1799:, which mandated that electric utilities open access to their transmission systems to enhance competition and "functionally unbundle" their transmission service from their other operations. The order also promoted the role of an independent system operator to manage power flow on the electric grid. Later, FERC Order No. 889 established an electronic information system called OASIS (open access same-time information system) which would give new users of transmission lines access to the same information available to the owner of the network. The result of these and other regulatory rulings was the eventual restructuring of the traditional monopoly-regulated regime to one in which all bulk power sellers could compete. A further step in industry restructuring, "customer choice", followed in some 19 states, giving retail electric customers the option to be served by non-utility retail power marketers.
2459:
101:
845:
32:
1005:. This school of thought holds that the most cost-efficient way of doing business is through a single firm because these are capital-intensive businesses with unusually large economies of scale and high fixed costs associated with building and operating the infrastructure, e.g. power plants, telephone lines and water treatment facilities. However, over the past several decades, traditional public utilities' monopoly position has eroded. For instance, wholesale
3430:
834:
3442:
1112:. By creating, expanding, and improving upon public utilities, a governmental body may attempt to improve its image or attract investment. Traditionally, public services have been provided by public legal entities, which operate much like corporations, but differ in that profit is not necessary for a functional business. A significant factor in government ownership has been to reduce the
1524:
In order to ensure the smooth operation of public utilities, the state also controls the investment programs of monopolistic companies. This is handled by the
Committee on Construction and Housing and Communal Services. Such a system allows you to regulate prices for utilities and direct investments
1520:
Residents of
Kazakhstan receive water, sewerage and heating from companies recognized by the state as natural monopolies. This means that there is no competition in these areas, and tariffs are set by a special state body – the Committee for Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Competition and Consumer
1063:
buy and sell the actual product and create further complex structured products, combined services and derivatives products. Depending on the product structure, these companies may provide utilities and businesses with a reliable supply of a product like electricity at a stable, predictable price, or
1766:
U.S. utilities historically operated with a high degree of financial leverage and low interest coverage ratios compared to industrial companies. Investors accepted these credit characteristics because of the regulation of the industry and the belief that there was minimal bankruptcy risk because of
1463:
The report also provides examples of cities where networks are being upgraded with the support of the EBRD. These projects demonstrate how the introduction of modern technologies can improve the efficiency, reliability and environmental friendliness of heating, water supply and sewerage systems.
1863:
regulate the utility companies in
California and Texas, respectively, on behalf of their citizens and ratepayers (customers). These public utility commissions (PUCs) are typically composed of commissioners, who are appointed by their respective governors, and dedicated staff that implement and
1779:
because the infrastructure required to produce and deliver a product such as electricity or water is very expensive to build and maintain. Once assets such as power plants or transmission lines are in place, the cost of adding another customer is small, and duplication of facilities would be
988:
Whether broadband internet access should be a public utility is a question that was being discussed with the rise of internet usage. This is a question that was being asked due to the telephone service being considered a public utility. Since arguably broadband internet access has taken over
955:
characteristics. A monopoly can occur when it finds the best way to minimize its costs through economies of scale to the point where other companies cannot compete with it. For example, if many companies are already offering electricity, the additional installation of a power plant will only
1471:
In most cases, public utilities in
Kazakhstan are state-owned, which means that their activities are directly regulated by akimats. This creates a system with an administrative nature of relations, where the authorities have the authority to issue mandatory instructions for these companies.
2263:"Об утверждении Положения о Комитете по регулированию естественных монополий, защите конкуренции и прав потребителей Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан и признании утратившими силу некоторых приказов Министра национальной экономики Республики Казахстан - ИПС "Әділет""
1870:
Over the years, various changes have dramatically re-shaped the mission and focus of many public utility commissions. Their focus has typically shifted from the up-front regulation of rates and services to the oversight of competitive marketplaces and enforcement of regulatory compliance.
2335:"Об утверждении Особого порядка регулирования деятельности субъектов естественных монополий, привлекающих займы международных финансовых организаций и входящих в перечень субъектов естественных монополий, привлекающих займы международных финансовых организаций - ИПС "Әділет""
1746:
In the U.S., public utilities provide services at the consumer level, be it residential, commercial, or industrial consumer. Utilities, merchant power producers and very large consumers buy and sell bulk electricity at the wholesale level through a network of
1553:
It is important to note that the powers to regulate the activities of natural monopolies are distributed between federal and local authorities. Effective coordination of their actions is necessary to ensure coordinated work and achieve common goals.
1437:
The heating, water supply and sewerage systems of
Kazakhstan, although functioning, require urgent modernization. The technical capabilities of these networks are becoming outdated, which leads to an increase in operating costs and a decrease in their
1539:
Control over the use of funds from IFIs: Determining the specifics of regulating the activities of natural monopolies that attract financing from international financial institutions (IFIs). This allows you to track the intended use of borrowed
1351:, driving up the utility's interest expenses. If the company's debt load and interest expense becomes too large, its credit rating will deteriorate, further increasing the cost of capital and potentially limiting access to the capital markets.
