Ellen Wilkinson - Knowledge

1330:

heard herself condemned for "sending hungry and ill-clad men across the country". This negative attitude was mirrored by some of the local parties on the route of the march; in such areas, Wilkinson recorded with irony, the Conservatives and Liberals saw to the marchers' needs. On 31 October the marchers reached London, but Baldwin refused to see them. On 4 November, Wilkinson presented the town's petition to the House of Commons. Signed by 11,000 citizens of Jarrow, it concluded: "The town cannot be left derelict, and therefore your Petitioners humbly pray that His Majesty's Government and this honourable House should realise the urgent need that work should be provided for the town without further delay." In the brief discussion that followed, Runciman opined that "the unemployment position at Jarrow, while still far from satisfactory, has improved during recent months". In reply, a Labour backbencher commented that "the Government's complacency is regarded throughout the country as an affront to the national conscience".

803:(AUCE), with particular responsibility for the recruitment of women into the union. In this post she fought for equal pay for equal work, and for the rights of unskilled and lower-paid workers when these interests conflicted with those of the higher-paid craft unions. She organised a series of strikes to attain these goals with notable successes in Carlisle, Coatbridge, Glasgow and Grangemouth. She was less successful in managing a lengthy dispute at the Longsight print works in Manchester, in the summer of 1918, where opponents described her tactics as "unreasonable guerrilla warfare". As a result of her actions Wilkinson briefly lost her job at the union, only to be swiftly reinstated after protests by members and after apologising for her role in the strike. From 1918 she served as her union's nominee on several Trade Boards—national consultative bodies which attempted to set minimum wage rates for low-paid workers. In 1921 AUCE amalgamated with the National Union of Warehouse and General Workers to form the 5867: 883:, often known as the "Profintern". The aim of this organisation was to seek revolutionary change through industrial action, leading to the overthrow of world capitalism. At home, although she failed to persuade her union, NUDAW, to affiliate to the Profintern, Wilkinson continued to promote Russian achievements, especially its emancipation of women workers. In November 1922, at a meeting celebrating the fifth anniversary of the Russian Revolution, Wilkinson said that the Russian people could look forward with hope, and asked whether the same could be said of the people condemned to live their lives in the slums of Manchester. However, Wilkinson found herself increasingly at odds with communists in Manchester, over the party's industrial and wider international strategies. 1594:" system (Chuter Ede preferred this). The system envisaged large schools under a single roof, each with a range of appropriate courses of study for different levels of ability, and flexible movement between courses as children's aptitudes changed. Wilkinson believed, however, that such a major reconstruction was unachievable at that time, and limited herself to more attainable reforms. Her cautious attitude disappointed and angered some of the Labour left wing and teachers' representatives, who considered that a great opportunity to incorporate socialist principles into education had been missed. Wilkinson, however, was persuaded to the view that selection at 11 would allow all those with higher IQs, irrespective of class background, to obtain a grammar school education. 1261: 1598: 1675:

was a row going on in support of some good or even fairly good cause, that rebellious redhead was sure to be seen bobbing about in the heart of the tumult". In her later career, ambition and pragmatism led her to temper her earlier Marxism and militancy and work within mainstream Labour Party policy; she came to believe that parliamentary democracy offered a better route to social progress than any alternative. Yet, Vernon says, "she never lost her resolute independence of thought, and sought power not for self glory but to succour the weak of the world". In a tribute published when Wilkinson's death was announced, the former Conservative MP

953: 630: 1657:, accelerated by barbiturate poisoning". Wilkinson had been taking a combination of drugs for several months, to combat both her asthma and insomnia; the coroner believed she had inadvertently taken an overdose of barbiturates. With no evidence to indicate that the overdose was deliberate, he recorded a verdict of accidental death. Despite this, speculation that Wilkinson had committed suicide has persisted, the reasons cited being the failure of her personal relationship with Herbert Morrison and her likely fate in a rumoured cabinet reshuffle. In their 1973 biography of Morrison, 699: 1606:

train as teachers on an accelerated one-year programme; more than 37,000 had been or were being trained by the end of 1946. The rapid expansion of school premises was achieved by the erection of temporary huts—some of which became long-term features of schools. Wilkinson was determined that the higher leaving age be implemented by 1 April 1947—the date set by the 1944 Act—and in the face of parliamentary scepticism insisted that her plans were on track. Final cabinet approval to honour the April date was given on 16 January 1947.

