Ellesmere Island - Knowledge

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vortex strengthens during the polar night and gives rise to easterly winds which are major hazards for populations, especially given the very low temperatures. January winds have been recorded at 104 km/h (65 mph) with gusts to 130–145 km/h (81–90 mph) at Fort Conger and 65–80 km/h (40–50 mph) at Lake Hazen. Very cold temperatures continue until April and no month passes without experiencing freezing temperatures.

4620: 11460: 11244: 1247: 4228: 1061: 1012:(NWMP) were sent on sovereignty patrols. A NWMP detachment sailed to the Arctic whaling stations in 1903, where they forbade whalers from killing muskox or trading skins, in order to prevent overhunting and protect the Inuit's ability to sustain themselves. In 1904 a NWMP detachment sailed to Cape Herschel at the east end of Sverdrup Pass, where they could intercept hunters accessing the interior of Ellesmere. 55: 11488: 121: 91: 794:

families from Baffin Island to northwestern Greenland, via Ellesmere Island, in the 1850s. This journey reestablished contact between Inuit who had been separated for two centuries and reintroduced vital technologies to the Inughuit. Other groups followed and by the 1870s Inuit were living on Ellesmere Island and had regular contact with those on the neighbouring islands.

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lost, and settlements abandoned thousands of years ago can be seen much as they were the day their inhabitants left. From these sites and artefacts, archaeologists have been able to construct a history of these cultures. However, the research is incomplete and only a small proportion of the details of excavations have been published.

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accelerating in the early 2000s. During the 23-year study period, an ecological threshold was crossed as several of the study ponds had completely desiccated while others had very reduced water levels. In addition, the wetlands surrounding the ponds were severely affected and dried vegetation could be easily burned.

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The breakup of the Ellesmere Ice Shelves has continued in the 21st century: the Ward Ice Shelf experienced a major breakup during the summer of 2002; the Ayles Ice Shelf calved entirely on 13 August 2005; the largest breakoff of the ice shelf in 25 years, it may pose a threat to the oil industry

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in 1922 and at Bache Post in 1926, positioned to guard the coastal and overland routes to the hunting grounds on the western side of Ellesmere. In addition to intercepting illegal hunting and fur-trading, the RCMP conducted patrols and encouraged the Inuit to maintain their traditional lifestyle. The

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Winters are considerably colder in the interior. At Lake Hazen, Peary's expedition recorded daytime temperatures of −53 °C (−64 °F) in February 1900, and a Defence Research Board party recorded temperatures as low as −56.2 °C (−69.2 °F) in the winter of 1957–58. Nonetheless,

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and a low-pressure area which forms in different sites between Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea. Prevailing winds on Ellesmere are northwesterly, cold, and of low humidity due to ice cover over the Arctic Ocean. Seasonal shifts on Ellesmere are sudden and striking: winters are long and harsh, summers

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who sailed from the south or if the items were traded through a network of middlemen. It is also possible the items may have been taken from a shipwreck. A bronze set of scales discovered in western Ellesmere Island has been interpreted as indicating the presence of a Norse trader in the region. The

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The archaeological record of past Arctic cultures is quite complete, as artefacts deteriorate very slowly. Items exposed to the cold, dry winds become naturally freeze-dried while items that become buried are preserved in the permafrost. Artefacts are in a similar condition to when they were left or

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documents the experiences of Inuit families who were forcibly relocated to Ellesmere island in the 1950s to settle it for the Canadian government. The families discuss being deceived by the government about the conditions and terms of where they were going and having to endure years of surviving in

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The navigation season for seagoing vessels is from late July to September, but is often considered treacherous due to currents, persistent shore ice, sea ice, and massive icebergs calved off of the many glaciers. September also marks a change in the weather with regular fog and the beginning of the

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developed and conditions for hunting became increasingly difficult, forcing the Thule to withdraw from Ellesmere and the other northern islands of the archipelago. The Thule who remained in northern Greenland became isolated, specialized at hunting a diminishing number of game animals, and lost the

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Fog regularly occurs near open water in September. While the major air systems strengthen towards their annual peak in winter, the Arctic and Atlantic air masses collide in autumn to produce severe storms at Ellesmere. The storm season peaks in October and persists until the sea freezes. The polar

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While the fur trade was brought under control, American exploration parties to the Far North had acted with autonomy and intensively hunted terrestrial mammals to sustain their expeditions. Peary's parties had heavily hunted muskoxen on Ellesmere and had nearly brought the extinction of caribou in

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Contact between Inuit and Europeans or Americans was often indirect, as the Inuit happened upon shipwrecks or abandoned base camps which provided wood and metal resources. European goods were also obtained through inter-group trade. Long-term contact began in the 1800s through whaling stations and

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While Dick 2001 gives this temperature as −70 °C (−94 °F), this is the only temperature the source provides in Celsius on that and the adjacent pages and appears to be a typo. Other sources for this International Geophysical Year observation station give the temperature as −69.2 °F

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sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost almost 600 km (230 sq mi) of ice in a massive calving in 1961–1962. Five large ice islands which resulted account for 79% of the calved material. It further decreased by 27% in thickness (13 m (43 ft)) between

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Ellesmere Island has three major geological regions. The Grant Land Highlands is a large belt of fold mountains which dominate the northern face of the island. It is part of the Franklinian mobile belt, a zone of Cretaceous volcanic and intrusive rock. South of this is the Greely-Hazen Plateau, a

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Ellesmere has the highest and longest mountain ranges in eastern North America and is the most mountainous island in the Arctic Archipelago. It has over half of the archipelago's ice cover, with ice caps and glaciers across 40% of its surface. Its extensive coastline includes some of the world's

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The overhanging ice front of Webber Glacier with waterfalls. Debris rich layers of the ground moraine are sheared and folded into the ice of the advancing polar glacier. The glacier front is 6 km (3.7 mi) broad and up to 40 m (130 ft) high. Borup Fiord, Grant Land, Ellesmere

1319:, warming conditions and evaporation have caused low water levels and changes in the chemistry of ponds and wetlands in the area. The researchers noted that "In the 1980s they often needed to wear hip waders to make their way to the ponds...while by 2006 the same areas were dry enough to burn." 4106:

study of algae in the sediments of shallow ponds on Cape Herschel (which faces Smith Sound on Ellesmere's eastern coast) found that the ponds had been permanent and relatively stable for several millennia until experiencing ecological changes associated with warming, beginning around 1850 and

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During this period, as the Little Ice Age abated and the hunting of marine mammals became more feasible again, Aboriginal peoples began to return to Ellesmere Island. The most well-known of these migrations in both Inuit and European accounts is the journey of Qitlaq, who led a group of Inuit

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It is believed that each of the pre-contact peoples who migrated through the High Arctic approached Ellesmere Island from the south and west. They were able to travel along Ellesmere's coasts or overland to Nares Strait, and some of them crossed the strait to populate Greenland.

4208:. The piece is 66 km (25 sq mi). In April 2008, it was discovered that the Ward Hunt shelf was fractured, with dozens of deep, multi-faceted cracks and in September 2008 the Markham shelf (50 km (19 sq mi)) completely broke off to become floating 735:

of the archipelago are descendants of the Thule culture, which had diverged during the isolation imposed by the Little Ice Age.) Knowledge of Ellesmere persisted in the oral histories of the Inuit of Baffin Island and the Inughuit of northern Greenland, who each called it

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were the first Europeans to record sighting the then-unnamed Ellesmere Island (Baffin named Jones and Smith Sounds on the island's south and southeast coasts). However, the onset of the Little Ice Age interrupted the progress of explorations for two centuries.

581:: more than three-quarters of their known archeological sites on Ellesmere are located in the island's interior and their winter dwellings were skin tents, suggesting a need for mobility to follow the herds. There is evidence at Lake Hazen of a trade network 4699:, a belt of level and secure ice around the shoreline between the high and low water marks, can be used from mid-September to July. In contrast, the pack ice does not stabilize and freeze fast until February, and presents a much rougher surface for travel. 4368:

The ecosystems of the High Arctic are considered to be young and underdeveloped, having only emerged since the glacial retreat of 8,000 to 6,000 BCE. There is a lack of species diversity, with a small number of animal species and short food chains.

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Weather Station; and the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone (AStrO) Observatory. Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada.

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trading posts, which frequently relocated. Euro-American expeditions employed Inughuit, Inuit and west Greenlander guides, hunters and labourers, gradually blending their knowledge with European technology to conduct effective exploration.

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large tableland composed of sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Covering most of the island, the coastal sedimentary plateau is a succession of highly eroded sedimentary peaks which are part of the Franklinian Shield with an extension of the

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These species have adapted to take advantage of the productive summer while surviving through winter scarcity. Zooplankton, for example, grow to a larger body size and produce larger eggs in greater numbers than in other regions.

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Kalkreuth, WD; Riediger, CL; McIntyre, DJ; Richardson, RJH; et al. (1996). "Petrological, palynological and geochemical characteristics of Eureka Sound Group coals (Stenkul Fiord, southern Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada)".

762:– also searching for the Northwest Passage and to establish claims to the Far North – involved more than forty expeditions to the High Arctic over two decades, and represented the peak period of Euro-American Arctic exploration. 1361:

Snowfall begins in late August and does not melt until the June thaw. The seasonal shift in daylight is also extreme. The polar night lasts from four-and-a-half months in the north to about three months in the south.

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in Nansen Strait. Their summer camps are evidenced by tent rings as far north as Archer Fiord, with clusters of stone dwellings around Lady Franklin Bay and at Lake Hazen which suggest semi-permanent occupations.

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The highest precipitation is on the northern coast, averaging 80 to 100 mm (3.1 to 3.9 in). On the south side of the Grant Land mountains, only 20 mm (0.79 in) reaches the Hazen Plateau.

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Ellesmere's Arctic marine climate is strongly affected in the north by Arctic Ocean currents and the polar vortex, while the climate of the southeastern coast is influenced by the warm Atlantic water of the

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some time after 1300 CE. The Thule displaced the small-tool cultures, having a number of technological advantages which notably included effective weapons, kayaks and umiaks for hunting marine mammals, and

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moved into the High Arctic at the time of a warming trend, c. 1000 CE. Their major population centre was the Smith Sound area (on both the Ellesmere and Greenland sides) due to its proximity to

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Aside from the polar desert conditions of much of the island, there are remarkably productive ecological zones in the arctic oasis of the Lake Hazen area and the polynyas of the island's coastal waters.

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Large portions of Ellesmere Island are covered with glaciers and ice, with Manson Icefield (6,200 km (2,400 sq mi)) and Sydkap (3,700 km (1,400 sq mi)) in the south;

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until the 20th century. The Ellesmere Ice Shelf shrank by 90 per cent in the 20th century due to warming trends in the Arctic, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, a period when the largest

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A 2018 study measured a 5.9% reduction in area amongst 1,773 glaciers in Northern Ellesmere island in the 16-year period 1999–2015 based on satellite data. In the same period, 19 out of 27

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Eberle, Jaelyn; McKenna, Malcolm (2002). "Early Eocene Leptictida, Pantolesta, Creodonta, Carnivora, and Mesonychidae (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut".

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All groups occupying the island settled on the coast, particularly those relying on maritime resources, while modern-era government-funded settlements were initially supplied by sea.

