Eskom - Knowledge

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shedding and Eskom's failure to maintain capacity. The price hike application is open for public participation until 20 January 2020. In NERSA has opposed an Eskom application to receive an additional R69 billion government bailout whilst Eskom is challenging NERSA's denial of an additional price increase for 2020/21 of 16% instead of the 8.1% price increase already approved by NERSA. During court proceedings with NERSA Eskom stated that this finances might collapse triggering a debt crisis for the South African government that has guaranteed Eskom's debt. Public Enterprises Minister Pravin Gordhan has stated that corruption and cost overruns during the construction of Medupi and Kusile power stations has resulted in a fourfold increase in electricity prices.

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accordance to government law. This new transmission entity would involve up to 6,000 people that are responsible of setting up thousands of kilometres of "wires" and transmission lines that would ensure electricity from the power stations to where power is needed. As part of the Transmission Development Plan (TDP) for 2020–2029 Eskom has plans to increase its transmission infrastructure by approximately 4,800 km of extra high voltage transmission lines, and over 35,000 MVA of transformer capacity over the next 10 years. This new outline of reconstructing Eskom comes from new regulatory guidelines from the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) to publish an annual TDP report.

640: 2371: 758:, but on 12 July a new round of level 2 load shedding began due to the breakdown of generating units. During the winter of 2023, the country experienced Stage 6 blackouts, shaving a projected 2% off the country's GDP. During the worst period, power cuts lasted 12 hours a day. The company faces theft of materials for resale, sabotage to force repairs to be made at corruptly inflated prices, and assassination attempts which may be motivated by the attempt to replace coal with renewable sources. 1455: 1826: 8291: 500: 29: 12140: 9721: 8870: 1853:, former head of generation for Eskom, was named as acting CEO. He resigned in 2018 after being implicated in awarding contracts to a company linked to his stepdaughter. Koko, along with his wife and stepdaughter, were arrested in October 2022. In early 2018, following the establishment of the Ramaphosa government, multiple members of the Eskom board and executive team were replaced by government due to allegations of corruption and mismanagement. 2564: 786: 798: 218: 193: 166: 138: 9733: 2244:

the broader South African economy. The situation was alleviated once Eskom secured a R3 billion commercial loan which was paid back on 2 April after the Reserve Bank disbursed R5 billion to Eskom through an emergency provision. In July 2019 Eskom announced a loss of R20.7 billion due to the cost of servicing high levels of debt, the increased cost of primary energy and unpaid municipal debts.

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Green-Energy Initiative aimed at the development of solar and wind. This new initiative would allow loans to Eskom and below commercial rates on conditions that it would accelerate its closure of power plants and to start building renewable energy structures. This plan takes the steps in moving away from coal, and investing in alternative methods that better suit their needs for the future.

1849:. Ngubane also controversially attempted to blacklist newspapers perceived as unfriendly to Eskom. During parliament's state capture inquiry in 2017 former Eskom chairperson Zola Tsotsi (2012–2015) testified that Gupta family member Tony Gupta made threats against Tsotsi allegedly stating that Tsotsi will lose his job as he was not 'helping' the Guptas. In December 2016, 1772:

it has raised over $ 40.1 billion in investment into developing new infrastructure, related to renewable energies. This is aimed to help distance itself from Eskom coal power plants, and to focus more on wind and solar developments. The African investment forum is backed up by corporate organizations and lenders, private donors, and the African Development Bank.

909:(PIC) to reduce Eskom's debt from around R450 billion to more manageable levels. In return COSTATU proposed a number of conditions that included keeping workers employed. The trade union Solidarity was strongly apposed to the COSATU proposal arguing that it put the pensions of public employees at risk. The country's second biggest trade union, the 680:

artisans that would certify them as nuclear operators. In January 2018, Eskom's acting chief financial officer stated that the company could not afford a new build, following a 34% drop in interim profits due to declining sales and increasing financing costs. The government stated it would proceed with the plan but more slowly.

1788:. These new investments are directed towards more high efficiency, low emission standards with an emphasis on solar technologies in which 6,000 MW of new Solar PV capabilities and 14,400 MW of new wind power technologies. With renewable energies, the IRP plans to increase its investment in hydro-electric power. 2465:

A report compiled by Eskom and G9 Forensic found that the two consulting firms including Gupta owned Trillian made R1.6 billion (US$ 120 million) in fees with an additional R7.8 billion made from future contracts. An investigation done by the amaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism found that

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A number of South African municipalities are in significant arrears in paying Eskom for electricity supplied to them. The large amount owed to Eskom has caused significant controversy given the state utilities financial difficulties and repeated periods of load-shedding. By January 2020 South African

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In 2018 and 2019 Eskom's negative financial situation became serious as costs started exceeding income and the company started experiencing trouble raising money. For 72 hours between 26 March and 29 March 2019 it was reported that Eskom had run out of funds thereby threatening to negatively impact

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As result of the restructuring, a transmission entity called the National Transmission Company of South Africa (NTCSA), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eskom, would be given its own board, by 31 March 2020 in which the transmission legal entity would be responsible for hearing legislative amendments in

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During the 1970s the company controversially sought to increase electrical tariffs to help pay for its large expansion plans. Due to its financial situation, the government appointed Dr. W.J. de Villiers to chair a commission that recommended a number of financial and organisational changes for the

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during which he stated that Eskom was losing roughly R1 billion (US$ 53.9 million) a month due to theft and corruption. De Ruyter attributed this to the presence within Eskom of four criminal syndicates and went on to state that a senior - although unnamed - ANC MP was involved and that government

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On 19 November 2021, Eskom announced that an initial forensic investigation found evidence that recent damage to a coal conveyor at Lethabo was the result of deliberate sabotage. Steel supports had been severed, causing a power supply pylon to collapse. In a media briefing, de Ruyter commented that

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As of October 2019 Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd issued a tender to introduce 20 three-phase KW inverters and mountains structures. These structures are planned to distribute power to four power plants, and would introduce Eskom into the solar energy market. The African Investment Forum has announced that

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were not yet operational. Corruption during the Zuma administration had been noted as a major factor in the cost overruns and long delays in completing Medupi and Kusile power plants that had a knock-on effect leading to the 2019 power shortages. The power shortage and related troubles at Eskom was

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based on a rotating schedule, in periods where short supply threatened the integrity of the grid. Demand-side management has focused on encouraging consumers to conserve power during peak periods in order to reduce the incidence of load shedding. Following the national power shortage in 2007, Eskom

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From 1960 to 1990 Eskom increased its installed power production capacity from 4,000 MW to 40,000 MW so as to keep up with rapid economic growth in the 1960s and 70s. During the same period, Eskom established a nationwide 400 kV power network. During this period the company built a number of large

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In February 2019, a new round of load shedding began due to the failure of coal burning boilers at some power stations due to poor quality coal. This resulted in long running periods of level 4 load shedding across the country in mid-March 2019, including night-time load shedding. and promised to

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into state corruption a senior Eskom executive stated that an additional R25 billion loan from the China-based company Huarong Energy Africa was improperly and controversially taken out by Eskom. After the loan had been issued Eskom chairperson Jabu Mabuza stated to the Zondo Commission that Eskom

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In February 2023, with debt sitting at R423 billion, the South African government announced that, subject to approval from existing debt holders, it would be providing support worth R254 billion, including interest payments for the following three years and three capital payments of R78-billion in

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was made acting CEO and director of Eskom in May 2018 as part of President Ramaphosa's replacement of the company's executive team. A year into his term as CEO Hadebe resigned citing poor health and the difficult circumstances of the job. His resignation sparked a debate amongst political parties

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organised a national strike and called for a moratorium on retrenchments in the private and public sectors. This caused to the apparent abandonment of the government's company breakup and restructuring plans. In July 2019 the outgoing Eskom CEO announced that Eskom had entered a "death spiral" and

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In 2016, Eskom stated it intended to pursue a nuclear solution to the country's energy shortage. According to projections from late 2016, the use of nuclear power would provide over 1000GW of power by 2050. In preparation, the company launched a training program for 100 technicians, engineers and

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as supply fell behind demand, threatening to destabilise the national grid. With a reserve margin estimated at 8% or below, such "load shedding" is implemented whenever generating units are taken offline for maintenance, repairs or re-fuelling (in the case of nuclear units). From February 2008 to

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announced that the government would be splitting Eskom up into three new state-owned entities focusing on generation, transmission and distribution. This was done so as to better manage the serious operational and financial problems facing the company. By the time of the speech Eskom had a total

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Eskom's logo has been an integral symbol of the company since its founding. For a brief period in 1986 Eskom had no logo when it was moving away from the company's original logo of stylised letters spelling "ESC" within a circle to the more contemporary version with a blue shield with a stylised

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Load shedding was reintroduced in early November 2014. The Majuba power plant lost its capacity to generate power after a collapse of one of its coal storage silos on 1 November 2014. The Majuba power plant delivered approximately 10% of the country's entire capacity and the collapse halted the

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In February 2019, shortly after the announcement by government that the company would be broken up, Eskom initiated another round of emergency load shedding. Eskom stated that the 2019 load shedding was initiated due to breakdowns at power stations as well as the depletion of water and diesel

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Eskom have again applied to NERSA for an urgent 17% increase in tariffs for 2019/2020 in an attempt to make up a R27.323 billion shortfall, Eskom is citing lower returns due to lower sales volumes as main reason for needing this price hike. The lower sales volumes is directly related to load

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in which Soweto owes R13 billion to R16.4 billion in 2019. In response, Eskom initiated a process of cutting off electricity to debtors in the city, which resulted in violent public protests. The city has a history of non-payment dating back to the 1980s when non-payment was used as a form of

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launched an investigation into corruption related to the construction of the Medupi and Kusile power stations as a cause of repeated construction delays and project cost increases; this led to the investigation of 11 contractors for allegedly stealing R139 billion (US$ 9.13 billion) from the

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300MW of power are exported to Zimbabwe in a deal valued at US$ 2 million a month. At the end of November 2019 it was revealed that Zimbabwe owed $ 22 million in debt to Eskom (about 11 months in arrears). Despite statements that Eskom continues to supply Zimbabwe during scheduled blackouts,

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the Gupta family had received contracts worth R11.7 billion from Eskom to supply coal between 2014 and 2017. With pressure for Eskom to sign the first coal supply contracts with Gupta-owned entities being applied on the state-owned firm by then President Jacob Zuma. In 2019 South African

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to declare Eskom as being the "biggest risk to South Africa’s economy." The company had R413 billion in debt and planned to raise an additional R340 billion (US$ 26 billion) by 2022 thereby representing eight percent of South Africa's GDP. R218.2 billion of the company's debt consist of

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With failing power plants and coal not working as a viable solution, progress towards a greener future is in sight for South Africa. In agreement to the Paris Agreement, South Africa needs to reduce its carbon emission and cut-back from being dependent on Coal. There is new US$ 11 Billion

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Eskom was forced to suspend its chief financial officer Anoj Singh in July 2017 when the Development Bank of South Africa threatened to recall a R15 billion loan if no action was taken against Eskom officials (including Singh) who were involved in corruption allegations involving the

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reported that he was not given the support needed to succeed in the position. Shortly after the announcement that de Ruyter would be leaving Eskom it was reported that he survived a poisoning attempt after he unknowingly drank a cup of coffee at his office that was laced with

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In March 2020, Deloitte agreed to pay back R150 million of the R207 million sought by Eskom. However, in a joint statement, it denied being part of any corruption, and that they acknowledged that there were technical irregularities in the process of awarding the contracts.

