402:
onwards. Although considered by their creator to be a clearly superior and more intuitive system, as a mode of writing and as a calculus, they had no major influence on the history of logic. This has been attributed to the fact(s) that, for one, Peirce published little on this topic, and that the published texts were not written in a very understandable way; and, for two, that the linear formula notation in the hands of experts is actually the less complex tool. Hence, the existential graphs received little attention or were seen as unwieldy. From 1963 onwards, works by Don D. Roberts and J. Jay Zeman, in which Peirce's graphic systems were systematically examined and presented, led to a better understanding; even so, they have today found practical use within only one modern application—the conceptual graphs introduced by John F. Sowa in 1976, which are used in computer science to represent knowledge. However, existential graphs are increasingly reappearing as a subject of research in connection with a growing interest in graphical logic, which is also expressed in attempts to replace the rules of inference given by Peirce with more intuitive ones.
406:
graphs, which have not yet been fully researched and were not completed by Peirce, are understood as a further development of the alpha and beta graphs. When interpreted appropriately, the gamma graphs cover higher-level predicate logic as well as modal logic. As late as 1903, Peirce began a new approach, the "Tinctured
Existential Graphs," with which he wanted to replace the previous systems of alpha, beta and gamma graphs and combine their expressiveness and performance in a single new system. Like the gamma graphs, the "Tinctured Existential Graphs" remained unfinished.
1705:
731:
489:
739:
51:
747:
in the sense of predicate logic is a sequence of words with clearly defined spaces that becomes a propositional sentence if you insert a proper noun into each space. For example, the word sequence "_ x is a human" is a predicate because it gives rise to the declarative sentence "Peirce is a human" if you enter the proper name "Peirce" in the blank space. Likewise, the word sequence "_
746:
In the case of betagraphs, the atomic expressions are no longer propositional letters (P, Q, R,...) or statements ("It rains," "Peirce died in poverty"), but predicates in the sense of predicate logic (see there for more details), possibly abbreviated to predicate letters (F, G, H,...). A predicate
401:
Thus, the development of an iconic, graphic and – as he intended – intuitive and easy-to-learn logical system was a project that Peirce worked on throughout his life. After at least one aborted approach – the "Entitative Graphs" – the closed system of "Existential Graphs" finally emerged from 1896
405:
The overall system of existential graphs is composed of three subsystems that build on each other, the alpha graphs, the beta graphs and the gamma graphs. The alpha graphs are a purely propositional logical system. Building on this, the beta graphs are a first order logical calculus. The gamma
763:
The basic language device is the line of identity, a thickly drawn line of any form. The identity line docks onto the blank space of a predicate to show that the predicate applies to at least one individual. In order to express that the predicate "_ is a human being" applies to at least one
397:
Peirce found the algebraic notation (i.e. symbolic notation) of logic, especially that of predicate logic, which was still very new during his lifetime and which he himself played a major role in developing, to be philosophically unsatisfactory, because the symbols had their meaning by mere
803:(also see Zeman 1967). However, the secondary literature, especially Roberts (1973) and Shin (2002), does not agree on how this is. Peirce's writings do not address this question, because first-order logic was first clearly articulated only after his death, in the 1928 first edition of
409:
As calculi, the alpha, beta and gamma graphs are sound (i.e., all expressions derived as graphs are semantically valid). The alpha and beta graphs are also complete (i.e., all propositional or predicate-logically semantically valid expressions can be derived as alpha or beta graphs).
389:, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914. They include both a separate graphical notation for logical statements and a logical calculus, a formal system of rules of inference that can be used to derive theorems.
984:
who felt they could usefully be combined with Welby's thoughts in a "less abstruse form." Otherwise they attracted little attention during his life and were invariably denigrated or ignored after his death, until the PhD theses by
Roberts (1964) and Zeman (1964).
398:
convention. In contrast, he strove for a style of writing in which the signs literally carry their meaning within them – in the terminology of his theory of signs: a system of iconic signs that resemble or resemble the represented objects and relations.