708:, about 1,000 km southeast of Ellesmere, since 1719). Baffin Bay was then navigable in the summers due to the presence of an ice dam in Smith Sound, which prevented Arctic 4594:

and the advent of new technologies allowing for remote interpretation of data, the overwintering population has been reduced to 62 civilians and military personnel as of 2016.

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led an 1852 expedition which surveyed the coastlines of Baffin Bay and Smith Sound, being stopped by ice in Nares Strait. He named Ellesmere Island for the president of the

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was active from 2700 BCE. On Ellesmere, they chiefly hunted in the Eureka Upland and the Hazen Plateau. Six different small-tool cultures have been identified at the

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was continuous; it has since been estimated to have covered 8,900 km (3,400 sq mi). The ice shelf broke apart in the 20th century, presumably due to

6013: 4148:(21,500 km (8,300 sq mi)) along the central-east side of the island, and the Northern Ellesmere icefields (24,400 km (9,400 sq mi)). 5192: 996:

were transferred to Canada. Canada did little to solidify its legal possession of the islands until prompted by foreign action in 1902–03: Otto Sverdrup claimed

6482:"Adrienne White and Luke Copland, Area change of glaciers across Northern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, between ~1999 and ~2015, Journal of Glaciology, June 2018" 5417: 4487: 4447: 4176:

1967 and 1999. A 1986 survey of Canadian ice shelves found that 48 km (19 sq mi) or 3.3 km (0.79 cu mi) of ice calved from the

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mountain system covers much of Ellesmere Island, making it the most mountainous in the Arctic Archipelago. More than one-fifth of the island is protected as

5699: 11119: 4428:) can also be found at Ellesmere Island. While this species generally has a 10-year life cycle, its life is known to extend to up to 14 years at both the 11333: 10896: 7324: 6046: 561:) in the High Arctic had small populations organized as hunting bands, spread from Axel Heiberg Island to the northern extremity of Greenland, where the 6670: 6035:

Douglas, Marianne S. V.; Smol, John P.; Blake, Weston Jr. (21 October 1994). "Marked Post-18th Century Environmental Change in High-Arctic Ecosystems".

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forests. The trees stood for at least 400 years. Individual stumps and stems of >1 m (>3 ft) diameter were abundant, and are identified as

1039:, formerly known as Thule. The Danish government stated that North Greenland was a "no man's land" outside their administration and Rasmussen, as the 7252: 11545: 6241: 4307: 1031:

from Greenland had been annually visiting Ellesmere Island for polar bear and muskox hunting – in violation of Canadian law – selling the skins at

11540: 8626: 5450: 6891: 6639: 510:(Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks) in the island's southeastern corner. In addition, there are syntectonic clastics which comprise the 5280: 4680:

in Canada. It is also one of the coldest inhabited places in the world, with an average yearly temperature of −16.5 °C (2.3 °F).

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ability to make boats. Thus, the waters around Ellesmere were not navigated again until the arrival of large European vessels after 1800.

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Transportation along coastal waters has been historically important for hunting and trade, whether on the sea ice or in small boats. The

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or eastern Greenland had reached impasses, numerous expeditions came to Ellesmere Island to pursue the route through Nares Straight.

778:(1853–1855) made slightly further progress before becoming trapped in the ice. Over two winters the expedition charted both sides of 1136:), is less than 800 km (500 mi) from the north pole, while its southern coasts at 77°N are well within the Arctic Circle. 529:

following the last glacial period. Land features were then shaped by erosion from glacial ice, meltwaters, and scouring by sea ice.

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People, caribou, and muskoxen on northern Ellesmere Island historical interactions and population ecology, ca. 4300 BP to present

5821: 6432: 1179:. These channels and straits typically freeze over in winter, though winds and currents leave pockets of open water (temporary 771: 6804: 6371: 1349:) with the temperature being cold year-round. Two semi-permanent air systems dominate the weather: the high-pressure northern 9919: 7245: 7130: 7103: 6955: 6869: 6729:

Barrio, Isabel C.; Schmidt, B. Christian; Cannings, Sydney; Hik, David S. (December 2013). "First Records of the Arctic Moth

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and its position on transportation routes. From settlements at Smith Sound, the Thule sent summer hunting parties to harvest

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The average number of snow-free days varies from 45 days on the north coast to 77 days in the Eureka–Tanquary corridor.

10122: 5184: 6986: 5729: 5185:"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Nunavut" 10077: 7230: 5566: 1304: 1020:(1913–1916) also extensively hunted muskoxen. In response to these and other trespasses, the government amended the 113: 11368: 10916: 10002: 8884: 7598: 7238: 515: 385: 17: 7166: 6497:

Tertiare Pflanzenreste Aus Ellesmere-Land. Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the Fram, 1898–1902

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In 2021, the population of Ellesmere Island was recorded as 144. There are three settlements on Ellesmere Island:

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Milliron H.E., Oliver D.R. (1966) Bumblebees from northern Ellesmere Island, with observations on usurpation by

6591:"Significantly warmer Arctic surface temperatures during the Pliocene indicated by multiple independent proxies" 4739:, Ellesmere Island is the site of a combined United States-Canadian scientific expedition to recover an ancient 11535: 9069: 8569: 7142: 716: 660: 648:

which was exported through Ellesmere Island to the rest of the archipelago and to the North American mainland.

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British and United States Arctic expeditions had been interrupted for some years due to the priorities of the

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is the most northerly point of land in Canada and one of the most northern points of land on the planet (the

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Located at the southern tip of Ellesmere Island, Grise Fiord lies 1,160 km (720 mi) north of the

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set out to sail the Northwest Passage. To establish an official government presence in the Far North, the

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led an expedition in northern Ellesmere Island, from Cape Sheridan along the coast to the western side of

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on Ellesmere Island in the late 1880s. Stenkul Fiord was first explored in 1902 by Per Schei, a member of

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and two channels which narrow to 4 and 10 km (2.5 and 6.2 mi). Greenland is to the east across

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sole authority, refused to stop the trade which the Inughuit needed to support themselves. In response,

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Tedford, RH; Harington, CR (2003). "An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America".

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in the world. It comprises an area of 196,236 km (75,767 sq mi), slightly smaller than

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Detailed map, northern Ellesmere Island, including named capes, points, bays, and offshore islands

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Ward Hunt Island (foreground), Ward Hunt Ice Shelf and northern Ellesmere Island (left), July 1988

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to prohibit the killing of muskoxen except for Native inhabitants who otherwise faced starvation.

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The northwest coast of Ellesmere Island was covered by a massive, 500 km (310 mi) long

1017: 1001: 404: 389: 220: 205: 6175:"Snow and ice facies variability and ice layer formation on Canadian Arctic ice caps, 1999–2005" 4743: 11298: 11144: 10836: 10527: 10452: 10181: 10007: 9978: 9589: 9515: 9448: 8979: 8904: 8854: 8672: 8657: 8595: 8150: 8035: 7563: 5378: 4720: 4717:

The Long Exile: A True Story of Deception and Survival Amongst the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic

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for surface transport and pursuit. The Thule also had an extensive trade network, evidenced by

588:, including soapstone lamps from Greenland and incised lance heads from cultures to the south. 562: 6705: 1239:, is located in the northeast region of the island. The northern lobe of the island is called 659:, including pieces of chain mail. It is uncertain if Ellesmere Island was directly visited by 473:

In 2021, the population of Ellesmere Island was recorded at 144. There are three settlements:

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hamlet that, despite a population of only 144, is the largest community on Ellesmere Island.

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of Ellesmere Island. The fossil exhibits many characteristics of fish, but also indicates a

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disintegrated to their grounding lines and ice shelves suffered a 42% loss in surface area.

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short and relatively abundant, with spring and autumn being brief intervals of transition.

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from flowing south. The other channels of the archipelago remained congested with ice.

486: 400: 344: 7260: 5300:"Strands of Culture Contact: Dorset–Norse Interactions in the Canadian Eastern Arctic" 11225: 10911: 10731: 10706: 10601: 10462: 10447: 10323: 10318: 10308: 10087: 9784: 9629: 9384: 9379: 9359: 9354: 9283: 9278: 9198: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9084: 9002: 8834: 8824: 8764: 8692: 8417: 8382: 8281: 8155: 8130: 8020: 7989: 7984: 7929: 7864: 7789: 7485: 7449: 7394: 7126: 7109: 7099: 7093: 6951: 6933: 6865: 6589:

Ballantyne, AP; Greenwood, DR; Sinninghe Damste, JSS; Csank, AZ; et al. (2010).

6563: 6524: 6481: 6424: 6155: 6066: 6037: 5617: 5408: 5345: 5228: 5188: 5109: 4903:; elevation: 65.4 m (215 ft)), and Alert (Climate ID: 2400300; coordinates 4684: 4254:

forest in the Stenkul Fiord sediments. The Stenkul Fiord site represents a series of

4196: 4164: 4035: 3988: 3937: 2978: 2931: 2883: 1308: 1164: 685: 526: 463: 8611: 6296: 5359: 525:) established the overall features of the island. Additional uplift occurred due to 11440: 11383: 11313: 11097: 10991: 10951: 10818: 10793: 10753: 10686: 10648: 10512: 10363: 10338: 10223: 10213: 10092: 10062: 10017: 9934: 9889: 9874: 9869: 9854: 9724: 9544: 9443: 9409: 9394: 9337: 9303: 9258: 9178: 9163: 9135: 8924: 8744: 8734: 8719: 8687: 8422: 8407: 8342: 8327: 8312: 8115: 8075: 7889: 7809: 7667: 7628: 7545: 7525: 7495: 7470: 7294: 7080: 6796: 6750: 6742: 6610: 6575: 6555: 6520: 6367: 6346: 6284: 6197: 6145: 6127: 6050: 5570: 5557: 5515: 4813: 4808: 4603: 4441: 4290: 2080: 1052:

posts were closed in the mid-1930s, after the sovereignty issues had been settled.