1064:. As a member of Labour's National Executive, Wilkinson helped to draft her party's manifesto, although her preference for a list of specific policy proposals was overruled in favour of a lengthy statement of ideals and objectives. In Middlesbrough she was re-elected with an increased majority over her Conservative and Liberal opponents. Overall, Labour emerged from the election as the largest party, with 288 members (nine of whom were women), while the Conservatives and Liberals won 260 and 59 respectively. MacDonald formed his 5729: 1614:. In October 1945 she went to Germany to report on how the destroyed German education system could best be reactivated. She was astonished by the speed with which, five months after its defeat, the country's schools and universities were reopening. Other trips included visits to Gibraltar, Malta and Czechoslovakia. In November 1945 she chaired an international conference in London that led to the establishment, a year later, of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( 1449: 1318: 38: 1719:

in her early Fabian days; Morrison was very reticent about this friendship, choosing not to mention Wilkinson in his 1960 autobiography despite their close political association. Vernon says that the relationship almost certainly became "more than platonic", but as Wilkinson's private papers were destroyed after her death, and Morrison maintained silence over the matter, the full nature and extent of their friendship remains uncertain. Labour MP

818:(NGL), an organisation that promoted industrial democracy, workers' control and producer associations in a national system of guilds. She maintained her connection with the WIL, whose 1919 conference adopted a non-pacifist stance that justified armed struggle as a means of defeating capitalism. After visiting Ireland for the WIL in 1920 she became an outspoken critic of the British government's actions there, in particular its use of the " 5533: 1334:

perceptions of the 1930s", and thus paved the way to social reform. According to Vernon, it planted the idea of social justice into the minds of the middle classes. "Ironically and tragically," Vernon says, "it was not peaceful crusading, but the impetus of rearmament which brought industrial activity back to Jarrow". Wilkinson published an account of Jarrow's travails in her final book,

1731: 1052:, granting the vote to all women aged 21 or over. During the debate she said: "e are doing at last a great act of justice to the women of the country ... just as we have opened the door to the older women, tonight we are opening it to those who are just entering on the threshold of life and in whose hands is the new life of the future country that we are going to build". 968:, which generated a "Red Scare" shortly before polling day and contributed to a massive Conservative victory. Labour's representation in the House of Commons fell to 152, against the Conservatives' 415; Wilkinson was the only woman elected in the Labour ranks, winning Middlesbrough East with a majority of 927 over her Conservative opponent. 666:

classroom approach—she sought to interest her pupils, rather than impose learning by rote—led to frequent clashes with her superiors, and convinced her that her future did not lie in teaching. At the college, where she was encouraged to read more widely and to engage with the issues of the day, she discovered socialism through the works of

650:

11 won a scholarship to Ardwick Higher Elementary Grade School. Outspoken and often rebellious, after two years she transferred to Stretford Road Secondary School for Girls, an experience she later remembered as "horrid and unmanageable". She made up for the school's shortcomings by reading, with her father's encouragement, the works of

1221:, which condemned the Labour Party's gradualism and focus upon parliament as well as the failure of communist strategy, arguing for the need for grassroots workers' unity and revolution to check the threat of fascism across Europe. Meanwhile, her parliamentary prospects had been revived by her selection as Labour candidate for 1100:, favoured a strict curb on public expenditure, while others, including Wilkinson, believed that the problem was not over-production, but under-consumption. The solution, she argued, lay in increasing, not squeezing, the spending power of the poorest in society. On the issue of unemployment, Wilkinson supported 1284:, the responsible minister, "to induce the Iron and Steel Federation to pursue a less selfish policy than it is pursuing at present". Her request was ignored, and the matter delayed indefinitely by the appointment of a committee to consider the general development of the iron and steel industry—a committee, a 1618:). In one of her final speeches in parliament, on 22 November 1946, she emphasised that UNESCO stood for "standards of value ... putting aside the idea that only practical things matter". She prophesied that the organisation "will do great things", and urged the government to give it its full backing. 934:

under Ramsay MacDonald took office. During its short term in power, the Labour Party proscribed the Communist Party and outlawed dual membership. Faced with a choice, Wilkinson left the CPGB, citing the party's "exclusive and dictatorial methods which make impossible the formation of a real left wing

649:

At the age of six Ellen began attending what she described as "a filthy elementary school with the five classes in one room". A series of childhood illnesses kept her at home for two years, but she used the time learning to read. On her return to school she made rapid progress, and at the age of

2022:

The House of Commons official website explains the role of Parliamentary Private Secretaries thus: "He or she is selected from backbench MPs as the 'eyes and ears' of the minister in the House of Commons. It is an unpaid job but it is useful for an MP to become a PPS to gain experience of working in

1674:

Wilkinson's short stature and distinctive red hair, combined with her uncompromising politics, gave rise to popular nicknames such as the "Fiery Particle" and "Red Ellen". With her bright, fashionable clothes and her forceful manner, she was easily noticeable—an obituarist wrote that "wherever there

1590:— which would determine whether their secondary education would be in a grammar (academic), technical or "modern" school. However, many in the Labour Party saw this tripartite arrangement as perpetuating elitism, and wanted a scheme based on "multilateral" schools, or what later became known as the " 1539:

Wilkinson had formed a close relationship with Morrison, personally and politically, before and during their wartime ministerial association. She thought that he, rather than the sedate Attlee, should be leading the Labour Party, and had promoted his leadership credentials in 1935 and 1939. In 1945,

1275:

the National Government, led by Baldwin since MacDonald's retirement earlier that year, won convincingly, although Labour increased its House of Commons representation to 158. Wilkinson was returned at Jarrow with a majority of 2,350. Although the poverty in the town was acute, there were hopes that

741:

In her final year at university Wilkinson was co-opted to the executive committee of the University Socialist Federation (USF), an inter-institutional organisation formed to bring together socialist-minded students from all over the country. This brought her new contacts, who would typically meet at

1759:

and other departments. A blue plaque records the site of Wilkinson's birthplace at 41 Coral Street, and another, in the main quadrangle of the old university buildings, records Wilkinson's attendance there in 1910 to 1913. In October 2015 Wilkinson was shortlisted by a Manchester town hall panel as

1718:

Wilkinson never married, although she enjoyed numerous close friendships with men. Apart from her early engagement to Walton Newbold, she was close to John Jagger for many years, and in the early 1930s enjoyed a brief romantic attachment with Frank Horrabin. Her long association with Morrison began

1605:

Wilkinson made her first priority the raising of the school leaving age. This required the recruitment and training of thousands of extra teachers, and creating classroom space for almost 400,000 extra children. Under the Emergency Training Scheme (ETS), ex-servicemen and women were given grants to

1505:

on the grounds of its anti-British propaganda, and voted for the wartime legislation that banned strikes in key industries. Now accepted within the mainstream of the Labour Party, she served on several key policy committees, and in June 1943 became vice-chairman of the party's National Executive.

1329:

on the 282-mile march, aiming to reach London by 30 October for the start of the new session of parliament. Wilkinson did not march all the way, but joined whenever her various commitments allowed. At that year's Labour Party conference, held in Edinburgh, she hoped to rouse enthusiasm but instead

1293:

According to Wilkinson, Runciman's dismissive phrase "kindled the town". Under the general leadership of its chairman, David Riley, the town council began preparations for a demonstration in the form of a march to London to present a petition to the government. Marches of the unemployed, generally

971:

Wilkinson's arrival in the House of Commons attracted considerable press comment, much of it related to her bright red hair and the vivid colours of her clothing. She informed MPs: "I happen to represent in this House one of the heaviest iron and steel producing areas in the world—I know I do not

645:

church, and combined a strong sense of social justice with forthright views on self-help; rather than espousing working-class solidarity his view, according to Ellen, was: "I have pulled myself out of the gutter, why can't they?" Entirely self-educated, he ensured that his children received the

665:

Teaching was one of the few careers then open to educated working-class girls, and in 1906 Ellen won a bursary of £25 that enabled her to begin her training. For half the week she attended the Manchester Day Training College, and during the other half taught at Oswald Road Elementary School. Her

1044:. In 1927 she was elected to the Labour Party's National Executive, which gave her a voice in the formulation of party policy. Her advance was noted with approval by Beatrice Webb, who saw in her a future candidate for high office—ahead of more senior Labour women such as Margaret Bondfield and 976:

described her as a "vigorous, uncompromising feminist and an exceedingly tenacious, forcible and hard-headed politician". A policeman once attempted to prevent Wilkinson from entering the House of Commons' smoking room based on her sex; Wilkinson responded, "I am not a lady - I am a Member of

1333:

The marchers returned to Jarrow by train, to find their unemployment benefit reduced because they had been "unavailable for work" had any vacancies arisen. The historians Malcolm Pearce and Geoffrey Stewart suggest that the success of the Jarrow march lay in the future; it "helped to shape

1159:

that followed in October the Labour Party was utterly routed, retaining only 52 of its parliamentary seats. In Middlesbrough East Wilkinson's vote was nearly the same as her 1929 total, but against a single candidate representing the National Government she was defeated by over 6,000 votes.

895:, established in 1921 with NUDAW backing with the aim of educating working-class students in working-class principles. She became a NUDAW-sponsored parliamentary candidate, and in 1923, while still a CPGB member, sought nomination as the Labour Party's parliamentary candidate for the 1490:—reinforced steel tables with wire mesh sides, under which a family could sleep at home. Dubbed the "shelter queen" by the press, Wilkinson toured the bombed cities frequently, to share hardships and raise morale. More controversially, she approved the conscription of women into the 981:

for calling it a 'crime' at a Labour Women's convention in 1925. Wilkinson went on to achieve one of her first parliamentary victories in that same year, when she persuaded the government to correct anomalies affecting widows in its Pensions Bill. In March 1926, she combined with

791:(WEC), a body which found suitable war work for women volunteers. With the advent of war the NUWSS became divided between pro-war and pro-peace factions. They ultimately separated, the peacemongers (including Wilkinson's Manchester branch) eventually aligning themselves with the 1679:

summed up her personality: "Ellen Wilkinson was as far removed from being a bore as it is possible for any human being to be. Whatever she did, wherever she went, she created an atmosphere of excitement and interest ... and not just because of her red hair and green dress".