2601:(NERSA) to increase tariffs by an additional 45% over the proceeding three years arguing that it needs the increase in revenue to avoid a debt induced death spiral. Eskom was controversially granted a 13.8% increase by NERSA in March 2019. The South African civil society 749:

which had caused a loss of 2000 megawatts of electricity, and announced measures to bring an end to load-shedding. Mantashe and Gordhan were tasked with presenting ways to increase electricity capacity to the cabinet, which would include self-generation. Amid the crisis,

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prepared by the Department of Minerals and Energy recommended that the government restructure Eskom into separate generation and transmission businesses. Although the report predicted that this action would improve power supply and reliability, it was never enacted.

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In February 2006, Eskom announced "load shedding" in the Western Cape province, due to issues experienced by Koeberg Nuclear Power Plant. This continued until June 2006. In January 2008, Eskom introduced load shedding nationally controversially introduced "load

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denied an application by Eskom to increase electricity tariffs by a future 19.9% for the financial year 2018/19. The regulator instead granted a 5.2% increase and gave a list of reasons for the refusal to grant higher tariffs that the South African newspaper

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In January 2020 South African Minister for Public Enterprises, Pravin Gordhan, stated that cost overruns and corruption during the construction of Medupi and Kusile power stations was an important reason for the dramatic increase in Eskom electricity prices.

2430:, reported to Parliament that additional incidents of cables being cut intentionally by saboteurs, rising theft at its power plants, and corruption around the supply of fuel oil, had greatly worsened the energy crisis and Eskom's ability to resolve it. 564:, which owned a number of other power plants across the country. Thanks to state support, Eskom was able to buy out the Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company in 1948 for £14.5 million (roughly equivalent to £2.55 billion in 2017). Following 2596:

Eskom took out a number of loans to construct the additional capacity and significantly increased electrical tariffs by an average of 22% a year between 2007 and 2015 to in an attempt to offset costs. In 2019 Eskom controversially applied to the

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stated that by 2019 Eskom's electrical tariffs had increased by 500% over the previous 11 years. Pietermaritzburg Economic Justice and Dignity stated that the increased tariffs will exacerbate urban poverty negating increases to South Africa's

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faced criticism as his departure for Egypt was announced shortly after the move to stage 6. He returned early to address the problem, meeting on 11 December with the Eskom board. Ramaphosa then announced that there had been an element of

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The company is divided into Generation, Transmission and Distribution divisions, and together Eskom generates approximately 95% of electricity used in South Africa, amounting to ~45% used in Africa, and emits 42% of South Africa's total

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stated painted "a picture of inefficiency, inaccurate forecasting and cost overruns" at the power utility. Part of the refusal was the finding that Eskom had 6,000 more employees than needed, costing the company R3.8 billion annually.

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further into subinvestment grade cutting its long-term credit rating to BB – two levels below the investment threshold. By 2017 increasing levels of debt and corruption scandals affecting the company has led investment bank

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government's powers to influence company policy and investment decisions were greatly expanded. Due to the South African government's attempted privatisation of Eskom in the late 1990s during the administration of President

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company to adopt. This led to the company abandoning its no-profit objective and to raise funds by taking out international loans. The number of Eskom employees was also reduced from 66,000 to 60,000 in the late-1980s.

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November 2014 blackouts were temporarily halted due to reduced demand and maintenance stabilization. This drop in demand was caused by many of the country's mines shutting down or slowing to help alleviate the burden.

636:, Eskom requests for budget to build new stations were denied. After leaving the presidency, Mbeki would later state in December 2007 that this was an error, resulting in adverse affects for the South African economy. 2510:

that the managing director for Deloitte Africa's advisory division Thiru Pillay and the lead consultant on the Eskom contract Shamal Sivasanker had resigned effective 31 March 2020 for their roles in the Eskom event.

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The IRP supports a diverse energy mix with policy aimed to help aim to meet the need of South Africa's energy goals. The Integrated Resource Plan supports electrical infrastructure developments with an aim focused on

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In July 2023, NERSA approved for the National Transmission Company of South Africa to operate a transmission system in South Africa. In September 2023, NERSA approved the remaining trading and import/export licences.

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then announced in his 2019 budget speech that government would be providing a R69 billion rand (US$ 5 billion) bail-out to Eskom over a three-year period so as to stabilise the company's serious financial situation.

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In 1981 Eskom was involved in one of its first large financial scandals when its Assistant Chief Accountant was caught embezzling R8 million from the company (equivalent to roughly R164.37 million in 2018).

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delivery of coal to the plant. A second silo developed a major crack on 20 November causing the shut down of the plant again, this after temporary measures were instituted to deliver coal to the plant.

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Eskom executives including Phakamani Hadebe (CEO), front row second from the left, and Jan Oberholzer (CTO), front row far left, at a 2019 public forum in Cape Town on Eskom's financial situation.

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government the company changed focus to electrification of previously neglected residential homes and to provide low cost electricity for economic growth. Following the passing of the 1998

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did not have the political will to resolve the situation. This resulted in de Ruyter's immediate resignation on 22 February 2023 from his position as CEO amidst criticism from the ANC. The

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over the difficult state of managing the financially strained state owned company as well as the lack of political cover he was given to deal with labour unions and tackle corruption.

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quoted an intelligence report that named the four criminal syndicates within Eskom as "the Presidential Cartel, the Mesh-Kings Cartel, the Legendaries Cartel and the Chief Cartel."

2458:, instructed Eskom to take legal action against firms and individuals involved; ranging from Gupta family-owned consultancy firm Trillian Capital Partners Ltd. and consultancy firm 4251:"COST COMPARISONS BETWEEN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS AND PULSE JET FABRIC FILTERS AND INHERENT CHALLENGES OF BOTH TECHNOLOGIES AT ESKOM'S 6 X 600 MW UNITS AT DUVHA POWER STATION" 10296: 7718: 3260: 9316: 9235: 6290: 4056: 10424: 9111: 7054: 2277:

downgraded Eskom's credit rating to B2 from B1 stating that it was concerned with "the lack of any tangible financial support for the company in the February state budget".

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An additional increase of 20.5% was approved by NERSA and announced by Eskom to take effect from 1 April 2022. This price raise was criticized by the mayor of Cape Town,

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on 10 000 kilometres of its existing power lines for the purpose of real-time monitoring of the electrical network; 80% consists of all-dielectric lashed cabling and 10%

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Between 2020 and 2021, two thousand employees lost their jobs at the power utility. 6000 more jobs are reportedly at risk in order for the company to continue operating.

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lightning bolt in its centre. The 1987 logo was replaced in 2002 with its current logo that replaced the shield with a circle but otherwise kept the logo as it was.

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projects. In 2019, two senior Eskom managers and two business people were charged with fraud and corruption related to the construction of the Kusile power station.

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Chaskalson, Matthew; Jochelson, Karen; Seekings, Jeremy (1987). "Rent Boycotts, the State, and the Transformation of the Urban Political Economy in South Africa".

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The Electricity Act stated that Eskom could only sell electricity at cost and was exempted from tax with the firm initially raising capital through the issuing of

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resigned from his post as chairperson of Eskom's board in January 2020. Between March and July 2020 the power supply was stable due to reduced demand during the

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skom has a proposal before the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) to hike electricity prices by a rumoured 44% for the 2024/2025 financial year

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Eskom's sales have been declining by about 1% per annum. The less it sells, the higher the tariff it wants, and the less it sells – the utility death spiral.

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2016, Eskom said that unplanned outages had been reduced In May 2016, former president Jacob Zuma said assurances had been given to him by Eskom management.

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In 2011 eight out of ten Eskom board members were controversially sacked by the Zuma administration. From 2015 to 2017 the Zuma administration appointed

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https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/he-started-losing-energy-hes-okay-deputy-presidency-denies-mashatile-collapsed-on-stage-20240914?dicbo=v2-LWAtHDG

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involved, leading to the loss of 2000MW capacity. Ramaphosa faced criticism on social media, with many blaming incompetence rather than sabotage.

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was appointed by Zuma as Eskom CEO from April 2015 to November 2016. Molefe and Ngubane's tenure was controversial for their involvement with the

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met with Eskom's board and management to discuss about the energy crises. The president attributed the recent blackouts partly to sabotage at the

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into the air in 2019, Eskom is also the largest emitter of sulphur dioxide in the power industry in the world. Eskom has periodically implemented

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as chairman. The company changed its name by combining the two acronyms in its previous name (ESCOM and ESKOM) in 1987 to become known as Eskom.

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2003 IEEE 10th International Conference on Transmission and Distribution Construction, Operation and Live-Line Maintenance, 2003. 2003 IEEE ESMO

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Eskom – the only electricity utility in the country – has 16,789,974 subscribers in South Africa, comprising about one-third of the population.

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municipalities owed Eskom a total of roughly R43 billion (equivalent to US$ 2.88 billion). This had increased to R49.1 billion by July 2022.

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debt burden of R419 billion (US$ 30.8 billion) and was entering a death spiral whereby there was not enough revenue to make debt repayments.

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coal-fired power stations was started in the 2007-2019 period as part of Eskom's capacity expansion program following the energy crisis.

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completed in 1975 was one of the first of the "six-pack" coal-fired power plants built during this period that Eskom was well known for.

568:, South Africa experienced power shortages that led to Eskom negotiating power saving agreements with the mining industry in June 1948. 9276: 6974: 6559: 6507: 6341: 3927: 834: 561: 7873: 7719:"ESKOM INTELLIGENCE FILES, PART ONE : Introducing the four crime cartels that have brought Eskom and South Africa to their knees" 7641: 3268: 2287:

Due to the company's large size and important role as the region's primary energy producer President Ramaphosa stated that Eskom was "

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Prior to the establishment of Eskom, the provision of electricity was dominated by municipalities and private companies. The city of

10017: 8979: 2598: 695: 7538: 7098: 6533: 6142: 12182: 12150: 10429: 9764: 8974: 5896: 1888: 676:. The Zuma administration decided to focus expansion efforts on building additional large scale six-pack coal-fired power plants. 8115: 6372: 4496: 3160: 560:, completed in 1935 to provide power to the mining industry. The plant was built and run in partnership with the privately owned 12026: 9736: 7586: 7408: 4785: 4617: 4412: 4360: 4308: 4282: 4223: 4197: 409: 7899: 7817: 6719: 3237: 12143: 11606: 9014: 5844: 5255:"Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr - The Integrated Resource Plan 2019: A promising future roadmap for generation capacity in South Africa" 2295:

2023/24, R66 billion in 2024/25 and R40-billion in 2025/26, with the intention to reduce Eskom's overall debt to R300 billion.

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On 24 November 2020, Moody's further downgraded Eskom's long-term credit rating to Caa1. This places Eskom's credit within the

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blamed as a significant contributing factor to a 3.2% decline in GDP growth in the first quarter of 2019, prompting fears of a

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Rod Crompton, Adjunct professor African Energy Leadership Centre Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand

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In November 2021, Eskom announced that it had appointed Deloitte as its next external auditor, as its contract with

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In December 2019, load shedding reached a new high as Eskom introduced stage 6 load shedding for the first time.

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would not be repaying the Huarong loan due to irregularities and corruption involved in the issuing of the loan.