1287:. For example, if the rate of return is set at five percent, then the firm can charge a higher price simply by investing more in capital than what it is actually needed (i.e., 5% of $ 10 million is greater than 5% of $ 6 million).
1293:: regulators directly set a limit on the maximum price. This method can result in a loss of service area. One benefit of this method is that it gives firms an incentive to seek cost-reducing technologies as a strategy to increase utility
993:(FCC) in the United States in 2015 made their stance on this issue clear. Due to the telephone service having been considered a public utility, the FCC made broadband internet access a public utility in the United States.
1528:
To protect the interests of consumers from unjustified overpricing and substandard service, there are special regulatory bodies whose powers are regulated by the Law "On
Natural Monopolies" and other regulatory acts.
973:, offer multiple products, such as electricity and natural gas. Other companies specialize in one specific product, such as water. Modern public utilities may also be partially (or completely) sourced from clean and
2287:"Об утверждении Положения республиканского государственного учреждения "Комитет по делам строительства и жилищно-коммунального хозяйства Министерства по инвестициям и развитию Республики Казахстан" - ИПС "Әділет""
1480:
Proponents of such a system emphasize that it allows the authorities to directly influence the commercial activities of public utilities, ensuring their compliance with state interests. This can be expressed in:
1467:
Upgrading infrastructure is not just a matter of convenience. It is of vital importance for public health, environmental protection and ensuring the sustainable development of the economy of
Kazakhstan.
1120:
and neglected. Many utilities are essential for human life, national defense, or commerce, and the risk of public harm with mismanagement is considerably greater than with other goods. The principle of
2721:
2782:
2573:
1536:
Investment promotion: Development of tariff calculation methods that are attractive to both consumers and private investors interested in investing in the modernization of public infrastructure.
2383:"Об утверждении Правил утверждения инвестиционных программ (проектов) субъекта естественной монополии, их корректировки, а также проведения анализа информации об их исполнении - ИПС "Әділет""
1543:
Formation of a transparent tariff policy: Establishment of rules obliging monopolistic companies to publicly disclose information about tariffs, as well as infrastructure development plans.
1525:
to infrastructure development. However, this system also has its disadvantages. For example, the lack of competition can lead to a decrease in the efficiency of monopolistic companies.
1867:
Ratemaking practice in the U.S. holds that rates paid by a utility's customers should be set at a level which assures that the utility can provide reliable service at reasonable cost.
1129:
itself would like to see these services being economically accessible to all or most of the population. Furthermore, other economic reasons based the idea: public services need huge
1557:
As a result, the activities of the regulatory authorities of natural monopolies are aimed at ensuring a balance between the interests of consumers, utility companies and the state.
966:
in production. Though it can be mentioned that these natural monopolies are handled or watched by a public utilities commission, or an institution that represents the government.
2598:
2002:
1796:
956:
disadvantage the consumer as prices could be increased. If the infrastructure already exists in a given area, minimal benefit is gained through competing. In other words, these
1717:
in the
Republic of Ireland. Disabled community transport services may occasionally be included within the definition. They were mostly privatised in the UK during the 1980s.
1283:
does not exceed a certain rate. This method is flexible and allows for pricing freedom, forcing regulators to monitor prices. The drawback is that this method could lead to
2359:"Об утверждении Правил утверждения тарифов (цен, ставок сборов) и тарифных смет на регулируемые услуги (товары, работы) субъектов естественных монополий - ИПС "Әділет""
681:
1579:
Optimization of customs procedures: Joint efforts will be made to simplify customs processes, which should lead to stimulating trade and accelerating economic growth.
2217:
1504:
Reduced efficiency: Bureaucratic procedures and restrictions in decision-making can slow down the work of enterprises and hinder the introduction of innovations.
3473:
1939:
1546:
Analysis of investment programs: Evaluation of investment programs of natural monopolies, approval of development plans and control over their implementation.
1517:
Despite these limitations, utilities within the framework of this system can demonstrate high efficiency in the use of labor resources and management costs.
2439:
2774:
2713:
1488:
Ensuring the quality of services: The State can influence the standards of service by ensuring the provision of public services of appropriate quality.
1583:
In addition to these two key areas, the EBRD will continue to support other initiatives aimed at improving the well-being of citizens of
Kazakhstan.
1037:
of public utilities is growing. However, the infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely monopolistic.
715:
2890:
2198:
1566:
1443:
875:
1491:
Implementation of social programs: Public utilities can participate in social programs aimed at supporting vulnerable segments of the population.
1152:
as a replacement for legacy fossil fuel power has steadily increased since the 1980s. As the technology needed to source the necessary amount of
2082:
42:
1706:
2906:
1767:
the essential services they provide. In recent decades several high-profile utility company bankruptcies have challenged this perception.