1151:"Aside from their historic interest, Peirce's graphical formalisms are of current interest. Sowa's system of conceptual graphs is based on Peirce's work. also indicates increasing interest in the logic of graphical reasoning." (Hammer 1998, page 489)
1142:"One questions the efficacy of Peirce's diagrams . Their basic machinery is too complex ." (Quine: Review of Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume 4: The Simplest Mathematics, Isis 22, page 552, quoted in Roberts 1973, page 13)
775:
The beta graphs can be read as a system in which all formula are to be taken as closed, because all variables are implicitly quantified. If the "shallowest" part of a line of identity has even depth, the associated variable is tacitly
1379:
consists of manuscripts written after that date and still unpublished. Hence our understanding of Peirce's graphical logic is likely to change as the remaining 23 volumes of the chronological edition appear.
641:
Double cut - A pair of cuts with nothing between them may be drawn around any subgraph. Likewise two nested cuts with nothing between them may be erased. This rule is equivalent to
Boolean involution and
707:
A proof manipulates a graph by a series of steps, with each step justified by one of the above rules. If a graph can be reduced by steps to the blank page or an empty cut, it is what is now called a
939:
theory led him to doubt the value of logic formulated using conventional linear notation, and to prefer that logic and mathematics be notated in two (or even three) dimensions. His work went beyond
1093:"Peirce wants a sign which will not merely be conventionally understood , but which will "wear its meaning on its sleeve," so to speak" (Zeman 1964, page 21, quoted from the online edition)
768:
884:. Peirce's graphical logic is but one of his many accomplishments in logic and mathematics. In a series of papers beginning in 1867, and culminating with his classic paper in the 1885
1624:
1308:
Paragraphs 573–584 (II.7. "An
Improvement on the Gamma Graphs")—from "For the National Academy of Science, 1906 April Meeting in Washington" (manuscript 490).
1028:
Peirce, C. S., "" (editors' title for MS 427 (the new numbering system), Fall–Winter 1882), and "Letter, Peirce to O. H. Mitchell" (L 294, 21 December 1882),
755:" is a predicate, because it results in the statement "Socrates is richer than Plato" if the proper names "Socrates" or "Plato" are inserted into the spaces.
1102:" are not ‚iconic‘ – that is, they do not resemble the objects or relationships they represent. Peirce took this to be a defect.“ (Roberts 1973, Seite 17)
1050:, Nathan Houser, Don D. Roberts, and James Van Evra, editors, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 418–444, see 420, 425, 426, 428.
764:
individual – i.e. to say that there is (at least) one human being – one writes an identity line in the blank space of the predicate "_ is a human being:"
329:
1173:
The evidence for this was provided by J. Jay Zeman in his dissertation in 1964 (see bibliography); for alpha graphs, see also the work of White, 1984
1541:
1281:
Paragraphs 418–509 (II.4. "On
Existential Graphs, Euler's Diagrams, and Logical Algebra")—from "Logical Tracts, No. 2" (manuscript 492), c. 1903.
364:
1120:"he syntax of Peirce's graphs lacks, at least in general, the combinatorial elegance and simplicity of linear notations" (Hammer 1998, page 502)
1267:–650, beginning (near second column's top) with "If symbolic logic be defined...". Paragraph 393 (Baldwin's DPP2 p. 650) is by Peirce and
1311:
Paragraphs 617–623 (at least) (in Book III, Ch. 2, §2, paragraphs 594–642)—from "Some
Amazing Mazes: Explanation of Curiosity the First",
833:, written using a dashed rather than a solid line. Peirce proposed rules for this second style of cut, which can be read as the primitive
1631:
1584:
186:
1423:
263:
1284:
Paragraphs 510–529 (II.5. "The Gamma Part of
Existential Graphs")—from "Lowell Lectures of 1903," Lecture IV (manuscript 467).
864:. This finding of Zeman's has received little attention to this day, but is nonetheless included here as a point of interest.
1552:
1330:
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1347:
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711:(or the complement thereof, a contradiction). Graphs that cannot be simplified beyond a certain point are analogues of the
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357:
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1224:. Volume 4, Book II: "Existential Graphs", consists of paragraphs 347–584. A discussion also begins in paragraph 617.
