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In linguistics a distinction is made between so-called "emic" and "etic" accounts. For example a phonemic description is one expressed in terms of phonemes, whereas a phonetic one is based on the phones actually produced. This distinction was generalized by Pike (1954) and is applied in various
424:, an emic account is one that assumes insider knowledge of a phenomenon (as for example the unconscious awareness of a language's phonemic system that is assumed to be possessed by that language's native speakers). By contrast, an etic account is one based on the observations of an outsider.
166:. The term "emic unit" is defined by Nöth (1995) to mean "an invariant form obtained from the reduction of a class of variant forms to a limited number of abstract units". The variant forms are called
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is an underlying object whose surface representations are meaningful fragments of language; different fragments representing the same morpheme are called
264:) to refer simply to a speech sound. But it soon came to be used in its modern sense, to denote an abstract concept. It is by analogy with
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of that phoneme. The choice of allophone may be dependent on the phonological context (neighboring sounds), or may be subject to
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The various etic units that represent a given emic unit of a certain kind are denoted by a corresponding term with the
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The first emic unit to be considered, in the late 19th century, was the phoneme. The word
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that other emic units, such as the morpheme and the grapheme, were named using the
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The following are the most commonly analyzed kinds of emic units in linguistics:
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suffix. The actual terms "emic unit" and "etic unit" were introduced in 1954 by
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Other examples of emic units in various branches of linguistics include the
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Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior
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is an underlying object whose surface representations are
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is an underlying object whose surface representations are
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516:Introduction to the mathematics of language study
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534:Meletis, Dimitrios; Dürscheid, Christa (2022).
562:. Indiana University Press. pp. 183, ff.
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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301:, 'other'). This prefix is also used in
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538:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. x, 318.
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69:"Emic and etic units"
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602:References
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434:Ideologeme
418:behavioral
368:allographs
349:allomorphs
330:allophones
168:etic units
148:, such as
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617:cited in
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496:(1967) .
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438:sociology
303:chemistry
285:allophone
205:allomorph
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138:emic unit
18:Emic unit
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556:(1995).
428:See also
385:grammeme
358:grapheme
343:morpheme
173:phonetic
163:morpheme
157:grapheme
110:May 2017
486:Sources
460:Narreme
450:Mytheme
401:tagmeme
393:chereme
320:phoneme
266:phoneme
261:phonème
231:phōnēma
218:phoneme
178:surface
151:phoneme
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470:Ludeme
414:social
399:, and
397:sememe
389:toneme
381:lexeme
363:graphs
325:phones
243:phōneō
226:φώνημα
202:, and
185:prefix
170:(from
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579:Notes
474:games
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298:allos
293:ἄλλος
281:allo-
255:phōnē
237:φωνέω
222:Greek
188:allo-
101:JSTOR
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502:OCLC
472:(in
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444:Meme
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270:-eme
249:φωνή
146:-eme
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