy 8920: 8913: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8883: 8882: 8792:Energy subsidies 8746:Protective relay 8687:Rolling blackout 8314: 8313: 8304: 8272:Power-flow study 8212:Electrical fault 8156: 8149: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8118: 8117: 8115:Official website 8102: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7913:. Archived from 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7854: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7416: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7367:. Archived from 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7083:Dlulane, Bonga. 7080: 7074: 7073: 7072:. 24 March 2019. 7062: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7007:. Archived from 6996: 6990: 6989: 6983: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6962:. Archived from 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6420:on 29 March 2018 6416:. Archived from 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6359:. Archived from 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6276: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6220: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6189: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6131:on 17 March 2012 6130: 6124:. Archived from 6119: 6111: 6105: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6014: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5758:. Archived from 5747: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5437: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5295:Power Technology 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5243: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5165: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5129:. Archived from 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5075:. Archived from 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4991:. Archived from 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4914:. Archived from 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4885:. Archived from 4884: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4685:Power Technology 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4605:. Archived from 4599: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4580:on 17 April 2015 4576:. Archived from 4570: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4181: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4066:Shange, Naledi. 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3610:The Conversation 3601: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3278:. Archived from 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3172:"Eskom Homepage" 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3151: 3145:. Archived from 3144: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2702: 2694: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2545: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2037: 2006:Operating profit 1923: 1922: 1878:Chief Executive 1868:Phakamani Hadebe 1489: 1488: 959: 958: 832: 811: 799: 787: 500:renewable energy 233: 231: 230: 216: 211: 206: 205: 199: 189: 184: 179: 178: 156: 151: 150: 130: 98: 96: 91: 42: 35: 31: 21: 12219: 12218: 12214: 12213: 12212: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12160: 12148: 12140: 12131: 12126: 12119:Freightdynamics 12117: 12110: 12103: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12061: 12054: 12047: 12039: 12032: 12025: 12018: 12011: 12004: 11993: 11984: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11954: 11947: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11921:Mugg & Bean 11919: 11914:Debonairs Pizza 11912: 11905: 11898: 11892: 11883: 11876: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11850: 11843: 11838:Exclusive Books 11836: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11808: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11781: 11774:Simmer and Jack 11772: 11767: 11760: 11753: 11746: 11739: 11734:Impala Platinum 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11704: 11697: 11690: 11683: 11676: 11665: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11609: 11598: 11591:New PowerChutes 11589: 11582: 11577: 11570: 11565:Truvelo Armoury 11563: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11516:Rembrandt Group 11514: 11507: 11500: 11493: 11488:Paramount Group 11486: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11451: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11398: 11389: 11382: 11377: 11370: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11338: 11331:Vision Software 11329: 11322: 11315: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11173: 11158: 11151:VBS Mutual Bank 11149: 11144: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11083:Mercantile Bank 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11000: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10946:MiWay Insurance 10944: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10916: 10911:Evolution Group 10909: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10831:and engineering 10830: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10731:Command Airways 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10694: 10683: 10676: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10627:Global Aviation 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10522: 10516: 10486: 10481: 10455: 10373: 10367: 10266: 10229: 10223: 10084:Wilge TPL Depot 10054:Natref Refinery 10041: 10039: 10033: 9856: 9850: 9794: 9789: 9759: 9754: 9722: 9687: 9627: 9616: 9600: 9571:Umoya Wind Farm 9511:Nxuba Wind Farm 9481:Kouga Wind Farm 9421:Garob Wind Farm 9376:Coega Wind Farm 9371:Chaba Wind Farm 9337: 9256: 9220: 9204: 9200:Vanderkloof Dam 9153: 9132: 9027: 9016: 8995: 8966: 8960: 8927: 8924: 8894: 8889: 8871: 8855: 8853: 8846: 8777:Capacity factor 8765: 8763: 8756: 8736:Numerical relay 8714:Circuit breaker 8702: 8700: 8693: 8655: 8595:Load management 8565:Electrical grid 8530:Demand response 8523: 8518: 8509: 8490:Microgeneration 8442: 8357: 8305: 8296: 8292:Vehicle-to-grid 8165: 8160: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8099: 8083: 8081:Further reading 8078: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8004: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7964: 7962: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7926: 7922: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7892: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7864:. 10 March 2019 7856: 7855: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7800: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7651:Madia, Tshidi. 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7581: 7579: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7552:. 21 March 2020 7548: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7253: 7249: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7192:Businessinsider 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7081: 7077: 7064: 7063: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 6997: 6993: 6977: 6976: 6969: 6967: 6966:on 3 April 2017 6960:"Archived copy" 6958: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6848: 6844: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6729:Check, Africa. 