Epigraphy - Knowledge

568: 1677:, held great amounts of property, both real and portable, the latter taking the form either of more or less precious offerings dedicated in the temple and its surrounding buildings, or of coined money. The inscriptions accordingly record gifts and acquisitions of landed property, leases and assignments, payments of rent and fines for default, loans and interest and many other business transactions suitable to a great landed proprietor or to a bank. They therefore throw much light upon the social and economic conditions of ancient life, such as are nowhere else recorded. Again, the lists of offerings dedicated in the temple and other buildings enable us to realise almost visually the appearance of their contents. These are described as being on the floor, on the walls, on shelves or in cases; they consisted of vases and other objects suitable for use in the temple service; ornaments and jewels; statuettes, mostly in gold and silver; weapons and tools; coined money; and 1868: 2038:

the cities concerned, or in common religious centres such as Olympia and Delphi. The simplest form of treaty is merely an alliance for a certain term of years, usually with some penalty for any breach of the conditions. Often an oath was prescribed, to be taken by representatives on each side; it was also not unusual to appeal to the god in whose temple the treaty was exhibited. In other cases a list of gods by whom the two parties must swear is prescribed. Commercial clauses were sometimes added to treaties of alliance, and commercial treaties are also found, agreeing as to the export and import of merchandise and other things. In later days, especially in the time of the Hellenistic kings, treaties tend to become more complicated and detailed in their provisions.

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dedications of altars, records of building or of engineering works accomplished. The facts directly commemorated are rarely important." But when the information from hundreds of such inscriptions is collected together, "you can trace the whole policy of the Imperial Government in the matter of recruiting, to what extent and till what date legionaries were raised in Italy; what contingents for various branches of the service were drawn from the provinces, and which provinces provided most; how far provincials garrisoned their own countries, and which of them, like the British recruits, were sent as a measure of precaution to serve elsewhere; or, finally, at what epoch the empire grew weak enough to require the enlistment of barbarians from beyond its frontiers."

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and dances are also matters of constant reference, especially in connection with lyrical or musical contests; the victorious band or performer often dedicated the prize in honour of the god. A special form of contest was that in dramatic performances, of which many records have survived, both from Athens and from many other parts of the Greek world. The regulation of athletic festivals, and the records of victors in their contests, also form a numerous class of inscriptions. As regards mysteries, though there are numerous regulations affecting the arrangement of celebrations and the conduct of those participating, there is, as was to be expected, very little concerning the actual performances.

60: 2731:), either beginning with the lower and proceeding step by step to the higher, or in reverse order with the highest first. Religious and priestly offices are usually mentioned before civil and political ones. These might be exercised either in Rome itself, or in the various municipalities of the empire. There was also a distinction drawn between offices that might be held only by persons of senatorial rank, those that were assigned to persons of equestrian rank, and those of a less distinguished kind. It follows that when only a portion of an inscription has been found, it is often possible to restore the whole in accordance with the accepted order. 1085: 2001: 1455:

these were intended to preserve for all time the records which they contained; but others must have been of only temporary interest. It seems, therefore, the more remarkable that they should have been incised on permanent material such as bronze, marble or stone – and incised in the first instance, with a care and perfection of technique which have led to their survival to the present day, so as to preserve for us invaluable evidence as to the life and institutions of the people who made them. Temporary and permanent value are therefore often combined in the same inscription. For instance, any Athenian citizen, visiting the

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the inscription should be set up. The formulae and preambles of such decrees vary considerably from place to place, and from period to period. Those of Athens are by far the most exactly known, owing to the immense number that have been discovered; and they are so strictly stereotyped that can be classified with the precision of algebraic formulae, and often dated to within a few years by this test alone. Very full lists for this purpose have been drawn up by epigraphist Wilhelm Larfeld, in his work on the subject. It is usual to record the year (by the name of the eponymous archon), the day of the month and of the

48: 72: 1822:, it was prescribed that "no horse, ass, mule, nor any other animal with a bushy tail should enter, and that nobody should bring such animals in or wear shoes or any article produced from pigs. There is also a fine for driving in sheep." Other precincts were protected in a more general manner from any invasion or violation. It was prohibited to cut wood or to remove earth and stones, or to drive any beasts into some precincts; the right of erecting booths was either restricted or denied altogether. Sometimes more detailed prescriptions are given for the whole organisation of a festival; thus, at 1885:

regulations, which were duly recorded in inscriptions; they varied greatly both in purpose and in character. Many of them had a definitely religious purpose, in the worship of certain gods; sometimes an alien community was given special permission to worship its own god or gods in its own way. Other associations were more social in character and served as clubs, or as burial societies. An interesting feature about such associations is that the lists of members of many of them include the names of women and of slaves, thus contrasting with the paternal basis of established religion in Greece.

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his familiar surroundings, not to make him live in the memory of his successors. The information which we derive from such inscriptions is invaluable to us; but such was not the intention with which they were made. On the other hand, inscriptions which were intended to be seen by the public and to perpetuate a record of events, or to supply useful information, were usually placed in places of common resort, above all in temples and sacred precincts. Sometimes they were cut on convenient rock faces, sometimes upon the walls of temples or other buildings. Most frequently the slabs of marble (

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especially in Mesopotamian statues or reliefs, they are cut right across the figures without any regard to the artistic effect. In late Greek or Roman work it is usual to cut any inscription relative to a statue or relief upon the basis on which this is mounted; but short inscriptions such as dedications or artists' signatures are often placed in some inconspicuous position upon the work itself. In the case of painted vases, the inscriptions relative to the subject represented are usually painted; but dedications and other inscriptions are often incised after the vase has been fired.

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cases a priest or priestess was allowed to take up a collection on certain days. On the other hand, the duties of a priest are often recorded; he had to see to the cleaning and care of the temple and its contents, to provide flowers and garlands for decorations and to supply the regular daily service. Sacrifices on great occasions were usually provided by the State, as also were important repairs; but in some cases a priest undertook these on his own account, and was honoured accordingly – for instance, by being allowed to inscribe his name in the restored temple.

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board of officials to render to their successors an account of their stewardship, and of the resources and treasures which they handed over. In all cases of public works, the expenditure was ordered by the State, and detailed reports were drawn up and inscribed on stone at intervals while the work was being carried out. In many cases there is a detailed specification of building work which makes it possible, not only to realise all the technical details and processes employed, but also the whole plan and structure of a building. A notable instance is the

1008: 1554:. The distinction between the two is not always easy to draw; for in almost all ancient civilisations religion was a part of the established service of the State, and was under public control, or at least was closely bound up with political administration. It follows that many inscriptions relating to religious matters take the form of political decrees or state documents, and therefore might, especially as far as form is concerned, be included in either category; but it is usually possible to classify them according to their contents and intention. 2029:

centuries, how what was originally a system of physical and military training for Athenian youths from age of 18 to 20, with outpost and police duties, was gradually transformed. In later times there were added to the instructors in military exercises others who gave lectures on what we should now call arts and science subjects; so that in the Hellenistic and Roman times, when youths from all parts of the civilised world flocked to Athens as an intellectual centre, the ephebic system became a kind of cosmopolitan university.

1472: 1304:. But the change was already in process in private inscriptions, and even in official documents Ionic forms are sometimes found earlier. Inscriptions are dated in various ways, mostly by giving the name of a king, magistrate or priest. In the case of kings, they only give an approximate date, unless the year of his reign is given also. But in the case of most independent cities, the date is given by the name of an annual magistrate, and thus the year is precisely indicated. At Athens, the name used was that of the 1774: 1138: 2353: 1761:, the torch-bearer, and others who took part in the celebration of the mysteries. At Olympia, in later Greek times, we find a remarkable list of officials, that is: three priests, three libation pourers, two prophets, three custodians (of keys), a flute-player, an interpreter, a priest for the daily sacrifice, a secretary, a wine-pourer, three dancers at libations, a woodman (to supply wood for the sacrifices), and a steward and cook – the last no sinecure, in view of the numerous sacrificial feasts. 1722: 321: 1397: 1734:

the purpose, either by election or by lot. The duties and privileges of priests are recorded in many inscriptions, and vary considerably from place to place. It is recorded, for instance, what portions of a victim at any sacrifice were to be received by the priest. In any important temple this must evidently have been far more than the priest or his family could consume, and accordingly it must have been sold, and so constituted a considerable source of income. Consequently, a

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construction. The same applies to leaden water pipes which frequently bear dates and names of officials. Terracotta lamps also frequently have their makers' names and other information stamped upon them. Arms, and especially shields, sometimes bear the name and corps of their owners. Leaden discs were also used to serve the same purpose as modern identification discs. Inscriptions are also found on sling bullets – Roman as well as Greek; there are also numerous classes of

293: 7552: 9249: 8265: 2561: 2752:. Another kind of artist's or artificer's signature that is commoner in Roman times is to be found in the signatures of potters upon lamps and various kinds of vessels; they are usually impressed on the mould and stand out in relief on the terracotta or other material. These are of interest as giving much information as to the commercial spread of various kinds of handicrafts, and also as to the conditions under which they were manufactured. 1578: 1344: 502: 1685:. In addition to such general lists, there are also innumerable records of various gifts and acquisitions, whether of land and houses, or of movable property of all sorts. Buildings and repairs are also recorded, sometimes by the State, sometimes by individuals, whose piety and generosity are suitably honoured. In form, these are often hardly to be distinguished from public works of a secular character, which must be mentioned later. 855: 2234:. Many of them have been collected, and they form an interesting addition to the Greek anthology. In later times it becomes usual to give more elaborate praise of the deceased; but this is hardly ever so detailed and fulsome as on more modern tombstones. The age and other facts about the deceased are occasionally given, but not nearly so often as on Latin tombstones, which offer valuable statistical information in this respect. 596: 33: 9259: 1051: 2647:; but we do not, as a rule, owe our knowledge of these to inscriptions, which are very rare in this earlier period. In imperial times, to which most Latin inscriptions belong, international relations were subject to the universal domination of Rome, and consequently the documents relating to them are concerned with reference to the central authority, and often take the form of orders from the emperor. 2818: 1165:, which first gave the clue to the interpretation of Egyptian writing, hieroglyphic, hieratic and Greek versions of the same decree are given side by side. Its date is 195 BC. The Mesopotamian linear symbols developed mainly for technical reasons, into a wedge-shaped or cuneiform system, which was adopted in modified forms and applied to different languages through some thousands of years, 1681:, mostly melted down from old offerings. The detailed care that was taken in this last case, to ensure that the full weight of these objects was preserved, whether made into a new vessel or not, is recorded in other inscriptions. These elaborate inventories were checked and revised by each successive board of administrators, and gave the best possible security against any robbery or 1765:

temple is recorded. It is often difficult to know whether such slaves were intended for the service of a temple, or, on the other hand, such service was either purely formal or was not required at all, the sale to the temple being intended as fictitious, so as to enable a slave to acquire his own freedom and at the same time to secure the protection of the god in his free status.

1113:), stone metal or other material upon which the inscriptions were incised were set up in convenient positions to be read, in any places of public resort. This was the method of publication of all laws, decrees and official notices, of treaties and contracts, of honours to officials or private citizens, of religious dedications and prescriptions of ritual. Inscribed 1076:, including Phoenician, read from right to left; and the earliest Greek inscriptions follow the same direction. But the direction from left to right became regular in Greece after the 6th century BC, and consequently is adopted by the Romans and in all European systems. The individual letters or symbols usually face in the same direction as the writing, as a whole. 1854:. Here have been found, on large slabs of inscription, compiled, in all probability, from earlier documents, lists of the cures effected by Apollo and Asclepius. The cures are of the most varied kinds, from painful diseases or surgical cases to a lost boy and a broken cup. The formula is in almost all cases the same: the consultant come to Epidaurus, sleeps in the 726:

century, usually exactly aligned with the letters above and below, as well as those on each side. At that time all the strokes were made of equal thickness, but in the 4th century BC and later there came in the custom of holding the chisel obliquely to the surface, thus producing a wedge-shaped stroke. A similar custom in Mesopotamia gave rise to the so-called

2438:. This is, however, not in the form of a ritual prescription, but a detailed record of the due performance of the rite. An important class of documents is the series of calendars that have been found in Rome and in the various Italian towns. These give notice of religious festivals and anniversaries, and also of the days available for various purposes. 1941:), or both. The circumstances or the reason of the resolution are then given, and finally the decision itself. Some other cities followed Athens in the form of their decrees, with such local variations as were required; others were more independent in their development, and different magistracies or forms of government had various results. In the 2507:

follows the text of the law; and finally the sanction, the statement that the law was passed. In decrees of the senate the formula differs somewhat. They begin with a preamble giving the names of the consulting magistrates, the place and conditions of the meeting; then comes the subject submitted for decision, ending with the formula

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those in which the inscription existed independently for its own sake, or for the sake of the information which it recorded, and the object on which it was inscribed was either made for the purpose, as a slab of marble or plate of bronze, or was made use of, as in the case of a convenient wall or the surface of a rock, or even a

1315:, which is familiar to us from later Greek and Roman writers, was rarely used in early Greece, except in connection with athletic victories. Many inscriptions are dated from various local eras, often based upon historical events, such as the foundation of a town or festival, the organisation of a province, or even a visit of an 7021: 1533:, of using again old Greek statues and placing new dedicatory inscriptions on them in Roman times, a sort of "recycling": for instance, one of the statues of Athenian knights of the 5th century BC placed at the entrance of the Acropolis, had a later inscription cut on its base to make it serve as an equestrian statue of 2289:. These are of great number and variety, and while some of them can be easily interpreted as belonging to well-known formulae, others offer considerable difficulty, especially to the inexperienced student. Often the same initial may have many different meanings according to the context. Some common formulae such as 1985:-slips at the different harbours of the Piraeus, and of the ships of the Athenian navy, with their names and condition. In short, there is no department of state economy and financial administration that is not abundantly illustrated by the record of inscriptions. A set of records of high historical value are the 673:. In this case the symbols were incised or impressed on specially prepared tablets when the clay was soft, and it was subsequently hardened by fire. In Greece, many inscriptions on vases were painted before firing, in that case often having reference to the scenes represented, or incised after firing; potsherds ( 1326:, or other indications or titles, as in the corresponding Latin inscriptions. In later times, the dating is commonly by "Indiction"; but as this only gives the number of the year within the 15-year period, but leaves that period undefined, such dating is very inconvenient except for merely temporary use. In the 2722:

Honorary inscriptions are extremely common in all parts of the Roman world. Sometimes they are placed on the bases of statues, sometimes in documents set up to record some particular benefaction or the construction of some public work. The offices held by the person commemorated, and the distinctions

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As regards the contents of inscriptions, there must evidently be a considerable difference between records of a number of independent city states and an empire including almost all the civilised world; but municipalities maintained much of their independent traditions in Roman times, and consequently

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verses were written, curving about among figures, and giving a description of each scene. The bases of statues and reliefs often had inscriptions cut upon them for identification and record. This was particularly the case with honorary statues and tombstones. In other cases, where there is an evident

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The position or place of inscriptions depends greatly upon their purpose or intention. When they have a direct relation to the sculptures, reliefs or paintings with which they are associated, they often form a kind of pattern to fill the background or vacant spaces between the figures; but sometimes,

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The direction of the writing varies greatly in different places and times. The letters or symbols may be arranged vertically below one another, and read from top to bottom, or horizontally, either from right to left or from left to right; they may also be arranged in a kind of pattern – in which case

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at Olympia. Occasionally, and more frequently in later times, the artist's signature was carved upon some portion of the statue itself. But in later copies of well-known works, it has to be considered whether the name is that of the original artist or of the copyist who reproduced his work. (see for

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in doubtful or difficult cases; there the exact method of procedure is sometimes recorded, as well as the response of the oracle. Forms of worship are often prescribed or recorded, especially hymns, which are sometimes inscribed together with their musical notation. The performance of songs or hymns

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Inscriptions may be roughly divided into two main classes: those in which the inscription was subservient to the use or purpose of the object on which it was inscribed, or at any rate had a direct relation to that object – for example, the name of the owner or the record of dedication to a god – and

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Some kind of punctuation is often found in inscriptions of all kinds. In Greek inscriptions a vertical line or a dot, or dots, sometimes indicates the separation between sentences or words, but words are seldom separated by spaces as in modern printing, so that the text is continuous and no division

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of which four volumes came out, again at Berlin, 1825–1877. This marked a first attempt at a comprehensive publication of Greek inscriptions copied from all over the Greek-speaking world. Only advanced students still consult it, for better editions of the texts have superseded it. The second, modern

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is added at the end, to indicate that the decree was passed. In imperial times, the emperor sometimes addressed a speech to the senate, advising them to pass certain resolutions, or else, especially in later times, gave orders or instructions directly, either on his own initiative or in response to

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were appointed by name to arbitrate, and when the decision was disputed, 31 from among them revised and confirmed it. In all such cases it was the custom for a full record to be preserved on stone and set up in the places concerned. In this case the initiative in referring the matter to arbitration

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It is to be noticed that this order of service contains a prohibition as well as a prescription. Such prohibitions are frequent, and often relate to the need of ceremonial purity in all worshippers entering a sacred precinct. They must for a certain time have abstained from certain prescribed means

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Inscriptions give much information as to priests and other religious officials. There are in the first place lists of priests, some of them covering long periods and even going back to mythical times; there are also lists of treasures and administrators, who were usually lay officials appointed for

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was often a kind of religious corporation under the control of the State; and its accounts and details of administration were made public at frequent intervals, usually annually, by means of inscriptions, exhibited to public view in its precinct. Many such inscriptions have been found, and supply a

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clasping hands, as representatives of their respective cities. In other cases, the arms or device of a city is carved on an inscription, almost like a seal on a document. In all these cases the figures and the inscription are part of a common design, whether carried out by the same hand or not. But

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In Egypt, inscriptions were often inscribed or painted upon inner walls of tombs, whether they referred to religious belief or ritual, or to the honours and possessions of the deceased; they were intended for his benefit and convenience rather than for the information of others, so as to perpetuate

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Apart from numerals, the use of initials in the place of complete words was not common in early times. It became, however, very frequent in Roman inscriptions, which sometimes are made up almost entirely of such abbreviations and can only be understood by those familiar with the formulae. A list of

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for units. The other Greek system followed that derived from the Phoenicians, using the letters of the alphabet in their conventional order from one to nine, 10 to 90 and 100 to 900; in this arrangement obsolete letters were retained in their original places so as to give the requisite number of 27

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Early inscriptions, which are often amateur work, are frequently very irregular in their cutting. But in almost all examples of later work, the inscriptions are evidently cut by professionals, and there are definite styles and methods belonging to various places and periods. In Egypt, for instance,

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The character of the writing, the subject of epigraphy, is a matter quite separate from the nature of the text, which is studied in itself. Texts inscribed in stone are usually for public view and so they are essentially different from the written texts of each culture. Not all inscribed texts are

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and many other works of public utility. In inscriptions of early period often nothing is given but the name of the person who built or restored the edifice and a statement that he had done so. But later it was usual to give more detail as to the motive of the building, the name of the emperor or a

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in Italy; it takes the form of a message from the magistrates, stating the authority on which they acted. Laws all follow a fixed formula, according to the body which has passed them. First there is a statement that the legislative body was consulted by the appropriate magistrate in due form; then

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In addition to inscriptions which are concerned with the internal affairs of various cities, there are many others recording treaties or other agreements of an international character between various cities and states. These were incised on bronze or stone, and set up in places of public resort in

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A very large number of inscriptions are in the form of decrees of various cities and peoples, even when their subject matter suggests that they should be classified under other headings. Almost all legislative and many administrative measures take this form; often a decree prescribes how and where

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Another elements in Greek religion which is known to us almost exclusively by means of inscriptions, is to be found in the religious associations that existed in many Greek cities, apart from the organisation of state religion, though sometimes recognised by it. These associations had each its own

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There were also many more menial offices in the service of temples which were carried out by slaves. Such slaves were often presented to the temple or acquired in some other way. There is a whole class of inscriptions, found on many sites, in which the sale of slaves to a temple or to the god of a

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was an office well paid and much sought after; and we actually find in later Greek times, especially in Asia Minor, that priesthoods were frequently sold, under proper guarantees and with due sureties as to the duties being carried out. Sometimes a fee to the priest had to be paid in cash; in some

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after his victories. Most of the great temples being of immemorial sanctity, it is hardly to be expected that any records of their foundation should be found in inscriptions. But on the other hand we have many accounts of the dedication of new temples, either by states or communities or by private

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chronicles of the victories or exploits of kings, as in Egypt and Mesopotamia, serve as a record of the events, and help to interpret the scenes. Such inscriptions are not common in Greek or Roman work; but frequently, especially in early Greek times, and on vases, the names of persons and even of

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are carefully and delicately cut in early times, and in later periods become more careless and conventional. In Greece, the best work was done in the 5th and 4th centuries BC in Athens; the letters were all exact and regular in shape, with no adventitious ornaments, and were, especially in the 5th

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These are very numerous; and the custom of placing the name of the dedicator in a conspicuous place on the building was prevalent, especially in the case of dedications by emperors or officials, or by public bodies. Restoration or repair was often recorded in the same manner. In the case of small

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These inscriptions are of special interest as throwing much light upon the history of art. The artist's name was usually, especially in earlier times, carved upon the base of the pedestal of a statue, and consequently was easily separated from it if the statue was carried off or destroyed. A case

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and of their guardians and instructors, but also decrees in honour of their services, especially in taking their due part in religious and other ceremonies, and resolutions of the ephebi themselves in honour of their officials. It is possible to trace in the inscriptions, which range over several

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and political decrees; regulations for all matters, civil and religious; accounts and contracts, public and private; treaties between states; records of public and private benefactions and dedications, and all matters of administration; honours to the living and to the memory of the dead. Many of

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In most alphabetic systems there are also found in inscriptions certain symbols which are not strictly alphabetic or phonetic in character. The commonest of these are the various systems of numerals that are used in different times and places. It is impossible here to give any full description of

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Another series of records of great historical interest is concerned with arbitration between various states on various questions, mainly concerned with frontiers. In cases of dispute it was not uncommon for the two disputants to appoint a third party as arbitrator. Sometimes this third party was

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It was customary to inscribe on stone all records of the receipt, custody and expenditure of public money or treasure, so that citizens could verify for themselves the safety and due control of the State in all financial matters. As in the case of temple accounts, it was usual for each temporary

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A special form of prayer consists of curses, which were often buried in the ground, probably with the intent to reach the infernal gods. Such curses often give the reason for their being made, usually some injury done to the author of the curse; sometimes they devote the offender to the infernal

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is arranged geographically: all inscriptions from Rome are contained in volume 6. This volume has the greatest number of inscriptions; volume 6, part 8, fascicle 3 was just recently published (2000). Specialists depend on such on-going series of volumes in which newly discovered inscriptions are

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These are probably the most numerous of all classes of inscriptions; and though many of them are of no great individual interest, they convey, when taken collectively, much valuable information as to the distribution and transference of population, as to trades and professions, as to health and

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A priesthood was frequently a political office and consequently is mentioned along with political honours in the list of a man's distinctions. The priesthoods that a man had held are usually mentioned first in inscriptions before his civil offices and distinctions. Religious offices, as well as

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Besides priests, we find many other officials of various ranks attached to temples and recorded in inscriptions. Some of these, especially those who were concerned with buildings or constructions, or with the inventories of temple treasures and the accounts of administration, were lay officials

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For us, accustomed as we are to a vast mass of books, newspapers and other printed or digital documents, it is difficult to realise the extensive use and great convenience assigned to inscriptions in ancient times. Not only were public announcements of all sorts, such as we should make known by

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The hieroglyphic symbols naturally tended to be conventionalised and simplified for convenience of cutting, in accordance with the materials and tools employed. In many cases they developed from a pictorial to a linear form. It is possible that some of these linear forms may not be derived from

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These vary greatly in content, and are among the most important documents concerning the administration of the Roman Empire. "They are numerous and of all sorts – tombstones of every degree, lists of soldiers' burial clubs, certificates of discharge from service, schedules of time-expired men,

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The earliest Phoenician inscriptions known date from about the 10th century BC, and the alphabet remained in use down to the 3rd century BC. Some believe this was modified and adopted by the Greeks at an uncertain date; the earliest Greek inscriptions are generally dated in the 7th century BC.

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Both Egyptian and Mesopotamian inscriptions go back to an extremely early date; it is at present uncertain which is the earlier, but both show, before 3500 BC and possibly much earlier, a complete, organised system of writing which implies many centuries of development behind it. The Egyptian

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in Crete. Here an inscription of great length is incised on the slabs of a theatre-shaped structure in 12 columns of 50 lines each; it is mainly concerned with the law of inheritance, adoption, etc. Doubtless similar inscriptions were set up in many places in Greece. An interesting series of

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The ritual appropriate to different divinities and temples varied greatly from place to place; and it was, therefore, necessary or desirable to set up notices in all public places of worship for the information and guidance of worshippers. The commonest and most essential act of worship was

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Most of what has been said about Greek inscriptions applies to Roman also. The commonest materials in this case also are stone, marble and bronze; but a more extensive use is made of stamped bricks and tiles, which are often of historical value as identifying and dating a building or other

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The great majority of these fall into one of the classes already referred to. But there are some instances in which an inscription is set up merely as a record. For instance, a victor in athletic or other contests may set up a list of his victories. The most famous historical record is the

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The various colleges for religious purposes were very numerous. Many of them, both in Rome and Italy, and in provincial municipalities, were of the nature of priesthoods. Some were regarded as offices of high distinction and were open only to men of senatorial rank; among these were the

2321:) offer little difficulty, but there are many which are not so obvious and leave room for conjecture. Often the only way to determine the meaning is to search through a list of initials, such as those given by modern Latin epigraphists, until a formula is found which fits the context. 1713:

individuals. In almost all such cases it was necessary to obtain sanction for the foundation from the State; thus the inscription often takes the form of a decree of the people authorising the foundation of the temple and often giving some privileges to the founder or founders.

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The science of epigraphy has been developing steadily since the 16th century. Principles of epigraphy vary culture by culture, and the infant science in Europe initially concentrated on Latin inscriptions. Individual contributions have been made by epigraphers such as

2714:, by a city or state. The relation was then recorded, usually on a bronze tablet placed in some conspicuous position in the town concerned. The patron probably also kept a copy in his house, or had a portable tablet which would ensure his recognition and reception. 642:, was white marble, which takes an admirably clear lettering, but is liable to weathering of the surface if exposed, and to wear if rebuilt into pavements or similar structures. Many other kinds of stone, both hard and soft, were often used, especially crystalline 8401: 2073:

of another State; his duties would then be to offer help and hospitality to any citizen of that other State who might be visiting his city, and to assist him in any dispute or in securing his legal rights. The office has been compared to the modern appointment of

1834:, the dress of the participants, the officials and policing, are very fully described. Similarly, in the Hall of the Iobacchi, at Athens, the order of proceedings, the officers and the characters in the sacred play, and various administrative details are ordered. 2576:

A very large number of inscriptions record the construction or repair of public buildings by private individuals, by magistrates, Roman or provincial, and by emperors. In addition to the dedication of temples, we find inscriptions recording the construction of

1144:

The study of inscriptions supplies an important contribution to the history of many lands and peoples. In some cases, as in Egypt and Mesopotamia, it forms almost the only source of information in the absence of literary records; in others, as in Greece and

2784:

Many of these inscriptions might well be assigned to one of the categories already considered. But there are some which were expressly made to commemorate an important event, or to preserve a record. Among the most interesting is the inscription of the

7756: 1054:) was used to indicate the beginning of an inscription, especially when its direction was erratic. Christian inscriptions sometimes begin with a cross, which doubtless had a symbolic meaning; and a leaf or other device was often placed at the end. 1908:

inscriptions deals with the conditions under which colonists were sent out from various cities, and the measures that were taken to secure their rights as citizens. A bronze tablet records in some detail the arrangements of this sort made when

1837:

When there is any doubt about any ritual or procedure, divination is often resorted to, and the results of such divination are recorded in inscriptions as a guidance for the future; it was also a common practice to consult Delphi or some other

6361: 2276:

inscriptions may be classified on much the same lines as Greek; but certain broad distinctions may be drawn at the outset. They are generally more standardised as to form and as to content, not only in Rome and Italy, but also throughout the

115:, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a 6349: 1974:, we have not only a detailed report on the unfinished state of the building in 409 BC, but also accounts of the expenditure and payments to the workmen employed in finishing it. Similar accounts have been preserved of the building of the 750:

Inscriptions vary greatly in size according to the position where they were intended to be read, their purpose, and the skill of the cutter. Some inscriptions are of great length, the longest, a statement of accounts of the temple at

4426:

Formed in 1974 by Professor Barry Fell of Harvard University and Professor Norman Totten of Bentley College, its journal, the Epigraphic Society Occasional Papers (ESOP), is shelved by numerous universities and research institutions

1463:, could satisfy themselves at first hand as to treaties or decrees of the people, public accounts or state income and expenditure. And at the same time these documents preserved for all time much history, both social and political. 1529:

in the case of owners' marks or names cut on vases or other objects, or of the dedication of such objects, the inscription is not necessarily contemporary; it may indeed be misleading, as in the case, mentioned with disapproval by

2098:

This class of inscription is in form not unlike the last, except that honours recorded are given for all sorts of services, private and public, to the State and to individuals. A frequent addition is an invitation to dine in the

3744: 661:; and inscriptions were often incised on vessels made of any of these metals. Inscriptions on metal were nearly always incised, not cast. An important class of inscriptions are the legends on coins; these were struck from the 6746: 2739:

When these are attached to statues, it is sometimes doubtful whether the name is that of the man who actually made the statue, or of the master whose work it reproduces. Thus there are two well-known copies of a statue of

2608:) and finally the appropriate verb for the work done, whether building, restoring, enlarging or otherwise improving. Other details are sometimes added, such as the name of the man under whose direction the work was done. 1545:

The majority of inscriptions are of independent value and interest, the object on which they are cut being either provided for the purpose or utilised as convenient and suitable. Such inscriptions may be classified as

738:

or ornamental ends to the strokes, a custom which prevails to the present day in our ordinary capital letters. The custom of making different strokes and different parts of curves of varying thickness became common in

182:) is any sort of text, from a single grapheme (such as marks on a pot that abbreviate the name of the merchant who shipped commodities in the pot) to a lengthy document (such as a treatise, a work of literature, or a 6988: 1945:, and later, the forms of independent government were, to a great extent, kept up, though little real power remained with the people. On the other hand, it is common thing to find letters from kings, and later from 2907:, this monument is not to pass to the heir). The person who has erected the monument and his relation to the deceased are often stated; or if a man has prepared the tomb in his lifetime, this also may be stated, 2494:(law) is usually applied to all decrees of the senate or other bodies, whether of legislative or of administrative character. It is therefore, best to consider all together under the heading of public decrees. 2338:

The classification of Roman inscriptions may, therefore, follow the same lines as the Greek, except that certain categories are absent, and that some others, not found in Greek, are of considerable importance.

7751: 1273:

in AD 1121. The series of Byzantine inscriptions continues practically without interruption to the present day; and Latin retains its use as a universal language in religious, public and private inscriptions.

6337: 2213:

This is by far the most numerous class of inscriptions, both Greek and Latin. In early times there is often no record beyond the name of the deceased in Athens, often with the name of his father and his

2801:; this, however, is not the original, but a later and somewhat modified version. A document of high importance is a summary of the life and achievements of Augustus, already mentioned, and known as the 1898:

Ancient writers state that the earliest laws of Athens were inscribed upon tablets of wood, put together in a pyramidal shape. These, owing to their material, have perished; but we have some very early

8470: 488:

was lost as a result of the Spanish Conquest of Central America. However, recent work by Maya epigraphers and linguists has yielded a considerable amount of information on this complex writing system.

2879:. These are followed by the name of the deceased, usually with his father's name and his tribe, by his honours and distinctions, sometimes by a record of his age. The inscription often concludes with 2218:. Sometimes a word or two of conventional praise is added, such as "a good and wise man". Occasionally the circumstances of death are alluded to, especially if it took place in battle or at sea. Such 1256:

colony. There are a few very early Roman inscriptions; but they do not become common until the 3rd century BC; from that time the letters took much the same forms as they preserve to the present day.

151:, however, to determine and interpret the events recorded by the inscription as document. Often, epigraphy and history are competences practised by the same person. Epigraphy is a primary tool of 7907: 7547: 1121:. Inscriptions commemorative of victories or other great events were only in exceptional cases erected upon the spot; more often such memorials were set up in some great religious centre such as 7016: 433:

arranged geographically under categories: decrees, catalogues, honorary titles, funeral inscriptions, various, all presented in Latin, to preserve the international neutrality of the field of

2111:. Later it became usual to give, in some detail, the reasons for the honours awarded; and in Hellenistic and Roman times, these became more and more detailed and fulsome in laudatory detail. 1933:(or presiding commission according to tribes), various secretaries, the presiding officials and the proposer of the decree. It is also stated whether the resolution is passed by the senate ( 1048:

of words exists. This is particularly the case with Greek inscriptions of the best period. In Roman inscriptions it was usual to separate the words by dots. In certain inscriptions a cross (

7947: 6134: 7123: 2594:

magistrate giving the date, the authority for the building and the names and distinctions of the builders; then follows a description of the building, the source of the expenditure (e.g.,

8965: 8340: 1860:, has dreams or sees visions, and comes out whole. In later times, when such faith-healing had probably become less efficacious, elaborate prescriptions of diet and hygiene are recorded. 8352: 6332: 2168:

of the work of these painters, and unsigned vases also have been grouped with the signed ones, so as to make an exact and detailed record of this branch of Greek artistic production.

394:, begun by Mommsen and other scholars, has been published in Berlin since 1863, with wartime interruptions. It is the largest and most extensive collection of Latin inscriptions. New 8396: 8065: 7118: 6751: 6310: 7033: 1319:. The number of these eras in later times, especially in Asia Minor, becomes very bewildering. In Attic decrees, and some others, it was also usual to give the day of the month. 8550: 8526: 8494: 8384: 2413:) is therefore often added. Bequests made under the wills of rich citizens are frequently recorded by inscriptions; these might either be for religious or for social purposes. 8538: 8433: 2082:

is always a citizen of the state in which he resides, not of that whose citizens and interests he assists. The decrees upon this matter frequently record the appointment of a

1438:. The walls of buildings are often covered with such inscriptions, especially if they are in a conspicuous or convenient position, and so offer an obvious means of publicity. 7137: 6734: 8597: 6102: 2205:, is a chronological record of Greek history, probably made for educational purposes, and valuable as giving the traditional dates of events from the earliest time down. 1513:

relation between the artistic representation and the inscription, the figures are subordinate and seem merely to illustrate the text, as when a treaty between Athens and

7866: 6443: 8779: 6298: 1802:

and to Apollo the leader of the Nymphs, the worshipper may, if he so choose, sacrifice a male and a female victim. It is not permissible to offer a sheep or a pig. No

996:– M, D, C, L, X, V, I (for 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1) is generally supposed to have arisen from the adaptation of those symbols in the Greek alphabet which the 8825: 8592: 8010: 5632: 1311:, and as an almost complete list of these has been drawn up from inscriptions and other sources, this means of dating is quite satisfactory. The custom of dating by 567: 1846:

Another interesting phase of Greek religion known to us mainly from inscriptions is offered by the shrines of healing. The most notable of these is the precinct of

6758: 6648: 6356: 6148: 1814:

of pollution, varying from place to place. The officials are sometimes ordered to erect notices giving information on this point; for instance, at the precinct of

1537:, probably in 18 AD when he visited Athens. In Egypt and Mesopotamia also it is not unusual to find the name of a later king of official cut upon an earlier work. 466:(Iranian inscriptions), "Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia" and "Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period" (Sumerian and Akkadian inscriptions) and so forth. 8807: 7530: 2540:

questions or references. The number and variety of such orders is such that no classification of them can be given here. One of the most famous is the edict of

929:), dots and lines are used for hundreds, tens and units, each being repeated as often as necessary; and a similar system for the lower denominations is used at 147:. Epigraphists are responsible for reconstructing, translating, and dating the trilingual inscription and finding any relevant circumstances. It is the work of 8602: 6715: 6566: 6549: 2086:, and the conferring on him of certain benefits and privileges in return for his services; they also contain resolutions of thanks from the city served by the 1117:

were set up over graves, which were usually placed along the chief roads leading out of a town, the most familiar example being the sacred way from Athens to

9099: 7665: 1504:

objects are written beside them for the purpose of identification, and sometimes a speech issues from the mouth of the figure. On the carved wooden chest of

1095:

D(is) M(anibus) / M(arco) Ogulnio / Iusto filio / pientissimo / vix(it) ann(os) XV mens(es) II d(ies) XXII / M(arcus) Ogulnius / Iustus pater / et sibi fecit

683:

handles, etc., and in these cases often supply valuable information as to the buildings to which they belong or the place from which they took their origin.

610:

Victoriae Augustorum exercitus, qui Laugaricione sedit, mil(ites) l(egiones) II DCCCLV. (Maximi)anus leg(atus leg)ionis II Ad(iutricis) cur(avit) f(aciendum)

7892: 1743:

appointed by the State, as in the case of political officers. But many others had specialised sacerdotal functions; for instance, in many places there were

646:, which do not easily take a smooth surface, and which, therefore, are often difficult to decipher, owing to accidental marks or roughness of the material. 6810: 6023: 2103:

at Athens. Some are inscribed on the bases of statues set up to the recipient. In early times these inscriptions are usually brief and simple. The bust of

732:

system. On metal inscriptions in Greece this same effect appears earlier than stone or marble. In the 3rd century and later it becomes common to introduce

2467:

in imperial times. The records of these colleges sometimes give no information beyond the names of members, but these are often of considerable interest.

8577: 8104: 7715: 7591: 5793: 1688:

The inscriptions on or belonging to special dedications are often of great historical interest – there need only be quoted the inscription on the famous

831:

or alphabets, took place in many different systems to various degrees. But the first people to invent a completely alphabetic system of writing were the

7156: 925:, doubtless owing to the habit of counting on the fingers. In some cases the symbols are simple and obvious, as in the Cretan script, where circles (or 7101: 2371:

objects the dedication is usually simple in form; it usually contains the name of the god or other recipient and of the donor, and a common formula is

1867: 1495:

Inscriptions having a direct relation to the object, or representation, on which they are inscribed, vary greatly in their contents. Those relating to

7173: 679:) were often used as a cheap writing material. Inscriptions were also often impressed from a mould upon wet clay before firing, in the case of tiles, 9093: 7381: 7161: 1978:, spread over 15 years; in the case of both the Parthenon and the Erechtheum, there are included the payments made to those who made the sculptures. 613:("Done by 855 Legionaries of the Augustus victorious army, who are stationed in Laugaricio. Done under supervision of Maximus legatus of II legion.") 9105: 8582: 8475: 8438: 8239: 7028: 473:, which was a multilingual stele in Classical Greek, Demotic Egyptian and Classical Egyptian hieroglyphs. The work was done by the French scholar, 3836: 8418: 8153: 5374: 3373: 2809:

constituted a record of the names of consuls, and other magistrates or high officials, and also of the triumphs accorded to conquering generals.

8737: 2488:

Our information as to these is not mainly drawn from inscriptions and, therefore, they need not here be considered. On the other hand, the word

8632: 8216: 8128: 6436: 2893:), or some similar formula, and also, frequently, with a statement of boundaries and a prohibition of violation or further use – for instance, 1153:

hieroglyphic system, as used in inscriptions, continued without any essential change of character until Roman times, though various systems of

3823:

p. 557, observes that it "is perhaps known to us more in detail than any other lost monument of antiquity." It was to hold the rigging of the

8955: 8727: 8587: 8374: 7871: 6626: 7792: 6397: 2309: 4166: 2943:) are frequently found, both of public and private property. A well-known instance is offered by those set up by the commissioners called 1288:

It is often possible to date an inscription approximately by the style of the lettering, or even by the alphabet used. Thus at Athens the

8714: 8320: 7989: 7691: 7142: 6616: 4205: 799:, which developed into a hieroglyphic system. Such systems appear to have originated independently in different parts of the world – in 653:: flat tablets of this were often made for affixing to the walls of temples and other buildings. Occasionally such tablets were made of 8899: 8567: 8521: 8160: 7457: 6709: 6160: 2708:

This custom belonged to Greece. What most nearly corresponded to it in Roman times was the adoption of some distinguished Roman as its

2502:

A certain number of these dating from republican times are of considerable interest. One of the earliest relates to the prohibition of

2293: 4228:(in Italian). Federazione Internazionale di Banche dati Epigrafiche presso il Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare "Beniamino Segre" – Roma 839:

borrowed (some scholars believe, but with no proving) it with certain modifications and improvements. From the Greeks was derived the

8516: 8511: 8206: 6876: 2843: 94: 8408: 6139: 3314: 9229: 7816: 7515: 6018: 4888: 8070: 3342: 8970: 8445: 7952: 7787: 7601: 7525: 7113: 6214: 3490: 2935:

Milliarium (milestones) have already been referred to, and may be regarded as records of the building of roads. Boundary stones (

7967: 6983: 8869: 8555: 8543: 8531: 8499: 8413: 8389: 8357: 8345: 8046: 8028: 7979: 7633: 6921: 6224: 5207: 4314: 3827:; and was so contrived that all its contents were visible from a central hall, and so liable to the inspection of the Athenian 3523: 2472: 1185:, by Greek. An independent hieroglyphic system, which also developed into various linear scripts, existed in Crete during the 9065: 8904: 8315: 7374: 6303: 4366: 3713: 3652: 1330:

the date from the creation of the world (5509 BC) is sometimes given; but the date of the Christian era is hardly ever used.

3736: 9050: 8894: 8662: 8201: 8170: 7640: 7571: 7287: 7223: 7201: 6882: 6125: 5405: 3402:

Orlandi, Silvia; Caldelli, Maria Letizia; Gregori, Gian Luca (November 2014). Bruun, Christer; Edmondson, Jonathan (eds.).