997: 805: 783: 6455: 6268:"Ice-shelf collapse, climate change, and habitat loss in the Canadian high Arctic" 4859:

Climate data 1991–2020 is a composite recorded at Alert Upper Air, Alert Climate (

827:, respectively. By about 1860, the focus of Arctic exploration had shifted to the 11179: 11049: 10921: 10861: 10773: 10611: 10591: 10556: 10457: 10432: 10353: 9963: 9945: 9814: 9739: 9704: 9619: 9559: 9539: 9464: 9424: 9399: 9374: 9364: 9263: 9213: 9143: 9033: 8997: 8989: 8874: 8799: 8714: 8677: 8539: 8508: 8397: 8387: 8367: 8347: 8317: 8266: 8251: 8160: 8120: 8100: 8090: 7979: 7834: 7743: 7603: 7369: 7359: 6937: 6716: 6054: 5218: 5099: 4798: 4765: 4712: 4602:

Eureka (the third northernmost settlement in the world) consists of three areas:

4552: 4537: 4429: 4181: 4177: 4145: 4123: 3088:; elevation: 30.5 m (100 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1950–present 1339: 1268: 1176: 1081: 850: 656: 507: 478: 377: 39: 7178: 7008: 6770: 2128:; elevation: 10.4 m (34 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present 11464: 11413: 11403: 11318: 11249: 11039: 11019: 10961: 10866: 10788: 10721: 10716: 10681: 10596: 10571: 10522: 10502: 10413: 10278: 10268: 10208: 10203: 10171: 10107: 10067: 10052: 10047: 10027: 10012: 9968: 9909: 9824: 9794: 9789: 9744: 9729: 9709: 9699: 9679: 9649: 9624: 9604: 9389: 9342: 9332: 9308: 9288: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9183: 9124: 9109: 9049: 9017: 8944: 8869: 8844: 8814: 8662: 8529: 8392: 8322: 8296: 8291: 8221: 8095: 8085: 8070: 8025: 7964: 7959: 7924: 7909: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7728: 7702: 7638: 7520: 7480: 7465: 7444: 7384: 6115:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4731: 4548: 4405: 4103: 3039: 1328: 1262: 1254: 1232: 1180: 1032: 1005: 981: 877: 858: 787: 689: 668: 601: 570: 474: 7758: 6351: 6326: 6288: 1390:

there are archaeological remains of winter dwellings of both Independence and

11524: 11452: 11408: 11373: 11185: 11164: 10901: 10891: 10798: 10726: 10701: 10691: 10658: 10581: 10537: 10532: 10388: 10333: 10283: 10263: 10258: 10218: 10198: 10192: 10133: 10117: 10112: 10102: 10082: 10072: 10042: 9914: 9884: 9864: 9844: 9804: 9764: 9719: 9579: 9574: 9554: 9531: 9500: 9480: 9268: 9238: 9223: 9188: 9119: 9094: 9044: 8974: 8964: 8849: 8839: 8789: 8749: 8698: 8667: 8468: 8453: 8402: 8337: 8286: 8276: 8246: 8236: 8206: 8185: 8060: 7824: 7588: 7535: 7475: 7419: 7409: 7349: 5614:

Late Thule culture developments on the central east coast of Ellesmere Island

5373: 4922: 4908: 4882: 4868: 4673: 4503: 4489: 4463: 4449: 4348: 4311: 4270: 3582: 3067: 3053: 3043: 2528: 2107: 2093: 1850: 1429: 1415: 1277: 1220: 1115: 1101: 1093: 1048: 943: 929: 903: 889: 881: 862: 812: 636: 628: 430: 416: 408: 393: 332: 177: 163: 10981: 8498: 7379: 7206:

Ellesmere Island in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada

7113: 6978: 6132: 5257:

Gullason, Lynda (2004). "Canadian Arctic Historical Archaeology in Review".

11308: 11293: 11210: 11200: 10976: 10966: 10841: 10778: 10758: 10696: 10548: 10472: 10437: 10408: 10303: 10037: 9997: 9924: 9899: 9894: 9829: 9734: 9694: 9664: 9659: 9609: 9594: 9584: 9495: 9458: 9319: 9193: 9173: 9099: 9089: 9064: 8754: 8739: 8724: 8704: 8564: 8478: 8463: 8352: 8256: 8241: 8145: 8110: 8065: 8055: 8040: 7969: 7934: 7849: 7653: 7643: 7515: 7439: 7389: 7319: 6857: 6567: 6275: 6159: 6070: 5994:. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 27 March 2024. Climate ID: 2400300 5725: 4838: 4727: 4564: 4300: 4205: 4192: 1391: 1350: 1292: 1288: 1258: 1224: 1188: 1168: 1156: 1152: 1148: 973: 969: 705: 619: 605: 558: 257: 69: 7210: 4187: 11393: 11378: 11363: 11348: 11044: 11014: 10956: 10823: 10348: 10343: 10313: 10253: 10248: 10238: 10146: 10032: 9958: 9904: 9879: 9859: 9819: 9769: 9714: 9654: 9644: 9475: 9453: 9074: 9059: 9027: 9012: 8894: 8809: 8554: 8544: 8271: 8231: 8226: 8216: 8170: 8135: 8050: 8045: 7974: 7859: 7723: 7707: 7633: 7550: 7140:

Mech, L. David; Brandenburg, Jim (June 1988). "Life in the High Arctic".

6947: 6202: 4785: 4635: 4624: 4556: 4397: 4303: 4282: 4264: 4255: 4171:, the largest remaining section of thick (>10 m, >30 ft) 1281: 1227:, the highest mountain in Nunavut (2,616 m ) is located in the 1192: 1172: 1160: 854: 842: 820: 566: 482: 293: 10881: 7573: 6755: 6746: 6706:"Behavioral Thermoregulation in the Freeze-Tolerant Arctic Caterpillar, 6588: 6559: 6141: 5574: 5519: 5266: 1207:(formerly Ellesmere Island National Park Reserve), which includes seven 521:

A period of uplift and faulting prior to the Pleistocene epoch (>2.6

11283: 11149: 10926: 10403: 10398: 10228: 10022: 9989: 9834: 9689: 9435: 9404: 9079: 9007: 8919: 8914: 8682: 8559: 8261: 8180: 8165: 8140: 7804: 7608: 6062: 5399: 5388:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 192. 4740: 4568: 4325: 4259: 4216: 3535: 1240: 1216: 1068: 779: 697: 574: 522: 5377: 5281:"Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits'" 4833:

Qitlaq reportedly met members of Inglefield's 1854 expedition and Sir

4532: 4231:

Canada's northern neighbours shown on a circumpolar projection of the

4131: 4115: 10424: 10141: 9749: 9470: 9414: 8859: 7914: 6615: 6590: 4619: 4583: 4401: 4333: 4320: 4315: 4243: 4152: 1300: 1089: 977: 728: 709: 11343: 7169: 7084: 1171:; the strait narrows to 46 km (29 mi) at Cape Isabella on 11288: 11278: 11268: 11195: 10298: 9327: 9293: 8934: 8899: 8819: 8503: 8211: 6509: 5284: 4696: 4591: 4275: 4172: 1316: 1072:

Satellite image montage showing Ellesmere Island and its neighbours

1028: 832: 724: 652: 641: 624: 396:, and the total length of the island is 830 km (520 mi). 4396:

Ellesmere Island is noted as being the northernmost occurrence of

1246: 11459: 11273: 11243: 11169: 10383: 10233: 8889: 8774: 8549: 7556: 7265: 6982: 4803: 4337: 4209: 4156: 3138: 1212: 1184: 1060: 1036: 494: 283: 4227: 857:

in the northern part of the island. The Greely expedition found

11353: 11174: 11154: 10373: 9505: 8513: 7273: 6943: 6499:. Vol. 35. The Society of Arts and Sciences of Kristiania. 4341: 4251: 4247: 4232: 747: 701: 578: 373: 54: 6110:"Crossing the Final Ecological Threshold in High Arctic Ponds" 4551:(permanent pop. 0, but home to a small temporary population), 655:

artefacts have been found in Thule archeological sites on the

11470: 11388: 11215: 6422: 5261:(23). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 7–93. 4666: 4286: 1296: 1287:

In July 2007, a study noted the disappearance of habitat for

1208: 732: 635:

The Thule genetically and culturally completely replaced the

577:, Saqqaq, early Dorset, and late Dorset. They chiefly hunted 6663:"Ancient Toothy Fish Found in Arctic – Giant Prowled Rivers" 4863:: 71082 / 71355; Climate ID: 2400306 / 2400305; coordinates 700:

broke, allowing European vessels access to the High Arctic (

11205: 7095:

The Horizontal Everest Extreme Journeys on Ellesmere Island

5340:

Fjågesund, Peter (2014). "The Northern Heyday: 1830–1880".

4278: 1155:, the latter of which narrows to 13 km (8.1 mi). 1047:(RCMP) detachments were established on Ellesmere Island at 853:

in 1881 crossed the island from east to west, establishing

6327:"The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf: recent changes of the ice front" 4409:. There is a second species of bumblebee occurring there, 5612:

Schledermann, Peter; McCullough, Karen Margrethe (2003).

4750: 4119:

Glaciers of southeastern Ellesmere Island, June 1975

680:

Much of the initial phase of European exploration of the

6728: 6660: 1175:

and further north narrows to 19 km (12 mi) at

987: 753: 664:

Norse artefacts date from c. 1250 to 1400 CE.

7121:

Micheline, Manseau; Dick, Lyle; Lyons, Natasha (2005).

6108:

Smol, John P.; Douglas, Marianne S. V. (24 July 2007).

5404:"The configuration of Grinnell Land and Ellesmere Land" 358: 6365: 6016:. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 27 March 2024 5611: 1163:; at the west end of the sound, they are separated by 11424: 8641: 6632:"Fossil Called Missing Link From Sea to Land Animals" 6265: 4356:

from specimens collected from the same locality that

4347:

In 2011, Jason P. Downs and co-authors described the

4110: 1088:. It is exceeded in this regard only by neighbouring 11239: 11127: 6318: 4780:

The exhibit was developed in collaboration with the

1187:) in Nares Strait. To the north of Ellesmere is the 6047:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

5639:"Canada's Arctic Jurisdiction in International Law" 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5132:. Atlas.nrcan.gc.ca. 12 August 2009. Archived from 5101:

Muskox Land: Ellesmere Island in the Age of Contact

4769:inhospitable conditions with little food or water. 4627:in 1952–55. This was during Canada's controversial 1076:Ellesmere Island is the northernmost island of the 27:

Island of the Arctic Archipelago in Nunavut, Canada

7120: 5869: 5342:The Dream of the North: A Cultural History to 1920 4623:Monument to the first Inuit settlers relocated to 1203:More than one-fifth of the island is protected as 688:and undertaken by Britain. The 1616 expedition of 485:. Ellesmere Island is administered as part of the 4422:While non-eusocial, the Arctic woolly bear moth ( 11522: 6537: 6324: 6034: 5596: 5565:(1). Saint Jean, Quebec: Department of History, 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 4723:, and also of her Edie Kiglatuk mystery series. 7788: 7139: 6423:Bob Weber, The Canadian Press (12 April 2008). 6266:Vincent, WF; Gibson, JAE; Jeffries, MO (2001). 6172: 5992:Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data 5494: 5492: 4653: 4643: 1250:Air Force glacier in Quttinirpaaq National Park 737: 723:, at which time there were reportedly only 140 6582: 6425:"Cracks in Arctic ice shelf signal its demise" 6261: 6259: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 4588:northernmost continuously inhabited settlement 719:led the first recorded European expedition to 11113: 8627: 7774: 7246: 7062: 6939:Man of Steel: The Official Movie Novelization 6503: 5322: 5291: 4144:(20,700 km (8,000 sq mi)) and 675: 403:, Ellesmere Island is considered part of the 6685: 6488: 6234:"Arctic Ice Shelf Broke Off Canadian Island" 5691: 5616:. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Polar Center. 5489: 5179: 5177: 5175: 1219:, North America's largest lake north of the 1004:was settled against Canada's interests, and 6878: 6850: 6623: 6531: 6256: 6107: 6101: 5952: 5950: 5843: 5630: 5392: 5241: 4711:Ellesmere Island is the setting of much of 4559:(pop. 144). Politically, it is part of the 11120: 11106: 8634: 8620: 7781: 7767: 7253: 7239: 7225:Norman E. Brice Report on Ellesmere Island 6797:"World Magnetic Model - Model Limitations" 6722: 6661:Christine Dell'Amore (12 September 2011). 6366:NASA Earth Observatory (20 January 2004). 5903:"Hourly Data Report for February 04, 2022" 5297: 4314:reported the discovery of the fossil of a 68: 53: 7091: 6789: 6771:"Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions" 6754: 6719:(PDF). The Company of Biologists Limited. 6698: 6614: 6474: 6416: 6350: 6201: 6149: 6131: 5929:"Canadian Climate Normals 1991-2020 Data" 5796:"71971: Grise Fiord Climate, Nu (Canada)" 5541: 5339: 5207: 5172: 4281:containing abundant vertebrate and plant 1143:To the west, Ellesmere is separated from 569:region: Independence I, Independence I / 7001: 6926: 6763: 6494: 6453: 6359: 6173:Wolken, G.; Sharp, M.; Wang, L. (2009). 6028: 5947: 5814: 5750: 5498: 5432: 5372: 5366: 5256: 4749:The island is the location for the 2014 4618: 4531: 4371: 4226: 4186: 4130: 4122: 4114: 1267: 1253: 1245: 1067: 1059: 837: 800: 786:claimed to have sighted the conjectured 727:. (The Inughuit of North Greenland, the 595: 215:196,236 km (75,767 sq mi) 120: 90: 11546:Inhabited islands of Qikiqtaaluk Region 6971: 6856: 6654: 6629: 6447: 6386: 5962:Canadian Climate Normals 1991-2020 Data 5935:. Environment and Climate Change Canada 5909:. Environment and Climate Change Canada 5883:. Environment and Climate Change Canada 5857:. Environment and Climate Change Canada 5697: 5636: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4943:; elevation: 30.5 m (100 ft)) 1450:; elevation: 44.5 m (146 ft) 1231:on Ellesmere Island. The most northern 976:(93°W). During Peary's expedition, the 14: 11541:Islands of the Queen Elizabeth Islands 11523: 7035:"Wolves: Photography by Ronan Donovan" 6374:from the original on 16 September 2008 6306:from the original on 10 September 2008 6232:Revkin, Andrew C. (30 December 2006). 6231: 6225: 6166: 5529:from the original on 28 September 2019 5213: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4784:and features images and videos of the 4415:, which is a parasite in the nests of 4332:creature that may be a predecessor of 831:. As earlier attempts at the pole via 772:Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere 545: 11101: 8615: 7762: 7234: 6989:from the original on 26 December 2014 6838:from the original on 21 December 2021 6807:from the original on 12 December 2019 6642:from the original on 16 November 2018 6513:International Journal of Coal Geology 6462:from the original on 4 September 2008 6244:from the original on 21 November 2020 5966:Environment and Climate Change Canada 5830:Environment and Climate Change Canada 5775:Environment and Climate Change Canada 5732:from the original on 20 February 2014 5706:from the original on 15 November 2017 5584:from the original on 28 November 2022 5547: 4778:Wolves: Photography by Ronan Donovan. 4706: 4083:Environment and Climate Change Canada 3026:Environment and Climate Change Canada 1365: 1284:species to grow on Ellesmere Island. 1027:In 1920, the government learned that 988:Establishment of Canadian sovereignty 754:Euro-American exploration and contact 555: 11477: 11138:(38,610 sq mi) and greater 6894:from the original on 1 December 2017 6773:. National Geophysical Data Center. 6630:Wilford, John Noble (6 April 2006). 6368:"Breakup of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf" 5655:from the original on 13 January 2022 5398: 5310:from the original on 4 December 2018 5225:University of British Columbia Press 5195:from the original on 27 October 2022 5097: 4435: 1311:, and Marianne S. V. Douglas of the 849:The United States expedition led by 6932: 6825: 6695:(Schönh.), Can. Entomol. 98:207–213 5877:"Daily Data Report for August 2013" 5851:"Daily Data Report for August 2011" 5751:Phillips, David W. (3 April 2016). 5718: 5700:"Researcher: Study of poles needed" 5548:Smith, Gordon W. (1 January 1961). 5420:from the original on 30 August 2017 5122: 4980: 4584:Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert 4184:ice shelves between 1959 and 1974. 2068:Source 2: Meteo Climate (extremes) 865:'s 2nd Norwegian Polar Expedition. 24: 7065:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 7055: 6394:"Huge Arctic ice break discovered" 6014:"Daily Data Report for April 2021" 5826:Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 5499:Jeffries, Martin O. (March 1986). 4590:in the world. With the end of the 4111:Glaciers, ice caps and ice shelves 1299:on Ellesmere Island. According to 1198: 25: 11557: 7156: 7015:from the original on 1 April 2009 6456:"Major ice-shelf loss for Canada" 6404:from the original on 30 June 2015 6213:from the original on 3 March 2016 5726:"Northern Canada Ponds Drying Up" 5637:Pharand, Donat (1 October 1983). 5567:Royal Military College Saint-Jean 5453:from the original on 4 March 2016 5259:Revista de Arquelologia Americana 4837:'s 1857–1859 expedition while on 4690: 4563:. Part of the year there is also 4391: 4097: 3048:Climate ID: 2400300; coordinates 11503: 11486: 11458: 11446: 11434: 11242: 6777:from the original on 8 July 2018 6435:from the original on 7 June 2011 5298:Sutherland, Patricia D. (2000). 4746:buried in the glacial ice pack. 4678:northernmost civilian settlement 1086:world's northernmost land masses 876:of 1875–76, in which Lieutenant 684:was centred on a search for the 591: 516:Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province 119: 112: 89: 82: 11324:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 11084:Islands of the Kitikmeot Region 11066:Islands of the Kitikmeot Region 7039:National Museum of Wildlife Art 7027: 6819: 6182:Journal of Geophysical Research 6077: 6006: 5980: 5921: 5895: 5788: 5763: 5744: 5698:Kemmick, Ed (25 October 2007). 5667: 5465: 5304:Canadian Museum of Civilization 5130:"Atlas of Canada – Sea Islands" 4853: 4843: 4827: 4776:debuted the travelling exhibit 4774:National Museum of Wildlife Art 4665:place that never thaws") is an 4515:Geomagnetic North Pole 2020 est 4475:Geomagnetic North Pole 2015 est 4377:International Tundra Experiment 4222: 4163:, Ayles, Milne, Ward Hunt, and 1377:quasi-continental microclimates 998:three islands west of Ellesmere 384:) is Canada's northernmost and 317:0.00073/km (0.00189/sq mi) 11262:(7,722–38,610 sq mi) 11088:Islands of the Kivalliq Region 11070:Islands of the Kivalliq Region 8570:List of communities in Nunavut 6733:(Wocke) South of the Arctic". 6704:Kukal, Olga (March 24, 1988). 5273: 5148: 4956: 4683:Grise Fiord is cradled by the 4614: 4432:lowland and Ellesmere Island. 1401:Climate data for Grise Fiord ( 1064:Topography of Ellesmere Island 667:Between 1400 and 1600 CE, the 646:meteoritic iron from Greenland 13: 1: 10152:Avingasittuit Siqinirsipangat 7211:Mountains on Ellesmere Island 6454:BBC News (3 September 2008). 4950: 4788:living on Ellesmere Island. 4527: 4444:was located at approximately 3725:Average snowfall cm (inches) 3655:Average rainfall mm (inches) 2671:Average snowfall cm (inches) 2601:Average rainfall mm (inches) 1993:Average snowfall cm (inches) 1923:Average rainfall mm (inches) 1045:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 955:Cape Alert (Ellesmere Island) 609: 604:(brown) and expansion of the 582: 43: 7227:at Dartmouth College Library 6525:10.1016/0166-5162(96)00005-5 6325:Hattersley-Smith, G (1963). 6124:National Academy of Sciences 6090:Geographical Names Data Base 6055:10.1126/science.266.5184.416 5680:Geographical Names Data Base 5478:Geographical Names Data Base 5220:Ancient People of the Arctic 5161:Geographical Names Data Base 4969:Geographical Names Data Base 1055: 453:most northerly point of land 7: 7194:GPX (secondary coordinates) 6950:. pp. 92, 95, 96–114. 5759:. Canada's History Society. 5344:. Brill. pp. 331–412. 5106:University of Calgary Press 4791: 4782:National Geographic Society 4654: 4400:insects; specifically, the 4308:Academy of Natural Sciences 3795:Average precipitation days 3394:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3254:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2741:Average precipitation days 2387:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2247:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1709:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1569:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 738: 563:Independence I culture 552:Arctic small tool tradition 359: 249:2,616 m (8583 ft) 241:645 km (400.8 mi) 10: 11562: 6887:White Heat by M.J. McGrath 5802:. OGIMET. 21 December 2021 5771:"Monthly Data (1984-2007)" 4363: 4080: 3037: 3023: 2078: 2067: 2062: 1400: 1322: 1272:Hiking on Ellesmere Island 1205:Quttinirpaaq National Park 994:British Arctic Territories 782:to about 80°N, from where 776:Second Grinnell expedition 768:Royal Geographical Society 764:Edward Augustus Inglefield 760:Franklin's lost expedition 676:Early European exploration 532: 512:Ellesmere Island Volcanics 500: 468:Quttinirpaaq National Park 61:Quttinirpaaq National Park 11259: 11237: 11135: 11080: 11058: 10990: 10657: 10634: 10625: 10546: 10422: 10131: 9987: 9943: 9529: 9433: 9317: 9133: 8988: 8650: 8578: 8522: 8436: 8305: 8199: 8013: 7797: 7716: 7675: 7666: 7458: 7312: 7303: 7280: 7220:Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith 7189:GPX (primary coordinates) 7164:Map all coordinates using 7092:Kobalenko, Jerry (2002). 