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1111:" graphical publications were few and not easy to understand, as he admitted himself." (Roberts 1973, page 12)
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1555:" (via Wayback Machine), Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, PRC.
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1227:
Paragraphs 347–349 (II.1.1. "Logical
Diagram")—Peirce's definition "Logical Diagram (or Graph)" in
1133:
Clarendon Press. Oxford 1962, ISBN 0-19-824773-7, the logical diagrams of Peirce are not mentioned.
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1440:. The first publication to show any sympathy and understanding for Peirce's graphical logic.
1432:(1964), "Existential Graphs and Natural Deduction" in Moore, E. C., and Robin, R. S., eds.,
1654:
1581:
1259:
Paragraphs 372–393 (II.2. "Symbolic Logic")—Peirce's part of "Symbolic Logic" in
Baldwin's
1249:
Paragraphs 350–371 (II.1.2. "Of Euler's
Diagrams")—from "Graphs" (manuscript 479) c. 1903.
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781:
319:
152:
122:
106:
1129:
Roberts points out that even in the standard work on the history of logic, Kneale/Kneale:
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also employed a two-dimensional notation for logic, but one very different from Peirce's.
8:
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522:. A cut can be empty. Cuts can nest and concatenate at will, but must never intersect.
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1186:
Victoria Welby and the Science of Signs: Significs, Semiotics, Philosophy of Language
1069:
976:. He very soon abandoned this formalism in favor of the existential graphs. In 1911
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see, e.g., Sun-Joo Shin, "Reconstituting Beta Graphs into an Efficacious System,"
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957:
834:
649:
Iteration/Deiteration – To understand this rule, it is best to view a graph as a
643:
299:
127:
94:
1355:. Hardwick, C.S., ed. Lubbock TX: Texas Tech University Press. 2nd edition 2001.
1287:
Paragraphs 530–572 (II.6.)—"Prolegomena To an Apology For Pragmaticism" (1906),
1724:
1403:
v. I, n. 1–2, pp. 47–83. Article is an introduction to existential graphs.
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650:
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Peirce's first published paper on graphical logic (reprinted in Vol. 3 of his
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Existential graph of the statement "There is something that is not a human"
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1399:(1981), "The Best Example of Semiosis and Its Use in Teaching Semiotics",
1334:, pp. 146–164. Ketner, Kenneth Laine (editing and introduction), and
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Paragraphs 394–417 (II.3. "Existential Graphs")—from Peirce's pamphlet
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147:
69:
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1418:(2011), "Diagrammatical Reasoning and Peircean Logic Representation",
767:
480:, quantified modal logic being more general than put forth by Peirce.
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1422:
vol. 186 (1/4). (Special issue on Peirce's diagrammatic logic.)
1369:
Currently, the chronological critical edition of Peirce's works, the
1362:
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923:
881:
738:
534:
253:
1609:
1482:
1068:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 117–121,
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Insertion - Any subgraph may be inserted into an odd numbered depth.
488:
1410:, Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TX, 99 pages, spiral-bound.
936:
560:
247:
205:
172:
1563:"Laws, Facts, and Contexts: Foundations for Multimodal Reasoning"
1408:
Elements of Logic: An Introduction to Peirce's Existential Graphs
715:
382:
258:
231:
630:
Erasure - Any subgraph in an even numbered depth may be erased.
497:
1046:(1997), "Matching Logical Structure to Linguistic Structure",
693:
depends). For an equivalent rule in an algebraic context, see
952:
877:
1389:
Hammer, Eric M. (1998), "Semantics for Existential Graphs,"
880:/mathematician with Peirce the founder of a major strand of
914:
consider Peirce the first of their kind. He also extended
559:
To enclose a subgraph with a cut is equivalent to logical
1278:, pp. 15–23, Alfred Mudge & Son, Boston (1903).
771:
Existential graph of the statement "Some man eats a man"
507:
Single letters or phrases written anywhere on the page;
385:
or visual notation for logical expressions, created by
548:
Letters, phrases, subgraphs, and entire graphs may be
1469:
Docent Press, Boston MA. 2012. ISBN 9 780983 700494.