2638:
2526:
2017:
1104:
Improving the efficiency of the services so the volume of well-targeted effective services is the widest, given the available resources.
2950:
1510:
Limiting investments: The uncertainty of government policy and the risks of interference from akimats may deter potential investors.
1449:
The analysis conducted by the EBRD revealed a number of problems faced by heating, water supply and sewerage systems in
Kazakhstan.
2551:
1714:
1654:
The term can refer to the set of services provided by various organizations that are used in everyday life by the public, such as:
2107:
3167:
1856:
1851:
is a governmental agency in a particular jurisdiction that regulates the commercial activities related to associated electric,
1710:
1702:
815:
1569:(EBRD). The parties signed a three-year agreement with the aim of working together to modernize the country's infrastructure.
1168:. In 2021 a power and utilities industry outlook report by Deloitte identified a number of trends for the utilities industry:
1428:
It is provided by power plants running on various types of fuels, including coal, natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy.
1507:
Unreasonable expenses: Administrative barriers and inefficient management can lead to an increase in inappropriate expenses.
1459:
Unreliability: Worn-out networks often fail, which leads to interruptions in the supply of water and heat, as well as leaks.
1792:
1572:
As part of this agreement, the EBRD will allocate funds for the implementation of a number of important projects aimed at:
1262:. The equity issue is basically overcome since most of the market is being served. As a defect regulated firms do not have
1177:
868:
2751:
1576:
Improving urban infrastructure: Upgrading water supply, sewerage, heating and other vital facilities will be a priority.
1915:
1860:
1748:
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2506:
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2117:
990:
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of utilities maintains that these services are best owned by, and operating for, the public. The government and the
3446:
2861:"The Case for the Use of an Appropriate Capital Structure in Utility Ratemaking: The General Rule Versus Minnesota"
704:
2431:
1855:, telecommunications, water, railroad, rail transit, and/or passenger transportation companies. For example, the
861:
735:
292:
1485:
Tariff control: Akimats can set tariffs for housing and communal services, making them accessible to the public.
1446:(EBRD) notes that additional investments are needed to improve the efficiency and reliability of these systems.
1180:'s Order 2222 that open up the market to smaller, innovative firms using renewable energy sources, like wind or
2410:
377:
307:
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3227:
3081:
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1453:
Outdated technologies: In many cases, the infrastructure has exhausted its resource and needs to be replaced.
1054:
327:
1614:
755:
691:
651:
555:
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enforce rules and regulations, approve or deny rate increases, and monitor/report on relevant activities.
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2837:
1848:
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utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city.
1785:
1141:; last, technical difficulties can occur in the management of plurality of networks, example in the city
1130:
750:
2804:
2311:"Об утверждении Методики расчета тарифа с учетом стимулирующих методов тарифообразования - ИПС "Әділет""
1101:
Ensuring that health services are effectively targeted so as to improve the health of local populations;
2914:
1333:
3468:
3335:
3287:
1310:
1122:
1057:) sell access to their networks to retail service providers, who deliver the product to the end user.
936:
904:(often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities are subject to forms of
810:
745:
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1383:
Many systems need to be upgraded to increase their efficiency and reduce their environmental impact.
3488:
3434:
3330:
3139:
3086:
2936:
1812:
1791:
In the electric utility industry, the monopoly approach began to change in the 1990s. In 1996, the
1321:
are usually greater than those of other stocks, so the utility sector is often part of a long-term
1237:. Such instances are often not equitable for some consumers that might be priced out of the market.
1047:
produce or collect the specific product to be used by customers: for example, electricity or water.
795:
780:
686:
312:
58:
20:
1643:, the state, private firms, and charities ran the traditional public utilities. For instance, the
1456:
Low energy efficiency: Existing systems consume a lot of energy, which leads to unjustified costs.
1160:
has been focused on short term alternatives such as natural gas (which still produces substantial
943:
represent much of the public utility market. The transmission lines used in the transportation of
3031:
1889:
1760:
1752:
1592:
1329:
837:
720:
666:
661:
392:
362:
149:
646:
3066:
1828:
1655:
1253:
1006:
725:
696:
613:
608:
159:
2574:"Former FERC, DOE officials mull Texas, climate, transmission policy quandaries (28 Feb 2021)"
41:
deal primarily with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland and do not represent a
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3122:
3016:
3001:
2884:
2522:
1756:
1740:
1659:
1625:
1216:
1087:
1010:
940:
710:
412:
357:
254:
2134:
2046:
1402:
It is necessary to increase the efficiency of water resources use and improve water quality.
1377:
They are mainly represented by centralized networks, with the exception of some rural areas.