322: 258: 7027: 6997: 5771: 4474: 3745: 11202: 11071: 10899: 10719: 9646: 8932: 8892: 6923: 5039: 3345: 520: 408:, and was among the top utilities in the world in terms of generation capacity and sales. It is the largest of 302: 246: 7691: 4566: 57: 12037: 11518: 10782: 10691: 10002: 9504: 9321: 9204: 9178: 8775: 8707: 8697: 8573: 8473: 8128: 7944:"'Forget about state capture': Eskom warns of collapse without higher tariffs as it faces regulator in court" 6114: 4760: 1880: 1668: 1616: 906: 596: 441: 6204: 5870: 5119: 4926: 3953: 2303:

In July 2018 it was announced that Eskom had taken out a R33 billion loan from the Chinese government owned

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embarked on an aggressive electricity production expansion programme during the administration of President

10622: 9549: 9311: 9163: 8628: 8588: 8165: 6260: 4532: 3620: 2274: 1590: 1512: 294: 3082: 11895: 9780: 9706: 9271: 8942: 8855: 8850: 8568: 8543: 8533: 8509: 8504: 8210: 4445: 4097: 2655: 2588: 2365: 700: 661: 401: 6232: 5219:"ICNS Workshop 2019 - Global Aeronautical Distress & Safety System (GADSS): What You Need to Know". 5141:"ICNS Workshop 2019 - Global Aeronautical Distress & Safety System (GADSS): What You Need to Know". 3527: 1805:

In 2002, Eskom was issued a network operator licence. It embarked on a $ 100 million project installing

503:

The Congella Power Station completed in 1928 was one of the first power plants built and owned by Eskom.

11244: 11064: 10852: 10546: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10311: 9824: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9701: 9449: 8770: 8488: 8458: 8235: 6663: 4334: 2467: 266: 7997:"More than 20,000 people sign DA's petition to object to Eskom's request for a 20.5% electricity hike" 2974:"US, UK and EU will help fund South Africa's coal phaseout, offering a model for the developing world" 2716: 2307:. The loan conditions were controversially not made public with accusations that it was an example of 11560: 11455: 11272: 10404: 10291: 9544: 9454: 8825: 8314: 8275: 6034:"Eskom sabotage: How De Ruyter was undermined by new board, excluded from meetings, forced to resign" 4173: 4083: 3979: 1876: 1872: 476:

which brought the utility to the brink of bankruptcy. In 2019, it was announced that Eskom was to be

278: 28: 6291:"ANALYSIS: 72 hours in late March: When Eskom pushed South Africa to the edge of financial collapse" 5507:"Corruption Watch wants Molefe and former Eskom board members to never again be directors of an SOE" 5382: 2686: 2576: 2397:

report back. The situation at Eskom and resulting energy crisis became a political issue during the

1883:

CEO appointed to the position. De Ruyter resigned in December 2022 after repeated attacks on him by

511:

was one of the first users of public electricity when it installed electric streetlights in 1882 to

487:, a deal was announced for developed countries to fund South Africa's transition from coal power to 11680: 11448: 11441: 11286: 11008: 10920: 9499: 9474: 9409: 8800: 8608: 8548: 8205: 5481:"Pityana to Molefe; 'Foolishly opted to be state capture tool rather than instrument of democracy'" 5065: 4818: 2374:

An election poster referring to the Eskom energy crisis in the run up to the 2019 general election.

2291:" as the reason why government had to continue to fund it despite its serious financial situation. 1814: 1785: 1040: 902:

stated that they would fight any government restructuring efforts that might result in job losses.

508: 449: 340: 242: 6007: 11539: 10636: 9882: 9168: 9051: 8739: 8729: 8719: 6173: 2488: 2253: 1132: 990: 7055:"Sunday Read: Load shedding through the years and how Eskom has struggled to keep the lights on" 5280:"South Africa's Integrated Resource Plan affirms coal power is set to be replaced by renewables" 668: 588:

standardised coal-fired power plants that could produce power at very low cost due to the large

480:

into three distinct nationally owned entities due to huge debts and poor reliability of supply.

10369: 10271: 10235: 10012: 9932: 9444: 9225: 9056: 9000: 8927: 8660: 8523: 8306: 8195: 7970:"Gordhan: You are paying 4 times more for electricity because of stealing at Medupi and Kusile" 7487:"Gordhan: You are paying 4 times more for electricity because of stealing at Medupi and Kusile" 5010: 4257: 3422:"No load-shedding until mid-Jan, promises Ramaphosa, as 'sabotage' partly blamed for blackouts" 2304: 1752:

Eskom has a number of planned infrastructure projects to further expand electrical production.

1158: 1008: 465: 12093: 11840: 11715: 10803: 10747: 10712: 10643: 10399: 9982: 9862: 9666: 9636: 9631: 9564: 9137: 9096: 9086: 8795: 8563: 8558: 8538: 6349: 4761:"MEDUPI POWER STATION NEW RAW WATER RESERVOIR AND PIPELINES PROJECT VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT" 3396:"No load-shedding from Tuesday, promises Ramaphosa as 'sabotage' partly blamed for blackouts" 3190: 2459: 1328: 1280: 417: 282: 1904:.Eskom withdraw its work in cape town afrer one of their employees being attacked by a dog 11994: 11812: 11798: 11022: 10508: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9927: 9696: 9509: 9132: 9116: 9106: 9091: 9081: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9041: 8389: 8151: 6771:"'Do not wait to get caught': Eskom continues cutting power to non-paying users in Gauteng" 2649: 2423: 2267: 1424: 1376: 1304: 1256: 1206: 1182: 1058: 742: 717: 713: 648: 644: 531: 437: 429: 421: 326: 274: 95: 10476: 5632:"Former Eskom boss Matshela Koko, wife and stepdaughter arrested on charges of corruption" 5456:"South Africa's "state capture" corruption report claimed its first high-ranking casualty" 709: 8: 11930: 11673: 11163: 10941: 10834: 10726: 10698: 10301: 10240: 9957: 9952: 9942: 9937: 9529: 9424: 9404: 9301: 9101: 9076: 9046: 9031: 8760: 8593: 8493: 8468: 8421: 8230: 8220: 8185: 5948:"Gordhan calls out Mantashe's bizarre accusations, applauds De Ruyter's efforts at Eskom" 5805: 2634: 2538:

In late February 2023 then Eskom CEO André de Ruyter gave a controversial interview with

2338:

The single largest South African municipality to owe Eskom for unpaid electricity is the

2308: 1352: 1232: 1084: 1032: 639: 580: 460:

since January 2008, a practice ascribed to basic dereliction of duty by former president

7227:"Ramaphosa slammed after blaming sabotage for Eskom loadshedding crisis | IOL News" 12015: 11937: 11750: 11572: 11413: 11305: 10878: 10859: 10754: 10740: 10532: 10409: 10389: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 9494: 9261: 8634: 8245: 6821: 5370: 5358: 5201: 5087: 4500: 3727: 3164: 2825:"Greenpeace blames Eskom, Sasol for world sulphur hot-spot in SA's Mpumalanga province" 2618: 2539: 2257: 1953: 1775:

These new inverters would be align with South Africa's Integrated Resource Plan (IRP).

589: 469: 389: 196: 169: 141: 9749: 7793:"Public hearing on Eskom's plan for 45% increase over three years begins | Cape Argus" 6611:"#StateCaptureInquiry: Mabuza says Eskom won't pay back R25bn Huarong loan | IOL News" 4843: 4789: 4621: 4416: 4364: 4312: 4286: 4227: 4201: 1868: 891: 553:

in Cape Town were the first power stations built by Eskom, both complete in mid-1928.

12044: 11962: 11687: 11525: 11434: 11379: 11170: 11001: 10892: 10796: 9389: 9296: 8785: 8665: 8270: 8081: 8022:"'Outrageous': Mayors slam Eskom's proposed electricity hikes as unlawful and unjust" 7903: 7246:"Eskom finds evidence of sabotage at Lethabo Power Station - pylon supports were cut" 6968: 6813: 6067: 5362: 5348: 5234: 5205: 5193: 5189: 5156: 3731: 3717: 3047: 2737: 1901: 1806: 512: 250: 6871: 6636:"Soweto trends as Mzansi fumes about load-shedding: 'They must pay for electricity'" 6585:"Eskom deceived SA Reserve Bank on R25bn Chinese loan, says senior company official" 4057:"2,000 Eskom employees gone in a year, but 6,000 more must go to reach 'right size'" 11923: 11784: 11743: 11620: 11462: 11372: 11339: 10927: 10666: 10230: 9464: 9399: 9384: 9354: 9281: 8734: 8675: 8379: 8374: 8351: 8260: 8200: 7613:"Eskom is the ANC's feeding trough — De Ruyter comes out guns blazing in interview" 6805: 6482:"BUDGET 2023: Government comes to Eskom's rescue by taking over R254bn of its debt" 5801: 5340: 5224: 5185: 5146: 4669: 3709: 3452: 2876:"A South African company emits more sulfur dioxide than anyone in the power sector" 2379: 2312: 1994: 1896: 1892: 1856: 1728: 1676: 1650: 1598: 1572: 1546: 1520: 488: 4335:"World's largest coal-fired power station. (Kendal Power Station in South Africa)" 3797:"Cosatu takes to the streets over Eskom, job losses. Here's what you need to know" 2572: 890:

highlighted the need for the company to restructure. Following the appointment of

12107: 11902: 11854: 11826: 11805: 11762: 11722: 11694: 11579: 11553: 11504: 11476: 11427: 11319: 11139: 10934: 10768: 10615: 10281: 9364: 9188: 8765: 8724: 8702: 8583: 8553: 8518: 8478: 8280: 6872:"Is Zimbabwe getting uninterrupted power from Eskom, despite SA's load-shedding?" 5229: 5151: 4951: 3850: 2410: 2288: 1720: 838: 726: 453: 6691:"Municipal debt to Eskom surged by R5 billion in just four months, Mabuza warns" 5344: 4747:"News on Renewable, Nuclear, Fossil, Technology, Market Data - Power Technology" 2587:

South African cents per kWh of electricity, 1994 to 2020, with the start of the

2370: 12121: 11909: 11701: 11599: 11532: 11353: 11230: 10733: 10705: 10414: 10394: 9584: 9539: 9286: 8790: 8780: 8578: 8190: 7461:"Former top Eskom managers appear in Joburg court on fraud, corruption charges" 7378: 6429:"Rating Action: Moody's downgrades Eskom's ratings; maintains negative outlook" 5332: 3654:"Eskom 'technically insolvent', won't last beyond April 2019 - committee hears" 2799:"Eskom and Sasol fingered over 'world's second-worst sulphur dioxide hot-spot'" 2544: 2515: 2427: 1884: 1694: 797: 785: 738: 734: 624: 381: 39: 7381:"amaBhungane and Scorpio #GuptaLeaks: How Eskom was captured | Daily Maverick" 6809: 2393:

In June 2018, there was Stage 1 load shedding along with a strike over wages.

12166: 11497: 11420: 11399: 11265: 11106: 10906: 10585: 10553: 10539: 10250: 9291: 9183: 8810: 8598: 8483: 8463: 8394: 8384: 8341: 8225: 8180: 6817: 6071: 5221:

2019 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS)

5197: 5143:

2019 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS)

4746: 2262: 1850: 1846: 1624: 413: 314: 47: 6456:"Eskom 'too big to fail' and won't be privatised, Ramaphosa tells investors" 3371:"Risk of South African economy hitting recession in 2019 high, says Moody's" 2426:

for further investigation. In May 2022 the Minister for Public Enterprises,

1454: 885:

In response to feared job losses resulting from the breakup the trade union

773: 11648: 11546: 11490: 11237: 11085: 11036: 10962: 9814: 9256: 8830: 8805: 8670: 8639: 8453: 8255: 5923:"ENERGY CRISIS OP-ED: De Ruyter resignation — tripping the light fantastic" 5683:"Gordhan appoints Phakamani Hadebe Eskom CEO in sweeping SOE board changes" 5657:"Gordhan appoints Phakamani Hadebe Eskom CEO in sweeping SOE board changes" 5397:"Revealed! How Brian Molefe sabotaged SA's world-class renewables industry" 2639: 2607: 2451: 2444: 2347:

era policies. This is thought to have cultivated a culture of non-payment.