921:

these different systems; but a brief account may be given of the principles underlying them. Most of them are based upon a

6153: 3766: 3760: 2842:

longevity, and as to many other conditions of ancient life. The most interesting early series is that on the tombs of the

8180: 7958: 7836: 7826: 7616: 7462: 7297: 6499: 6229: 6179: 4921: 4168: 3457: 3303: 1283: 879:

hieroglyphs, but from purely conventional geometrical forms, such as widely used at all periods and places as owners' or

781: 744: 634:

hard stones were frequently used for the purpose, and the inscriptions are therefore well preserved and easy to read. In

8506: 6739: 2853:

About the end of the republic and the beginning of the empire, it became customary to head a tombstone with the letters

336: 9060: 8135: 7897: 7260: 7042: 6581: 4075:

Authority and Archaeology, Sacred and Profane: Essays on the Relation of Monuments to Biblical and Classical Literature

3938: 3920: 7535: 218:. Typically the material is durable, but the durability might be an accident of circumstance, such as the baking of a 8742: 7645: 7611: 7596: 6591: 6431: 6426: 6414: 5877: 4476: 3858: 3607: 3427: 3386: 3120: 2434:

Among the most interesting of these is the ancient song and accompanying dance performed by the priests known as the

1617: 1383: 549: 7699: 6682: 4376: 1058:

their order may be indeterminate, or in a wandering or curved line, or left to right and right to left alternately (

531: 8642: 8268: 7984: 7660: 7623: 7496: 7367: 6197: 6192: 5851: 4312: 3065: 2826: 1970:

which has been completely reconstructed on paper by architects from the building specification. In the case of the

76: 7821: 7767: 7628: 6187: 6028: 3448:"Faking Biblical History: How wishful thinking and technology fooled some scholars – and made fools out of others" 2921:). But there is an immense variety in the information that either a man himself or his friend may wish to record. 9262: 8684: 7727: 7709: 7542: 7233: 6202: 6055: 5585: 5203: 4016: 3964:

The Parian chronicle, or The chronicle of the Arundelian marbles; with a dissertation concerning its authenticity

2286: 2251: 1025: 443: 234:" were revealed to be largely used for economic and administrative record keeping. Informal inscribed texts are " 6544: 8864: 8856: 8819: 8801: 8622: 8455: 8310: 8165: 8113: 8086: 7848: 7445: 7243: 7054: 6909: 6621: 6576: 6561: 6085: 4112: 3268: 3176: 3059: 2247: 2243: 1790:

sacrifice; an example of the simplest form of prescription is to be seen in the inscription on the relief from

1599: 1365: 527: 389: 64: 5637: 1263:

times, and is still customary, classical forms being frequently imitated. The latest dated inscription in the

694:, usually with a square blade; early inscriptions were sometimes made on hard rock by successive blows with a 8960: 8928: 8851: 8657: 7684: 7576: 7450: 6571: 6494: 6448: 5143: 2278: 1981:

Naval and military expenditure is also fully accounted for; among other information there are records of the

194:. When compared to books, most inscriptions are short. The media and the forms of the graphemes are diverse: 160: 8364: 8020: 2042:

another State, sometimes a specified number of individuals. Thus, in a frontier dispute between Corinth and

1259:

The custom of putting inscriptions in Greek and in Latin on buildings and other monuments continued through

9289: 9151: 9013: 8830: 8460: 8428: 7917: 7069: 6129: 4960: 4881: 4318: 4147: 3968: 3263: 2772: 1990: 1697: 1646: 1036:

also occur in later Greek and Roman times, and become very common and very difficult to interpret in early

7777: 6829: 3538: 474: 9222: 9055: 8921: 8813: 8791: 7994: 7962: 7912: 7720: 7670: 7561: 7302: 7064: 6940: 6934: 6915: 6120: 5949: 5832: 5379: 3495: 3181: 2422:

civil, were restricted to certain classes, the highest to those of senatorial rank, the next to those of

1669:

great deal of information that can be obtained from no other source. Some great temples, such as that of

59: 17: 7438: 7091: 4167:

Centre d'études épigraphiques et numismatiques de la faculté de Philosophie de l'Université de Beograd.

9142: 9019: 8996: 8881: 8784: 8722: 8694: 8330: 8143: 7876: 7650: 7307: 7238: 6893: 6763: 6692: 5837: 5671: 5661: 2119: 1595: 1361: 1084: 523: 8099: 7047: 6978: 6868: 4275: 2497: 843:, and from the two all the alphabets of European peoples. It is still a matter of dispute whether the 261:, but was later dismissed as being highly ideological. Epigraphic research overlaps with the study of 9167: 9077: 8423: 6775: 6256: 5798: 5627: 5279: 4735: 2710: 2703: 2165: 1993:

during the 5th century BC. These throw much light on her relations with them at various periods.(Cf.

1938: 7166: 4276:"Epigraphic Database Bari: Documenti epigrafici romani di committenza cristiana – Secoli III – VIII" 3573: 1197:, about 1500 BC. The Hittite hieroglyphs correspond to the period of the Hittite empire in northern 289:, as it confines itself to meaningful symbols containing messages, rather than dealing with images. 9162: 7942: 7922: 7479: 7413: 7248: 6823: 6293: 6080: 6037: 5828: 5525: 3893:

Le prossenie ateniesi del IV secolo a.C.: gli onorati asiatici (Fonti e studi di storia antica, 10)

3308: 512: 478: 380: 356: 7277: 2000: 47: 9252: 9157: 8652: 8094: 7331: 7270: 7196: 7059: 6840: 6596: 6409: 6404: 6382: 6344: 6324: 5958: 5954: 5771: 5644: 5607: 5590: 5410: 4874: 4850: 4649: 4548: 4531: 3298: 3288: 3253: 2545: 2178: 2075: 1588: 1354: 1322:

In Greek inscription of the Roman period the year of the emperor is defined by the number of his

1245: 777: 771: 516: 7469: 7433: 4313:

Greek Epigraphy Project, Cornell University; Epigraphical Center; Ohio State University (2009).

3851:

The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present

795:

Most of the forms of writing known to us originated in some system of picture-writing (cf. also

199: 8986: 8938: 8933: 7902: 7856: 7705: 7211: 6665: 6638: 6608: 6472: 6419: 6236: 6112: 6007: 5847: 5842: 5700: 5666: 5654: 5649: 5612: 5562: 5420: 5400: 5086: 5031: 4644: 4445: 4278:(in Italian). Association Internationale d'Épigraphie Grecque et Latine – AIEGL. Archived from 3832: 3452: 3233: 3141: 3080: 1934: 235: 156: 87: 8465: 6720: 3810: 3705: 3447: 1635: 71: 9294: 9110: 9001: 8981: 8846: 8796: 8689: 8679: 8369: 8335: 8244: 7255: 6993: 6888: 6815: 6687: 6090: 5807: 5761: 5756: 5705: 5369: 5350: 5166: 5061: 4574: 4536: 4469: 4209: 3788: 3560: 3419: 3114: 2755: 1651: 1567: 1265: 887:, but as has been noticed, the same tendency occurs in Greek inscriptions incised on bronze. 428: 344: 8914: 8325: 7861: 4439: 4430: 4049:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press – esp. "A text and translation of the Edict of Diocletian". 2426:; many minor offices, both in Rome and in the provinces, are enumerated in their due order. 2256: 1232:, and soon became universal in Greece. From the various Greek alphabets the different local 823:. The evidence for all of these is mainly to be found in inscriptions. The development from 9197: 8674: 8015: 7732: 7087: 6927: 6660: 6536: 6507: 6278: 5940: 5914: 5861: 5695: 5622: 5467: 5432: 5386: 5354: 5232: 4946: 4708: 4581: 3673: 3443: 3228: 3218: 3156: 2802: 2260: 2186: 364: 360: 304: 207: 132: 6968: 3343:"OPEN-ACCESS EPIGRAPHY. Electronic Dissemination of 3D-digitized. Archaeological Material" 2665: 2656: 331: 8: 8991: 7737: 7151: 6858: 6554: 5766: 5678: 5437: 5071: 5036: 4939: 4241: 3990: 3631: 3238: 2144: 1182: 1137: 901:

are alphabetic, and are apparently an independent invention on arbitrary lines, like the

844: 662: 8489: 8059: 7474: 7178: 5786: 3963: 1007: 827:(or direct representation of an object or idea) to symbols of phonetic value, and so to 9284: 9217: 9212: 9147: 9030: 8943: 8774: 8450: 7782: 7566: 6631: 6586: 5945: 5901: 5856: 5479: 5425: 5346: 4917: 4845: 3804: 3599: 3592: 3461: 3273: 3243: 3223: 2986: 2462: 2282: 1701: 1563: 790: 740: 6487: 3500: 2548:. Copies of this in Greek as well as in Latin have been found in various parts of the 2032: 690:

used for making inscriptions varied with the material; most of them were some kind of

9035: 8889: 8637: 7934: 6945: 6784: 6209: 5968: 5907: 5866: 5683: 5568: 5504: 5415: 5392: 5336: 5244: 4977: 4778: 4661: 4362: 3934: 3916: 3854: 3781: 3709: 3698: 3648: 3613: 3603: 3423: 3382: 3278: 3161: 3151: 2578: 2164:

and other vase painters upon their vases. These have been made the basis of a minute

2149: 1705: 1237: 1206: 1170: 1166: 1073: 898: 848: 407: 140: 2748:, of which one is said to be the work of Lysippus, and the other states that it was 2107:

on the Acropolis held nothing but the names of Pericles himself and of the sculptor

2020:

An institution as to which our knowledge is mainly derived from inscriptions is the

883:' marks. The tendency of linear forms to become wedge-shaped is most conspicuous in 9202: 8909: 8732: 8708: 8669: 8249: 7406: 6796: 6655: 6643: 5935: 5895: 5890: 5715: 5602: 5537: 5364: 5359: 5341: 5199: 5000: 4953: 4855: 4773: 4730: 4703: 4489: 4462: 3972: 3415: 3411: 3248: 3108: 2498:

Laws and plebiscites, senatus consulta, decrees of magistrates or later of emperors

2423: 1233: 734: 485: 227: 6524: 4433:

a Virtual Exhibition on Epigraphy, presenting several aspects of it with examples.

1471: 1216:

In early times each Greek State had its own alphabet; but in the year 403 BC (the

1149:, it offers a most valuable supplement and comment to what is otherwise recorded. 871: 8627: 8234: 7808: 7484: 6848: 6670: 6455: 6219: 6045: 5690: 5005: 4691: 4603: 4516: 4106: 3403: 2938: 2847: 2834: 2364: 1942: 1228:, which is the one used now for Greek capital letters, was officially adopted by 1126: 867: 589: 368: 352: 300: 203: 6728: 1773: 9008: 8699: 8118: 7746: 7742: 7393: 7011: 6950: 6790: 6261: 6095: 5883: 5871: 5557: 5442: 5118: 5103: 5093: 4995: 4897: 4840: 4561: 4554: 4454: 4261:(in Italian). Association Internationale d'Épigraphie Grecque et Latine – AIEGL 3959:. Ankara: ISPRS Archives, volume XXXIV part 5/W12 Commission V. pp. 84–88. 3765:, Cambridge University Press – (undated, no author cited) Googlebook; see also 3587: 3486: 3021: 2788: 2762: 2726: 2644: 2435: 2352: 2273: 2185:, which was reproduced and set up in many places; it is generally known as the 2052: 1946: 1917: 1872: 1721: 1689: 1641: 1443: 1327: 1289: 1241: 1198: 1162: 914: 910: 840: 324: 41: 8948: 4172: 4004: 2875:), thus consecrating the tomb to the deceased as having become members of the 1129:. But boundary stones were necessarily placed on the line which they defined. 1000:

did not want; an alternative theory is that it is simplified from a series of

414:

Greek epigraphy has unfolded in the hands of a different team, with different

372: 320: 9278: 9088: 9040: 8482: 8108: 6271: 5595: 5576: 5520: 5474: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5306: 5301: 5178: 5171: 4322: 3320: 3293: 3283: 3258: 2798: 2794: 2768: 2223: 2194: 1994: 1186: 1158: 1060: 1012: 993: 863: 800: 470: 168: 37: 4273: 4256: 3617: 1923: 1396: 7206: 6853: 6675: 6518: 6374: 5823: 5781: 5710: 5447: 5332: 5286: 5274: 5217: 5183: 3545: 3196: 3132: 2996: 2549: 1900: 1451: 1450:, thus placed before the public, but all kinds of records and enactments – 1415: 1146: 1037: 997: 859: 695: 600: 588:), 487 BC. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the 376: 282: 191: 2616: 292: 9207: 7489: 7131: 7107: 6477: 6465: 6387: 5963: 5776: 5580: 5316: 5264: 5239: 5222: 5161: 4686: 4656: 4523: 4380: 4047:

An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome Volume V: Rome and Italy of the Empire

3126: 3048: 3006: 2991: 2569: 2503: 2160:

A special class of artists' signatures is offered by the names signed by

1952: 1293: 1225: 1190: 1178: 1016: 880: 832: 828: 804: 796: 722: 669:.) Clay was very extensively used for inscriptions in Mesopotamia and in 666: 631: 626:, or wood (though this last material has hardly ever survived, except in 579: 415: 286: 278: 258: 219: 187: 183: 152: 8379: 4438: 4339: 3465: 1777:

Votive relief for the cure of a bad leg, inscription from the shrine of

755:, under Athenian administration, being nearly half as long as a book of 9045: 8052: 7695: 7265: 5927: 5515: 5269: 5227: 5213: 5081: 5066: 4807: 4802: 4740: 4696: 4676: 4540: 3191: 3171: 3099: 3053: 3016: 3011: 2930: 2850:, the exploits and distinctions of the various members of that family. 2572:) by Hans Lutz of Schussenried, from the early 16th century (1501–1519) 2541: 2468: 2161: 1971: 1758: 1750: 1735: 1682: 1602: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1534: 1405: 1368: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1205:

from about 2000 to 800 BC; from it, according to one theory, arose the

1202: 909:, which were extensively used in the same region, are derived from the 902: 824: 756: 623: 262: 120: 52: 4337: 2560: 7972: 7096: 6973: 6803: 6286: 5617: 5296: 5291: 5254: 5113: 5056: 5041: 4910: 4814: 4624: 4012: 3828: 3642: 3378: 3317:

is notable for the novel techniques used in reading the inscriptions.