6979:"Snow Wolf Family and Me" 6832:The Canadian Encyclopedia 6352:10.1017/S0022143000027830 6289:10.1017/S0032247400026954 5445:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4644: 4597: 4318:(ca. 375 Ma) fish, named 4033: 3986: 3935: 3888: 3841: 3794: 3724: 3654: 3580: 3533: 3463: 3393: 3323: 3253: 3183: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 2976: 2929: 2881: 2834: 2787: 2740: 2670: 2600: 2526: 2456: 2386: 2316: 2246: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2079:Climate data for Eureka ( 1992: 1922: 1848: 1778: 1708: 1638: 1568: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1010:North-West Mounted Police 874:British Arctic Expedition 845:in Grinnel Land, May 1883 586: 1500–1000 BCE 348: 326: 321: 313: 305: 300: 289: 277: 268: 263: 253: 245: 237: 233:830 km (516 mi) 229: 219: 211: 201: 155: 147: 142: 76: 67: 52: 37: 11064:are inhabited. See also 7172:Download coordinates as: 7125:. Ottawa: Parks Canada. 6095:Natural Resources Canada 5933:Canadian Climate Normals 5685:Natural Resources Canada 5483:Natural Resources Canada 5166:Natural Resources Canada 4974:Natural Resources Canada 4820: 4578: 4555:(permanent pop. 0), and 4289:have been reported from 4142:Prince of Wales Icefield 1016:northern Greenland; the 11129:World's largest islands 10627:Queen Elizabeth Islands 7262:Queen Elizabeth Islands 6731:Gynaephora groenlandica 6708:Gynaephora groenlandica 6133:10.1073/pnas.0702777104 5702:. Billingsgazette.net. 5385:Encyclopædia Britannica 5379:"Baffin, William" 4755:Snow Wolf Family and Me 4425:Gynaephora groenlandica 4240:Alfred Gabriel Nathorst 1327:Ellesmere Island has a 1159:is to the south across 1018:Crocker Land Expedition 1002:Alaska boundary dispute 731:of West Greenland, and 696:In 1818, an ice jam in 455:on Earth is the nearby 405:Queen Elizabeth Islands 206:Queen Elizabeth Islands 11369:Prince of Wales Island 10157:Beacon (Hudson Strait) 7098:. New York, NY: Soho. 6693:Megabombus hyperboreus 6122:(30). Washington, DC: 5753:"Canada's Coldest Day" 4721:High Arctic relocation 4632: 4629:High Arctic relocation 4573:Tanquary Fiord Airport 4541: 4442:geomagnetic north pole 4380: 4235: 4200: 4137: 4136:Island, July 1978 4128: 4120: 1373:West Greenland Current 1273: 1265: 1251: 1073: 1065: 924:) west to Cape Alert ( 872:was documented by the 846: 816: 615: 381: 322:Additional information 246:Highest elevation 11536:Islands of Baffin Bay 11260:20,000–99,999 km 9954:Crown Prince Frederik 7270:Northwest Territories 7184:GPX (all coordinates) 6495:Nathorst, AG (1915). 6331:Journal of Glaciology 5907:Canadian Climate Data 5881:Canadian Climate Data 5855:Canadian Climate Data 5644:Dalhousie Law Journal 4923:82.51778°N 62.28056°W 4760:The 2008 documentary 4703:autumn storm season. 4676:. Grise Fiord is the 4622: 4535: 4440:In 2015, the Earth's 4375: 4298:University of Chicago 4230: 4190: 4134: 4126: 4118: 3068:82.51778°N 62.28056°W 2088:: 71917; coordinates 1430:76.42278°N 82.90222°W 1410:: 71971; coordinates 1313:University of Alberta 1271: 1257: 1249: 1116:83.11139°N 69.95361°W 1071: 1063: 841: 804: 682:North American Arctic 599: 431:83.11139°N 69.95361°W 9675:Frobisher's Farthest 6673:on 24 September 2011 6400:. 29 December 2006. 6203:10.1029/2008JF001173 5402:(27 February 1885). 5360:10.1163/j.ctv2gjwzhs 4344:, including humans. 4285:characteristic of a 3184:Record high °C (°F) 2177:Record high °C (°F) 1499:Record high °C (°F) 1237:Challenger Mountains 1229:British Empire Range 386:third largest island 296: (pop. 144) 11329:Axel Heiberg Island 9299:Utaqqiurviarjuruluk 8710:Beacon (Ungava Bay) 8000:Victoria and Albert 7143:National Geographic 7077:2002CaJES..39..899E 6747:10.14430/arctic4329 6715:6 July 2017 at the 6667:National Geographic 6607:2010Geo....38..603B 6560:10.1038/nature01892 6552:2003Natur.425..388T 6343:1963JGlac...4..415H 6194:2009JGRF..114.3011W 6126:: 12, 395–12, 397. 5988:"Alert (1981-2010)" 5958:"Alert (1991-2020)" 5575:10.14430/arctic3660 5520:10.14430/arctic2039 5191:. 9 February 2022. 5098:Dick, Lyle (2001). 4928:82.51778; -62.28056 4918: / 4878: / 4567:staff stationed at 4499: / 4459: / 4379:on Ellesmere Island 4353:Laccognathus embryi 4169:Ward Hunt Ice Shelf 3889:Average snowy days 3842:Average rainy days 3464:Record low °C (°F) 3324:Daily mean °C (°F) 3073:82.51778; -62.28056 3063: / 2835:Average snowy days 2788:Average rainy days 2457:Record low °C (°F) 2317:Daily mean °C (°F) 2103: / 1779:Record low °C (°F) 1639:Daily mean °C (°F) 1441:Grise Fiord Airport 1435:76.42278; -82.90222 1425: / 1403:Grise Fiord Airport 1145:Axel Heiberg Island 1121:83.11139; -69.95361 1111: / 1035:'s trading post at 966:Ward Hunt Ice Shelf 939: / 899: / 880:'s party went from 870:Ellesmere Ice Shelf 704:had been active in 546:Small tool cultures 457:Kaffeklubben Island 436:83.11139; -69.95361 426: / 173: / 103:Show map of Nunavut 34: 11339:Southampton Island 8644:Qikiqtaaluk Region 7009:"Exile Nutaunikut" 6864:. Harper-Collins. 6636:The New York Times 5440:"Ellesmere Island" 5136:on 22 January 2013 4964:"Ellesmere Island" 4835:Leopold McClintock 4707:In popular culture 4633: 4608:Environment Canada 4561:Qikiqtaaluk Region 4542: 4412:Bombus hyperboreus 4381: 4236: 4201: 4138: 4129: 4121: 1366:Regional variation 1305:Queen's University 1274: 1266: 1252: 1235:in the world, the 1195:to the northeast. 1082:Canada's Far North 1078:Arctic Archipelago 1074: 1066: 1022:Northwest Game Act 847: 825:American Civil War 817: 661:Norse Greenlanders 616: 491:Canadian territory 487:Qikiqtaaluk Region 401:Arctic Archipelago 290:Largest settlement 254:Highest point 133:Show map of Canada 32: 11422: 11421: 11095: 11094: 11076: 11075: 10857:Little Cornwallis 10828: 10319:Nuvuktiqpaaraaluk 8609: 8608: 8601:Torngat Mountains 7950:Princess Margaret 7790:Arctic Cordillera 7756: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7662: 7661: 7415:Little Cornwallis 7132:978-0-662-68835-8 7105:978-1-56947-266-8 6957:978-1-78116-599-7 6871:978-0-00-715797-6 6826:Struzik, Edward. 6801:www.ngdc.noaa.gov 6546:(6956): 388–390. 5623:978-87-90369-64-4 5351:978-90-420-3837-0 5287:. 28 August 2014. 5234:978-0-7748-0854-5 5189:Statistics Canada 5115:978-1-55238-050-5 4883:82.500°N 62.333°W 4685:Arctic Cordillera 4664: 4436:Earth's magnetism 4274:. Well preserved 4197:Arctic Cordillera 4167:Ice Shelves. The 4104:paleolimnological 4091: 4090: 4036:possible sunshine 3938:relative humidity 3038:Climate data for 3031: 3030: 2979:possible sunshine 2884:relative humidity 2108:79.983°N 85.933°W 2072: 2071: 1394:in the interior. 1309:Kingston, Ontario 1211:and a variety of 1165:North Kent Island 964:), including the 944:82.267°N 85.550°W 904:82.467°N 61.500°W 746:for 'land of 686:Northwest Passage 527:isostatic rebound 464:Arctic Cordillera 399:Lying within the 371: 357: 338: 337: 178:79.833°N 78.000°W 16:(Redirected from 11553: 11531:Ellesmere Island 11516: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11499: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11479: 11473:Ellesmere Island 11463: 11462: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11430: 11384:Vancouver Island 11314:Alexander Island 11252: 11247: 11246: 11191:Ellesmere Island 11122: 11115: 11108: 11099: 11098: 10992:Sverdrup Islands 10827:(with Greenland) 10826: 10672:Baillie-Hamilton 10635:Ellesmere Island 10632: 10631: 10567:Christopher Hall 10364:Qikiqtarjuarusiq 9511:South Tweedsmuir 9486:North Tweedsmuir 9136:Cumberland Sound 8780:Imiqqutailaqtuuq 8636: 8629: 8622: 8613: 8612: 8313:Ad Astra Ice Cap 7783: 7776: 7769: 7760: 7759: 7673: 7672: 7668:Sverdrup Islands 7560: 7531:Fitzwilliam Owen 7430:Baillie-Hamilton 7310: 7309: 7295:Ward Hunt Island 7282:Ellesmere Island 7255: 7248: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7151: 7136: 7117: 7088: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6890:. 20 July 2011. 6882: 6876: 6875: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6726: 6720: 6702: 6696: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6669:. Archived from 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616:10.1130/G30815.1 6586: 6580: 6579: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6519:(1–2): 151–182. 6507: 6501: 6500: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6283:(201): 133–142. 6272: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6212: 6205: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6135: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5757:Canada's History 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5554: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5505: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5416:(108): 170–171. 5396: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5337: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5254: 5239: 5238: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5181: 5170: 5169: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5095: 4978: 4977: 4960: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4831: 4814:Borup Fiord Pass 4809:Serson Ice Shelf 4772:In 2022, the US 4687:mountain range. 4659: 4657: 4647: 4646: 4604:Eureka Aerodrome 4540:, June 1988 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4324:, in the former 4321:Tiktaalik roseae 4291:Strathcona Fiord 4238:Schei and later 3943: 3892: 3845: 3798: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3035: 3034: 2838: 2791: 2744: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119:Eureka Aerodrome 2115: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2081:Eureka Aerodrome 2076: 2075: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1398: 1397: 1140:longest fiords. 