1871:

was appointed CEO of Eskom. De Ruyter's appointment was criticised by the

1842: 1838: 1825: 1471: 1467: 854: 730: 688: 565: 473: 397: 103: 2378:

In the later months of 2007, South Africa started experiencing widespread

11729: 11708: 11613: 11312: 11092: 10983: 10608: 8655: 8623: 8416: 8404: 8324: 8250: 8240: 8170: 7847:"Sunday Read: Electricity costs will rocket way beyond 13.8%. Here's why" 7617: 6060:"South Africa police investigate alleged plot to poison CEO with cyanide" 4526:"Consolidated interim results for the six months ended 30 September 2010" 3980:"EXPLAINER: The plan to bankroll Eskom with government employee pensions" 3320:"Eskom and the multi-billion rand mega projects that could have saved SA" 2507: 2484: 2455: 1834: 826: 751: 633: 499: 461: 53: 8884: 7667:"Outgoing Eskom CEO Andre de Ruyter leaves with immediate effect | eNCA" 7642:"ANC leaders upset by Andre de Ruyter's scathing criticism of the party" 7350:"Brown orders Eskom to take legal steps against companies in Gupta saga" 7177:"Eskom is now rationing electricity at stage 6 – here's what that means" 4031:"Business Maverick: Union disunity holds up Cosatu's Eskom bailout idea" 3713: 12065: 11916: 11873: 10948: 10761: 9158: 8618: 8613: 8426: 8409: 8265: 8120: 7202:"As SA gets stage 6 load-shedding, Ramaphosa prepares to head to Egypt" 6825: 6342:"S&P's downgrades South Africa's Eskom further into junk territory" 6008:"Scandal at South Africa's Eskom: the CEO and the cyanide-laced coffee" 4256:. International Society for Electrostatic Precipitation. Archived from 2037: 1702: 1564: 1463: 850: 746: 673: 444:

in the Western Cape Province, the only nuclear power plant in Africa.

229: 158: 6720:"FACT CHECK: Does Soweto owe Eskom R18 billion in unpaid electricity?" 3680:"Eskom support will weigh on South Africa's finances - S&P Global" 3595:"Explainer: why South Africa's energy generator is in so much trouble" 3503:"South Africa's Eskom cannot say how long latest power cuts will last" 2916:"No power from Kusile after R233 billion and 15 years of construction" 2571:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

491:. However, employment in the mining sector threatens this transition. 11360: 11346: 11251: 11177: 11057: 11029: 10789: 10657: 10629: 10601: 9834: 9173: 8334: 8329: 8215: 8175: 7562:"Update: In the wake of Eskom scandal, two Deloitte directors resign" 7272:"André de Ruyter: Deliberate acts of sabotage are causing power cuts" 5897:"ESKOM'S SURPRISE BOSS: Questions arise after new Eskom CEO is named" 3476:"President Ramaphosa notes resignation of Eskom chair Mr Jabu Mabuza" 2948:"Eskom to be split into three SOEs, Cyril Ramaphosa confirms in Sona" 2621:

as damaging to the economy and requested that it not be implemented.

2344: 1642: 1459: 722: 556:

One of Eskom's first power plants was a coal-fired 128 MW station in

538: 530:

which allowed the South African Electricity Control Board to appoint

516: 425: 254: 149: 6560:"Eskom urged to divulge R33bn loan terms with China bank | IOL News" 2851:"South Africa is second-largest hotspot of sulfur dioxide emissions" 2491:

to recover R207 million in consulting fees from the consulting firm

12100: 11847: 11819: 11791: 11627: 11483: 11195: 11113: 10913: 10571: 9829: 8448: 7151:"Eskom was told to keep the lights on at all costs until elections" 6534:"Terms of Chinese loan to Eskom still confidential, says Ramaphosa" 3928:"Eskom's De Ruyter must either toe government's line or ours - NUM" 2890:"Thabo Mbeki's explosive allegations about Eskom and load-shedding" 2496: 2492: 2415: 1498: 966: 655: 5532:"Molefe among Eskom, Transnet executives facing arrest in January" 5306:"$ 11 Billion Green-Energy Initiative Takes Shape in South Africa" 5178:

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series

3448:"WRAP | Ramaphosa's promise to SA: 'It won't be a dark Christmas'" 12086: 12001: 11955: 11736: 11666: 11641: 11293: 11223: 11216: 11078: 10976: 10578: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 8369: 8359: 6990:"Watch Majuba Power Station Seconds Before Silo Collapse (Video)" 6898:"Eskom To Export Electricity To Zimbabwe Only If It Is Available" 5739:

Skiti, Sabelo; Cowan, Kyle; wa Africa, Mzilikazi (27 July 2017).

3618: 2717:"Which Countries Produce And Consume Most Electricity in Africa?" 2644: 712:

corruption, coal availability, and that new power plants such as

557: 433: 99: 5559:"Ex-Eskom chair Zola Tsotsi testifies how Guptas threatened him" 3621:

White Paper on the Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa

11974: 11469: 11279: 11258: 11209: 11127: 10955: 10827: 10650: 10594: 10187: 10102: 8364: 7871: 7379:

amaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism (9 June 2017).

7125:"ANALYSIS: Eskom's nine circles of hell, and election politics" 4248: 1864: 1845:

and for allegedly allowing the company to become a vehicle for

1791: 546: 541:, later issuing state-guaranteed loans instead. The coal-fired 405: 67: 4005:"Solidarity vows to fight Cosatu's Eskom pensions rescue plan" 3877:"Reading the signs, Eskom's death spiral is about to speed up" 3343: 2774:"Eskom, Sasol Emit Over Half of South Africa's Greenhouse Gas" 905:

In December 2019 COSATU suggested that money be used from the

12079: 12008: 11866: 11511: 11120: 10684: 10525: 10439: 10137: 10042: 7020:"Eskom admits another coal-storage silo at Majuba is cracked" 3626:(Report). Department of Minerals and Energy. pp. 55–56. 348: 185: 6841:"Zimbabwe Receiving "Uninterrupted Power Supply" from Eskom" 6745:"Protests over power cuts disrupt morning traffic in Soweto" 5430:"Former Eskom chair Ben Ngubane 'wanted papers blacklisted'" 5038:. South Africa: The Good News. 29 March 2009. Archived from 4473:. Government of South Africa. 11 August 2008. Archived from 3577:"Will South Africa's Power Crisis Sink Its Green Ambitions?" 3292:"Dark days are here again: As Eskom buckles, anger rises..." 708:

resources. Other reasons cited included legacy issues from

12072: 11634: 11406: 10506: 10225: 8319: 7818:"How Eskom's looming 'death spiral' is menacing SA economy" 7409:"SIU probes R139 billion rot at Medupi and Kusile - report" 7298:"Eskom finds evidence of sabotage at Lethabo Power Station" 6795: 5710:"Eskom head Hadebe quits 'toxic' job | IOL Business Report" 4338: 3903:"South Africa's Eskom facing "death spiral": departing CEO" 3553:

South Africa nearing end of daily power cuts, minister says

1891:

partly due to de Ruyter's advocacy for replacing coal with

599:

to both provide power to Cape Town and help facilitate the

8103: 7919:"'SA bent over backwards for Eskom': Nersa heads to court" 7514:"The dirt on Deloitte's consulting deals at Eskom, Part 1" 7074:"Eskom load shedding at crisis levels, says energy expert" 6508:"Eskom inks R33.4bn loan deal with China Development Bank" 3071:. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publishers. p. 77. 1778: 833:

In February 2019, these plans were resurrected during the

319:

The Natal Navigation Colliers & Estate Company Limited

2738:"Electricity - production - Country Comparison - TOP 100" 2201: 365: 7874:"Eskom's latest hike will 'wipe out' R80 grant increase" 6373:"Goldman Sachs sees Eskom as biggest risk to SA economy" 2462:

to Anoj Singh and acting chief executive Matshela Koko.

2356:

electricity is only supplied if Eskom does not need it.

404:. The utility is the largest producer of electricity in 9779: 6371:

Bonorchis, Renee; Burkhardt, Paul (22 September 2017).

5028: 4489: 3290:

Mthethwa, Rebecca Davis and Ayanda (11 February 2019).

1817:

prefixes of all registered network operator licensees.

1449: 614: 5741:"Eskom suspends Gupta-linked finance chief Anoj Singh" 4869:"CASE STUDY OF INGULA AND LIMA PUMPED STORAGE SCHEMES" 3528:"Eskom stage 2 load shedding starts on Sunday morning" 2922:. dailyinvestor.com. Daily Investor. 12 September 2023 2454:. In September 2017, Minister for Public Enterprises, 8078:

Eskom: Electricity and Technopolitics in South Africa

7099:"Eskom's nine circles of hell, and election politics" 5819:"Eskom CEO appointment met with surprise, scepticism" 5176:"AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK: Africa Investment Forum". 4893: 3066: 691:

and the administration of then President Jacob Zuma.

128:

Electricity generation, transmission and distribution

7692:"Andrè de Ruyter leaves Eskom with immediate effect" 4996: 4497:"CONSTRUCTION OF KUSILE POWER STATION GETS UNDERWAY" 3708:, OECD Publishing, 11 March 2019, pp. 192–193, 3564:

South Africa: load shedding will intensify in winter

3240:. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 February 2018 3238:"South Africa's nuclear plans under reconsideration" 595:

In 1974 the company was instructed to start work on

571: 5738: 5333:"Fibre optic roll out on Eskom transmission system" 3619:Department of Minerals and Energy (December 1998). 2896:. dailyinvestor.com. Daily Investor. 24 August 2023 2478: 6370: 5871:"EFF rejects de Ruyter's appointment as Eskom CEO" 4098:"ANKERLIG AND GOURIKWA GAS TURBINE POWER STATIONS" 2972:McKenzie, David; Balkiz, Ghazi (2 November 2021). 8048:"Eskom's unaffordable tariff hikes need a review" 5845:"Nampak's Andre de Ruyter appointed as Eskom CEO" 5584:"Matshela Koko takes reins at Eskom as acting CE" 4557: 4555: 4553: 4463: 4431: 3067:Conradie, S. R.; Messerschmidt, L. J. M. (2000). 2359: 12164: 7872:KAILENE PILLAY AND SE-ANNE RALL (4 April 2019). 7587:"Eskom picks Deloitte as next external auditors" 7323:"Saboteurs threaten South Africa's power supply" 5921:Mills, Ray Hartley and Greg (14 December 2022). 3826:"Eskom death spiral: Where's the restructuring?" 3574: 943: 913:, was also skeptical of COSATU's proposed plan. 656:Load shedding and second expansion: 2007-present 8075: 7767:"Eskom's shocking annual price hike since 2007" 4940: 4739: 4275: 3851:"Why the lights keep going out in South Africa" 3108:"South African Inflation Adjustment Calculator" 3044:Electricity, Industry and Class in South Africa 2284:of investment, with a "very high credit risk". 5975:"NEWSFLASH: Eskom CEO André de Ruyter resigns" 4804: 4586: 4584: 4550: 4520: 4518: 4301: 3344:Mike Cohen and Paul Vecchiatto (5 June 2019). 3216:"Eskom defends SA's nuclear aspirations | IOL" 2971: 2340:City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality 10492: 9765: 8900: 8136: 7900:"Eskom tariff hike - Energy Expert Coalition" 4687: 4670:"Majuba Coal Fired Power Plant, South Africa" 4610: 4327: 4249:Rod Hansen, Robbie van Rensburg (June 2006). 4242: 2652:– founder and first chairman of ESCOM (Eskom) 868:National Transmission Company of South Africa 485:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference 5800:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, 4927:"IAEA PRIS – Country Details – South Africa" 4778: 4636: 4387:"The Role of the State in the Energy Sector" 4353: 4190: 3230: 1863:Six months after Hadebe's departure, former 1792:Investment in renewables, hydro, wind, solar 684: 10241:President of South Africa Residence Nkandla 7742: 7296:Tshikalange, Shonisani (19 November 2021). 7295: 6924:"Expect Tight Energy Supply for Four Years" 5772:"Eskom: The art of steering a sinking ship" 5112:"Renewable Energy - Sere wind farm project" 4966: 4836: 4713: 4581: 4515: 4405: 4216: 4115: 4092: 4090: 4079: 4077: 3588: 3586: 3012: 2521: 1766: 394:Elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskommissie (EVKOM) 311:Technology Services International (Pty) Ltd 12178:Government-owned companies of South Africa 10499: 10485: 9772: 9758: 8907: 8893: 8143: 8129: 7347: 6895: 5763: 5707: 5556: 3013:Holtzhausen, Jacobus Petrus (March 2012). 2438: 601:South African government's nuclear program 562:Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company 477: 287:Hem-kom Live Line Engineering(pty) Limited 8980:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 8914: 7745:"Eskom electricity prices – 1994 to 2020" 6532:Magubane, Khulekani (11 September 2018). 6453: 5228: 5150: 4531:. Eskom. 23 November 2011. Archived from 4174:"Fact sheets with additional information" 2599:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 2350: 696:National Energy Regulator of South Africa 12173:Electric power companies of South Africa 9601:Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity 8975:South African Nuclear Energy Corporation 8150: 8076:Jaglin, Sylvy; Dubresson, Alain (2016). 7916: 7269: 7148: 7049: 7047: 7045: 6531: 6317:"Coal black cloud over Eskom's big loss" 5769: 5557:le Cordeur, Matthew (22 November 2017). 5330: 4848:Department of Water Affairs and Forestry 4379: 4087: 4074: 3874: 3746:"Eskom unbundling 'milestone' announced" 3592: 3583: 3289: 3188: 3041: 2369: 1889:Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy 1824: 1453: 808: 683:In 2017, Eskom was the focus of a major 638: 575: 498: 16:South African electricity public utility 12188:Nuclear power companies of South Africa 10440:Rheinmetall Denel Munition South Africa 10231:Mahlamba Ndlopfu Presidential Residence 7917:Slabbert, Antoinette (5 January 2020). 7841: 7839: 7403: 7401: 6921: 6713: 6711: 6658: 6656: 6558:Maqhina, Mayibongwe (29 October 2018). 6557: 6505: 6479: 6314: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5701: 5424: 5422: 3900: 3794: 3651: 3317: 2714: 2518:was expiring at the end of that month. 1800: 1779:South Africa's integrated resource plan 1756:Tubatse Pumped Storage Scheme – 1500MWe 384:. Eskom was established in 1923 as the 12165: 12073:South African Broadcasting Corporation 11607:Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers 10676: 10236:Sefako Makgatho Presidential Residence 7994: 7559: 7511: 7433: 7348:Vecchiatto, Paul (22 September 2017). 7122: 6973:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6288: 6199: 6197: 6168: 6166: 6137: 6135: 5973:Diemen, Ethan van (14 December 2022). 5972: 5894: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5453: 4499:. Eskom. 5 August 2008. Archived from 4168: 4166: 4164: 3870: 3868: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3795:Niselow, Tehillah (13 February 2019). 3743: 3346:"How Eskom maimed SA's entire economy" 3313: 3311: 3261:"No more steep tariff hikes for Eskom" 3184: 3182: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2124:Employee benefit expenses (R billion) 1811:All-dielectric self-supporting cabling 931:List of power stations in South Africa 412:. Eskom operates a number of notable 410:South Africa's state owned enterprises 299:Rosherville Vehicle Services (Pty) Ltd 10480: 10420:BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa 10226:Nelson Mandela Qunu Village residence 9753: 8888: 8124: 8045: 7743:Labuschagne, Hanno (17 August 2020). 7716: 7270:Haffajee, Ferial (19 November 2021). 7243: 7042: 6987: 6869: 6396: 6057: 5920: 5895:Merten, Marianne (18 November 2019). 5708:Mkhawanazi, Siyabonga (26 May 2019). 5009:. Eskom. October 2005. Archived from 4817:. Eskom. October 2005. Archived from 4592:"Eskom Supply status – week 47, 2013" 4471:"Work begins on Kusile power station" 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4028: 3677: 3318:Gosling, Melanie (13 February 2019). 3258: 2945: 2848: 2822: 2603:Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse (OUTA) 924: 725:in 2019. In December 2019, President 519:in 1895 with the construction of the 386:Electricity Supply Commission (ESCOM) 10993: 10277:Northern Cape Provincial Legislature 9732: 7836: 7398: 6922:Hartleb, Thomas (11 February 2008). 6851:from the original on 25 October 2020 6838: 6708: 6688: 6653: 6253: 6225: 6096: 5992: 5675: 5419: 4978:International Hydropower Association 3706:Measuring the Digital Transformation 3652:Omarjee, Lameez (13 February 2019). 3633:from the original on 15 October 2021 3069:A Symphony of Power: The Eskom Story 2557: 2422:the matter had been referred to the 2399:2019 South African general elections 2254:Standard & Poor's Global Ratings 1820: 1450:Renewable and nuclear power stations 911:Federation of Unions of South Africa 615:Post-1994 election period: 1994-2007 468:during this period was fraught with 263:Eskom Enterprises Global West Africa 12052:Development Bank of Southern Africa 10435:South African National Space Agency 10267:Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature 10251:Presidential Residence (Genadendal) 9781:National Key Points in South Africa 9692:Department of Energy (South Africa) 9624: 7736: 7434:HOSKEN, GRAEME (24 February 2019). 7071: 6798:Review of African Political Economy 6506:Khumalo, Sibongile (24 July 2018). 6454:Chabalala, Jeanette (15 May 2019). 6194: 6163: 6132: 5727: 5454:Chutel, Lynsey (11 November 2016). 5184:(11): 22365B–22367A. January 2019. 4812:"Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme" 3954:"Cosatu suggests an Eskom solution" 3901:Winning, Alexander (30 July 2019). 3865: 3814: 3500: 3308: 3179: 2991: 2934: 2908: 2882: 2668: 452:. By releasing 1.6 million tons of 307:South Dunes Coal Terminal (Pty) Ltd 13: 10317:Western Cape Provincial Parliament 8821:Renewable energy commercialization 8069: 7123:Merten, Marianne (26 March 2019). 7026:. 21 November 2014. Archived from 6988:Gibbs, JeVanne (4 November 2014). 6870:Banya, Nelson (11 December 2019). 6608: 6289:Merten, Marianne (24 April 2019). 5806:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.17529 5088:"Renewable Energy: Sere wind farm" 4141: 4054: 3824:Duncan, Felicity (1 August 2019). 3593:Crompton, Rod (10 February 2019). 2550: 2483:In October 2019, Eskom's chairman 2324: 1813:. It currently has the sixth most 1747: 880: 14: 12204: 10456:O. R. Tambo International Airport 10375:Onderstepoort Biological Products 10287:North West Provincial Legislature 9913:Durban North Distribution Station 9908:Durban South Distribution Station 9154:Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme 8095: 7790: 7717:Bloom, Kevin (26 February 2023). 7639: 7512:Comrie, Susan (15 January 2020). 7149:Modjadji, Ngwako (1 April 2019). 6717: 6664:"Cosatu has a plan to save Eskom" 6480:Mahlaka, Ray (22 February 2023). 6031: 5629: 5403:. 2 February 2018. Archived from 4029:Davie, Kevin (12 February 2020). 3875:Haffajee, Ferial (31 July 2019). 3575:Mariel Ferragamo (20 July 2023). 3189:Donnelly, Lynley (10 June 2011). 3163:. 21 January 2007. Archived from 2715:Sanchez, Dana (28 October 2014). 1539:Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme 845:In a February 2019 briefing, the 572:First expansion period: 1960-1994 291:Mountain Communications (Pty) Ltd 271:Eskom Finance Company SOC Limited 12139: 12138: 11016:African Alliance Investment Bank 10461:King Shaka International Airport 9988:Muldersvlei Transmission Station 9731: 9720: 9719: 9580:Wesley-Ciskei Wind Power Station 9395:Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility 8869: 8868: 8289: 8039: 8014: 7995:Zeeman, Kyle (23 January 2022). 7988: 7962: 7936: 7910: 7892: 7865: 7810: 7784: 7759: 7710: 7684: 7659: 7633: 7605: 7579: 7553: 7531: 7505: 7479: 7453: 7427: 7372: 7341: 7315: 7289: 7263: 7244:Cowan, Kyle (19 November 2021). 7237: 7219: 7194: 7168: 7142: 7116: 7091: 7065: 7012: 6981: 6941: 6915: 6889: 6863: 6832: 6789: 6763: 6737: 6682: 6628: 6602: 6577: 6551: 6525: 6499: 6473: 6447: 6421: 6390: 6364: 6334: 6315:KHUMALO, KABELO (31 July 2019). 6308: 6282: 6085: 6051: 6025: 5966: 5940: 5914: 5888: 5863: 5837: 5811: 5789: 5770:Donnelly, Lynley (29 May 2019). 5649: 5630:Cowan, Pieter du Toit and Kyle. 5623: 5597: 5576: 5550: 5524: 5499: 5473: 5447: 5389: 5324: 5298: 5223:. IEEE. April 2019. pp. i. 5190:10.1111/j.1467-6346.2018.08659.x 5145:. IEEE. April 2019. pp. i. 4948:"Annual Report 2006 (Chapter 3)" 3678:Jones, Marc (21 February 2019). 3046:. London: Macmillan. p. 5. 2946:Paton, Carol (7 February 2019). 2562: 2479:2019 Deloitte consulting lawsuit 2319: 1762:Tasakoolo Wind farm 200 – 200Mwe 847:Department of Public Enterprises 796: 784: 772: 217: 216: 192: 191: 165: 164: 137: 136: 27: 12183:Companies based in Johannesburg 12151:Companies based in Johannesburg 10466:Cape Town International Airport 10352:South African Bank Note Company 10307:Houses of Parliament, Cape Town 10173:Transnet Pipeline Witbank Depot 9923:Lotus Park Distribution station 9893:Klaarwater Distribution Station 9853:Grassridge Transmission Station 9555:Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm 9440:Impofu Wind Power Farms Complex 8111:Official Eskom Heritage website 7174: 6896:cfeditoren (12 December 2019). 6397:Laing, Robert (29 March 2018). 6261:"Integrated Annual Report 2019" 6233:"Integrated Annual Report 2018" 6205:"Integrated Annual Report 2017" 6174:"Integrated Annual Report 2015" 6143:"Integrated Annual Report 2013" 6104:"Integrated Annual Report 2011" 6006:Pilling, David (2 March 2023). 5605:"Eskom's Matshela Koko resigns" 5272: 5247: 5212: 5169: 5134: 5104: 5080: 5054: 5004:"Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme" 4974:"Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme" 4919: 4861: 4753: 4662: 4439:"Coal-burning generating plant" 4048: 4022: 3997: 3972: 3946: 3920: 3894: 3843: 3788: 3763: 3737: 3697: 3671: 3645: 3612: 3579:. Council on Foreign Relations. 3568: 3557: 3546: 3520: 3494: 3468: 3440: 3414: 3388: 3363: 3337: 3283: 3252: 3208: 3153: 3121: 3100: 3075: 3060: 3035: 2965: 2823:McKay, David (19 August 2019). 2687:"Integrated Annual Report 2021" 2487:filed a court affidavit at the 2298: 1569:Free State-Eastern Cape border 861: 380:is a South African electricity 323:Trans Africa Projects (Pty) Ltd 259:Eskom Enterprises (Pty) Limited 9998:Droeriver Transmission Station 9647:Graaff Electric Lighting Works 7560:Comrie, Susan (9 April 2020). 6839:Head, Tom (11 December 2019). 3259:Joffe, Hilary (5 March 2018). 2868: 2842: 2816: 2791: 2766: 2756:"Company information overview" 2748: 2730: 2708: 2360:Power shortage: 2007 - ongoing 935: 521:Graaff Electric Lighting Works 303:Rotek Industries (Pty) Limited 247:EON Solutions Africa (Pty) Ltd 1: 12144:Companies based in Ekurhuleni 12038:Airports Company South Africa 10783:Rossair Executive Air Charter 10692:African International Airways 10400:Main Telephone Exchange (PPR) 10297:Government Building Nelspruit 10003:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station 9322:Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project 9205:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station 9179:Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme 8816:Renewable Energy Certificates 8776:Cost of electricity by source 8698:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 8574:High-voltage shore connection 3744:Comins, Lyse (30 July 2023). 