1434:
Studies in the Philosophy of C. S. Peirce, 2nd series
1342:. Peirce's 1898 lectures in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
418:
Peirce proposed three systems of existential graphs:
27:
Type of diagrammatic notation for propositional logic
1534:
An annotated bibliography on the existential graphs.
617:
of an object is the number of cuts that enclose it.
1532:
Peirce's Existential Graphs --- Readings and Links.
1162:
Journal of Logic, Language and Information archive,
1553:The literature of C.S. Peirce’s Existential Graphs
1472:Part II: Peirce's Existential Graphs, pp. 76-162.
872:The existential graphs are a curious offspring of
602:graphs constitute a radical simplification of the
1375:, extends only to 1892. Much of Peirce's work on
1716:
1447:John Benjamins. An outgrowth of his 1963 thesis.
1500:(1967), "A System of Implicit Quantification,"
1328:1992. "Lecture Three: The Logic of Relatives",
1221:The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce
1048:Studies in the Logic of Charles Sanders Peirce
1625:
1350:: The Correspondence between C.S. Peirce and
574:All subgraphs within a given cut are tacitly
358:
968:) proposed a system dual (in effect) to the
844:Zeman (1964) was the first to note that the
787:Zeman (1964) was the first to note that the
1034:, v. 4, "Junctures" on pp. 391–393 (Google
1632:
1618:
1493:Unpublished Ph.D. thesis submitted to the
365:
351:
1415:Queiroz, João & Stjernfelt, Frederik
860:graphs can be read as a peculiar form of
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669:may be copied into any node depending on
590:, grounded in the expressive adequacy of
1548:— Java applet for deriving Alpha graphs.
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1176:
1059:
1038:) and the letter on pp. 394–399 (Google
848:graphs are equivalent to the well-known
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681:may be erased if there exists a copy of
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447:with identity, with all formulas closed;
1383:
1261:Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology
1233:Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology
14:
1717:
1445:The Existential Graphs of C.S. Peirce.
1164:Volume 8, Issue 3, July 1999, 273–295.
1639:
1613:
1276:A Syllabus of Certain Topics of Logic
1241:Classics in the History of Psychology
1212:
586:graphs are a minimalist notation for
526:Any well-formed part of a graph is a
133:Entitative graph in Qualitative logic
1675:Propositional directed acyclic graph
1517:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1483:The Graphical Logic of C.S. Peirce.
1457:The Iconic Logic of Peirce's Graphs
24:
1361:(1909), edited with commentary by
1359:A transcription of Peirce's MS 514
1207:
25:
1766:
1510:
1438:University of Massachusetts Press
1391:Journal of Philosophical Logic 27
1331:Reasoning and the Logic of Things
980:showed the existential graphs to
1703:
1593:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
1558:
867:
814:Principles of Mathematical Logic
49:
1167:
1154:
972:existential graphs, called the
890:, Peirce developed much of the
887:American Journal of Mathematics
510:Any graph may be enclosed by a
305:Charles Santiago Sanders Peirce
1591:" Dept. of Cognitive Science,
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1136:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
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1022:
13:
1:
1467:Peirce's Logic of Continuity.
1401:American Journal of Semiotics
1060:Smullyan, Raymond M. (1968),
1031:Writings of Charles S. Peirce
1015:
567:. Hence an empty cut denotes
413:
392:
1573:(NB. Existential graphs and
1502:Journal of Symbolic Logic 32
1297:-546. Corrections (1907) in
7:
1695:Method of analytic tableaux
1680:Sentential decision diagram
988:
892:two-element Boolean algebra
604:two-element Boolean algebra
435:two-element Boolean algebra
224:Miscellaneous contributions
10:
1771:
689:(i.e., some node on which
685:in some node ancestral to
264:Classification of sciences
1701:
1645:
1131:The Development of Logic.
673:. Likewise, any subgraph
453:, (nearly) isomorphic to
1340:Harvard University Press
1183:Petrilli, Susan (2017).