1135: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1000:for Norway, the 963: 962: 960: 959: 958: 956: 951: 950: 945: 940: 937: 936: 935: 932: 923: 922: 920: 919: 918: 916: 911: 910: 905: 900: 897: 896: 895: 892: 784:Elisha Kent Kane 741: 651:More than fifty 614: 611: 587: 584: 557: 450: 449: 447: 446: 445: 443: 438: 437: 432: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 366: 364: 352: 350: 341:Ellesmere Island 197: 196: 194: 193: 192: 190: 189:Ellesmere Island 185: 184: 179: 174: 171: 170: 169: 166: 134: 127:Ellesmere Island 123: 122: 116: 104: 97:Ellesmere Island 93: 92: 86: 72: 57: 35: 33:Ellesmere Island 31: 21: 18:Ellesmere island 11561: 11560: 11556: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11515:from Wikivoyage 11509: 11504: 11502: 11492: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11478:sister projects 11475:at Knowledge's 11469: 11457: 11447: 11445: 11435: 11433: 11425: 11423: 11418: 11399:Somerset Island 11334:Melville Island 11261: 11255: 11248: 11241: 11235: 11180:Victoria Island 11137: 11136:100,000 km 11131: 11126: 11096: 11091: 11072: 11054: 10986: 10837:Houston Stewart 10653: 10621: 10547:Islands of the 10542: 10493:Solomons Temple 10418: 10354:Qikiqtaalujjuaq 10127: 9983: 9946:Gulf of Boothia 9944:Islands of the 9939: 9525: 9429: 9313: 9129: 8990:Belcher Islands 8984: 8885:Prince of Wales 8646: 8642:Islands of the 8640: 8610: 8605: 8574: 8518: 8432: 8318:Agassiz Ice Cap 8301: 8195: 8009: 7945:Prince of Wales 7793: 7787: 7757: 7748: 7712: 7658: 7564:Houston Stewart 7554: 7454: 7299: 7276: 7259: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7159: 7154: 7133: 7106: 7085:10.1139/e02-001 7058: 7056:Further reading 7053: 7043: 7041: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7016: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6931: 6927: 6915: 6914: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6727: 6723: 6717:Wayback Machine 6703: 6699: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6628: 6624: 6587: 6583: 6536: 6532: 6508: 6504: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6364: 6360: 6337:(34): 415–424. 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6270: 6264: 6257: 6247: 6245: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6106: 6102: 6085:"Cape Herschel" 6083: 6082: 6078: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5968:. 27 March 2024 5956: 5955: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5696: 5692: 5675:"Cape Columbia" 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5610: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5473:"Cape Sheridan" 5471: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5397: 5393: 5371: 5367: 5352: 5338: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5296: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5255: 5242: 5235: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5183: 5182: 5173: 5156:"Cape Columbia" 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5096: 4981: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4894:Alert Upper Air 4893: 4891: 4888:82.500; -62.333 4887: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4799:Lomonosov Ridge 4794: 4766:Zacharias Kunuk 4713:Melanie McGrath 4709: 4693: 4617: 4600: 4581: 4536:Aerial view of 4530: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4504:80.65°N 72.68°W 4502: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4464:80.37°N 72.62°W 4462: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4430:Alexandra Fiord 4394: 4366: 4310:paleontologist 4225: 4199:mountain system 4146:Agassiz Ice Cap 4113: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4086: 3941: 3890: 3843: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3032: 2836: 2789: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2118: 2116: 2113:79.983; -85.933 2112: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2073: 2063:Source 1: ECCC 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1368: 1340:ice cap climate 1325: 1201: 1199:Protected areas 1183:and persistent 1177:Robeson Channel 1126: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1084:and one of the 1058: 990: 954: 952: 949:82.267; -85.550 948: 946: 942: 941: 938: 933: 930: 928: 926: 925: 914: 912: 909:82.467; -61.500 908: 906: 902: 901: 898: 893: 890: 888: 886: 885: 851:Adolphus Greely 758:The search for 756: 678: 657:Bache Peninsula 613: 900–1500 612: 600:Decline of the 594: 585: 548: 535: 508:Canadian Shield 503: 459:of Greenland). 441: 439: 435: 433: 429: 428: 425: 420: 417: 415: 413: 412: 382:île d'Ellesmere 273: 188: 186: 183:79.833; -78.000 182: 180: 176: 175: 172: 167: 164: 162: 160: 159: 151:Northern Canada 138: 137: 136: 135: 132: 131: 130: 129: 128: 124: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 94: 63: 48: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11559: 11549: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11518: 11517: 11500: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11455: 11443: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11404:Kotelny Island 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11319:Severny Island 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11253: 11250:Islands portal 11238: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11141: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11125: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11102: 11093: 11092: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11035:King Christian 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10996: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10942:Princess Royal 10939: 10937:Prince Patrick 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10907:Norman Lockyer 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10872:Mackenzie King 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10663: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10646: 10638: 10636: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10553: 10551: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10429: 10427: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10416: 10414:Upirngiviaaluk 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10138: 10136: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9994: 9992: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9950: 9948: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9536: 9534: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9491:Prince Charles 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9440: 9438: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9274:Shakshukowshee 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8994: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8960:Vesey Hamilton 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8880:Prince Leopold 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8855:Peter Richards 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8639: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8616: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8323:Barnes Ice Cap 8320: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8081:Bishop's Mitre 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8005:White Triplets 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7830:British Empire 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7698:King Christian 7695: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7619:Princess Royal 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7594:Norman Lockyer 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7345:Mackenzie King 7342: 7337: 7335:Prince Patrick 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7222: 7213: 7208: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157:External links 7155: 7153: 7152: 7137: 7131: 7118: 7104: 7089: 7071:(6): 899–910. 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7026: 7000: 6970: 6956: 6925: 6877: 6870: 6862:The Long Exile 6849: 6818: 6788: 6762: 6741:(4): 429–434. 6721: 6697: 6684: 6653: 6622: 6601:(7): 603–606. 6581: 6530: 6502: 6487: 6473: 6446: 6415: 6385: 6358: 6317: 6255: 6238:New York Times 6224: 6165: 6100: 6076: 6027: 6005: 5979: 5946: 5920: 5894: 5868: 5842: 5813: 5787: 5762: 5743: 5717: 5690: 5666: 5651:(3): 315–342. 5629: 5622: 5595: 5540: 5488: 5464: 5431: 5391: 5376:, ed. (1911). 5374:Chisholm, Hugh 5365: 5350: 5321: 5290: 5272: 5240: 5233: 5215:McGhee, Robert 5206: 5171: 5147: 5121: 5114: 4979: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4852: 4842: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4732:superhero film 4708: 4705: 4692: 4691:Transportation 4689: 4616: 4613: 4599: 4596: 4580: 4577: 4529: 4526: 4437: 4434: 4406:Bombus polaris 4393: 4392:Insect ecology 4390: 4365: 4362: 4349:sarcopterygian 4301:paleontologist 4242:described the 4224: 4221: 4112: 4109: 4099: 4098:Climate change 4096: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3989:sunshine hours 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 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1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1396: 1392:Thule cultures 1367: 1364: 1329:tundra climate 1324: 1321: 1263:Tanquary Fiord 1233:mountain range 1200: 1197: 1057: 1054: 1033:Knud Rasmussen 1006:Roald Amundsen 989: 986: 982:climate change 878:Pelham Aldrich 859:fossil forests 788:Open Polar Sea 755: 752: 690:William Baffin 677: 674: 669:Little Ice Age 629:marine mammals 602:Dorset culture 593: 590: 547: 544: 534: 531: 502: 499: 336: 335: 330: 324: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 298: 297: 291: 287: 286: 281: 275: 274: 269: 266: 265: 264:Administration 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 223: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 140: 139: 126: 125: 118: 117: 111: 110: 109: 108: 96: 95: 88: 87: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 65: 64: 58: 50: 49: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11558: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11514: 11513: 11512:Travel guides 11501: 11497: 11496: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11474: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11454: 11444: 11442: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11374:Yuzhny Island 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11258: 11251: 11245: 11240: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11186:Great Britain 11184: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11165:Baffin Island 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11118: 11116: 11111: 11109: 11104: 11103: 11100: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11010:Ellef Ringnes 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 11000:Amund Ringnes 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10799:Findlay Group 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10769:Edmund Walker 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10659:Parry Islands 10656: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10624: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10545: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10421: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10289:Middle Savage 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10134:Hudson Strait 10130: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9942: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9532:Frobisher Bay 9528: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9481:Nirlirnaqtuuq 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9229:Maktaktujanak 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9219:Kekertukdjuak 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9169:Clear Passage 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8795:Lady Franklin 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8632: 8630: 8625: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484:Ellef Ringnes 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444:Amund Ringnes 8442: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8403:Penny Ice Cap 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338:Devon Ice Cap 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8126:Kisimngiuqtuq 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7995:United States 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7885:Grogan Morgan 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7779: 7777: 7772: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7693:Amund Ringnes 7691: 7689: 7688:Ellef Ringnes 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555:(shared with 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536:Findlay Group 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7506:Edmund Walker 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7305:Parry Islands 7302: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7251: 7249: 7244: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7167:OpenStreetMap 7165: 7150:(6): 750–767. 