2778:news.bloombergenvironment.com 2661: 2506:In April 2020, Deloitte told 2433: 1907: 1837:as chairperson of the board. 1669:Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme 944:Fossil-fuelled power stations 916: 907:Public Investment Corporation 896:National Union of Mineworkers 597:Koeberg nuclear power station 532:Hendrik Johannes van der Bijl 442:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station 9898:Pegasus Transmission Station 9878:Minerva Transmission Station 9858:Perseus Transmission Station 9317:SlimSun Swartland Solar Park 9312:Redstone Solar Thermal Power 9236:Newcastle Cogeneration Plant 9164:Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme 8831:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 8629:Transmission system operator 8589:Mains electricity by country 8166:Automatic generation control 7436:"Eskom: R139bn theft probed" 6399:"Eskom's credit rating blow" 5230:10.1109/icnsurv.2019.8735411 5152:10.1109/icnsurv.2019.8735411 4389:. dme.gov.za. Archived from 2343:non-violent protest against 2200:Electrical output capacity ( 1591:Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme 1513:Colley Wobbles Power Station 621:democratic elections in 1994 523:to power 775 street lights. 295:PN Energy Services (Pty) Ltd 7: 10425:Hartebeeshoek Earth Station 10312:120 Plein Street, Cape Town 9993:Acasia Transmission Station 9918:Athene Transmission Station 9888:Impala Transmission Station 9873:Apollo Transmission Station 9707:South African energy crisis 9272:Jasper Solar Energy Project 9112:Pretoria West Power Station 8856:List of electricity sectors 8851:Electric energy consumption 8569:High-voltage direct current 8544:Electric power transmission 8534:Electric power distribution 8211:Energy return on investment 5345:10.1109/TDCLLM.2003.1196468 5259:www.cliffedekkerhofmeyr.com 5062:"Renewable Energy Projects" 5036:"SA to get third wind farm" 2656:South African energy crisis 2628: 2591:in 2007 marked on the chart 2589:South African energy crisis 2404: 2366:South African energy crisis 2313:Zondo Commission of Inquiry 835:State of the Nation address 662:South African energy crisis 402:Southern African Power Pool 10: 12209: 12193:Corruption in South Africa 11561:Union Carriage & Wagon 11245:iVeri Payment Technologies 11065:Imperial Bank South Africa 10163:Bosloop Water Pump Station 10113:Tarlton Distribution Depot 10038:OilTanking Grindrod Calulo 9868:Hydra Transmission Station 9702:Renewable energy in Africa 9340:Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm 9307:Mulilo Sonnedix Prieska PV 9037:Bloemfontein Power Station 8771:Carbon offsets and credits 8489:Three-phase electric power 3042:Christie, Renfrew (1984). 2468:Special Investigating Unit 2442: 2363: 928: 894:as Eskom CEO trade unions 865: 659: 494: 267:Eskom Finance Co (Pty) Ltd 12133: 12025: 11986: 11947: 11885: 11774: 11658: 11591: 11456:Isuzu Trucks South Africa 11391: 11331: 11187: 11155: 10869: 10844: 10817: 10563: 10515: 10448: 10360: 10292:KwaZulu-Natal Legislature 10259: 10216: 10153:Grootfontein Pump Station 10026: 9903:Drakensberg Power Station 9843: 9787: 9715: 9684: 9613: 9593: 9545:Seriti Wind Power Station 9330: 9249: 9213: 9197: 9146: 9125: 9024: 9013: 8996:Atomic Energy Corporation 8988: 8962: 8953: 8920: 8864: 8839: 8826:Renewable Energy Payments 8749: 8686: 8648: 8502: 8439: 8350: 8315:Fossil fuel power station 8305: 8298: 8287: 8158: 6810:10.1080/03056248708703748 6433:Moody's Investors Service 4283:"Grootvlei Power Station" 2333: 2275:Moody's Investors Service 1458:Eskom Generation's pilot 643:Construction work on the 526:Eskom was founded by the 515:. This was followed by 361: 357: 339: 335: 279:Gallium Insurance Co. Ltd 228: 210: 183: 156: 132: 124: 109: 91: 73: 63: 45: 35: 26: 11681:African Rainbow Minerals 11287:Teraco Data Environments 11009:Access Bank South Africa 10380:SSA Communication Centre 10282:Pretoria Union Buildings 10168:Nooitgedact Pump Station 10148:Rieftontein Pump Station 10108:Airport e-Natis Facility 9948:Sol Transmission Station 9662:Mount Road Power Station 9475:Loeriesfontein Wind Farm 9267:Droogfontein Solar Power 8609:Single-wire earth return 8549:Electrical busbar system 8206:Energy demand management 8080:. Cape Town: UCT Press. 8046:Eyaaz (29 August 2024). 6058:Staff (8 January 2023). 5339:. IEEE. pp. 50–57. 4309:"HENDRINA POWER STATION" 3480:www.thepresidency.gov.za 3191:"Behind the Eskom purge" 3083:"Congella Power Station" 2522:2023 de Ruyter interview 1875:and factions within the 1786:renewable energy sources 1767:Investment in renewables 761: 551:Salt River Power Station 464:. Implementation of new 450:greenhouse gas emissions 243:Amazing Amanzi (Pty) Ltd 11540:South African Breweries 10637:Phoebus Apollo Aviation 10013:Ankerlig Power Station 9883:Grootvlei Power Station 9835:Mokolo Dam Pump Station 9672:Swartkops Power Station 9657:Kroonstad Power Station 9485:Noblesfontein Wind Farm 9420:Golden Valley Wind Farm 9169:Kouga Dam Power Station 9052:Grootvlei Power Station 8740:Residual-current device 8730:Power system protection 8720:Generator interlock kit 8052:The Mail & Guardian 6668:The Mail & Guardian 5952:The Mail & Guardian 4950:. Eskom. Archived from 4901:"Koeberg Power Station" 4788:. Eskom. Archived from 4723:. Eskom. Archived from 4697:. Eskom. Archived from 4695:"MATIMBA POWER STATION" 4646:. Eskom. Archived from 4620:. Eskom. Archived from 4618:"Lethabo Power Station" 4444:. Eskom. Archived from 4415:. Eskom. Archived from 4363:. Eskom. Archived from 4311:. Eskom. Archived from 4285:. Eskom. Archived from 4226:. Eskom. Archived from 4200:. Eskom. Archived from 4125:. Eskom. Archived from 3958:The Mail & Guardian 3853:. BBC. 16 February 2019 3750:The Mail & Guardian 3022:Stellenbosch University 2489:Johannesburg High Court 2439:2017 corruption scandal 2247: 2086:Total debt (R billion) 1133:Grootvlei Power Station 849:stated that Eskom was " 528:Electricity Act of 1922 79:; 101 years ago 11100:Stanchart South Africa 10370:Square Kilometre Array 10272:Free State Legislature 10203:FA Production Platform 10063:Kroonstad Pump Station 10053:Coalbrook Pump Station 10048:Bethlehem Pump Station 10008:Gourikwa Power Station 9933:Hendrina Power Station 9846:and transmission sites 9844:Electricity generation 9652:Ingagane Power Station 9642:Driehoek Power Station 9575:West Coast 1 Wind Farm 9445:Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm 9241:Port Rex Power Station 9231:Gourikwa Power Station 9226:Ankerlig Power Station 9057:Hendrina Power Station 9001:Johannesburg Gas Works 8928:Energy in South Africa 8524:Distributed generation 8196:Electric power quality 6111:financialresults.co.za 4786:"Tutuka Power Station" 4644:"KAJUBA POWER STATION" 4361:"KENDAL POWER STATION" 4198:"Camden Power Station" 2530: 2375: 2351:Zimbabwe Power Exports 2305:China Development Bank 1830: 1475: 1401:Port Rex Power Station 1273:4/6 units operational 1159:Hendrina Power Station 1109:Gourikwa Power Station 1009:Ankerlig Power Station 817: 652: 584: 543:Congella Power Station 504: 393: 12094:South African Airways 11841:Incredible Connection 10804:South African Express 10748:Interair South Africa 10183:Zaaihoek Pump Station 10158:Vygeboom Pump Station 9983:Matimba Power Station 9863:Lethabo Power Station 9667:Orlando Power Station 9637:Colenso Power Station 9632:Athlone Power Station 9565:Van Stadens Wind Farm 9515:Phezukomoya Wind Farm 9350:Brandvallei Wind Farm 9138:Rooiwal Power Station 9097:Matimba Power Station 9087:Lethabo Power Station 8915:Power in South Africa 8796:Fossil fuel phase-out 8564:Electricity retailing 8559:Electrical substation 8539:Electric power system 8116:Map of Power Stations 6689:Magubane, Khulekani. 5331:Marshall, E. (2003). 4721:"MATLA POWER STATION" 4413:"KRIEL POWER STATION" 4224:"DUVHA POWER STATION" 4123:"Arnot Power Station" 2526: 2373: 2311:by China. During the 2268:government guarantees 1895:as an energy source. 1879:who instead wanted a 1828: 1617:Koeberg Power Station 1457: 1329:Matimba Power Station 1281:Lethabo Power Station 851:technically insolvent 813: 809:Restructuring efforts 642: 623:and the start of the 579: 513:reduce crime at night 502: 418:Matimba Power Station 283:Golang Coal (Pty) Ltd 11995:Avis Southern Africa 11834:Hyundai South Africa 11813:The Creative Counsel 10956:Riovic Capital Group 10853:DLO Energy Resources 10835:Murray & Roberts 10509:Greater Johannesburg 10363:and technology sites 10198:PetroSA GTL Refinery 10178:Khutala Pump Station 10143:Jericho Pump Station 9978:Majuba Power Station 9973:Komati Power Station 9968:Kendal Power Station 9963:Tutuka Power Station 9928:Camden Power Station 9697:Coal in South Africa 9510:Perdekraal Wind Farm 9505:Oyster Bay Wind Farm 9460:Klipheuwel Wind Farm 9430:Grassridge Wind Farm 9415:Gibson Bay Wind Farm 9221:Acacia Power Station 9133:Kelvin Power Station 9117:Tutuka Power Station 9107:Medupi Power Station 9092:Majuba Power Station 9082:Kusile Power Station 9072:Komati Power Station 9067:Kendal Power Station 9062:Kelvin Power Station 9042:Camden Power Station 8152:Electricity delivery 7906:on 15 December 2019. 7360:on 22 September 2017 4792:on 27 September 2011 4650:on 16 September 2019 4503:on 27 September 2011 4230:on 27 September 2011 4204:on 27 September 2011 3501:Winning, Alexander. 2650:Hendrik van der Bijl 2162:Number of employees 1801:Other infrastructure 1425:Tutuka Power Station 1377:Medupi Power Station 1305:Majuba Power Station 1257:Kusile Power Station 1207:Komati Power Station 1183:Kendal Power Station 1059:Camden Power Station 983:Acacia Power Station 825:In December 1998, a 743:Tutuka Power Station 438:Kendal Power Station 430:Kusile Power Station 422:Medupi Power Station 396:). Eskom represents 327:Transpoint (Pty) Ltd 275:Eskom Uganda Limited 11164:Southern Sun Hotels 11051:First National Bank 10942:Lesaka Technologies 10776:Nationwide Airlines 10727:Executive Aerospace 10699:AirQuarius Aviation 10507:Companies based in 10337:SARB Port Elizabeth 10322:SARB Port Elizabeth 10302:Limpopo Legislature 9958:Duvha Power Station 9953:Matla Power Station 9943:Arnot Power Station 9938:Kriel Power Station 9550:Soetwater Wind Farm 9535:San Kraal Wind Farm 9530:Roggeveld Wind Farm 9525:Rietkloof Wind Farm 9480:Metrowind Wind Farm 9435:Hopefield Wind Farm 9425:Gouda Wind Facility 9405:Excelsior Wind Farm 9380:Copperton Wind Farm 9375:Cookhouse Wind Farm 9302:Letsatsi Solar Park 9102:Matla Power Station 9077:Kriel Power Station 9047:Duvha Power Station 9032:Arnot Power Station 8761:Availability factor 8713:Sulfur hexafluoride 8594:Overhead power line 8494:Virtual power plant 8469:Induction generator 8422:Sustainable biofuel 8231:Home energy storage 8221:Grid energy storage 8186:Droop speed control 7385:dailymaverick.co.za 7030:on 11 December 2014 7000:on 11 December 2014 6928:Mail & Guardian 6609:Dludla, Siphelele. 6352:on 26 November 2016 5407:on 26 December 2019 5312:. 16 September 2019 5122:on 21 December 2018 4701:on 18 November 2019 4393:on 16 December 2007 3714:10.1787/b710d3da-en 3167:on 22 February 2006 2635:Cahora Bassa (HVDC) 2309:debt-trap diplomacy 2282:"speculative grade" 2256:downgraded Eskom's 1353:Matla Power Station 1233:Kriel Power Station 1085:Duvha Power Station 1033:Arnot Power Station 729:, deputy president 629:Eskom Amendment Act 581:Arnot Power Station 466:generating capacity 212:Number of employees 177:US$ -1.28 billion 23: 12016:Surtees Rail Group 11751:Sibanye-Stillwater 11573:Basil Green Motors 11414:African Explosives 11306:Internet Solutions 11086:Rand Merchant Bank 10860:Total South Africa 10755:Interlink Airlines 10741:Imperial Air Cargo 10410:African Explosives 10390:Denel Land Systems 10093:Total Depot Alrode 10088:Sasol Depot Alrode 10078:Shell Depot Alrode 10058:Sasol Pump Station 9788:Water supply sites 9495:Noupoort Wind Farm 9370:Coleskop Wind Farm 9262:De Aar Solar Power 8635:Transmission tower 8246:Nameplate capacity 7771:businesstech.co.za 7698:. 22 February 2023 7621:. 22 February 2023 7467:. 19 December 2019 7415:. 24 February 2019 6589:businesslive.co.za 6435:. 24 November 2020 5954:. 15 December 2022 5851:. 18 November 2019 5825:. 18 November 2019 5776:The M&G Online 5611:. 16 February 2018 5609:businesslive.co.za 5538:. 22 December 2019 5487:. 27 February 2017 5434:businesslive.co.za 4824:on 16 October 2013 4538:on 24 January 2011 3960:. 13 December 2019 3934:. 18 December 2019 3456:. 11 December 2019 3428:. 11 December 2019 3402:. 11 December 2019 3195:The M&G Online 3141:on 2 February 2017 2952:businesslive.co.za 2855:businesstech.co.za 2762:. 14 January 2021. 2619:Geordin Hill-Lewis 2608:basic income grant 2376: 1831: 1807:fibre optic cables 1476: 925:Installed capacity 685:corruption scandal 653: 590:economies of scale 585: 505: 204:US$ 52.84 billion 115:Mpho Paul Makwana 21: 12160: 12159: 12045:Denel Aeronautics 11963:SA Waste Holdings 11688:AngloGold Ashanti 11526:SkyReach Aircraft 11435:Clover Industries 11380:Mandela and Tambo 11171:Sun International 11151: 11150: 10813: 10812: 10474: 10473: 10347:SARB Johannesburg 10332:SARB Bloemfontein 10219:residential sites 10068:Magdala TPL Depot 9747: 9746: 9680: 9679: 9609: 9608: 9570:Waainek Wind Farm 9520:Red Cap Wind Farm 9450:Kangans Wind Farm 9390:Darling Wind Farm 9297:Lesedi Solar Park 9009: 9008: 8882: 8881: 8786:Environmental tax 8666:Cascading failure 8435: 8434: 8271:Utility frequency 8087:978-1-77582-215-8 7976:. 22 January 2020 7950:. 15 January 2020 7824:. 6 December 2018 7593:. 4 November 2021 7493:. 