572:
1159:"Dr. Frank Poirier, a physical anthropologist at Ohio State University, says the classical explanation of epicanthic fold depicts it as an adaptation to the tropical and arctic regions where many Asians live. The fold is described as a sun visor protecting the eyes from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation or as a blanket insulating them from the cold. According to Poirier, the problem with this theory is that a substantial portion of the Asian population evolved in areas outside of the tropical and arctic regions. In addition, he says epicanthic fold is not limited to Asians.
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536:. Though its appearance in peoples of Southeast Asia can be linked to possible descent from cold-adapted ancestors, its occurrence in various African peoples is not open to this explanation. The epicanthic fold found in many African people has been tentatively linked to protection for the eye from the high levels of
554:
Dr. Frank
Poirier, a physical anthropologist at Ohio State University, said that the epicanthic fold among Asian people is often explained as part of an adaptation to severe cold or tropical environments, however he suggests that neither of these explanations are sufficient to explain its presence in
518:
The degree of development of the fold between individuals varies greatly, and attribution of its presence or absence is often subjective, being to a degree relative to the occurrence of the trait within the community of the specific observer. Also, its frequency varies but can be found in peoples all
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The epicanthic fold is often associated with greater levels of fat deposition around the eyeball. The adipose tissue is thought to provide greater insulation for the eye and sinuses from the effects of cold, especially from freezing winds, and to represent an adaptation to cold climates. It has also
234:. However, variation occurs in the nature of this feature and the possession of "partial epicanthic folds" or "slight epicanthic folds" is noted in the relevant literature. Various factors influence whether epicanthic folds form, including ancestry, age, and certain medical conditions.
592:
lose their epicanthic folds after three to six months of gestation. Epicanthic folds may be visible in the development stages of young children of any ethnicity, especially before the nose bridge fully develops.
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The fold is also found among infants worldwide. Poirier attributes the fold to pleiotropic genes--single genes that control more than one characteristic or function--but he has no explanation for its origin."
418:
In some of these populations, the trait is almost universal. This is especially true in East Asians and
Southeast Asians, where a majority, up to 90% in some estimations, of adults have this feature.
543:
The exact evolutionary function and origin of epicanthic folds remains unknown. Scientific explanations include either random variation and selection (presumably
1326:
928:"Anchor Epicanthoplasty Combined with OutFold Type Double Eyelidplasty for Asians: Do We Have to Make an Additional Scar to Correct the Asian Epicanthal Fold?"
186:
927:
609:. Medical conditions that cause the nasal bridge not to develop and project are also associated with epicanthic fold. About 60% of individuals with
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162:
672:
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genes that control for more than one characteristic or function. He also did not offer an explanation for the origin of epicanthic folds.
309:
originates at the upper eyelid crease and merges into the skin near the medial canthus. This is the type most often found in East Asians.
547:), or possible adaption to desert environment and/or high levels of ultraviolet light found in high-altitude environments, such as the
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1039:
782:
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Kalyanasundaram, S.; et al. (2010). "Peroxisomal
Disorder-Unusual Presentation as Failure to Thrive in Early Infancy".
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in
Afghanistan and Pakistan commonly have this trait. Some people in Eastern/Northern Pakistan have this trait.
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The highest frequency of occurrence of epicanthic folds is found in specific populations or ethnicities:
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Pham, V. (2010). COMMON OTOLARYNGOLOGICAL CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES. UTMB, Dept. of
Otolaryngology.
571:
601:
Epicanthic fold prevalence can sometimes be found as a sign of congenital abnormality, such as in
251:
1508:
1496:
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John F. Kennedy had a variance of the fold and it is found among
Europeans, especially the Irish,
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840:
Ocular
Hypotelorism, Submucosal Cleft Palate, and Hypospadias: A New Autosomal Dominant Syndrome
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676:
621:
193:
169:
157:
798:
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1486:
1285:
Hammer, Gary, D.; McPhee, Stephen J. (2010). "Pathophysiology of
Selected Genetic Diseases".
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8:
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Epicanthic folds also occur, at a considerably lower frequency, in other populations:
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Variation in the shape of the epicanthic fold has led to four types being recognised:
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runs from the lower eyelid skin over the medial canthus and extends to the upper lid.
885:, Semin Plast Surg. 2009 Aug; 23(3), pp. 185–197 doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1224798, p. 189
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girl with the skin fold of the upper eyelid covering the inner angle of the eye
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This image highlights the epicanthic folds in a person of East Asian descent.
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been postulated that the fold itself may provide a level of protection from
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Assessment and management of developmental changes and problems in children
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and some other
African groups have a high frequency of the epicanthic fold.
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East and
Southeast Asia, and notes that the fold can also be observed in
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613:(also known as trisomy 21) have prominent epicanthic folds. In 1862,
548:
467:
427:
231:
219:
65:
479:
459:
447:
1088:
Hassan, M. M. (September 1962). "Mongolism in Sudanese children".