820:
483:
338:Peirce Geodetic Monument
1670:Binary decision diagram
1537:Gottschall, Christian,
1269:Christine Ladd-Franklin
906:, and some rudimentary
742:beta existential graphs
725:
541:The blank page denotes
315:Christine Ladd-Franklin
143:Functional completeness
1750:Charles Sanders Peirce
1745:History of mathematics
1396:Ketner, Kenneth Laine
1348:Semiotic and Significs
1218:1931–1935 & 1958.
1010:Propositional calculus
935:But Peirce's evolving
922:. He stopped short of
896:propositional calculus
772:
759:Notation of betagraphs
743:
735:
493:
387:Charles Sanders Peirce
290:Joseph Morton Ransdell
274:Quincuncial projection
178:Type-token distinction
43:Charles Sanders Peirce
1495:University of Chicago
1005:Charles Sander Peirce
929:Principia Mathematica
825:Add to the syntax of
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741:
733:
491:
325:The Metaphysical Club
1655:Square of opposition
1580:Van Heuveln, Bram, "
1384:Secondary literature
978:Victoria, Lady Welby
635:Rules of equivalence
320:Victoria, Lady Welby
153:Logic of information
123:Continuous predicate
107:Community of inquiry
1735:Philosophical logic
1582:Existential Graphs.
1352:Victoria Lady Welby
1319:-464, see starting
1271:("C.S.P., C.L.F.").
1252:Paragraphs 372–584
926:(which eluded even
831:simple closed curve
512:simple closed curve
431:propositional logic
80:Abductive reasoning
1604:four online papers
1600:Existential Graphs
1587:2009-08-29 at the
1544:2006-02-12 at the
1488:2018-09-14 at the
1315:, v. XVIII, 1908,
1213:Primary literature
904:predicate calculus
862:normal modal logic
773:
744:
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621:Rules of inference
494:
455:normal modal logic
216:Universal rhetoric
168:Second-order logic
100:as theory of truth
1712:
1711:
1640:Diagrams in logic
1575:conceptual graphs
1463:Zalamea, Fernando
1196:978-1-351-29598-7
1075:978-3-642-86720-0
1066:First-Order Logic
1062:"Prenex Tableaux"
974:entitative graphs
829:a second kind of
809:Wilhelm Ackermann
797:first-order logic
720:first-order logic
476:does not nest in
445:first-order logic
379:existential graph
375:
374:
138:Existential graph
16:(Redirected from
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1755:Logical diagrams
1740:History of logic
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1690:Sequent calculus
1634:
1627:
1620:
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1598:Zeman, Jay J., "
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751:is richer than _
588:sentential logic
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1589:Wayback Machine
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1551:Liu, Xin-Wen, "
1546:Wayback Machine
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784:) quantified.
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661:. Any subgraph
644:double negation
565:complementation
504:The blank page;
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300:Juliette Peirce
187:Semiotic theory
72:in epistemology
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1595:. Alpha only.
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355:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:
334:
333:
332:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
295:Allan Marquand
292:
284:
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279:
278:
277:
276:
271:
269:Listing number
266:
261:
256:
251:
244:
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226:
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219:
218:
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208:
203:
198:
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165:
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155:
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145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
117:
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112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
103:
102:
97:
87:
82:
74:
73:
66:
65:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
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1720:
1706:
1696:
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1668:
1666:
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1661:
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1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1564:
1561:
1560:Sowa, John F.
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:Proof Builder
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:Zeman, J. J.
1476:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:Shin, Sun-Joo
1451:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:Hilary Putnam
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1317:n. 3, pp. 416
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:n. 4, pp. 492
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:v. 2, pp. 645
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1192:
1189:. Routledge.
1188:
1187:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1044:Sowa, John F.
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
959:
955:'s 1879 work
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
883:
879:
875:
868:Peirce's role
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
816:
815:
810:
806:
805:David Hilbert
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
778:existentially
769:
765:
756:
740:
732:
723:
721:
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714:
710:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
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664:
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629:
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611:
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566:
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531:
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501:
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463:
456:
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449:
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442:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
420:
419:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
388:
384:
381:is a type of
380:
368:
363:
361:
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354:
349:
348:
346:
345:
340:
339:
335:
331:
328:
327:
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318:
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301:
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296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
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281:
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275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Bell triangle
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
223:
222:
217:
214:
212:
211:Sign relation
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:Logical graph
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
113:
108:
105:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
1665:Karnaugh map
1650:Venn diagram
1566:. Retrieved
1525:Sun-Joo Shin
1501:
1481:
1466:
1459:. MIT Press.