22 January 2020 7175:Wet, Phillip de. 7024:Business day live 6845:The South African 6777:. 30 January 2020 6751:. 3 February 2020 6670:. 29 January 2020 5354:978-0-7803-7917-6 5286:. 28 January 2021 5240:978-1-72811-893-2 5162:978-1-72811-893-2 5068:on 24 August 2013 4984:on 7 January 2009 4954:on 3 January 2010 4451:on 17 August 2011 4419:on 24 August 2010 4315:on 25 August 2010 4289:on 25 August 2010 3907:finance.yahoo.com 3723:978-92-64-31198-5 3482:. 10 January 2020 3053:978-1-349-07032-9 2878:. 7 October 2021. 2696:. 15 January 2021 2584: 2583: 2533:- André de Ruyter 2380:rolling blackouts 2273:On 28 March 2018 2241: 2240: 1821:Corporate affairs 1759:Wind 500 – 550MWe 1745: 1744: 1447: 1446: 960:Date commissioned 756:COVID-19 lockdown 669:rolling blackouts 458:rolling blackouts 374:Eskom Hld SOC Ltd 371: 370: 251:Escap SOC Limited 224: 206: 202: 179: 175: 147: 77:1 March 1923 12200: 12153: 12146: 12142: 12141: 12124: 12117: 12110: 12103: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12061: 12054: 12047: 12040: 12018: 12011: 12004: 11997: 11977: 11970: 11965: 11958: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11919: 11912: 11905: 11898: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11857: 11850: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11808: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11765: 11758: 11753: 11746: 11744:Northam Platinum 11739: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11704: 11697: 11690: 11683: 11676: 11669: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11621:Nu Metro Cinemas 11616: 11609: 11602: 11582: 11575: 11568: 11563: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11493: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11463:Land Systems OMC 11458: 11451: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11402: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11342: 11340:Bowman Gilfillan 11322: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11198: 11180: 11173: 11166: 11142: 11135: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11004: 10991: 10990: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10928:Livestock Wealth 10923: 10921:Liberty Holdings 10916: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10881: 10862: 10855: 10837: 10830: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10694: 10687: 10674: 10673: 10669: 10667:Solenta Aviation 10660: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10625: 10623:National Airways 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10556: 10549: 10547:Chancellor House 10542: 10535: 10528: 10501: 10494: 10487: 10478: 10477: 10385:CSIR Wind Tunnel 10327:SARB East London 10260:Government sites 10193:PetroSA Voorbaai 10188:Chevron Refinery 10133:Rustenburg Depot 10123:Langlaagte Depot 10118:Klerksdorp Depot 10031:processing sites 9774: 9767: 9760: 9751: 9750: 9735: 9734: 9723: 9722: 9622: 9621: 9490:Nojoli Wind Farm 9465:Khobab Wind Farm 9455:Karusa Wind Farm 9400:Dorper Wind Farm 9385:De Aar Wind Farm 9355:Castle Wind Farm 9345:Aurora Wind Farm 9282:Kathu Solar Park 9022: 9021: 8960: 8959: 8938:Renewable energy 8909: 8902: 8895: 8886: 8885: 8872: 8871: 8781:Energy subsidies 8735:Protective relay 8676:Rolling blackout 8303: 8302: 8293: 8261:Power-flow study 8201:Electrical fault 8145: 8138: 8131: 8122: 8121: 8107: 8106: 8104:Official website 8091: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7902:. Archived from 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7843: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7356:. Archived from 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7072:Dlulane, Bonga. 7069: 7063: 7062: 7061:. 24 March 2019. 7051: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6996:. Archived from 6985: 6979: 6978: 6972: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6951:. Archived from 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6715: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6409:on 29 March 2018 6405:. Archived from 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6348:. Archived from 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6265: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6178: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6147: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6120:on 17 March 2012 6119: 6113:. Archived from 6108: 6100: 6094: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6003: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5747:. Archived from 5736: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5366: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5284:Power Technology 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5232: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5154: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5118:. Archived from 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5064:. Archived from 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4980:. Archived from 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903:. Archived from 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4874:. Archived from 4873: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4674:Power Technology 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4594:. Archived from 4588: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4569:on 17 April 2015 4565:. Archived from 4559: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4170: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4094: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4055:Shange, Naledi. 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3599:The Conversation 3590: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3267:. Archived from 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3161:"Eskom Homepage" 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3134:. Archived from 3133: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3010: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2691: 2683: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2534: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2026: 1995:Operating profit 1912: 1911: 1867:Chief Executive 1857:Phakamani Hadebe 1478: 1477: 948: 947: 821: 800: 788: 776: 489:renewable energy 222: 220: 219: 205: 200: 195: 194: 188: 178: 173: 168: 167: 145: 140: 139: 119: 87: 85: 80: 31: 24: 20: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12149: 12137: 12129: 12120: 12115: 12108:Freightdynamics 12106: 12099: 12092: 12085: 12078: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12007: 12000: 11993: 11982: 11973: 11968: 11961: 11954: 11943: 11936: 11929: 11922: 11915: 11910:Mugg & Bean 11908: 11903:Debonairs Pizza 11901: 11894: 11887: 11881: 11872: 11865: 11860: 11853: 11846: 11839: 11832: 11827:Exclusive Books 11825: 11818: 11811: 11804: 11797: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11770: 11763:Simmer and Jack 11761: 11756: 11749: 11742: 11735: 11728: 11723:Impala Platinum 11721: 11714: 11707: 11700: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11654: 11647: 11640: 11633: 11626: 11619: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11587: 11580:New PowerChutes 11578: 11571: 11566: 11559: 11554:Truvelo Armoury 11552: 11545: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11517: 11510: 11505:Rembrandt Group 11503: 11496: 11489: 11482: 11477:Paramount Group 11475: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11440: 11433: 11426: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11398: 11387: 11378: 11371: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11327: 11320:Vision Software 11318: 11311: 11304: 11299: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11264: 11257: 11250: 11243: 11236: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11147: 11140:VBS Mutual Bank 11138: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11072:Mercantile Bank 11070: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10935:MiWay Insurance 10933: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10905: 10900:Evolution Group 10898: 10891: 10884: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10840: 10833: 10826: 10820:and engineering 10819: 10809: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10725: 10720:Command Airways 10718: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10672: 10665: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10616:Global Aviation 10614: 10607: 10600: 10593: 10584: 10577: 10570: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10511: 10505: 10475: 10470: 10444: 10362: 10356: 10255: 10218: 10212: 10073:Wilge TPL Depot 10043:Natref Refinery 10030: 10028: 10022: 9845: 9839: 9783: 9778: 9748: 9743: 9711: 9676: 9616: 9605: 9589: 9560:Umoya Wind Farm 9500:Nxuba Wind Farm 9470:Kouga Wind Farm 9410:Garob Wind Farm 9365:Coega Wind Farm 9360:Chaba Wind Farm 9326: 9245: 9209: 9193: 9189:Vanderkloof Dam 9142: 9121: 9016: 9005: 8984: 8955: 8949: 8916: 8913: 8883: 8878: 8860: 8844: 8842: 8835: 8766:Capacity factor 8754: 8752: 8745: 8725:Numerical relay 8703:Circuit breaker 8691: 8689: 8682: 8644: 8584:Load management 8554:Electrical grid 8519:Demand response 8512: 8507: 8498: 8479:Microgeneration 8431: 8346: 8294: 8285: 8281:Vehicle-to-grid 8154: 8149: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8088: 8072: 8070:Further reading 8067: 8066: 8056: 8054: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8019: 8015: 8005: 8003: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7953: 7951: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7915: 7911: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7883: 7881: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7853:. 10 March 2019 7845: 7844: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7801: 7799: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7640:Madia, Tshidi. 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7541:. 21 March 2020 7537: 7536: 7532: 7522: 7520: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7444: 7442: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7407: 7406: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7268: 7264: 7254: 7252: 7242: 7238: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7181:Businessinsider 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7131: 7121: 7117: 7107: 7105: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7070: 7066: 7053: 7052: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6986: 6982: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6956: 6955:on 3 April 2017 6949:"Archived copy" 6947: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6837: 6833: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6718:Check, Africa. 6716: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6540: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6012:Financial Times 6004: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5751:on 27 July 2017 5737: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5378: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5355: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5016:on 10 June 2011 5013: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4907:on 13 June 2020 4899: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4727:on 31 July 2020 4719: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4624:on 13 July 2009 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4598:on 20 July 2014 4590: 4589: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4563:"Supply status" 4561: 4560: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4477:on 8 March 2009 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4367:on 13 June 2010 4359: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4341:. November 1994 4333: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4263:on 26 July 2011 4260: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4129:on 3 March 2016 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3984:BusinessInsider 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3822: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3742: 3738: 3724: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3591: 3584: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3271:on 5 March 2018 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3218:. 