7149: 7145: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7014: 7010: 7004: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6921: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6701: 6694: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6269: 6262: 6260: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6031: 6015: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5493: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5387: 5386: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4940: 4934:Alert Airport 4900: 4862: 4856: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4786:Arctic wolves 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674:Arctic Circle 4670: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4651: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4534: 4525: 4521: 4509:80.65; -72.68 4481: 4469:80.37; -72.62 4443: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4340:, birds, and 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4312:Ted Daeschler 4309: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4287:boreal forest 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4271:Glyptostrobus 4268:and possibly 4267: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4256:deltaic swamp 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161:Alfred Ernest 4158: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4125: 4117: 4108: 4105: 4095: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987:Mean monthly 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942:(at 1500 LST) 3939: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3583:precipitation 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3091: 3085: 3079:Alert Airport 3045: 3044:Alert Airport 3041: 3036: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930:Mean monthly 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2529:precipitation 2525: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2131: 2125: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1851:precipitation 1847: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1453: 1447: 1409: 1405:) (1984-2007) 1404: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:invertebrates 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1278:Arctic willow 1270: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:Arctic Circle 1218: 1215:, as well as 1214: 1210: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153:Eureka Sounds 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127:Cape Columbia 1095: 1094:Cape Columbia 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1049:Craig Harbour 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 992:In 1880, the 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 961: 921: 915:Cape Sheridan 883: 882:Cape Sheridan 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 863:Otto Sverdrup 860: 856: 852: 844: 840: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 814: 813:Cape Prescott 810: 809: 803: 799: 795: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 770:(1849–1852), 769: 765: 761: 751: 749: 745: 740: 739:Umingmak Nuna 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 691: 687: 683: 673: 670: 665: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 638: 637:Dorset people 633: 630: 626: 621: 607: 603: 598: 592:Thule culture 589: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:Paleo-Eskimos 553: 543: 539: 530: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 448: 442:Cape Columbia 410: 409:Cape Columbia 406: 402: 397: 395: 394:Great Britain 391: 390:tenth largest 387: 383: 379: 375: 372:'land of 369: 363: 362: 361:Umingmak Nuna 355: 346: 342: 334: 331: 329: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 295: 292: 288: 285: 282: 280: 276: 272: 267: 262: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 204: 200: 195: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 115: 85: 75: 71: 66: 62: 56: 51: 46: 45:Umingmak Nuna 41: 36: 30: 19: 11510: 11498:from Commons 11493: 11472: 11309:Devon Island 11294:Banks Island 11221:Newfoundland 11211:North Island 11201:South Island 11190: 11061: 11005:Axel Heiberg 10741: 10642: 10641: 10562:Cape Chidley 10549:Labrador Sea 10409:Ungirlauttat 10359:Qikiqtarjuaq 10274:Lower Savage 10191: 9496:Qikiqtaarjuk 9463: 9347: 9320:Davis Strait 9032: 8697: 8591:Quttinirpaaq 8565:Qikiqtarjuaq 8488: 8449:Axel Heiberg 8428:West Pioneer 8363:Kaparoqtalik 8282:Strand Fiord 8131:Midnight Sun 8106:Commonwealth 7683:Axel Heiberg 7400:Emerald Isle 7289: 7281: 7171: 7170: 7163: 7147: 7141: 7122: 7094: 7068: 7064: 7042:. Retrieved 7038: 7029: 7017:. Retrieved 7003: 6991:. Retrieved 6973: 6961:. Retrieved 6938: 6928: 6896:. Retrieved 6886: 6880: 6861: 6852: 6840:. Retrieved 6831: 6821: 6809:. Retrieved 6800: 6791: 6779:. Retrieved 6765: 6756:10261/142753 6738: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6687: 6677:13 September 6675:. Retrieved 6671:the original 6666: 6656: 6644:. Retrieved 6635: 6625: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6496: 6490: 6476: 6464:. Retrieved 6449: 6437:. Retrieved 6428: 6418: 6406:. Retrieved 6397: 6388: 6376:. Retrieved 6361: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6308:. Retrieved 6280: 6276:Polar Record 6274: 6246:. Retrieved 6237: 6227: 6215:. Retrieved 6188:(F3): 3011. 6185: 6181: 6168: 6119: 6113: 6103: 6088: 6079: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6018:. Retrieved 6008: 5996:. Retrieved 5991: 5982: 5970:. Retrieved 5961: 5937:. Retrieved 5932: 5923: 5911:. Retrieved 5906: 5897: 5885:. Retrieved 5880: 5871: 5859:. Retrieved 5854: 5845: 5833:. Retrieved 5825: 5816: 5804:. Retrieved 5799: 5790: 5778:. Retrieved 5765: 5756: 5746: 5734:. Retrieved 5720: 5708:. Retrieved 5693: 5678: 5669: 5657:. Retrieved 5648: 5642: 5632: 5613: 5586:. Retrieved 5562: 5556: 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5511: 5507: 5476: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5443: 5434: 5422:. Retrieved 5413: 5407: 5394: 5383: 5368: 5341: 5312:. Retrieved 5293: 5275: 5258: 5219: 5209: 5197:. Retrieved 5159: 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5134:the original 5124: 5100: 4967: 4958: 4855: 4845: 4839:Devon Island 4829: 4777: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4736:Man of Steel 4734: 4725: 4716: 4710: 4701: 4694: 4682: 4671: 4634: 4601: 4582: 4565:Parks Canada 4546: 4543: 4439: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4367: 4357: 4351: 4346: 4330:transitional 4319: 4295: 4283:macrofossils 4269: 4263: 4250:(ca. 55 Ma) 4237: 4223:Paleontology 4214: 4206:Beaufort Sea 4202: 4193:Osborn Range 4150: 4139: 4101: 4093: 3585:mm (inches) 3137:Record high 2531:mm (inches) 1853:mm (inches) 1388: 1385: 1381: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1351:polar vortex 1346: 1335: 1326: 1286: 1280:is the only 1275: 1259:Gull Glacier 1225:Barbeau Peak 1202: 1189:Arctic Ocean 1169:Nares Strait 1157:Devon Island 1142: 1138: 1075: 1040: 1026: 1021: 1014: 991: 974:Nansen Sound 970:Robert Peary 867: 848: 818: 807: 796: 792: 757: 714: 706:Davis Strait 695: 679: 666: 650: 634: 617: 549: 540: 536: 520: 504: 472: 461: 398: 360: 340: 339: 328:Area code(s) 314:Pop. density 301:Demographics 270: 258:Barbeau Peak 44: 29: 11364:New Britain 11349:Spitsbergen 11060:Islands in 11025:Haig-Thomas 10852:John Barrow 10847:Hyde Parker 10712:Byam Martin 10607:Little Hall 10488:Paint Hills 10423:Islands of 10349:Qaiqsuarjuk 10344:Qaqqannalik 10329:Observation 10314:Nunarijjait 10249:Kinngarjuaq 10239:Kaavvijjuaq 10162:Black Bluff 10147:Aulatsiviit 10132:Islands of 9988:Islands of 9530:Islands of 9434:Islands of 9370:Kekerturnak 9318:Islands of 9234:Miliakdjuin 9209:Kekertelung 9204:Kangigutsak 9134:Islands of 9115:Twin Cairns 9040:Innetalling 8930:Saneruarsuk 8895:Qikiqtaaluk 8865:Pisiktarfik 8830:Nova Zembla 8785:Kaigosuiyat 8555:Pangnirtung 8545:Grise Fiord 8535:Clyde River 8523:Communities 8191:White Crown 8176:Torngarsoak 8116:Highpointer 7940:Precipitous 7840:Byan Martin 7815:Blackwelder 7734:Haig-Thomas 7579:John Barrow 7569:Hyde Parker 7511:Eight Bears 7375:Byam Martin 7019:29 November 6993:30 December 6963:29 November 6948:Titan Books 6916:|work= 6898:10 December 6858:McGrath, MJ 6811:24 December 6646:21 February 6431:. Toronto. 6310:29 December 6248:21 February 6049:: 416–419. 5913:11 February 5806:22 December 5533:29 December 5400:Boas, Franz 5199:19 February 4926: / 4886: / 4636:Grise Fiord 4625:Grise Fiord 4615:Grise Fiord 4557:Grise Fiord 4507: / 4467: / 4360:was found. 