3478:
3162:
1880:
1726:
598:
500:
352:
337:
269:
1780:
wasteful. As a result, utilities were either government monopolies, or if investor-owned,
8:
3415:
3184:
3172:
3129:
2689:"Participation in electricity customer choice programs has remained unchanged since 2013"
2158:
1820:
1667:
1500:
However, such a system has its drawbacks. Excessive government intervention can lead to:
1095:
440:
297:
54:
2688:
2663:
2547:
1301:
Utility stocks are considered stable investments because they typically provide regular
50:
3380:
2192:
1984:
1341:
1294:
1284:
1234:
1117:
1094:
Ensuring services are of the highest quality and responsive to the needs and wishes of
962:
948:
919:
Public utilities are meant to supply goods and services that are considered essential;
849:
765:
550:
520:
460:
322:
199:
164:
144:
1336:, requiring regular access to the capital markets for external financing. A utility's
1279:: regulators let the firms set and charge any price, as long as the rate of return on
1233:: Economic efficiency requires that markets be left to work by themselves with little
3282:
3262:
3207:
2502:
2477:
2113:
1648:
1644:
1603:
1337:
1138:
1014:
932:
805:
740:
603:
510:
495:
259:
179:
1116:
that an activity, if left to private initiative, may be considered not sufficiently
3342:
3189:
3157:
3134:
2970:
1980:
1976:
1776:
1675:
1663:
1280:
1224:
1149:
1108:
The management of public utilities continues to be important for local and general
1002:
974:
928:
785:
775:
618:
455:
450:
367:
317:
239:
209:
105:
3405:
3395:
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3302:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3112:
3107:
3051:
3041:
2980:
2975:
2923:
2918:
1808:
1415:
The level of wastewater treatment in some regions does not meet modern standards.
1368:
include heating, water supply, sewerage, electricity and communications systems.
1190:
905:
671:
565:
560:
525:
485:
445:
347:
169:
3390:
3359:
3347:
3315:
3257:
3222:
3217:
3011:
3006:
2959:
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1836:
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areas. Publicly owned utilities are non-profit. Private utilities, also called
1679:
1636:
1345:
1318:
1274:
1258:: the utility calculates the break-even point and then set the prices equal to
1161:
1134:
1026:
1018:
920:
913:
901:
897:
676:
628:
570:
490:
387:
382:
229:
214:
92:
2743:
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3400:
3325:
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3026:
2382:
2358:
2334:
2310:
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1418:
Sewerage systems need to be expanded and upgraded to protect the environment.
1314:
1220:
1196:
1165:
1157:
1034:
957:
623:
397:
2018:"Electricity customer choice program participation examined (Nov, 15, 2019)"
1751:(RTO) and independent system operators (ISO) within one of three grids, the
100:
3385:
3320:
3272:
3267:
3199:
3076:
3071:
2639:"Electricity customer choice program participation examined (Nov, 5, 2019)"
1736:
1322:
1259:
1071:
1030:
978:
969:
There are many different types of public utilities. Some, especially large
924:
770:
593:
545:
535:
470:
417:
372:
224:
219:
1434:
It is necessary to modernize the power grid and increase their efficiency.
1380:
Various types of fuels are used, including coal, natural gas and fuel oil.
3237:
3212:
3046:
2996:
1852:
1565:
2017 was marked by a new round of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the
1306:
1181:
1173:
982:
944:
505:
480:
342:
302:
116:
2858:
2159:"Utilities Sector Definition & Meaning in Stock Market with Example"
2135:"How the Utilities Sector is Used by Investors for Dividends and Safety"
2047:"How the Utilities Sector is Used by Investors for Dividends and Safety"
1815:. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities.
1328:
Utilities require expensive critical infrastructure which needs regular
1199:
and other traditional-energy players entering the renewable-energy field
844:
3410:
3292:
3232:
3021:
1988:
1964:
1832:
1781:
1732:
1365:
1109:
909:
790:
730:
540:
530:
402:
332:
189:
2714:"investor-owned utility (IOU), private utility, private power company"
1884:
1816:
1683:
1344:. Should rates rise, the company must offer higher yields to attract
1263:
820:
515:
134:
2406:
1340:
may have a significant debt component, which exposes the company to
1243:: Equity requires that all citizens get the service at a fair price.
1186:
Expansions in infrastructure, to manage new renewable energy sources
2664:"Can electric utility customers choose their electricity supplier?"
1686:
1348:
1302:
1230:
1075:
952:
656:
575:
475:
422:
244:
174:
2928:
2775:"Investor-Owned Utilities: Asleep at the Switch or Above the Law?"
2501:. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company. pp. 120–121.
1412:
Wastewater is diverted from residential and industrial facilities.
3375:
2069:
Public Utilities e Infrastrutture. Profili economici e gestionali
1823:
are owned by the customers they serve. They are usually found in
1640:
1431:
There are problems with power outages, especially in rural areas.
1240:
1193:
of transportation, and longer-range batteries for cars and trucks
1142:
1126:
970:
407:
124:
1025:
have become competitive in some countries and the trend towards
1393:
They provide the population with drinking and industrial water.
1153:
1086:
Public utilities must pursue the following objective given the
1079:
465:
249:
129:
2808:
2476:(Fifth ed.). New York NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 392–393.