3186: 3089: 3075: 2830: 2685: 2582: 2227: 2100: 2043: 1975: 1913: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1831: 1815: 1778: 1509: 1476: 1456: 1409: 1323: 1312: 1305: 1297: 1221: 1114: 1069: 1041: 1029: 1001: 930: 884: 728: 643: 296: 266: 195: 148: 100: 4411: 4003:

A mere list of such initials and abbreviations occupies 68 pages in

2723:

conferred upon him are enumerated in a regularly established order (

1577: 1343: 501: 107: 'inscription') is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as 8647: 7390: 5311: 5259: 4766: 4671: 4586: 4569: 4417: 4356: 3166: 3094: 2745: 2741: 2680: 2675: 2586: 2452: 2327: 2231: 2182: 2128: 2108: 2104: 2065: 2033:

Treaties and political and commercial agreements; arbitration, etc.

1967: 1909: 1827: 1505: 1488: 1480: 1435: 1301: 1260: 1154: 1033: 937:

the usual system was to indicate each denomination by its initial,

854: 820: 812: 604: 575: 571: 434: 308: 274: 270: 242: 231: 167:: epigraphic evidence formed part of the discussion concerning the 136: 116: 112: 4208:(in German, Italian, Spanish, English, and French). Archived from 398:

are still produced as the recovery of inscriptions continues. The

123:

composition. A person using the methods of epigraphy is called an

5098: 5076: 5026: 4930: 4866: 4598: 4485: 3817:. Vol. III. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 314. 3085: 2958: 2627: 2590: 2219: 2063:

A very large class of inscriptions deals with the institution of

2025: 2021: 2008: 1959: 1930: 1904: 1823: 1819: 1754: 1749:

or prophets, often of special families with hereditary skills in

1745: 1726: 1678: 1518: 1496: 1484: 1447: 1316: 1253: 1194: 1174: 1118: 922: 680: 675: 595: 211: 179: 164: 108: 4396: 4151: 1424:) combines with the image to convey the warning: remember death. 32: 5531: 5108: 5021: 4819: 4795: 4629: 4131:"EAGLE: Europeana Network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy" 4130: 3824: 3668: 3103: 3070: 2981: 2448: 2347: 2198: 2190: 2142:

where both statue and pedestal are preserved is offered by the

2047: 1982: 1963: 1839: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1709: 1693: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1530: 1521: 1500: 1401: 1308: 1270: 1229: 1217: 1122: 1109: 934: 891: 836: 699: 691: 654: 650: 639: 635: 215: 2817: 2093: 2069:. According to this a citizen of any State might be appointed 1916:; another inscription relates to the Athenian colonisation of 1879: 1050: 6166: 6063: 5924: 5046: 4761: 4593: 4510: 4355:

Reynolds, Joyce; Roueché, Charlotte; Bodard, Gabriel (2007).

4225: 3341:

Bozia, Eleni; Barmpoutis, Angelos; Wagman, Robert S. (2014).

3146: 2876: 2806: 2565: 2456: 2361: 2202: 2132: 2124: 2004: 1803: 1782: 1674: 1514: 1460: 1249: 1089: 982: 972: 962: 952: 942: 906: 895: 816: 808: 752: 670: 627: 583: 340: 4423: 4377:"The American Society for Greek and Latin Epigraphy (ASGLE)" 4188: 4031:

Victo(riae) Fl(avius) P/rimus cur(ator) / tur(mae) Maxi/mini

3645:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe

1209:, which continued in use until the 4th century BC or later. 622:

Inscriptions were commonly incised on stone, marble, metal,

5051: 4824: 4756: 4279: 2822: 2215: 1700:, with the list of the Greek States which took part in the 1525: 658: 395: 246: 186:

inscription). Epigraphy overlaps other competences such as

144: 2643:

There were many treaties between Rome and other states in

1871:

Athenian text concerning the administration of temples in

198:

in stone or metal, scratches on rock, impressions in wax,

4636: 4295: 4258: 3933:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–43. 3491:"Related Coverage on the James Ossuary and Forgery Trial" 1924:

Decrees of people and rulers, later of kings and emperors

1157:

modification were used at different times. On the famous

7514: 4226:"EAGLE: Electronic Archive of Greek and Latin Epigraphy" 3771:, Haskell House Publ., 1902 (no author cited) Googlebook 2179:

autobiographical account of the deeds and administration

8808:

Professionalization and institutionalization of history

4412:

Poinikastas: Epigraphic Sources For Early Greek Writing

4093:

MUSA Lapidaria: A Selection of Latin Verse Inscriptions

3890: 3636: 2521:); then comes the decision of the senate, opening with 2399:). Such dedications are often the result of a vow, and 1065: 759:; and many other inscriptions approach this in length. 3401: 2429: 2090:, and record honours consequently conferred upon him. 1953:

Public accounts, treasure lists, building inscriptions

405:

published, often in Latin, not unlike the biologists'

9100:

Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

4354: 3815:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

3340: 3129:, also known as "Maya glyphs" or "Maya hieroglyphics" 1004:

representing the spread hand, the fingers and so on.

7948:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

3680:. Rome: Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato. pp. 87ff. 3672: 2331:

or tickets of admission to theatres or other shows.

2189:, because the most complete copy of it was found at 1830:, the arrangements for the celebration of the local 4436: 4420:

a journal of news and short reports on inscriptions

3957:

The Ancyra Project: the Temple of Augustus and Rome

3895:. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. pp. passim. 1704:; and that relating to the Roman arms dedicated by 1193:periods, from about 3000, probably, to the fall of 451:

Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae

7908:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 7766: 5548: 4274:International Federation of Epigraphic Databases. 4257:International Federation of Epigraphic Databases. 3954: 3910: 3877:The Ephebic Inscriptions of the Fourth Century B.C 3831:. Philon's arsenal was destroyed by the forces of 3808: 3697: 3643:Trudy, Robert; Sharon, Ring; Salkin, Boda (1996). 3591: 2793:in Rome, which records the great naval victory of 2335:their inscriptions often follow the old formulas. 2024:at Athens. There are not only records of lists of 1181:, until it was superseded, after the conquests of 1132: 649:The metal most commonly used for inscriptions was 8566: 4379:. Case Western Reserve University. Archived from 3848: 2483: 1810:it is not permissible to offer a goat or a pig." 9276: 4484: 2690:, "Glycon the Athenian made ") on statue (right) 1487:". Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original by 9132: 5375:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 4338:The Institute for Ancient History (1993–2009). 4090: 3928: 3374:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 2281:. One of the chief difficulties in deciphering 1893: 1240:, were derived with various modifications. The 762: 3994:by C. V. Palisca & J. P. Burkholder, 2006. 3874: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3586: 3442: 2269:(Januarius paid for 870 square feet of mosaic) 1716: 8956:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 8826:Western European colonialism and colonization 7375: 4882: 4470: 2564:German inscription recording the building of 2555: 2263:, 4th-century mosaic with Latin inscription: 51:Inscription on the pedestal of the statue of 27:Study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing 7286: 4340:"Epigraphic database for ancient Asia Minor" 3931:The Art of Vase-Painting in Classical Athens 3811:"Philon, A very eminent architect at Athens" 3377:. Dekker Encyclopedias Series. Vol. 3. 2924: 2348:Dedications and foundations of temples, etc. 1989:, recording the quota paid to Athens by her 1660:Temples, their foundation and administration 1300:, 403 BC, according to a decree proposed by 7389: 4189:"Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents" 4067:S. R. Driver, D. G. Hogarth, F. L. Griffith 4044: 4029: 3695: 3684: 2952: 2945: 2936: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2786: 2760: 2724: 2621: 2603: 2596: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2489: 2460: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2316: 2307: 2300: 2291: 2264: 2094:Honours and privileges given to individuals 1880:Private associations for religious purposes 1540: 1479:bearing the inscription "Periander, son of 1419: 1093: 1024:the commonest of these will be found under 608: 530:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 469:Egyptian hieroglyphs were solved using the 461: 455: 449: 441: 426: 419: 399: 387: 7382: 7368: 4889: 4875: 4477: 4463: 4242:"Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH)" 4206:"Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby (EDCS)" 4145: 2969: 2734: 2638: 1517:has a relief at its head representing the 1428: 702:. Sometimes a circular punch was used for 599:A Roman inscription at the castle hill of 562: 8011:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4058: 4056: 4011:(repr. 1923). A selection is included in 3446:; Goren, Yuval (September–October 2003). 2478: 2078:, with the essential difference that the 1949:, inscribed and set up in public places. 1618:Learn how and when to remove this message 1384:Learn how and when to remove this message 550:Learn how and when to remove this message 457:Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum 155:when dealing with literate cultures. The 143:engraved on native rock at a location in 9230:Historical geographic information system 5996: 2816: 2812: 2754: 2615: 2559: 2416: 2360:, set by Flavius Primus, curator of the 2351: 2255: 2127:with stand, Attic, c. 570 BC. Signed by 2118: 2114: 1999: 1866: 1772: 1720: 1634: 1470: 1466: 1395: 1136: 1083: 1006: 853: 594: 566: 330: 319: 291: 70: 58: 46: 31: 4085: 4083: 3913:The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery 3799: 3797: 3755: 3753: 3624: 3211: 3036: 2779: 2015: 1888: 1725:Greek inscription at the south temple, 782:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 281:, usually in ink, is a separate field, 245:, that is inscriptions representing an 77:inscription of Xerxes I at Van Fortress 14: 9277: 8870:English historical school of economics 6922:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 4976: 4358:Inscriptions of Aphrodisias (IAph2007) 4191:. Oxford: Oxford University. 1995–2009 4053: 3420:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.003 3408:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy 638:the favourite material, especially in 9186: 9131: 9066:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 8905:Historical reliability of the Gospels 8763: 8290: 7363: 7352: 5995: 5738: 5502: 5141: 4975: 4870: 4458: 4296:"Hispania Epigraphica Online (HEpOl)" 4169:"Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure" 3704:. Harvard University Press. pp. 3630:St. Clement of Alexandria | Stromata 3370: 2877:body of ghosts or spirits of the dead 2829:, erected around 150 BC, contains an 2611: 2237: 2208: 2171: 1557: 9258: 7353: 6883:More Irish than the Irish themselves 4080: 4045:E.R. Graser (1940). T. Frank (ed.). 3794: 3780:Cf. his classic work (downloadable) 3750: 3700:Greek Architecture And Its Sculpture 3042: 2975: 2546:fixing the prices of all commodities 1600:adding citations to reliable sources 1571: 1366:adding citations to reliable sources 1337: 1277: 1269:records the building of a bridge in 1244:was among these, being based on the 1079: 715: 528:adding citations to reliable sources 495: 7953:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 5142: 3458:Archaeological Institute of America 2904:hoc monumentum heredem non sequetur 2430:Regulations as to religion and cult 2318:hoc monumentum heredem non sequetur 2058: 1284:Dating methodologies in archaeology 745:dating methodologies in archaeology 257:was a scientific discipline in the 159:classifies epigraphy as one of the 111:; it is the science of identifying 24: 8966:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 6910:Fourth Italian War of Independence 4896: 4203: 4150:. Brown University. Archived from 4077:, Ulan Press (repr. 2012), p. 314. 3803:Built under the administration of 3762:An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy 3745:Poinikastas:"Thasos, inscriptions" 3485: 2620:Brick stamp with military record: 2285:lies in the very extensive use of 1292:was adopted in place of the early 163:. Epigraphy also helps identify a 25: 9306: 4399:(in German). Universität Salzburg 4122: 3915:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 3837:Roman conquest of Athens in 86 BC 3536: 3121:Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 2623:C(ohors) III BR(acaraugustanorum) 1937:) or the assembly of the people ( 1092:with inscription (CIL VI 23414): 9257: 9248: 9247: 8764: 8264: 8263: 8105:Palestinian expulsion and flight 6617:5000-year civilization assertion 6193:Nadir of American race relations 4259:"Epigraphic Database Roma (EDR)" 3891:Enrica Culasso Gastaldi (2004). 3879:. Leiden Brill. pp. passim. 3809:Smith, Sir William, ed. (1859). 2827:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus 2684:(left) and copyist's signature ( 2664: 2655: 1576: 1342: 1049: 500: 337:Prüfening dedicatory inscription 265:, which deals with specimens of 210:on precious stones, painting on 9094:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 7968:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 7903:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 7710:Causes of the Armenian genocide 6019:Pyramid construction techniques 5586:Comparative historical research 5503: 5204:Library and information science 4315:"Searchable Greek Inscriptions" 4099: 4037: 4022: 4017:List of classical abbreviations 3997: 3978: 3947: 3899: 3883: 3867: 3842: 3774: 3729: 3661: 3177:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions 2385:) often with additions such as 2252:List of classical abbreviations 2155:the statue of Hercules/Heracles 1903:preserved on stone, notably at 1587:needs additional citations for 1353:needs additional citations for 1133:Chief periods and nationalities 1026:list of classical abbreviations 463:Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum 444:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 411:– the raw material of history. 277:writing. The study of ancient 249:or concept, may also be called 65:Brihadeshwara temple, Thanjavur 9106:Gunpowder and gun transmission 9056:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 8865:Historical school of economics 8802:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 8240:Gunpowder and gun transmission 8114:Zionism as settler colonialism 7119:Limpieza de sangre controversy 6086:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 4113:University of California Press 3853:. Cambridge University Press. 3580: 3530: 3515: 3479: 3436: 3395: 3364: 3334: 3269:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 3060:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 2999:, the study of ancient writing 2846:at Rome, recording, mostly in 2342: 2266:IANUARI DEDEI DONO P * DCCCLXX 2248:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 2244:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 2166:historical and stylistic study 440:Other such series include the 421:Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum 418:. There are two. The first is 390:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 285:. Epigraphy also differs from 13: 1: 8915:Opposition to Papal supremacy 8291: 6103:Indigenous population history 3955:P. Botteri; G. Fangi (2003). 3743:; see also classification on 3327: 2279:provinces of the Roman Empire 161:auxiliary sciences of history 8831:Desacralization of knowledge 7102:Carlism in the Francoist era 7070:Holodomor in modern politics 5739: 4437:Edwin Whitfield Fay (1920). 4319:Packard Humanities Institute 3456:. Vol. 56, no. 5. 3264:Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions 2954:agris iudicandis adsignandis 2773:Museum of Roman Civilization 2686: 2518:quid de ea re fieri placeret 2484:Codes of law and regulations 2148:, signed on its pedestal by 2011:list, Athens, 4th century BC 1894:Codes of law and regulations 1698:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1647:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1630: 1410: 763:Symbols and forms of writing 617: 477:, and the British scientist 119:and the artistic value of a 7: 9223:Historiographic metafiction 9187: 9133:Organizations, publications 8922:Proto-orthodox Christianity 7872:German resistance to Nazism 7728:Persian famine of 1917–1919 7138:Islamic revolution of Spain 7065:Holodomor genocide question 6941:Revisionism of Risorgimento 6935:Rerum italicarum scriptores 6916:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 6683:Self-Strengthening Movement 5833:decolonization of knowledge 4171:(in French). Archived from 3911:Joseph Veach Noble (1988). 3527:, Budapest / New York 2008. 3524:The Science of the Swastika 3496:Biblical Archaeology Review 3182:Roman lead pipe inscription 2964: 2750:made by Glycon (see images) 2717: 2441: 1717:Priests and other officials 454:(Crusaders' inscriptions), 10: 9311: 9020:Wissenschaft des Judentums 8997:Criticism of Protestantism 7877:Nazi foreign policy debate 7308:Second colonial occupation 7055:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 6693:Tibetan sovereignty debate 6237:Progressive-era historians 5672:Nationalization of history 5623:Historical-critical method 4361:. London: King's College. 4095:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 3849:Jeffrey M. Hurwit (2000). 3741:Relief Plaques from Thasos 2928: 2701: 2697: 2568:-Bolzano's Parish Church ( 2556:Records of buildings, etc. 2463:Sodales Divorum Augustorum 2302:votum solvit libens merito 2287:initials and abbreviations 2241: 2133: 1655:is seen in the background. 1561: 1333: 1281: 983: 973: 963: 953: 943: 933:in the 4th century BC. In 788: 584: 315: 93: 9242: 9193: 9182: 9138: 9127: 9076: 8880: 8839: 8770: 8759: 8615: 8301: 8297: 8286: 8258: 8227: 8191: 8085: 8039: 8025:Second Sino-Japanese War 8003: 7933: 7885: 7847: 7807: 7683: 7505: 7424: 7400: 7359: 7348: 7324: 7222: 7189: 7080: 7004: 6961: 6902: 6867: 6839: 6830:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 6774: 6701: 6607: 6535: 6249: 6178: 6111: 6073: 6006: 6002: 5991: 5816: 5749: 5745: 5734: 5511: 5498: 5325: 5192: 5154: 5150: 5137: 5014: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4904: 4833: 4749: 4723: 4614: 4503: 4496: 4146:Bodel, John (1997–2009). 4115:, 1983, Introd., pp. 3–6. 4009:Cours d'épigraphie Latine 3791:– Robarts Library, eBook. 3747:- IG vol. xii. 8 no. 358. 3737:Louvre Ma 696 (Sculpture) 3647:. Routledge. p. 66. 3371:Drake, Miriam A. (2003). 3066:Copper plate inscriptions 2925:Milestones and boundaries 2704:Patronage in ancient Rome 2475:were of equestrian rank. 1920:, in the 6th century BC. 1768: 475:Jean-François Champollion 448:(Etruscan inscriptions), 238:" in its original sense. 230:the deciphered texts of " 178:(not to be confused with 8780:Crisis of historiography 7943:Auschwitz bombing debate 7629:Indian Rebellion of 1857 7480:Late Bronze Age collapse 7414:List of military museums 7017:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 6989:Polish People's Republic 6824:Sybel-Ficker controversy 6188:African-American history 6161:Colonial Spanish America 5950:Second Thirty Years' War 4298:(in Spanish and English) 4148:"U.S. Epigraphy Project" 4091:Edward Courtney (1995). 3929:Martin Robinson (1992). 3309:Punic-Libyan Inscription 2749: 2154: 1912:established a colony in 1541:Independent inscriptions 1408:, Rome. The Greek motto 1404:from excavations in the 994:Roman system of numerals 357:Stefano Antonio Morcelli 253:. The German equivalent 243:ideographic inscriptions 7893:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 7752:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 7303:Porter–MacKenzie debate 7060:Causes of the Holodomor 6597:Problem of two emperors 6545:Catilinarian conspiracy 5772:Historical significance 5633:Indiscipline of history 5608:Historical anthropology 4851:List of writing systems 4562:Broussonetia papyrifera 4549:Folding-book manuscript 4532:Bamboo and wooden slips 4065:, "Roman Authority" in 3875:O. W. Reinmuth (1971). 3539:"What is Palaeography?" 3299:Shugborough inscription 3289:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 3254:Inscription of Abercius 2970:Related fields of study 2687:Glykon Athenaios epoiei 2649: 2639:Treaties and agreements 2581:, roads, especially on 2532:de ea re ita censuerunt 1757:we find records of the 1429:Purpose of inscriptions 1400:Inscription on a Roman 1019:, Crete, 5th century BC 563:Materials and technique 491: 460:(Celtic inscriptions), 299:epigraphy with various 8987:Protestant Reformation 8961:Second Vatican Council 8939:Succession to Muhammad 8934:Criticism of the Quran 8685:Religious perspectives 8419:Klemens von Metternich 8016:"Battle for Australia" 7898:Soviet offensive plans 7867:Broad vs. narrow front 7706:Late Ottoman genocides 6639:Century of humiliation 6420:Goguryeo controversies 6398:2,500-year celebration 6056:Double genocide theory 5843:Historical negationism 5667:Ancestral civilisation 5655:Historical materialism 5613:Historical determinism 5563:History of mentalities 4446:Encyclopedia Americana 4424:The Epigraphic Society 4105:Cf. Arthur E. Gordon, 4030: 3833:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 3783:Griechische Epigraphik 3594:Breaking the Maya Code 3568:Cite journal requires 3521:Mees, Bernard Thomas, 3234:Decree of Themistocles 3142:Monumental inscription 3081:Early Indian epigraphy 2953: 2946: 2937: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2838: 2805:. The various sets of 2787: 2776: 2761: 2725: 2631: 2622: 2604: 2597: 2573: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2490: 2461: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2317: 2308: 2301: 2292: 2270: 2265: 2138: 2012: 1876: 1786: 1730: 1656: 1492: 1425: 1420: 1141: 1099: 1094: 1020: 875: 770:This article contains 614: 609: 592: 484:The interpretation of 462: 456: 450: 442: 427: 420: 400: 388: 347: 328: 312: 303:Arabic scripts in the 157:US Library of Congress 80: 68: 56: 44: 9111:Torsion mangonel myth 9014:Modern Jewish history 9009:Jesuit historiography 9002:Protestant work ethic 8982:Hesychast controversy 8847:Industrial Revolution 8797:Library of Alexandria 8715:The Lord of the Rings 8365:Constantine the Great 8245:Torsion mangonel myth 8177:Sri Lankan Civil War 7256:Storm over the gentry 7157:Colonies or Provinces 6688:Sprouts of capitalism 5762:Historic preservation 5757:Change and continuity 4575:Corypha umbraculifera 4342:. Universität Hamburg 3789:University of Toronto 3444:Silberman, Neil Asher 3404:"Forgeries and Fakes" 3315:Antikythera mechanism 3115:Inscriptiones Graecae 2957:) in the time of the 2820: 2813:Inscriptions on tombs 2758: 2735:Signatures of artists 2619: 2563: 2417:Priests and officials 2355: 2259: 2122: 2115:Signatures of artists 2003: 1870: 1776: 1724: 1652:Obelisk of Theodosius 1638: 1568:Inscriptiones Graecae 1474: 1467:Relative inscriptions 1399: 1296:in the archonship of 1140: 1088:Roman marble funeral 1087: 1010: 870:, on the 9th-century 858:An inscription using 857: 847:was derived from the 708:or a letter of which 598: 570: 429:Inscriptiones Graecae 345:Roman square capitals 334: 323: 295: 74: 62: 50: 35: 9198:Commemorative plaque 8414:Juan Manuel de Rosas 7862:"Blitzkrieg" concept 7733:Powder keg of Europe 7608:Franco-Prussian War 7278:Winter of Discontent 7261:Suffragette Campaign 6928:Italiani brava gente 6894:Revolutionary period 6716:Frankish Interregnum 6649:"Chineseness" debate 6582:Byzantine succession 6567:Fall of Western Rome 6508:Executed Renaissance 5997:By country or region 5941:Age of Enlightenment 5915:Vaticinium ex eventu 5862:Modernisation theory 5696:Quantitative history 5072:Historical documents 4440:"Inscriptions" 3696:Ian Jenkins (2006). 