4326:stream beds 4304:Neil Shubin 4265:Metasequoia 4217:ice tongues 4157:ice islands 3534:Record low 3071: / 2111: / 1433: / 1193:Lincoln Sea 1173:Smith Sound 1161:Jones Sound 1119: / 947: / 907: / 855:Fort Conger 843:Fort Conger 821:Crimean War 715:That year, 567:Smith Sound 483:Grise Fiord 434: / 421:069°57′13″W 294:Grise Fiord 202:Archipelago 181: / 156:Coordinates 40:Native name 11525:Categories 11284:Hispaniola 11160:Madagascar 11150:New Guinea 10912:North Kent 10743:Cornwallis 10732:Cocked Hat 10707:Buckingham 10498:South Twin 10483:North Twin 10463:Grey Goose 10404:Ukaliqtuuq 10399:Takijualuk 10394:Strathcona 10369:Resolution 10309:Nottingham 10229:Ijjuriktuq 9990:Hudson Bay 9785:McAllister 9630:Culbertson 9436:Foxe Basin 9405:Paallavvik 9385:Nedlukseak 9380:Monumental 9360:Kekertaluk 9355:Idjuniving 9284:Tesseralik 9279:Shakshukuk 9159:Aupaluktut 9154:Aupaluktok 9149:Anarnittuq 9003:Broomfield 8920:Saglirjuaq 8915:Saglaarjuk 8693:Aulitiving 8683:Aulattivik 8560:Pond Inlet 8499:Île Vanier 8413:Sven Hedin 8378:Macculloch 8373:Kiitarayuk 8358:Jimi Maasi 8333:Coronation 8267:Polar Bear 8252:Perfection 8091:Breidablik 8076:Biederbick 7900:Inglefield 7890:Haddington 7855:Cunningham 7845:Challenger 7486:Cocked Hat 7450:Buckingham 7395:North Kent 7380:Île Vanier 7340:Cornwallis 6408:3 February 6378:13 January 6217:3 February 5822:"Eureka A" 5800:ogimet.com 5736:3 February 5710:25 October 4951:References 4932: ( 4913:62°16′50″W 4910:82°31′04″N 4892: ( 4753:programme 4741:Kryptonian 4719:about the 4569:Camp Hazen 4528:Population 4513: ( 4473: ( 4417:B. polaris 4334:amphibians 4260:floodplain 3891:(≥ 0.2 cm) 3844:(≥ 0.2 mm) 3797:(≥ 0.2 mm) 3536:wind chill 3077: ( 3058:62°16′50″W 3055:82°31′04″N 2837:(≥ 0.2 cm) 2790:(≥ 0.2 mm) 2743:(≥ 0.2 mm) 2117: ( 1439: ( 1420:82°54′08″W 1417:76°25′22″N 1241:Grant Land 1217:Lake Hazen 1125: ( 1106:69°57′13″W 1103:83°06′41″N 968:. In 1906 953: ( 913: ( 829:North Pole 780:Kane Basin 698:Baffin Bay 575:Pre-Dorset 440: ( 418:83°06′41″N 388:, and the 309:144 (2021) 306:Population 187: ( 59:Tundra in 11441:Geography 11299:Sri Lanka 11145:Greenland 11082:See also 10952:Skraeling 10917:Patterson 10819:Grosvenor 10794:Fairholme 10754:Des Voeux 10667:Alexander 10649:Ward Hunt 10643:Ellesmere 10602:Leybourne 10448:Cape Hope 10425:James Bay 10379:Salisbury 10339:Poodlatee 10324:Nuvursiit 10224:Holdridge 10214:Gudmusson 10142:Anguttuaq 10093:McCormack 10088:Marcopeet 10063:J. Gordon 10018:Commodore 9935:Whiskukun 9890:Quadrifid 9875:Ptarmigan 9870:Precipice 9855:Pink Lady 9750:Loks Land 9725:Kodlunarn 9570:Beveridge 9550:Anchorage 9545:Alligator 9471:Kapuiviit 9444:Air Force 9415:Qaqulluit 9410:Pilektuak 9395:Nunatsiaq 9349:Broughton 9338:Alikdjuak 9304:Utsusivik 9259:Opingivik 9199:Kaigosuit 9179:Ekallulik 9164:Blacklead 8970:Wollaston 8860:Pilattuaq 8835:Old Squaw 8825:Nakoaiyet 8765:Gyrfalcon 8745:Edgeworth 8735:Dexterity 8720:Bjarnason 8688:Aulitivik 8586:Auyuittuq 8489:Ellesmere 8418:Turnabout 8383:Narsarsuk 8297:Yelverton 8292:Van Hauen 8222:Cockscomb 8031:Arrowhead 8014:Mountains 7980:Thorndike 7905:Innuitian 7792:of Canada 7629:Skraeling 7599:Patterson 7546:Grosvenor 7526:Fairholme 7496:Des Voeux 7405:Alexander 7290:Ellesmere 6934:Cox, Greg 6918:ignored ( 6908:cite book 6466:3 January 5939:1 October 5569:: 53–73. 4744:spaceship 4730:American 4655:Aujuittuq 4650:Romanized 4640:Inuktitut 4402:bumblebee 4358:Tiktaalik 4316:Paleozoic 4296:In 2006, 4244:Paleocene 4153:ice shelf 1338:) and an 1301:John Smol 1289:waterfowl 1090:Greenland 1056:Geography 978:ice shelf 744:Inuktitut 729:Kalaallit 721:Cape York 717:John Ross 710:drift ice 642:sled dogs 608:(green), 554:peoples ( 354:romanized 345:Inuktitut 279:Territory 221:Area rank 143:Geography 11409:Sardinia 11304:Tasmania 11289:Sakhalin 11279:Hokkaido 11269:Mindanao 11196:Sulawesi 11182:(Canada) 11050:Ulvingen 10922:Philpots 10897:Melville 10887:Margaret 10862:Lougheed 10814:Griffith 10774:Eglinton 10749:Crescent 10737:Cornwall 10687:Berkeley 10677:Bathurst 10612:Muingmak 10592:Killiniq 10557:Brevoort 10513:Strutton 10458:Charlton 10433:Akimiski 10299:Naniruaq 10058:Harrison 9964:Honeyman 9930:Thompson 9815:Monument 9810:Mitchell 9740:Lefferts 9705:Hantzsch 9685:Gardiner 9670:Fletcher 9620:Crimmins 9560:Augustus 9540:Algerine 9465:Igloolik 9425:Satigsun 9400:Nuvuktik 9375:Manitung 9365:Kekertuk 9328:Aggijjat 9294:Upajjana 9214:Kekerten 9144:Akulagok 9034:Flaherty 8998:Bradbury 8950:Stephens 8940:Somerset 8935:Simialuk 8925:Salikuit 8900:Qimivvik 8875:Prescott 8820:Mumiksaa 8800:Landslip 8770:Hamilton 8715:Bergesen 8596:Sirmilik 8509:Lougheed 8504:Labrador 8474:Cornwall 8459:Bathurst 8423:Utinatuk 8408:Sermilik 8343:Disraeli 8328:Benedict 8306:Glaciers 8287:Sverdrup 8277:Singeyer 8247:Kingnait 8237:Fortress 8207:Akshayuk 8156:Qiajivik 8096:Caubvick 8071:Beaufort 8061:Bastille 8021:Angilaaq 7965:Selamiut 7960:Scoresby 7955:Sawtooth 7920:Kaumajet 7910:Jeffries 7880:Grinnell 7875:Geodetic 7870:Garfield 7744:Ulvingen 7604:Philpots 7584:Margaret 7574:Île Marc 7491:Crescent 7471:Berkeley 7435:Griffith 7370:Lougheed 7360:Eglinton 7355:Cornwall 7330:Bathurst 7325:Melville 7114:48013772 7044:18 March 7013:Archived 6987:Archived 6936:(2013). 6892:Archived 6860:(2007). 6842:24 April 6836:Archived 6805:Archived 6781:28 April 6775:Archived 6713:Archived 6640:Archived 6568:14508486 6460:Archived 6433:Archived 6429:The Star 6402:Archived 6398:BBC News 6372:Archived 6301:Archived 6297:85551921 6242:Archived 6208:Archived 6160:17606917 6142:25436310 6071:17816685 6045:(5184). 5730:Archived 5704:Archived 5653:Archived 5579:Archived 5524:Archived 5457:23 April 5451:Archived 5447:(online) 5418:Archived 5308:Archived 5285:NBC News 5267:27768486 5217:(1996). 5193:Archived 4792:See also 4697:ice foot 4631:program. 4592:Cold War 4398:eusocial 4338:reptiles 4276:Pliocene 4173:landfast 4081:Source: 4034:Percent 4029:1,901.6 3936:Average 3581:Average 3529:(−58.0) 3524:(−51.0) 3519:(−46.3) 3514:(−38.9) 3509:(−18.8) 3489:(−20.2) 3484:(−50.1) 3479:(−56.9) 3474:(−58.0) 3469:(−56.0) 3454:(−25.4) 3449:(−18.0) 3414:(−16.6) 3409:(−30.8) 3404:(−31.4) 3399:(−29.9) 3384:(−18.6) 3379:(−11.4) 3339:(−23.8) 3334:(−24.5) 3329:(−23.3) 3314:(−11.7) 3269:(−16.8) 3264:(−17.7) 3259:(−16.6) 3024:Source: 2977:Percent 2882:Average 2527:Average 2522:(−67.5) 2517:(−61.1) 2512:(−54.8) 2507:(−43.1) 2502:(−25.1) 2482:(−24.0) 2477:(−56.0) 2472:(−63.0) 2467:(−67.5) 2462:(−63.9) 2447:(−33.3) 2442:(−24.9) 2407:(−21.6) 2402:(−38.9) 2397:(−40.9) 2392:(−39.1) 2377:(−27.0) 2372:(−18.4) 2337:(−14.6) 2332:(−32.6) 2327:(−34.2) 2322:(−32.6) 2307:(−20.6) 2302:(−11.7) 2262:(−26.1) 2257:(−27.4) 2252:(−26.1) 1849:Average 1844:(−52.6) 1839:(−43.6) 1834:(−40.0) 1829:(−20.2) 1804:(−22.9) 1799:(−40.9) 1794:(−50.8) 1789:(−52.6) 1784:(−49.0) 1769:(−23.4) 1764:(−11.7) 1729:(−15.0) 1724:(−29.4) 1719:(−32.6) 1714:(−31.5) 1699:(−16.6) 1654:(−21.1) 1649:(−24.3) 1644:(−24.5) 1584:(−13.2) 1579:(−16.6) 1574:(−18.0) 1317:Edmonton 1213:glaciers 1185:polynyas 1041:de facto 1029:Inughuit 894:061°30′W 833:Svalbard 823:and the 750:'). 748:muskoxen 725:Inughuit 625:polynyas 579:muskoxen 374:muskoxen 349:ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ ᓄᓇ 148:Location 11465:islands 11427:Portals 11414:Bananal 11274:Ireland 11231:Iceland 11170:Sumatra 11062:italics 11040:Meighen 10962:Stupart 10947:Seymour 10932:Pioneer 10867:Lowther 10804:Garrett 10789:Exmouth 10784:Emerald 10717:Cameron 10682:Beechey 10587:Jackson 10523:Trodely 10503:Spencer 10384:Saqajaa 10279:MacColl 10269:Leading 10234:Ivvitsa 10209:Goodwin 10204:Erhardt 10187:Dolphin 10177:Charles 10068:Johnnys 10053:Gilmour 10048:Frazier 10013:Bronson 9910:Scalene 9825:Nouyarn 9795:McLaren 9790:McBride 9745:Leopold 9730:Kudlago 9700:Halford 9680:Gabriel 9650:Emerick 9625:Crowell 9390:Nudlung 9343:Angijak 9333:Akuglek 9309:Wareham 9289:Tuapait 9264:Sanigut 9254:Nuvujen 9249:Nunatak 9244:Nimigen 9184:Iglunga 9125:Wiegand 9110:Tukarak 9085:O'Leary 9050:La Duke 9018:Camsell 8955:Trinity 8910:Russell 8890:Qikiqta 8845:Pandora 8775:Imiliit 8678:Arvalik 8663:Akpatok 8550:Iqaluit 8437:Regions 8398:Parrish 8388:Nuuksuq 8368:Keyhole 8348:Eugenie 8257:Pioneer 8242:Glacier 8186:Whisler 8146:Outlook 8056:Barbeau 7990:Treuter 7985:Torngat 7930:Krieger 7865:Everett 7825:Boulder 7703:Meighen 7639:Stupart 7624:Seymour 7614:Pioneer 7557:Denmark 7541:Garrett 7521:Exmouth 7466:Beechey 7445:Lowther 7385:Cameron 7266:Nunavut 7073:Bibcode 6983:BBC Two 6828:"Alert" 6603:Bibcode 6595:Geology 6576:4429850 6548:Bibcode 6339:Bibcode 6190:Bibcode 6151:1941480 6063:2885323 6038:Science 5780:24 July 5728:. ENN. 5409:Science 4873:62°20′W 4870:82°30′N 4804:Ledoyom 4726:In the 4645:ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ 4586:is the 4494:72°41′W 4491:80°39′N 4454:72°37′W 4451:80°22′N 4364:Ecology 4342:mammals 4210:sea ice 4204:in the 4195:of the 4165:Markham 3790:(75.5) 3775:(10.0) 3770:(12.0) 3720:(0.73) 3700:(0.01) 3695:(0.21) 3690:(0.43) 3685:(0.09) 3650:(5.98) 3645:(0.33) 3640:(0.45) 3635:(0.48) 3630:(0.70) 3625:(0.72) 3620:(0.85) 3615:(0.44) 3610:(0.46) 3605:(0.45) 3600:(0.41) 3595:(0.29) 3590:(0.41) 3499:(20.7) 3459:(−4.0) 3444:(−5.3) 3439:(12.4) 3434:(29.5) 3429:(33.8) 3424:(27.9) 3369:(17.6) 3364:(34.2) 3359:(39.0) 3354:(32.2) 3349:(12.0) 3344:(−9.9) 3309:(−4.7) 3299:(22.8) 3294:(38.8) 3289:(44.2) 3284:(36.3) 3279:(17.2) 3274:(−2.9) 3249:(69.8) 3244:(37.8) 3239:(33.1) 3234:(41.5) 3229:(52.2) 3224:(67.1) 3219:(69.8) 3214:(65.8) 3209:(50.0) 3204:(36.3) 3199:(28.0) 3194:(34.0) 3189:(32.0) 3139:humidex 2736:(23.7) 2666:(1.28) 2646:(0.04) 2641:(0.46) 2636:(0.57) 2631:(0.21) 2596:(3.06) 2591:(0.14) 2586:(0.15) 2581:(0.26) 2576:(0.32) 2571:(0.70) 2566:(0.57) 2561:(0.34) 2556:(0.13) 2551:(0.14) 2546:(0.10) 2541:(0.10) 2536:(0.10) 2492:(28.0) 2452:(−6.5) 2437:(−9.6) 2432:(17.2) 2427:(34.2) 2422:(38.3) 2417:(32.9) 2382:(−0.6) 2367:(−3.1) 2362:(21.6) 2357:(38.1) 2352:(44.2) 2347:(37.6) 2342:(14.2) 2292:(26.1) 2287:(42.3) 2282:(50.2) 2277:(42.4) 2272:(19.9) 2267:(−7.4) 2242:(69.6) 2237:(28.2) 2232:(28.9) 2227:(41.0) 2222:(48.7) 2217:(63.7) 2212:(69.6) 2207:(65.3) 2202:(45.5) 2197:(27.0) 2192:(17.6) 2187:(30.0) 2182:(30.0) 2098:85°56′W 2095:79°59′N 2058:(48.8) 1988:(2.75) 1973:(0.06) 1968:(0.30) 1963:(1.01) 1958:(1.04) 1953:(0.34) 1948:(0.00) 1918:(7.14) 1913:(0.37) 1908:(0.48) 1903:(0.78) 1898:(0.97) 1893:(1.33) 1888:(1.14) 1883:(0.52) 1878:(0.37) 1873:(0.39) 1868:(0.33) 1863:(0.25) 1858:(0.21) 1819:(19.4) 1814:(25.7) 1774:(−0.7) 1754:(24.3) 1749:(32.4) 1744:(33.4) 1739:(28.2) 1694:(−5.4) 1689:(12.7) 1684:(28.2) 1679:(36.5) 1674:(38.3) 1669:(33.3) 1664:(17.1) 1659:(−5.4) 1634:(12.3) 1629:(−9.6) 1619:(18.1) 1614:(32.5) 1609:(41.0) 1604:(43.5) 1599:(38.5) 1594:(25.7) 1564:(57.7) 1559:(41.7) 1554:(37.4) 1549:(45.5) 1544:(47.3) 1539:(57.2) 1534:(57.7) 1529:(57.2) 1524:(50.0) 1519:(37.4) 1514:(26.6) 1509:(31.1) 1504:(14.0) 1323:Climate 1191:, with 1037:Qaanaaq 934:85°33′W 931:82°16′N 891:82°28′N 815:in 1875 702:whalers 533:History 514:of the 501:Geology 495:Nunavut 489:in the 376:'; 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The 571:Saqqaq 556:a.k.a. 481:, and 479:Eureka 378:French 271:Canada 230:Length 11495:Media 11389:Timor 11216:Luzon 10977:Truro 10967:Table 10877:Moore 10842:Hoved 10779:Ekins 10759:Devon 10697:Brock 10478:Moore 10473:Jacob 10453:Carey 10389:Sheer 10334:Point 10304:Niels 10182:Clark 10123:Smith 10103:Nuvuk 10098:Moore 10038:Elsie 10008:Booth 9998:Awrey 9979:Wales 9925:Sybil 9920:Smith 9900:Resor 9895:Redan 9830:Ogden 9735:Kungo 9695:Gross 9665:Field 9660:Faris 9610:Chase 9595:Cairn 9590:Bruce 9585:Brook 9516:White 9459:Foley 9194:Ivisa 9105:Split 9100:Snape 9090:Range 9070:Moore 9065:Mavor 8980:Young 8905:Round 8850:Payne 8755:Elder 8750:Eider 8725:Bylot 8705:Barth 8673:Allen 8658:Adams 8579:Parks 8530:Alert 8479:Devon 8464:Bylot 8262:Piper 8181:Ukpik 8171:Thule 8136:Nukap 8086:Brave 8051:Baldr 8046:Ayles 8026:Angna 7975:Swiss 7895:Hartz 7860:Douro 7835:Bruce 7717:minor 7676:major 7654:Truro 7644:Table 7516:Ekins 7459:minor 7440:Hoved 7390:Brock 7320:Devon 7313:major 6572:S2CID 6439:1 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