1965:"Natural Monopoly in Principles Textbooks: A Pedagogical Note"
2907:
World Bank report on Water, Electricity and Utility subsidies
2829:
2474:
Handbook of Fixed Income Securities; Frank J. Fabozzi, editor
1824:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1475:
760:
184:
139:
2911:
1219:
need to balance the economic needs of the companies and the
3117:
2865:
William Mitchell Law Review, Mitchell Hamline School of Law
1267:
1113:
1022:
1001:
Public utilities have historically been considered to be a
274:
234:
204:
194:
989:
telephone service, perhaps it should be a public utility.
2182:
1399:
The level of water quality in some regions is of concern.
800:
154:
1078:. In some markets, final consumers can choose their own
2225:
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
1396:
The sources of water are rivers, lakes and groundwater.
977:
in order to produce sustainable electricity. Of these,
912:
ranging from local community-based groups to statewide
2218:"Commercialising the utilities sector in Kazakhstan"
1731:
The first public utility in the United States was a
1156:
from renewable sources is still under study, public
2912:
Latest News in Utilities and Information Technology
2105:
16:
Entity which operates public service infrastructure
1916:"What is a public utility? Definition and meaning"
1040:Key players in the public utility sector include:
2859:Louiselle, Bruce M. and Heilman, Jane E. (1982).
1835:, and operate for profit, often referred to as a
1053:(grid operators, regional network operators, and
3460:
2515:
2438:. Salina, Kansas. November 6, 1922. p. 13.
1567:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1444:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1309:and have more stable demand. Even in periods of
19:"Utilities" redirects here. For other uses, see
1775:Public utilities were historically regarded as
1495:
1332:and replacement. Consequently, the industry is
1064:a shorter term supply at a more volatile price.
2540:
2109:Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure
1883:, form of public utility regulation common in
1223:needed to guarantee to everyone the access to
1137:, crucial for competitiveness but with a slow
3474:Economics of transport and utility industries
2944:
2106:Yescombe, E. R.; Farquharson, Edward (2018).
1630:
869:
39:The examples and perspective in this article
2889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2496:
2197:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2797:
2083:"2021 Power and Utilities Industry Outlook"
1770:
2951:
2937:
2239:"О естественных монополиях - ИПС "Әділет""
1476:The influence of the state on the activity
1211:Issues faced by public utilities include:
876:
862:
2807:. Cpuc.ca.gov. 2007-03-23. Archived from
2066:
1009:markets, electric transmission networks,
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
2805:"California Public Utilities Commission"
2497:Tomain, Joseph; Cudahy, Richard (2004).
1715:Commission for Communications Regulation
1202:A greater emphasis on disaster readiness
896:) is an organization that maintains the
2151:
1962:
1387:
3461:
2830:"Public Utilities Commission of Texas"
2693:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2668:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2571:
2424:
1857:California Public Utilities Commission
1802:
1711:Commission for Regulation of Utilities
1703:Water Industry Commission for Scotland
2932:
2636:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2015:
1317:, such stocks are attractive because
1247:Alternative pricing methods include:
991:The Federal Communications Commission
3441:
2834:Public Utilities Commission of Texas
2772:
2754:from the original on 27 October 2017
2724:from the original on 2 February 2017
2603:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2471:
2062:
2060:
2040:
2038:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1793:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
25:
2958:
2840:from the original on 14 August 2012
2822:
2572:Melvin, Jasmin (26 February 2021).
1940:"Public Utility | Encyclopedia.com"
1749:regional transmission organizations
1406:
13:
2924:Latest in UK business utility news
2442:from the original on April 2, 2015
2205:
2183:Berg, Sanford, Tschirhart (1998).
2132:
2044:
1861:Public Utility Commission of Texas
1371:
1090:their services attribute to them:
14:
3500:
2900:
2785:from the original on 29 July 2017
2057:
2035:
1969:The Journal of Economic Education
1901:
1759:, which is a single ISO, and the
1550:Interaction at different levels:
1176:, sparked by regulations such as
3440:
3429:
3428:
2457:
1720:
1689:services. They are regulated by
1651:in 1875 and in Ireland in 1878.
1074:, selling directly to the final
985:are those used most frequently.
843:
833:
832:
99:
30:
2852:
2766:
2736:
2706:
2681:
2656:
2637:Clark, Doug (5 November 2019).
2630:
2616:
2591:
2565:
2554:from the original on 2011-09-28
2529:from the original on 2011-11-05
2490:
2465:
2413:from the original on 2011-11-04
2399:
2375:
2351:
2327:
2303:
2279:
2255:
2231:
2176:
2126:
2016:Clark, Doug (5 November 2019).
1709:in the United Kingdom, and the
1422:
1068:Service providers and retailers
806:Spanish autovias and autopistas
2525:. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
2099:
2075:
2009:
1995:
1981:10.1080/00220485.1991.10844706
1956:
1932:
1055:distribution network operators
1:
3228:Needle and syringe programmes
3082:Universal access to education
2523:"Public utility - Definition"
1895:
1842:
1586:
1359:
1354:
996:
816:Power transmission in the USA
667:Brazilian energy independence
328:European green infrastructure
1975:(2 (Spring 1991)): 179–182.