1456:
1444:
1433:
1419:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1370:
1368:
1346:
1345:1977, 2001.
1329:
1312:
1298:
1288:
1275:
1260:
1240:
1232:
1219:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1079:, retrieved
1065:
1055:
1047:
1029:
1024:
995:Nor operator
969:
965:
963:
956:
934:
927:
885:
871:
857:
856:. Hence the
845:
843:
826:
824:
812:
788:
786:
774:
762:
745:
706:
700:Laws of Form
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
646:elimination.
634:
633:
620:
619:
614:
612:
599:
595:
591:
583:
581:
568:
553:
549:
542:
532:
527:
525:
519:
515:
495:
492:Alpha graphs
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
450:
440:
422:
417:
408:
404:
400:
396:
383:diagrammatic
378:
376:
336:
282:Biographical
246:
201:Interpretant
196:Indexicality
137:
128:Peirce's law
90:Pragmaticism
61:Bibliography
1685:Truth table
1237:v. 2, p. 28
982:C. K. Ogden
839:modal logic
791:graphs are
782:universally
713:satisfiable
563:or Boolean
163:Logical NOR
85:Fallibilism
1719:Categories
1606:by Peirce.
1568:2009-10-23
1504:: 480–504.
1393:: 489–503.
1313:The Monist
1299:The Monist
1293:, v. XVI,
1290:The Monist
1081:2024-07-10
1016:References
908:set theory
793:isomorphic
582:Hence the
427:isomorphic
414:The graphs
393:Background
242:Categories
148:Logic gate
70:Pragmatism
1420:Semiotica
1363:John Sowa
1301:v. XVII,
951:thereof.
924:metalogic
916:De Morgan
882:semiotics
709:tautology
659:ancestors
576:conjoined
535:semantics
514:called a
464:nests in
254:Synechism
1602:". With
1585:Archived
1542:Archived
1486:Archived
1480:(1964),
1455:(2002),
1443:(1973).
1406:(1990),
1372:Writings
1235:(1902),
989:See also
949:revision
947:'s 1880
937:semiotic
902:and the
878:logician
801:equality
716:formulas
677:in node
665:in node
606:and the
561:negation
528:subgraph
433:and the
248:Phaneron
206:Semiosis
173:Trikonic
95:as maxim
35:a series
33:Part of
1263:(1902)
1229:Baldwin
1042:). See
1040:preview
1036:preview
653:having
259:Tychism
232:Agapism
1321:p. 440
1303:p. 160
1254:Eprint
1244:Eprint
1193:
1072:
874:Peirce
598:. The
498:syntax
1725:Logic
970:alpha
953:Frege
858:gamma
846:gamma
827:alpha
821:Gamma
799:with
655:nodes
615:depth
600:alpha
584:alpha
569:False
554:False
543:Truth
537:are:
484:Alpha
478:gamma
470:gamma
462:Alpha
451:gamma
423:alpha
115:Logic
1191:ISBN
1070:ISBN
945:Venn
943:and
876:the
852:and
807:and
789:beta
726:Beta
657:and
613:The
594:and
550:True
533:The
500:is:
496:The
474:Beta
468:and
466:beta
441:beta
330:book
1523:by
1231:'s
932:).
918:'s
837:of
811:'s
795:to
718:of
697:in
596:Not
592:And
552:or
520:sep
518:or
516:cut
429:to
377:An
1721::
1577:.)
1519::
1465:.
1239:.
1064:,
910:.
898:,
894:,
854:S5
841:.
817:.
722:.
695:C2
637::
623::
610:.
530:.
472:.
425:,
37:on
1633:e
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1571:.
1497:.
1365:.
1323:.
1305:.
1256:.
1246:.
1199:.
780:(
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703:.
691:n
687:n
683:P
679:n
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671:n
667:n
663:P
578:.
571:;
556:;
545:;
457:.
437:;
366:e
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