7 August 2016 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3017: 3011: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2944: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2669: 2664: 2631: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551:Price increases 2536: 2532: 2524: 2481: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2411:Cyril Ramaphosa 2407: 2368: 2362: 2353: 2336: 2327: 2325:Municipal debts 2322: 2301: 2289:too big to fail 2250: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2024: 1910: 1869:André de Ruyter 1823: 1803: 1794: 1781: 1769: 1750: 1748:Future projects 1721:Vanderkloof Dam 1496: 1491: 1452: 1218: 1144: 1070: 970: 961: 946: 938: 933: 927: 919: 892:André de Ruyter 883: 881:COSATU response 870: 864: 823: 819: 811: 804: 801: 792: 789: 780: 777: 764: 664: 658: 647:(pictured) and 617: 574: 497: 454:sulphur dioxide 366:www.eskom.co.za 353: 331: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 239: 238: 213: 203: 184: 176: 161: 148: 120: 117: 116: 112: 83: 81: 78: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12206: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12147: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12097: 12090: 12083: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12033: 12031: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12012: 12005: 11998: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11966: 11959: 11951: 11949: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11934: 11927: 11920: 11913: 11906: 11899: 11896:Chicken Licken 11891: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11870: 11858: 11851: 11844: 11837: 11830: 11823: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11795: 11788: 11780: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11754: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11677: 11670: 11662: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11645: 11638: 11631: 11624: 11617: 11610: 11603: 11600:Arena Holdings 11595: 11593: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11576: 11564: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11536: 11533:Sling Aircraft 11529: 11522: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11376: 11364: 11357: 11354:Webber Wentzel 11350: 11343: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11316: 11309: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11231:Dimension Data 11227: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11174: 11167: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11058:FirstRand Bank 11054: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10997: 10995: 10988: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10874: 10872: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10856: 10848: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10831: 10823: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10734:Fly Blue Crane 10730: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10680: 10678: 10671: 10670: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10575: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10521: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10504: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10481: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10415:Denel Aviation 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10395:Denel Dynamics 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10366: 10364: 10361:Space, science 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10222: 10220: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10128:Meyerton Depot 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10103:Chevron Texaco 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10083:Chevron Alrode 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10029:fuel depot and 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9849: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9777: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9754: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9729: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 9619: 9617:power stations 9615:Decommissioned 9611: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9585:Wolf Wind Farm 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9540:Sere Wind Farm 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9287:KaXu Solar One 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9147:Hydro-electric 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9019: 9017:power stations 9011: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8966: 8964: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8889: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8841:Statistics and 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8791:Feed-in tariff 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8757: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8579:Interconnector 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8529:Dynamic demand 8526: 8521: 8515: 8513: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8459:Combined cycle 8456: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8311: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8236:Load-following 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8191:Electric power 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8148: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8097: 8096:External links 8094: 8093: 8092: 8086: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8038: 8013: 7987: 7961: 7935: 7909: 7891: 7864: 7835: 7809: 7791:Felix, Jason. 7783: 7758: 7747:. My Boardband 7735: 7723:Daily Maverick 7709: 7683: 7658: 7632: 7604: 7578: 7552: 7530: 7504: 7478: 7452: 7426: 7397: 7371: 7340: 7314: 7288: 7276:Daily Maverick 7262: 7236: 7218: 7193: 7167: 7141: 7129:Daily Maverick 7115: 7090: 7064: 7041: 7011: 6980: 6940: 6914: 6888: 6862: 6831: 6788: 6762: 6736: 6707: 6681: 6652: 6627: 6601: 6576: 6550: 6524: 6498: 6486:Daily Maverick 6472: 6446: 6420: 6389: 6363: 6333: 6307: 6295:Daily Maverick 6281: 6252: 6224: 6193: 6162: 6131: 6095: 6084: 6050: 6024: 5991: 5979:Daily Maverick 5965: 5939: 5927:Daily Maverick 5913: 5901:Daily Maverick 5887: 5862: 5836: 5810: 5788: 5762: 5726: 5700: 5674: 5648: 5622: 5596: 5575: 5549: 5523: 5498: 5472: 5446: 5418: 5388: 5379:|journal= 5353: 5323: 5297: 5271: 5246: 5239: 5211: 5168: 5161: 5133: 5103: 5079: 5053: 5027: 4995: 4965: 4939: 4918: 4892: 4881:on 29 May 2015 4860: 4835: 4803: 4777: 4752: 4738: 4712: 4686: 4661: 4635: 4609: 4580: 4549: 4514: 4488: 4462: 4430: 4404: 4378: 4352: 4326: 4300: 4274: 4241: 4215: 4189: 4140: 4114: 4086: 4073: 4047: 4035:Daily Maverick 4021: 3996: 3971: 3945: 3919: 3893: 3864: 3842: 3813: 3787: 3762: 3736: 3722: 3704:"Daily life", 3696: 3670: 3644: 3611: 3582: 3567: 3556: 3545: 3534:. 12 July 2020 3519: 3493: 3467: 3439: 3413: 3387: 3362: 3336: 3307: 3295:Daily Maverick 3282: 3251: 3229: 3207: 3178: 3152: 3120: 3099: 3074: 3059: 3052: 3034: 2990: 2964: 2933: 2907: 2881: 2867: 2841: 2815: 2790: 2765: 2747: 2742:indexmundi.com 2729: 2707: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2627: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2545:Daily Maverick 2525: 2523: 2520: 2516:Grant Thornton 2480: 2477: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2428:Pravin Gordhan 2406: 2403: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2300: 2297: 2252:In late 2016, 2249: 2246: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1885:Gwede Mantashe 1822: 1819: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1780: 1777: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1725:Northern Cape 1723: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1695:Sere Wind Farm 1691: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1595:KwaZulu-Natal 1593: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270:3,200 (4,800) 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 972: 963: 958: 955: 952: 945: 942: 937: 934: 929:Main article: 926: 923: 918: 915: 882: 879: 866:Main article: 863: 860: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 795: 793: 790: 783: 781: 778: 771: 763: 760: 739:Pravin Gordhan 735:Gwede Mantashe 733:and Ministers 687:involving the 657: 654: 616: 613: 573: 570: 496: 493: 414:power stations 382:public utility 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 352: 351: 345: 343: 337: 336: 333: 332: 330: 329: 236: 235: 234: 232: 226: 225: 214: 211: 208: 207: 189: 181: 180: 172:-18.9 billion 162: 157: 154: 153: 144:204.3 billion 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 113: 110: 107: 106: 93: 89: 88: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 51: 46: 43: 42: 40:Public utility 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12205: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12123: 12119: 12118: 12114: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12024: 12017: 12013: 12010: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11976: 11972: 11971: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11924:Roman's Pizza 11921: 11918: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11884: 11875: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11773: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11724: 11720: 11717: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11674:Asa Resources 11671: 11668: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11650: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11498:Rand Refinery 11495: 11492: 11488: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11460: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11421:All Joy Foods 11418: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11404: 11401: 11400:Adcock Ingram 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392:Manufacturing 11390: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11266:OTEL Telecoms 11263: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11165: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11154: 11141: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11107:Standard Bank 11104: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11041: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10985: 10981: 10978: 10974: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10960: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10925: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10907:Hollard Group 10904: 10901: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10868: 10861: 10857: 10854: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10816: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10675: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10645: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10555: 10554:Famous Brands 10551: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10518:conglomerates 10514: 10510: 10502: 10497: 10495: 10490: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10405:ArcelorMittal 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10342:SARB Pretoria 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10246:JL Dube House 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10138:Sasol Secunda 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10025: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9775: 9770: 9768: 9763: 9761: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9740: 9739: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9612: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:Khi Solar One 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9184:Steenbras Dam 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8956:organisations 8954:Companies and 8952: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933:Nuclear power 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8910: 8905: 8903: 8898: 8896: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8875: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8838: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8811:Pigouvian tax 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8748: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8708:Earth-leakage 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8685: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649:Failure modes 8647: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8599:Power station 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484:Rankine cycle 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:Cooling tower 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8307:Non-renewable 8304: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8226:Grid strength 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8181:Demand factor 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8073: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7880:. The Mercury 7879: 7875: 7868: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7746: 7739: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7540: 7534: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7329:. 20 May 2022 7328: 7324: 7318: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6804:(40): 47–64. 6803: 6799: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6269: 6262: 6256: 6241: 6234: 6228: 6213: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6182: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6088: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6039: 6035: 6032:Cowan, Kyle. 6028: 6013: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5689:. 24 May 2018 5688: 5684: 5678: 5663:. 24 May 2018 5662: 5658: 5652: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5537: 5536:citizen.co.za 5533: 5527: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5461: 5460:Quartz Africa 5457: 5450: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5311: 5310:Bloomberg.com 5307: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5242: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5089: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5042:on 9 May 2015 5041: 5037: 5031: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4928: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4877: 4870: 4864: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3869: 3852: 3846: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3376: 3375:Polity.org.za 3372: 3366: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3296: 3293: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3239: 3233: 3217: 3211: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3137: 3130: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2718: 2711: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2578: 2577:MediaWiki.org 2574: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2372: 2367: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2331: 2320:Controversies 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2263:Goldman Sachs 2259: 2258:credit rating 2255: 2245: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 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