3674:Margherita Guarducci 3229:Bryggen inscriptions 3219:Behistun Inscription 3212:Notable inscriptions 3157:Kannada inscriptions 3037:Types of inscription 2803:Monumentum Ancyranum 2759:Reproduction of the 2479:Political and social 2261:Basilica of Aquileia 2187:Monumentum Ancyranum 2137:, "Sophilos drew me" 2016:Ephebic inscriptions 1889:Political and social 1875:, dating from 363 BC 1727:Kom Aushim (Karanis) 1596:improve this article 1552:Political and Social 1362:improve this article 607:(178–179 AD). Text: 585:ΜΕΓΑΚΛΕΣ ΗΙΠΠΟΚΡΑΤΟΣ 524:improve this section 365:August Wilhelm Zumpt 361:Luigi Gaetano Marini 226:public, however: in 222:in a conflagration. 133:Behistun inscription 9290:Textual scholarship 9027:Schools of thought 8992:Proto-Protestantism 8861:School of Thoughts 8743:William Shakespeare 8728:Robert Falcon Scott 8633:Friedrich Nietzsche 8471:Cult of personality 8456:Neville Chamberlain 8316:Alexander the Great 8198:Russo-Georgian War 8171:Sovereignty dispute 8150:Iranian Revolution 7980:"Polish death camp" 7957:In relation to the 7666:Myth of English aid 7657:War of the Pacific 7434:Albigensian Crusade 6859:Indigenous Aryanism 6555:Constantinian shift 6091:Residential schools 5848:Historian's fallacy 5767:Historic recurrence 5265:Numismatics (Money) 5037:Archaeological site 4961:theories of history 4414:, Oxford University 4325:on 10 December 2009 3991:Epitaph of Seikilos 3600:Thames & Hudson 3503:on 7 September 2011 3239:Dipylon inscription 2771:(c. 260 BC) at the 2504:bacchanalian orgies 2222:were frequently in 1639:The ancient bronze 131:. For example, the 63:Tamil inscribed on 9218:Historical realism 9213:Historical fiction 9158:History institutes 9148:Historical society 9143:Heritage registers 9031:Biblical criticism 8944:Islamic golden age 8895:Early Christianity 8775:Bears in antiquity 8663:Medieval Christian 8461:Pedro II of Brazil 8409:José de San Martín 8213:Syrian revolution 8125:Malayan Emergency 8100:1948 Palestine war 7833:Spanish Civil War 7783:War guilt question 7592:American Civil War 7572:Invasion of Russia 7548:New Russian School 7332:Colonial Australia 7048:October Revolution 6811:Strukturgeschichte 6747:Location of Alésia 6666:Hua–Yi distinction 6587:Moscow, third Rome 6203:Reconstruction era 6024:Black Egypt Thesis 5946:European Civil War 5902:Translatio imperii 5857:Invented tradition 4978:Historical sources 4846:History of writing 4282:on 25 January 2010 4063:Francis Haverfield 3460:. pp. 20–29. 3304:Priene Inscription 3274:La Mojarra Stela 1 3244:Duenos Inscription 3224:Bitola inscription 2987:Leiden Conventions 2872:Dis Manibus sacrum 2839: 2780:Historical records 2777: 2632: 2612:Military documents 2574: 2368: 2356:Votive plaque for 2283:Latin Inscriptions 2271: 2238:Latin inscriptions 2209:Tombs and epitaphs 2172:Historical records 2139: 2134:ΣΟΦΙΛΟΣ ΜΕΓΡΑΦΣΕΝ 2046:, 151 citizens of 2013: 1877: 1787: 1731: 1657: 1564:Greek inscriptions 1558:Greek inscriptions 1508:, of about 600 BC 1493: 1426: 1142: 1100: 1021: 876: 791:History of writing 772:special characters 741:Roman inscriptions 615: 593: 348: 335:The high medieval 329: 313: 81: 69: 57: 45: 9272: 9271: 9238: 9237: 9178: 9177: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9036:Catholic theology 8890:Avestan geography 8755: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8738:Søren Kierkegaard 8611: 8610: 8522:Warren G. Harding 8282: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8081: 8080: 7959:Armenian genocide 7822:Polish–Soviet War 7817:Burning of Smyrna 7803: 7802: 7793:Reichstag inquiry 7716:Patriotic consent 7587: 7586: 7562:War in the Vendée 7526:French Revolution 7508:century conflicts 7497:Peloponnesian War 7458:Eighty Years' War 7344: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7249:Westminster Stone 6946:Southern question 6785:Alltagsgeschichte 6735:Legendary Saracen 6437:Early settlements 6245: 6244: 6225:Political history 6210:Consensus history 5987: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5969:Continuity thesis 5908:Translatio studii 5794:Theory of history 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5684:Subaltern Studies 5569:Nouvelle histoire 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5406:Medieval churches 5393:Geistesgeschichte 5337:Paleoanthropology 5245:Encyclopaedistics 5133: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5001:Secondary sources 4864: 4863: 4719: 4718: 4662:Photographic film 4418:Current Epigraphy 4368:978-1-897747-19-3 4212:on 25 August 2011 4204:Clauss, Manfred. 3819:. E. A. Gardner, 3715:978-0-674-02388-8 3654:978-1-884964-02-2 3279:Malia altar stone 3207: 3206: 3162:Old Turkic script 3152:Ogham inscription 3032: 3031: 2424:equestrian status 2226:, usually either 1706:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1673:on the island of 1628: 1627: 1620: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1278:Methods of dating 1234:Italian alphabets 1207:Cypriot syllabary 1080:Position or place 1074:Semitic alphabets 778:rendering support 716:Styles of cutting 560: 559: 552: 408:Zoological Record 255:Sinnbildforschung 141:Achaemenid Empire 16:(Redirected from 9302: 9261: 9260: 9251: 9250: 9203:Documentary film 9184: 9183: 9163:History journals 9129: 9128: 9102: 8974: 8910:Primacy of Peter 8857:Great Depression 8837: 8836: 8810: 8788: 8761: 8760: 8709:J. R. R. Tolkien 8564: 8563: 8559: 8547: 8535: 8517:Ulysses S. Grant 8512:Thomas Jefferson 8503: 8479: 8442: 8405: 8393: 8361: 8349: 8341:Chiang Ching-kuo 8331:Cato the Younger 8321:Amin al-Husseini 8299: 8298: 8288: 8287: 8267: 8266: 8250:War and genocide 8074: 8060:Résistancialisme 8047:Battle of France 8029:Nanjing Massacre 7883: 7882: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7724: 7674: 7556: 7539: 7512: 7511: 7439:Catharism debate 7425:pre-18th century 7407:Military history 7384: 7377: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7354:By war, conflict 7350: 7349: 7298:Cambridge School 7284: 7283: 7182: 7170: 7146: 7127: 7037: 7025: 6997: 6819: 6797:Historikerstreit 6767: 6755: 6743: 6724: 6710:Cordon sanitaire 6656:New Qing History 6644:Conquest dynasty 6635: 6550:Christianization 6533: 6532: 6452: 6365: 6353: 6341: 6319: 6307: 6299:Byzantine Empire 6154:Iquicha Royalism 6143: 6109: 6108: 6032: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5992: 5936:Age of Discovery 5925:Periodization of 5922: 5921: 5896:Transhistoricity 5891:Thirty-year rule 5802: 5790: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5735: 5716:Great Man theory 5679:People's history 5641: 5546: 5545: 5538:Three-age system 5500: 5499: 5200:Archival science 5152: 5151: 5139: 5138: 5006:Tertiary sources 4986: 4985: 4973: 4972: 4922:by area of study 4891: 4884: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4856:Written language 4774:Electronic media 4731:Electronic paper 4704:Textile printing 4501: 4500: 4490:writing material 4479: 4472: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4442: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4383:on 30 March 2010 4372: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4321:. Archived from 4307: 4305: 4303: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4116: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4001: 3995: 3988:the interesting 3982: 3976: 3973:Internet Archive 3969:Joseph Robertson 3960: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3926: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3846: 3840: 3818: 3801: 3792: 3778: 3772: 3757: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3703: 3693: 3682: 3681: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3597: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3499:. Archived from 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3412:Oxford Handbooks 3399: 3393: 3392: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3347: 3338: 3249:Edicts of Ashoka 3109:History of Latin 3043: 2976: 2956: 2949: 2947:III. viri A.I.A. 2942: 2920: 2918:vivus sibi fecit 2913: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2792: 2789:Columna Rostrata 2766: 2763:Columna Rostrata 2730: 2689: 2668: 2659: 2645:republican times 2625: 2607: 2600: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2493: 2466: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2320: 2313: 2304: 2297: 2268: 2136: 2135: 2059:Proxenia decrees 1806:is sung. To the 1623: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1580: 1572: 1423: 1413: 1389: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1346: 1338: 1236:, including the 1098:– 1st century AD 1097: 1053: 986: 985: 976: 975: 966: 965: 956: 955: 946: 945: 890:In the north of 835:, from whom the 630:). In Egypt and 612: 587: 586: 555: 548: 544: 541: 535: 504: 496: 486:Maya hieroglyphs 465: 459: 453: 447: 432: 423: 403: 393: 228:Mycenaean Greece 104: 97: 21: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9267: 9234: 9189: 9174: 9134: 9115: 9098: 9081: 9072: 8968: 8876: 8852:Great Recession 8835: 8806: 8782: 8766: 8747: 8638:H. P. Lovecraft 8607: 8569: 8562: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8497: 8473: 8446:Muammar Gaddafi 8436: 8424:Leonid Brezhnev 8399: 8387: 8370:Gregory Palamas 8355: 8353:Chiang Kai Shek 8343: 8303: 8293: 8274: 8273: 8254: 8235:Conflict thesis 8223: 8187: 8077: 8068: 8035: 7999: 7929: 7881: 7843: 7809:Interwar period 7799: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7738:Schlieffen Plan 7718: 7679: 7668: 7583: 7550: 7533: 7518: 7507: 7501: 7485:Dorian invasion 7470:Fall of Babylon 7426: 7420: 7419: 7396: 7388: 7355: 7336: 7312: 7289: 7282: 7244:Kingdom of Alba 7225: 7218: 7185: 7176: 7164: 7162:Spanish decline 7140: 7121: 7076: 7031: 7019: 7000: 6991: 6957: 6898: 6863: 6849:Greater Magadha 6835: 6813: 6770: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6718: 6697: 6671:Four Barbarians 6629: 6603: 6531: 6488:Götaland theory 6456:Lusotropicalism 6446: 6427:North Macedonia 6359: 6347: 6335: 6313: 6301: 6241: 6220:Frontier thesis 6215:Cyclical theory 6198:Neoabolitionism 6174: 6137: 6107: 6069: 6046:Greater Morocco 6026: 5998: 5975: 5926: 5920: 5812: 5796: 5784: 5741: 5722: 5635: 5550: 5544: 5526:Historical eras 5507: 5486: 5321: 5218:Writing systems 5188: 5146: 5144:Fields of study 5125: 5119:Service records 5104:Religious texts 5010: 4996:Primary sources 4980: 4967: 4966: 4900: 4895: 4865: 4860: 4841:Writing systems 4829: 4750:Carrier objects 4745: 4715: 4615:Other materials 4610: 4604:Cyperus papyrus 4517:Trema micrantha 4492: 4483: 4453: 4402: 4400: 4397:"Ubi Erat Lupa" 4395: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4369: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4326: 4301: 4299: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4175:on 25 July 2009 4157: 4155: 4154:on 7 April 2010 4136: 4134: 4133:. EAGLE project 4129: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4108:Latin Epigraphy 4104: 4100: 4088: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4042: 4038: 4027: 4023: 4002: 3998: 3983: 3979: 3971:1788, from the 3952: 3948: 3941: 3923: 3904: 3900: 3888: 3884: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3847: 3843: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3758: 3751: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3694: 3685: 3678:Epigrafia greca 3666: 3662: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3610: 3585: 3581: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3541: 3537:Brown, Julian. 3535: 3531: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3487:Shanks, Hershel 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3039: 3034: 3033: 2972: 2967: 2933: 2927: 2848:Saturnian Metre 2835:Saturnian Metre 2833:inscription in 2815: 2782: 2737: 2720: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2641: 2614: 2558: 2500: 2486: 2481: 2444: 2432: 2419: 2350: 2345: 2254: 2240: 2211: 2174: 2117: 2096: 2061: 2035: 2018: 1987:"tribute lists" 1955: 1943:Hellenistic Age 1926: 1896: 1891: 1882: 1771: 1729:, Faiyum, Egypt 1719: 1696:and now in the 1662: 1633: 1624: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1593: 1581: 1570: 1560: 1543: 1469: 1431: 1390: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1359: 1347: 1336: 1286: 1280: 1226:Ionian alphabet 1135: 1082: 915:Latin alphabets 868:Younger Futhark 793: 787: 786: 785: 776:Without proper 765: 718: 712:formed a part. 620: 590:Stoa of Attalus 565: 556: 545: 539: 536: 521: 505: 494: 369:Theodor Mommsen 353:Georg Fabricius 343:and stamped in 318: 202:on cast metal, 135:is an official 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9308: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9255: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9160: 9155: 9145: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8907: 8902: 8892: 8886: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8843: 8841: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8811: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8777: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8682: 8677: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8628:Charles Darwin 8625: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8598:United Kingdom 8595: 8590: 8588:Modern Germany 8585: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8561: 8560: 8548: 8536: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8507:Thomas Aquinas 8504: 8492: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8377: 8375:Horatio Nelson 8372: 8367: 8362: 8350: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8295: 8294: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8207:Responsibility 8204: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8119:New Historians 8116: 8111: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8007: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7985:Responsibility 7982: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7965: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7761: 7749: 7743:Spirit of 1914 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7713: 7703: 7700:Fischer thesis 7689: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7643: 7641:Paraguayan War 7638: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7567:Napoleonic era 7564: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7545: 7540: 7531:Pre-revolution 7522: 7520: 7516:Coalition Wars 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7394:historiography 7387: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7364: 7357: 7356: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7294: 7292: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7212:Decline thesis 7209: 7202:Ottoman Empire 7199: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7128: 7116: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7029:Skeptic School 7014: 7012:Anti-Normanism 7008: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6969:Golden Liberty 6965: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6951:Neo-Bourbonism 6943: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6791:Borussian myth 6788: 6780: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6725: 6713: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6636: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6327: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6262:Dealbanisation 6253: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6132: 6126:May Revolution 6117: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6096:Staples thesis 6093: 6088: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6021: 6012: 6010: 6000: 5999: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5952: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5928:modern history 5919: 5918: 5911: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5874: 5872:Paradigm shift 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5743: 5742: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5565: 5558:Annales school 5554: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5421:Constitutional 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5357: 5344: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5297:Postage stamps 5294: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5225: 5220: 5211: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5148: 5147: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5094:Oral tradition 5091: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4898:Historiography 4894: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4834:Related topics 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4788: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4555:Streblus asper 4546: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4507: 4505: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4452: 4451: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4393: 4373: 4367: 4352: 4335: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4292: 4271: 4254: 4222: 4201: 4185: 4164: 4143: 4126: 4124: 4123:External links 4121: 4118: 4117: 4098: 4079: 4052: 4036: 4021: 3996: 3977: 3946: 3940:978-0521338813 3939: 3922:978-0500050477 3921: 3898: 3882: 3866: 3859: 3841: 3793: 3773: 3768:Ancient Athens 3749: 3728: 3714: 3683: 3671:reference cf. 3660: 3653: 3635: 3623: 3608: 3588:Michael D. Coe 3579: 3570:|journal= 3529: 3514: 3478: 3435: 3428: 3394: 3387: 3363: 3350:Hypotheses.org 3332: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3111: 3106: 3097: 3092: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3022:Writing system 3019: 3014: 3009: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2929:Main article: 2926: 2923: 2814: 2811: 2781: 2778: 2736: 2733: 2727:cursus honorum 2719: 2716: 2699: 2696: 2674:Roman copy of 2673: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2640: 2637: 2613: 2610: 2557: 2554: 2499: 2496: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2443: 2440: 2436:Arval Brothers 2431: 2428: 2418: 2415: 2382:dedit, donavit 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2239: 2236: 2210: 2207: 2173: 2170: 2116: 2113: 2095: 2092: 2060: 2057: 2053:Achaean League 2051:came from the 2034: 2031: 2022:ephebic system 2017: 2014: 1991:subject allies 1954: 1951: 1947:Roman emperors 1925: 1922: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1770: 1767: 1718: 1715: 1690:Serpent Column 1661: 1658: 1642:Serpent Column 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1584: 1582: 1575: 1559: 1556: 1542: 1539: 1468: 1465: 1444:advertisements 1430: 1427: 1421:nosce te ipsum 1392: 1391: 1350: 1348: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1328:Eastern Empire 1294:Attic alphabet 1290:Ionic alphabet 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1242:Roman alphabet 1163:British Museum 1134: 1131: 1081: 1078: 1044:inscriptions. 