249:', with epi-canthus being the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek
41:
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576:
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1287:
Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine
1151:"ORIGIN OF SHAPE OF ASIAN EYES IS STILL A MYSTERY TO SCIENTISTS"
1518:
1367:
380:
223:
799:"Epicanthus | definition of epicanthus by Medical dictionary"
589:
471:
463:
145:
673:"AllRefer Health – Epicanthal Folds (Plica Palpebronasalis)"
105:
475:
122:
84:
486:, among other groups in eastern and southern South Asia),
559:
and African people. He attributes the epicanthic fold to
108:
99:
90:
1057:"The Physical Anthropology of Ceylon. Howard W. Stoudt"
842:, American Journal of Medical Genetics 31, pp. 863–870
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marker to define biological populations is debatable.
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96:
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with Finno-Ugric and/or Turco-Tatar ancestry (e.g.,
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1034:(2nd ed.). Granby, Mass: Bergin & Garvey.
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285:runs from the brow, curving downwards towards the
1342:Kaneshiro, Neil K.; Zieve, David; Ogilvie, Isla.
1341:
526:
1709:
1179:"Modified Z-Epicanthoplasty in the Asian Eyelid"
926:Lee, Yoonho; Lee, Euitae; Park, Won Jin (2000).
888:
743:"Palpebronasal Fold - Medical Dictionary Search"
375:, they occur at very high frequencies among the
649:, the surgical modification of epicanthic folds
321:
881:Nguyen, M.Q., Hsu, P.W. and Dinh, T.A. (2009)
710:
708:
421:
1394:
1289:(6 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
617:classified what is now called Down syndrome.
540:light found in desert and semi-desert areas.
501:
326:
1309:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1284:
1129:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 10–11.
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514:with an epicanthic fold over his left eye.
40:
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519:over the world. Its use, therefore, as a
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861:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10.
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301:and extends to the inferior orbital rim.
267:
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838:U. Schilbach, U. and Rott, H-D. (1988)
64:Epicanthal fold, epicanthus, eye fold,
14:
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1126:Race and Racism in Theory and Practice
1087:
858:Race and Racism in Theory and Practice
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1102:10.1093/oxfordjournals.tropej.a057626
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769:
596:
226:that covers the inner corner (medial
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854:
1527:Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
1231:. U.S National Library of Medicine.
718:Sterling Dictionary of Anthropology
714:
24:
1183:Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery
932:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
357:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
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777:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman.
263:
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944:10.1097/00006534-200004050-00040
915:. Cape – via Google Books.
775:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
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938:(5): 1866–70, discussion 1871.
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403:. It is also commonly found in
1692:Suspensory ligament of eyeball
1090:Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
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735:
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675:. AllRefer.com. Archived from
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527:Possible evolutionary function
13:
1:
1074:10.1525/aa.1963.65.3.02a00260
822:, Mosby, Incorporated, p. 38
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27:Skin fold of the upper eyelid
1502:Trochlea of superior oblique
1244:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
748:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
322:Ethnogeographic distribution
237:
7:
1055:Angel, J. Lawrence (1963).
1006:"epicanthic fold (anatomy)"
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422:Lower-frequency populations
10:
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1177:Park JI (1 January 2000).
502:Perception and attribution
327:High-frequency populations
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1605:Accessory lacrimal glands
1580:
1537:Medial palpebral ligament
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1256:10.1007/s12098-010-0199-6
1165:It`s just less prevalent.
1123:Lang, Berel, ed. (2000).
913:"The Living Races of Man"
855:Lang, Berel, ed. (2000).
715:Das, Ram Narayan (1997).
653:Human physical appearance
192:
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282:Epicanthus supraciliaris
68:fold, palpebronasal fold
1509:Inferior oblique muscle
1497:Superior oblique muscle
1195:10.1001/archfaci.2.1.43
1061:American Anthropologist
1010:Encyclopædia Britannica
297:begins above the upper
260:: 'corner of the eye'.
1482:Inferior rectus muscle
1477:Superior rectus muscle
1329:6 October 2011 at the
905:Coon, Carleton Stevens
622:fetal alcohol syndrome
583:
580:
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294:Epicanthus palpebralis
273:
194:Anatomical terminology
1487:Lateral rectus muscle
818:Powell, M. L. (1981)
574:
509:
271:
151:plica palpebronasalis
1492:Medial rectus muscle
1375:at Wikimedia Commons
1030:Montagu, A. (1989).
883:Asian Blepharoplasty
1590:Lacrimal canaliculi
620:Other examples are
314:Epicanthus inversus
306:Epicanthus tarsalis
1582:Lacrimal apparatus
1344:"Epicanthal folds"
1225:"Epicanthal folds"
979:. 8 October 1985.
977:The New York Times
679:on 12 January 2010
603:Zellweger syndrome
597:Medical conditions
581:
516:
510:Swedish ski racer
363:(especially among
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1718:Human eye anatomy
1705:
1704:
1675:Plica semilunaris
1642:Nasolacrimal duct
1595:Lacrimal caruncle
1562:Palpebral fissure
1371:Media related to
1296:978-0-07-162167-0
1250:(10): 1151–1152.
1041:978-0-89789-166-0
911:(21 April 1966).
784:978-1-4058-8118-0
615:John Langdon Down
385:Northeast Indians
245:means 'above the
208:
207:
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16:(Redirected from
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1632:Lacrimal punctum
1627:Lacrimal papilla
1615:Ciaccio's glands
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773:(3 April 2008).
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1542:Epicanthic fold
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699:"Eye fold"
659:References
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