6727: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6023:Financial Times 6015: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5762:on 27 July 2017 5748: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5389: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5366: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5027:on 10 June 2011 5024: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4918:on 13 June 2020 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4738:on 31 July 2020 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4635:on 13 July 2009 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4609:on 20 July 2014 4601: 4600: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4574:"Supply status" 4572: 4571: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4488:on 8 March 2009 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4378:on 13 June 2010 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4352:. November 1994 4344: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4274:on 26 July 2011 4271: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4140:on 3 March 2016 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3995:BusinessInsider 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3884: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3749: 3735: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3602: 3595: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3327: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3282:on 5 March 2018 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3229:. 7 August 2016 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3198: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2955: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2680: 2675: 2642: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562:Price increases 2547: 2543: 2535: 2492: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2422:Cyril Ramaphosa 2418: 2379: 2373: 2364: 2347: 2338: 2336:Municipal debts 2333: 2312: 2300:too big to fail 2261: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2035: 1921: 1880:André de Ruyter 1834: 1814: 1805: 1792: 1780: 1761: 1759:Future projects 1732:Vanderkloof Dam 1507: 1502: 1463: 1229: 1155: 1081: 981: 972: 957: 949: 944: 938: 930: 903:André de Ruyter 894: 892:COSATU response 881: 875: 834: 830: 822: 815: 812: 803: 800: 791: 788: 775: 675: 669: 658:(pictured) and 628: 585: 508: 465:sulphur dioxide 377:www.eskom.co.za 364: 342: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 250: 249: 224: 214: 195: 187: 172: 159: 131: 128: 127: 123: 94: 92: 89: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12217: 12207: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12158: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12136: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12087: 12080: 12073: 12066: 12059: 12052: 12044: 12042: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12009: 12001: 11999: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11977: 11970: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11931: 11924: 11917: 11910: 11907:Chicken Licken 11902: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11881: 11869: 11862: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11834: 11827: 11820: 11813: 11806: 11799: 11791: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11681: 11673: 11671: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11663: 11656: 11649: 11642: 11635: 11628: 11621: 11614: 11611:Arena Holdings 11606: 11604: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11587: 11575: 11568: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11544:Sling Aircraft 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11421: 11414: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11387: 11375: 11368: 11365:Webber Wentzel 11361: 11354: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11242:Dimension Data 11238: 11231: 11224: 11217: 11210: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11170: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11069:FirstRand Bank 11065: 11058: 11051: 11044: 11037: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11008: 11006: 10999: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10883: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10867: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10842: 10834: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10818: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10790: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10745:Fly Blue Crane 10741: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10691: 10689: 10682: 10681: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10586: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10532: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10515: 10514: 10507: 10500: 10492: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10426:Denel Aviation 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10406:Denel Dynamics 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10372:Space, science 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10274: 10272: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10233: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10139:Meyerton Depot 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10114:Chevron Texaco 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10094:Chevron Alrode 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10045: 10043: 10040:fuel depot and 10035: 10034: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9788: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9740: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9639: 9637: 9630: 9628:power stations 9626:Decommissioned 9622: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9598: 9596:Wolf Wind Farm 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9551:Sere Wind Farm 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9298:KaXu Solar One 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9161: 9159: 9158:Hydro-electric 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9037: 9030: 9028:power stations 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8977: 8975: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8858: 8856: 8852:Statistics and 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8802:Feed-in tariff 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8590:Interconnector 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8540:Dynamic demand 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8470:Combined cycle 8467: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8367: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8322: 8320: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8247:Load-following 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8202:Electric power 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8159: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8108: 8107:External links 8105: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8049: 8024: 7998: 7972: 7946: 7920: 7902: 7875: 7846: 7820: 7802:Felix, Jason. 7794: 7769: 7758:. My Boardband 7746: 7734:Daily Maverick 7720: 7694: 7669: 7643: 7615: 7589: 7563: 7541: 7515: 7489: 7463: 7437: 7408: 7382: 7351: 7325: 7299: 7287:Daily Maverick 7273: 7247: 7229: 7204: 7178: 7152: 7140:Daily Maverick 7126: 7101: 7075: 7052: 7022: 6991: 6951: 6925: 6899: 6873: 6842: 6799: 6773: 6747: 6718: 6692: 6663: 6638: 6612: 6587: 6561: 6535: 6509: 6497:Daily Maverick 6483: 6457: 6431: 6400: 6374: 6344: 6318: 6306:Daily Maverick 6292: 6263: 6235: 6204: 6173: 6142: 6106: 6095: 6061: 6035: 6002: 5990:Daily Maverick 5976: 5950: 5938:Daily Maverick 5924: 5912:Daily Maverick 5898: 5873: 5847: 5821: 5799: 5773: 5737: 5711: 5685: 5659: 5633: 5607: 5586: 5560: 5534: 5509: 5483: 5457: 5429: 5399: 5390:|journal= 5364: 5334: 5308: 5282: 5257: 5250: 5222: 5179: 5172: 5144: 5114: 5090: 5064: 5038: 5006: 4976: 4950: 4929: 4903: 4892:on 29 May 2015 4871: 4846: 4814: 4788: 4763: 4749: 4723: 4697: 4672: 4646: 4620: 4591: 4560: 4525: 4499: 4473: 4441: 4415: 4389: 4363: 4337: 4311: 4285: 4252: 4226: 4200: 4151: 4125: 4097: 4084: 4058: 4046:Daily Maverick 4032: 4007: 3982: 3956: 3930: 3904: 3875: 3853: 3824: 3798: 3773: 3747: 3733: 3715:"Daily life", 3707: 3681: 3655: 3622: 3593: 3578: 3567: 3556: 3545:. 