1011:Ancient Greek 923:decimal system 780:, you may see 768: 767: 766: 764: 761: 717: 714: 619: 616: 582:(inscription: 564: 561: 558: 557: 508: 506: 499: 493: 490: 339:, composed in 325:Jiroft culture 317: 314: 42:British Museum 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9307: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9264: 9256: 9254: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9185: 9181: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9130: 9126: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9089:Merton thesis 9087: 9086: 9084: 9079: 9075: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9041:Panbabylonism 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8972: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8762: 8758: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8603:United States 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8565: 8557: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8483:Bolivarianism 8481: 8477: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8466:Simon Bolivar 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8397:Joseph Stalin 8395: 8391: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8285: 8270: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192:Post-Cold War 8190: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8166:Falklands War 8164: 8162: 8161:Iran–Iraq War 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109:Ongoing Nakba 8106: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8072: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040:Western Front 8038: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8021:Bengal famine 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7935:The Holocaust 7932: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886:Eastern Front 7884: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7765: 7758: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7617:Paris Commune 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7602:Turning point 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7554: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506:18th and 19th 7504: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7451:Islamic views 7449: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7347: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7175: 7174:Ser de España 7172: 7168: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7144: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6592:Ottoman claim 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6572:Prosopography 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6525:Trưng sisters 6523: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6272:Habsburg myth 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6180:United States 6177: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6113:Latin America 6110: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5990: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5706:Transnational 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596:Decoloniality 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577:Historiometry 5575: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5521:Periodization 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Sigillography 5305: 5303: 5302:Prosopography 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5179:Local history 5177: 5173: 5172:Human history 5170: 5169: 5168: 5167:World history 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4431:Signs of Life 4429: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4398: 4394: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4353: 4341: 4336: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4260: 4255: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4227: 4223: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4094: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3894: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3862: 3860:0-521-42834-3 3856: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3609:0-500-05061-9 3605: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3562: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3429:9780195336467 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3388:0-8247-2079-2 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3321:Beccut cippus 3319: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294:Rosetta Stone 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3284:Phaistos Disc 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3259:Kedukan Bukit 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2940: 2932: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799:Carthaginians 2796: 2795:Gaius Duilius 2791: 2790: 2774: 2770: 2769:Gaius Duilius 2765: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2667: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2495: 2492: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2439: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2397: 2396:libens merito 2392: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:metrical form 2221: 2217: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Marmor Parium 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2130: 2126: 2123:Black-figure 2121: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1995:Delian League 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1886: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1728: 1723: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1622: 1619: 1611: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1585:This section 1583: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1491:, 4th century 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1411:gnōthi sauton 1407: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1385: 1377: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1351:This section 1349: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159:Rosetta Stone 1156: 1150: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1061:boustrophedon 1055: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1015:inscription, 1014: 1013:boustrophedon 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 992:symbols. The 990: 980: 970: 960: 950: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 873: 872:Rök runestone 869: 865: 864:Elder Futhark 861: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 792: 783: 779: 775: 773: 760: 758: 754: 748: 746: 742: 737: 736: 731: 730: 724: 713: 711: 707: 706: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 611: 606: 602: 597: 591: 581: 577: 573: 569: 554: 551: 543: 533: 529: 525: 519: 518: 514: 509:This section 507: 503: 498: 497: 489: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 471:Rosetta Stone 467: 464: 458: 452: 446: 445: 438: 436: 431: 430: 422: 417: 412: 410: 409: 402: 397: 392: 391: 384: 383:(1904–1985). 382: 379:(1868–1947); 378: 375:(1834–1901); 374: 371:(1817–1903); 370: 367:(1815–1877); 366: 363:(1742–1815); 362: 359:(1737–1822); 358: 355:(1516–1571); 354: 346: 342: 338: 333: 326: 322: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 241:The study of 239: 237: 233: 229: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 170: 169:James Ossuary 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 103: 96: 92: 89: 88:Ancient Greek 85: 78: 73: 66: 61: 54: 49: 43: 39: 38:Rosetta Stone 34: 30: 19: 9295:Inscriptions 9018: 8820:The Simpsons 8818: 8765:Other topics 8713: 8690:Christianity 8680:Resurrection 8311:Adolf Hitler 8140:Six-Day War 8136:Algerian War 8107: / 8066:Vichy France 8058: 8051: 7961: / 7849:World War II 7745: / 7412: 7405: 7207:Ghaza thesis 7130: 7106: 7092:White legend 7090: / 7088:Black legend 7043:Soviet Union 6933: 6926: 6914: 6877:Great Famine 6854:Indocentrism 6828: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6783: 6729:Grand Siècle 6727: 6708: 6676:Sinocentrism 6537:Ancient Rome 6517: 6375:Aryan Kartli 6373: 6165: 6128: / 6062: 5959:19th century 5957: / 5948: / 5913: 5906: 5905: / 5900: 5876: 5850: / 5824:Black legend 5782:Historiology 5579: / 5567: 5530: 5468:Quantitative 5391: 5387:Intellectual 5353: / 5349: / 5335: / 5333:Anthropology 5287:Phaleristics 5280:preservation 5275:Oral history 5249: 5216: / 5202: / 5184:Microhistory 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4929: 4920: / 4916: 4909: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4666: 4621:Animal skin 4602: 4585: 4573: 4560: 4553: 4541: 4522: 4515: 4444: 4401:. Retrieved 4385:. Retrieved 4381:the original 4357: 4344:. Retrieved 4327:. Retrieved 4323:the original 4300:. Retrieved 4284:. Retrieved 4280:the original 4263:. Retrieved 4246:. Retrieved 4230:. Retrieved 4214:. Retrieved 4210:the original 4193:. Retrieved 4177:. Retrieved 4173:the original 4156:. Retrieved 4152:the original 4135:. Retrieved 4107: 4101: 4092: 4074: 4070: 4046: 4039: 4024: 4008: 3999: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3930: 3912: 3906: 3901: 3892: 3885: 3876: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3820: 3814: 3782: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3740: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3699: 3677: 3663: 3644: 3638: 3626: 3593: 3582: 3561:cite journal 3551:21 September 3549:. Retrieved 3546:UMassAmherst 3532: 3522: 3517: 3505:. Retrieved 3501:the original 3494: 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3451: 3438: 3407: 3397: 3372: 3366: 3356:21 September 3354:. Retrieved 3349: 3336: 3201: 3197:Tamil-Brahmi 3133:Memento mori 3119: 3113: 3058: 3026: 2997:Palaeography 2944: 2934: 2908: 2894: 2880: 2862: 2854: 2852: 2840: 2783: 2738: 2721: 2709: 2707: 2679: 2642: 2633: 2595: 2575: 2550:Roman Empire 2536: 2522: 2508: 2501: 2487: 2445: 2433: 2420: 2410:votum solvit 2400: 2386: 2372: 2369: 2357: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2306: 2290: 2272: 2212: 2175: 2159: 2143: 2140: 2097: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2040: 2036: 2019: 1986: 1980: 1956: 1927: 1901:codes of law 1897: 1883: 1862: 1855: 1845: 1836: 1812: 1788: 1785:, Ægean Sea. 1763: 1744: 1741: 1732: 1687: 1663: 1650: 1640: 1614: 1605: 1594:Please help 1589:verification 1586: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1494: 1452:codes of law 1440: 1432: 1416:know thyself 1380: 1371: 1360:Please help 1355:verification 1352: 1321: 1287: 1266:Greek Corpus 1264: 1258: 1215: 1211: 1151: 1143: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1059: 1056: 1046: 1022: 988: 978: 968: 958: 948: 938: 926: 919: 899:inscriptions 889: 877: 860:cipher runes 811:, among the 794: 769: 749: 733: 727: 719: 709: 704: 703: 687: 685: 674: 648: 621: 546: 537: 522:Please help 510: 483: 479:Thomas Young 468: 439: 413: 406: 385: 381:Louis Robert 377:Franz Cumont 349: 327:inscriptions 305:Myrtle Court 283:palaeography 267:pictographic 254: 250: 240: 224: 192:palaeography 184:hagiographic 175: 173: 128: 124: 101: 98: 91: 83: 82: 29: 9208:Hagiography 8969: [ 8929:Early Islam 8783: [ 8675:Historicity 8653:Historicity 8643:Jane Austen 8623:The Beatles 8593:Netherlands 8554: [ 8551:Zhuge Liang 8542: [ 8530: [ 8527:Yuan Shikai 8498: [ 8495:Sun Yat Tse 8474: [ 8437: [ 8400: [ 8388: [ 8385:Jiang Zemin 8356: [ 8344: [ 8336:Che Guevara 8069: [ 8004:Pacific War 7788:Article 231 7778:Reparations 7755: [ 7719: [ 7696:Color books 7685:World War I 7669: [ 7646:War of 1812 7551: [ 7534: [ 7519:(1792–1815) 7490:Sea Peoples 7475:Gallic Wars 7177: [ 7165: [ 7152:Revisionist 7141: [ 7132:Reconquista 7122: [ 7114:Inquisition 7108:Convivencia 7032: [ 7020: [ 6992: [ 6889:Revisionism 6814: [ 6762: [ 6750: [ 6738: [ 6719: [ 6661:Golden ages 6630: [ 6627:Wunu School 6622:Archaeology 6495:Switzerland 6478:Kosovo Myth 6466:Great Union 6447: [ 6432:Philippines 6415:Nationalist 6388:Ages of Man 6360: [ 6348: [ 6336: [ 6314: [ 6302: [ 6138: [ 6135:Revisionist 6027: [ 5964:Renaissance 5829:Coloniality 5797: [ 5785: [ 5777:Historicity 5701:Revisionist 5691:Pop history 5662:Nationalist 5636: [ 5581:Cliometrics 5549:Approaches, 5505:Methodology 5401:Linguistics 5351:Environment 5317:Vexillology 5240:Diplomatics 5223:Chorography 5162:Big History 5114:War diaries 5087:Illuminated 5082:Manuscripts 5067:Hieroglyphs 4947:historicity 4791:Inscription 4724:Impermanent 4687:Clay tablet 4657:Oracle bone 4524:Ficus aurea 4504:Plant-based 4403:22 November 4387:22 November 4346:22 November 4329:22 November 4286:22 November 4265:22 November 4244:. 1986–2012 4232:22 November 4195:22 November 4179:22 November 4158:22 November 4005:René Cagnat 3961:; see also 3507:27 February 3453:Archaeology 3127:Maya script 3049:Abecedarium 3007:Orthography 2992:Numismatics 2605:sua pecunia 2570:South Tyrol 2459:; also the 2201:, found in 1702:Persian War 1191:Late Minoan 1064:, or as an 1017:Gortyn code 833:Phoenicians 829:syllabaries 805:Mesopotamia 797:pictography 723:hieroglyphs 698:or pointed 667:numismatics 632:Mesopotamia 580:Hippocrates 373:Emil Hübner 287:iconography 279:handwriting 275:logographic 271:ideographic 263:petroglyphs 259:Third Reich 220:clay tablet 188:numismatics 153:archaeology 129:epigraphist 75:Trilingual 18:Epigraphist 9279:Categories 9263:Multimedia 9082:Technology 9046:Urreligion 8949:Kharijites 8900:Background 8568:Historical 8539:Zhou Enlai 8434:Mao Zedong 8429:Louis Riel 8202:Background 8053:Guilty Men 7995:Uniqueness 7918:Background 7913:Winter War 7837:Background 7770:Versailles 7624:Great Game 7271:Ricardians 7266:Tudor myth 6984:Partitions 6577:Succession 5867:Narratives 5852:Presentism 5808:Philosophy 5628:Humanistic 5516:Case study 5448:Indigenous 5426:Diplomatic 5370:Capitalism 5270:Onomastics 5228:Chronology 5057:Facsimiles 5042:Chronicles 4940:historians 4911:Historians 4808:Palimpsest 4803:Manuscript 4796:Bas-relief 4741:Skywriting 4697:Wax tablet 4677:Petroglyph 4537:Birch bark 4427:worldwide. 4028:It reads: 3598:. London: 3328:References 3192:Stoichedon 3172:Petroglyph 3100:Hero stone 3054:Chronogram 3017:Typography 3012:Papyrology 2931:milliarium 2897:H.M.H.N.S. 2702:See also: 2583:milestones 2542:Diocletian 2469:Haruspices 2310:H.M.H.N.S. 2242:See also: 1972:Erechtheum 1798:: "To the 1759:hierophant 1751:divination 1736:priesthood 1692:, once at 1683:peculation 1562:See also: 1535:Germanicus 1485:Corinthian 1406:Appian Way 1254:Chalcidian 1218:archonship 1203:Asia Minor 1171:Babylonian 1115:tombstones 1002:ideographs 947:(10,000), 903:Morse code 866:, and the 845:Phoenician 825:Ideographs 789:See also: 757:Thucydides 644:limestones 624:terracotta 425:corpus is 251:ideography 196:engravings 149:historians 125:epigrapher 86:(from 55:from Paris 53:Michel Ney 9285:Epigraphy 9051:Perennial 8840:Economics 8792:Feudalism 8578:Australia 8326:Aurangzeb 8302:Political 8292:By person 7973:Pius Wars 7768:Treaty of 7427:conflicts 7234:Poor Laws 7097:Hispanism 6974:Sarmatism 6804:Sonderweg 6562:Expansion 6287:Litvinism 6121:Argentina 5955:Long 18th 5838:Dark Ages 5618:Historism 5416:Political 5355:Geography 5292:Philology 5255:Genealogy 5250:Epigraphy 5193:By source 5032:Artifacts 4815:Microform 4709:Silk text 4625:Parchment 4582:Palm leaf 4302:14 August 4248:23 August 4216:15 August 4013:Knowledge 3829:democracy 3379:CRC Press 3187:Runestone 3090:headstone 3076:Ex libris 2890:Hic iacet 2831:Old Latin 2797:over the 2587:basilicas 2585:, baths, 2579:aqueducts 2343:Religious 2228:hexameter 2153:example, 2101:Prytaneum 2044:Epidaurus 1976:Parthenon 1914:Naupactus 1852:Epidaurus 1848:Asclepius 1832:Eleusinia 1816:Alectrona 1779:Asclepius 1631:Religious 1608:July 2019 1548:Religious 1510:hexameter 1477:Periander 1457:Acropolis 1374:July 2019 1324:consulate 1313:Olympiads 1306:Eponymous 1298:Eucleides 1222:Eucleides 1183:Alexander 1161:, in the 1070:ploughing 1042:Byzantine 1038:Christian 1034:monograms 1030:Compendia 957:(1,000), 931:Epidaurus 885:cuneiform 874:in Sweden 729:cuneiform 618:Materials 578:, son of 540:July 2019 511:does not 396:fascicles 297:Arabesque 200:embossing 113:graphemes 102:epigraphḗ 84:Epigraphy 79:in Turkey 9253:Category 9168:template 8882:Religion 8733:Socrates 8648:Muhammed 8570:rankings 8451:Napoleon 8269:Category 8087:Cold War 7990:Slovakia 7577:Waterloo 7446:Crusades 7391:Military 7239:Scotland 7197:Kemalist 6519:Nam tiến 6514:Vietnam 6504:Ukraine 6462:Romania 6444:Portugal 6370:Georgia 6345:Medieval 6294:Bulgaria 6283:Belarus 6268:Austria 6074:Americas 6042:Morocco 6038:Ethiopia 5817:Specific 5740:Concepts 5645:Leninist 5603:Feminist 5591:Critical 5438:Feminism 5411:Military 5365:Business 5360:Economic 5342:Cultural 5326:By topic 5312:Toponymy 5260:Heraldry 5208:template 5155:By scale 5077:Logbooks 5062:Features 5027:Archives 4767:Notebook 4683:Tablets 4672:Geoglyph 4650:Stamping 4645:Intaglio 4587:Borassus 4570:Ola leaf 4497:Enduring 3986:int. al. 3907:int. al. 3805:Lycurgus 3721:29 March 3676:(1995). 3667:For the 3618:26605966 3590:(1992). 3471:27 April 3466:41658744 3167:Ostracon 3095:Graffiti 2965:See also 2746:Lysippus 2742:Hercules 2718:Honorary 2681:Hercules 2676:Lysippus 2591:porticos 2453:Fetiales 2442:Colleges 2365:Maximini 2358:Victoria 2328:tesserae 2294:V.S.L.M. 2232:elegiacs 2220:epitaphs 2183:Augustus 2150:Paeonius 2129:Sophilos 2109:Kresilas 2105:Pericles 2088:proxenos 2084:proxenos 2080:proxenos 2071:proxenos 2066:proxenia 2007:with an 1968:Peiraeus 1939:Ecclesia 1910:Locrians 1828:Messenia 1506:Cypselus 1489:Kresilas 1481:Cypselus 1475:Bust of 1436:potsherd 1302:Archinus 1261:medieval 1246:alphabet 1238:Etruscan 1175:Assyrian 1167:Sumerian 1155:hieratic 1072:). 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