1615:Public utilities in Colombia
1496:Limitations of State control
1070:are the last segment in the
556:Transit-oriented development
7:
3311:Publicly funded health care
2548:"public utility definition"
2185:natural monopoly regulation
1963:Ulbrich, Holley H. (1991).
1874:
1849:public utilities commission
1786:public utilities commission
1608:
1560:
716:British offshore wind-power
53:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3505:
2436:The Salina Evening Journal
1724:
1631:United Kingdom and Ireland
1623:
1612:
1601:
1590:
1521:Protection (CRNM and CP).
1206:
378:Public–private partnership
18:
3424:
3368:
3336:National health insurance
3301:
3288:Supervised injection site
3198:
3148:
3095:
2989:
2966:
2748:www.utilityconnection.com
2472:Howe, Jane Tripp (1997).
1619:
811:Transcontinental Railroad
692:Curtiba rapid bus transit
3331:Single-payer health care
3140:Universal basic services
3087:Universal basic services
2624:Tomain and Cudahy op cit
2499:Energy Law in a Nutshell
1829:investor-owned utilities
1807:Public utilities can be
1771:Monopoly vs. competition
781:San Francisco Bay Bridge
21:Utility (disambiguation)
3032:Public good (economics)
2187:. Cambridge University.
1890:Public utility building
1761:Western Interconnection
1753:Eastern Interconnection
1597:
1593:Utilities in Azerbaijan
796:Spanish high-speed rail
736:Hong Kong Int'l Airport
721:Nuclear power in France
687:China's high-speed rail
662:Bicycle parking station
150:Critical infrastructure
2432:"Where Growth Centers"
2087:Deloitte United States
1656:electricity generation
1007:electricity generation
890:public utility company
850:Engineering portal
726:Solar power in Germany
697:Cycling infrastructure
614:Mechanical engineering
308:Build–operate–transfer
3180:Public infrastructure
3017:Public administration
3002:Free-culture movement
2578:S&P Global Platts
2550:. Investorwords.com.
2067:Gilardoni, A (2015).
1821:Cooperative utilities
1757:Texas Interconnection
1741:Dedham, Massachusetts
1660:electricity retailing
1626:Utilities in Istanbul
1514:Resource efficiency:
1313:characterized by low
1088:social responsibility
1061:Traders and marketers
1013:and customer choice,
1011:electricity retailing
960:are characterized by
941:communication systems
914:government monopolies
652:Trans-Alaska pipeline
408:Replacement (upgrade)
358:Life-cycle assessment
338:Engineering contracts
3484:Monopoly (economics)
2744:"Electric Utilities"
2718:www.energyvortex.com
2643:Daily Energy Insider
2407:"Utilities Websites"
2112:. Elsevier Science.
2022:Daily Energy Insider
1944:www.encyclopedia.com
1920:Market Business News
1881:Building block model
1727:Utilities of Seattle
1647:were established in
1388:Water supply systems
1364:Public utilities in
1291:Price cap regulation
1148:Public pressure for
756:Kansai Int'l Airport
647:Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
599:Chemical engineering
501:Mobile data terminal
353:Green infrastructure
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
3416:Public viewing area
3185:Public water system
3173:Municipal broadband
3130:Public broadcasting
2773:Pentland, William.
2626:. pp. 278–279.
1803:Ownership structure
746:Interstate highways
576:Wireless technology
441:Air traffic control
3381:Government auction
3067:Public procurement
2917:2016-04-10 at the
1795:(FERC) issued its
1777:natural monopolies
1645:Sanitary Districts
1342:interest rate risk
1311:economic downturns
1285:overcapitalization
963:economies of scale
766:Offshore wind port
682:Chicago wastewater
551:Traffic congestion
461:Congestion pricing
200:Pipeline transport
180:Irrigation schemes
145:Coastal management
3456:
3455:
3283:Public university
3263:Public open space
3208:Drinking fountain
3168:Telecommunication
2133:Murphy, Chris B.
2045:Murphy, Chris B.
1707:Utility Regulator
1649:England and Wales
1604:Utilities in Chad
1338:capital structure
1334:capital intensive
1139:return of capital
1082:service provider.