12 July 2020 3530: 3504: 3478: 3450: 3424: 3398: 3373: 3347: 3318: 3306:Daily Maverick 3293: 3262: 3240: 3218: 3189: 3163: 3131: 3110: 3085: 3070: 3063: 3045: 3001: 2975: 2944: 2918: 2892: 2878: 2852: 2826: 2801: 2776: 2758: 2753:indexmundi.com 2740: 2718: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2581: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2556:Daily Maverick 2536: 2534: 2531: 2527:Grant Thornton 2491: 2488: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2439:Pravin Gordhan 2417: 2414: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2311: 2308: 2263:In late 2016, 2260: 2257: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1896:Gwede Mantashe 1833: 1830: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1736:Northern Cape 1734: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1706:Sere Wind Farm 1702: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1606:KwaZulu-Natal 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281:3,200 (4,800) 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 999: 996: 990: 989: 986: 983: 974: 969: 966: 963: 956: 953: 948: 945: 940:Main article: 937: 934: 929: 926: 893: 890: 877:Main article: 874: 871: 823: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 806: 804: 801: 794: 792: 789: 782: 774: 771: 750:Pravin Gordhan 746:Gwede Mantashe 744:and Ministers 698:involving the 668: 665: 627: 624: 584: 581: 507: 504: 425:power stations 393:public utility 380: 379: 374: 370: 369: 366: 365: 363: 362: 356: 354: 348: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 247: 246: 245: 243: 237: 236: 225: 222: 219: 218: 200: 192: 191: 183:-18.9 billion 173: 168: 165: 164: 155:204.3 billion 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 124: 121: 118: 117: 104: 100: 99: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 62: 57: 54: 53: 51:Public utility 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12216: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12163: 12159: 12156: 12147: 12146: 12143: 12134: 12130: 12129: 12125: 12120: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12035: 12028: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11987: 11983: 11982: 11978: 11975: 11971: 11968: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11957: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11935:Roman's Pizza 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11895: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11784: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11766: 11763: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11685:Asa Resources 11682: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11668: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11592: 11588: 11585: 11581: 11580: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11527: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11509:Rand Refinery 11506: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11471: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11443: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11432:All Joy Foods 11429: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11415: 11412: 11411:Adcock Ingram 11408: 11407: 11405: 11403:Manufacturing 11401: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11373: 11369: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11277:OTEL Telecoms 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11197: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11136: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11118:Standard Bank 11115: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11003: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10918:Hollard Group 10915: 10912: 10908: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10879: 10872: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10827: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10573: 10566: 10565:Famous Brands 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529:conglomerates 10525: 10521: 10513: 10508: 10506: 10501: 10499: 10494: 10493: 10490: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10458: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10416:ArcelorMittal 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10353:SARB Pretoria 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10257:JL Dube House 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10149:Sasol Secunda 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9751: 9750: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9303:Khi Solar One 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9195:Steenbras Dam 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9023: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8967:organisations 8965:Companies and 8963: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8944:Nuclear power 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8921: 8916: 8914: 8909: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8886: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8822:Pigouvian tax 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8759: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719:Earth-leakage 8717: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8696: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660:Failure modes 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8610:Power station 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8495:Rankine cycle 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8475:Cooling tower 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8318:Non-renewable 8315: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8237:Grid strength 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8192:Demand factor 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8110: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8013: 8009: 8002: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7891:. The Mercury 7890: 7886: 7879: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7757: 7750: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7619: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7551: 7545: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7340:. 20 May 2022 7339: 7335: 7329: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6981: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6815:(40): 47–64. 6814: 6810: 6803: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6723: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6193: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6162: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6099: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6050: 6046: 6043:Cowan, Kyle. 6039: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5700:. 24 May 2018 5699: 5695: 5689: 5674:. 24 May 2018 5673: 5669: 5663: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5596: 5590: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5548: 5547:citizen.co.za 5544: 5538: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5472: 5471:Quartz Africa 5468: 5461: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5395: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5322: 5321:Bloomberg.com 5318: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5253: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5100: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5053:on 9 May 2015 5052: 5048: 5042: 5023: 5016: 5010: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4773: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4017: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3863: 3857: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3582: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3387: 3386:Polity.org.za 3383: 3377: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3307: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3228: 3222: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2729: 2722: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2589: 2588:MediaWiki.org 2585: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2383: 2378: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2342: 2331:Controversies 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2274:Goldman Sachs 2270: 2269:credit rating 2266: 2256: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 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