1051:Network operators
1015:telecommunication
886:
885:
751:Jamnagar Refinery
741:Intercity Express
711:Danish wind-power
511:Rapid bus transit
496:Land-use planning
260:Telecommunication
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
3496:
3469:Public utilities
3444:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3343:Social insurance
3190:Waste management
3158:Electric utility
3135:Public transport
3052:Public ownership
2971:Municipalization
2953:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2826:
2820:
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2817:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2794:
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2770:
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2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
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2469:
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2461:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2373:
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2277:
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2273:
2259:
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2250:
2249:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2163:kalkinemedia.com
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:"FERC Order 888"
1999:
1993:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1912:
1532:Main functions:
1442:A report by the
1407:Sewerage systems
1281:invested capital
1225:primary services
1150:renewable energy
1017:, some types of
1003:natural monopoly
975:renewable energy
878:
871:
864:
848:
847:
836:
835:
786:Three Gorges Dam
776:Port of Shanghai
619:Public economics
456:Containerization
451:Carbon footprint
435:Issues and ideas
313:Design–bid–build
293:Asset management
240:Sewage treatment
106:Grand Coulee Dam
103:
89:
88:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
34:
33:
26:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3489:Public services
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3420:
3406:Public security
3396:Public offering
3364:
3353:Social security
3303:Social services
3297:
3253:Public hospital
3248:Public computer
3243:Public bookcase
3194:
3144:
3113:Law enforcement
3108:Fire department
3091:
3042:Public interest
2985:
2981:Progressive tax
2976:Nationalization
2962:
2960:Public services
2957:
2919:Wayback Machine
2903:
2898:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2823:
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2798:
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2771:
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2757:
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2742:
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2727:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2599:"Order No. 888"
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2532:
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2521:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2409:. Uk250.co.uk.
2405:
2404:
2400:
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2328:
2319:
2317:
2309:
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2295:
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2280:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2058:
2043:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2014:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1877:
1859:(CPUC) and the
1845:
1831:, are owned by
1809:privately owned
1805:
1773:
1729:
1723:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1563:
1498:
1478:
1425:
1409:
1390:
1374:
1372:Heating systems
1362:
1357:
1319:dividend yields
1209:
1191:electrification
1135:infrastructures
1023:postal services
999:
951:, have natural
882:
842:
825:
801:French TGV rail
672:Brooklyn Bridge
643:
642:
633:
590:
589:
588:Fields of study
580:
566:Waste-to-energy
561:Fuel efficiency
526:Reverse osmosis
491:Hybrid vehicles
486:High-speed rail
437:
436:
427:
348:Government debt
289:
288:
279:
170:Hazardous waste
121:
120:
108:
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Public holiday
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3360:Youth services
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3348:Social pension
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Public housing
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3258:Public library
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Infrastructure
3220:
3218:Free education
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3150:Public utility
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:Savings system
3118:Postal service
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3096:Basic services
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Product sample
3009:
3007:Free newspaper
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2909:
2902:
2901:External links
2899:
2897:
2896:
2851:
2821:
2796:
2765:
2735:
2705:
2680:
2655:
2629:
2615:
2590:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2507:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2452:Newspapers.com
2423:
2398:
2374:
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2278:
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2175:
2150:
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2118:
2098:
2074:
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2034:
2008:
1994:
1955:
1931:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1876:
1873:
1844:
1841:
1837:rate of return
1813:publicly owned
1804:
1801:
1772:
1769:
1722:
1719:
1637:United Kingdom
1632:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1613:Main article:
1610:
1607:
1602:Main article:
1599:
1596:
1591:Main article:
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1378:
1373:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1315:interest rates
1299:
1298:
1288:
1275:Rate of return
1271:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1215:Service area:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1162:carbon dioxide
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1084:
1083:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1027:liberalization
1019:public transit
998:
995:
937:waste disposal
906:public control
902:public service
898:infrastructure
892:(usually just
884:
883:
881:
880:
873:
866:
858:
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674:
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629:Urban planning
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157:
152:
147:
142:
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132:
127:
119:and facilities
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
96:
95:
93:Infrastructure
85:
84:
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3501:
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3409:
3407:
3404:
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3401:Public sector
3399:
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3326:Job guarantee
3324:
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3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
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3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Public toilet
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Public school
3266:
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3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
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3163:Oil & gas
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2811:on 2011-10-10
2810:
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2019:
2012:
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1911:
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1800:
1798:
1797:Order No. 888
1794:
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1778:
1768:
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1721:United States
1718:
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1708:
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1166:nuclear power
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1038:
1036:
1035:privatization
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992:
986:
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979:wind turbines
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949:gas pipelines
947:, or natural
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298:Appropriation
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56:
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37:
28:
27:
22:
3445:
3433:
3386:Public float
3321:Job creation
3273:Public space
3200:Public works
3149:
3077:Public value
3072:Public trust
2885:cite journal
2873:. Retrieved
2868:
2864:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2778:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2747:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2717:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2642:
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2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2567:
2556:. Retrieved
2542:
2531:. Retrieved
2517:
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2473:
2467:
2450:– via
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
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2377:
2366:. Retrieved
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2338:
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2290:
2281:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:
2233:
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2184:
2178:
2168:December 14,
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
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2139:Investopedia
2138:
2128:
2108:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2068:
2051:Investopedia
2050:
2025:. Retrieved
2021:
2011:
1997:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1869:
1866:
1846:
1806:
1790:
1774:
1765:
1745:
1737:Mother Brook
1730:
1682:systems and
1676:sewage works
1653:
1634:
1582:
1571:
1564:
1556:
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1531:
1527:
1523:
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1470:
1466:
1462:
1448:
1441:
1438:reliability.
1423:Power supply
1363:
1327:
1323:buy-and-hold
1307:shareholders
1300:
1290:
1273:
1266:to minimize
1251:
1246:
1235:intervention
1210:
1147:
1123:universality
1107:
1085:
1072:supply chain
1067:
1060:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1031:deregulation
1000:
987:
983:solar panels
968:
961:
939:, and other
918:
893:
889:
887:
771:Panama Canal
594:Architecture
546:Urban sprawl
536:Smart growth
471:Ethanol fuel
418:Supply chain
373:Property tax
318:Design–build
270:Water supply
264:
210:Mass transit
73:
64:
40:
3479:Flow meters
3238:Public bank
3213:Free clinic
3047:Public land
2997:Common good
2844:17 February
1853:natural gas
1743:, in 1640.
1735:erected on
1668:natural gas
1664:electricity
1330:maintenance
1182:solar power
1174:competition
1131:investments
1110:governments
945:electricity
929:electricity
506:Pork barrel
481:Groundwater
393:Public good
363:Maintenance
343:Externality
303:Lindahl tax
255:Solid waste
190:Lighthouses
160:Electricity
3463:Categories
3411:Public use
3293:Urban park
3233:Public art
3022:Public bad
2815:2011-10-11
2779:forbes.com
2558:2011-10-11
2533:2011-10-11
2417:2011-10-11
2392:2024-04-26
2368:2024-04-26
2344:2024-04-26
2320:2024-04-26
2296:2024-04-26
2272:2024-04-26
2248:2024-04-26
2144:2021-04-27
2092:2021-04-29
1949:2021-04-27
1925:2023-04-25
1896:References
1843:Regulation
1733:grist mill
1725:See also:
1674:supplies,
1670:supplies,
1666:supplies,
1624:See also:
1587:Azerbaijan
1366:Kazakhstan
1360:Kazakhstan
1355:By country
1325:strategy.
1277:regulation
1264:incentives
1254:production
1217:regulators
1118:profitable
1045:Generators
997:Management
958:industries
910:regulation
791:Shinkansen
731:Hoover Dam
609:Electrical
541:Stormwater
531:Smart grid
521:Renewables
446:Brownfield
403:Renovation
333:Fixed cost
67:April 2016
2446:March 17,
2193:cite book
1885:Australia
1833:investors
1817:Municipal
1782:regulated
1684:broadband
1349:investors
1303:dividends
1172:Enhanced
971:companies
933:telephone
821:Wind farm
516:Recycling
413:Spillover
265:Utilities
175:Hospitals
135:Broadband
55:talk page
3435:Category
3369:See also
2990:Concepts
2915:Archived
2871:(2): 426
2838:Archived
2783:Archived
2752:Archived
2722:Archived
2552:Archived
2527:Archived
2440:Archived
2411:Archived
2071:. Agici.
1875:See also
1713:and the
1705:and the
1687:internet
1609:Colombia
1561:The EBRD
1252:Average
1231:Autonomy
1189:Greater
1096:patients
1076:consumer
953:monopoly
838:Category
657:Autobahn
641:Examples
476:Fuel tax
423:Taxation
368:Monopoly
287:Concepts
245:Sewerage
125:Airports
49:You may
3447:Commons
3376:Commons
1989:1182423
1641:Ireland
1635:In the
1295:profits
1241:Pricing
1207:Finance
1143:subsoil
1127:society
894:utility
701:history
323:Earmark
250:Sluices
130:Bridges
2875:12 May
2698:14 May
2673:14 May
2648:14 May
2608:14 May
2583:15 May
2505:
2480:
2116:
2027:14 May
1987:
1755:, the
1701:, the
1680:sewage
1620:Turkey
1540:funds.
1154:energy
1080:retail
900:for a
705:safety
466:Ecotax
185:Levees
165:Energy
140:Canals
117:Assets
2789:8 May
2758:8 May
2728:8 May
2221:(PDF)
1985:JSTOR
1825:rural
1784:by a
1699:Ofcom
1695:Ofwat
1691:Ofgem
1672:water
1268:costs
1256:costs
1164:) or
921:water
761:Levee
604:Civil
275:Weirs
235:Roads
205:Ports
195:Parks
57:, or
2891:link
2877:2021
2846:2017
2791:2018
2760:2018
2730:2018
2700:2021
2675:2021
2650:2021
2610:2021
2585:2021
2503:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2448:2015
2199:link
2170:2022
2114:ISBN
2029:2021
1639:and
1598:Chad
1346:bond
1178:FERC
1114:risk
1033:and
1021:and
981:and
908:and
230:Rail
155:Dams
1977:doi
1811:or
1739:in
1305:to
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925:gas
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