836:, the workers, the soldiers, and peasants, had really risen and cast out the Tsar and his government ... we did no work at all in the office, we danced around tables and sang ... Everyone with an ounce of liberalism in his composition rejoiced that tyranny had fallen". 1960:

The building housed, successively, Ardwick Higher Grade School, 1894–1911, Ardwick Central School, 1911–52, Ardwick Secondary Technical School, 1952–57, Ardwick Technical School, 1957–67, Nicholls-Ardwick High School (later Ellen Wilkinson High School), 1967 until its closure.

1131:

on 30 June 1930. In the same year she co-sponsored a bill to limit shopworkers' hours to 48 a week, and poured scorn on Conservatives opposing the measure who seemed, she said, to think that all shop work was carried out in the "soothing atmosphere" and "exquisite scents" of

1498:

The discipline of working in a ministerial post, together with the influence of Morrison and her alienation from communism, turned Wilkinson away from many of her former left-wing stances. She supported Morrison's decision in January 1941 to suppress the communist newspaper

786:

When the First World War began in August 1914, Wilkinson, like many in the Labour movement, condemned it as an imperialist exercise that would result in the deaths of millions of workers. Nevertheless, she took the role of honorary secretary of the Manchester branch of the

1440:, Wilkinson attacked Chamberlain's failure to ally with Russia in a common front against Hitler. "Time after time", she told the Commons, "we have had the prime minister ... putting the narrow interests of his class and of the rich, before the national interest". 2062:

Wilkinson records that at the end of the meeting MacDonald said to her: "Ellen, why don't you go out and preach socialism, which is the only remedy for all this?" This "priceless remark", she says, brought home the "reality and sham ... of that warm but so easy

1577:

passed by the wartime coalition. This Act provided universal free secondary education, and raised the minimum school leaving age from 14 to 15 with effect from 1947. It said nothing about how secondary education should be organised; Labour's education specialist,

1683:

In the course of her career Wilkinson contributed to reforms in numerous policy areas: women's equal suffrage, women civil servants' equal pay, provision of air raid shelters for city dwellers, and protection of hire purchase borrowers' rights. The historian

1298:. This political dimension had associated such marches in the public mind with far-left propaganda. The Jarrow council determined to organise its march free of political connotations, and with the backing of every section of the town. This did not prevent 822:" as a paramilitary force. She gave evidence about the conduct of British forces in Ireland at the Congressional Committee of Investigation in Washington in December of that year. She called for an immediate truce and the release of republican prisoners. 718:, the first woman member of Manchester City Council, by her efforts in the North Manchester and Gorton constituencies. Through these and other campaigning activities Wilkinson met many of the contemporary leaders of the radical left—the veteran campaigner 1151:'s recommended expenditure cuts of £97 million, the majority (£67 million) to be found from reductions in unemployment costs. The government collapsed on 23 August 1931. To implement the required cuts, MacDonald and a small number of Labour MPs formed a 1140:. The bill was referred to a parliamentary committee, but got no further. As the parliament progressed, it became increasingly difficult to promote social legislation in the face of the mounting financial crisis and the use by the Conservative-dominated 814:, the union's future president. She remained an active Fabian, and after the Fabian Research Department became the Labour Research Department in 1917, served on the new body's executive committee. Through these connections she became a member of the 1091:

Almost from its inception the second MacDonald administration was overwhelmed by the twin crises of rising unemployment and the world trade recession that followed the financial crash in the latter part of 1929. The Labour Party was divided; the

690:, the major women's rights issue of the day. Although initially engaged in everyday tasks such as distributing leaflets and putting up posters, she made a considerable impression on Mitchell, who later remembered her as "brilliant and gifted". 508:

of the town's unemployed to London to petition for the right to work. Although unsuccessful at that time, the March provided an iconic image for the 1930s and helped to form post-Second World War attitudes to unemployment and social justice.

1378:. She later argued in parliament against the British government's non-intervention policies which, she insisted, "worked on the side of General Franco". She returned to Spain in April 1937 as a member of an all-women delegation led by the 1033:, which she published in 1929. She also visited the United States in August 1926 to raise financial support for the miners, provoking criticism from the Conservative prime minister Baldwin who denied that the lockout was causing hardship. 1382:, and afterwards wrote of feeling "a helpless, choking rage", as she witnessed the effects of aerial bombing on undefended villages. On a further visit, in December 1937, she was accompanied by Attlee, now leader of the Labour Party, and 1494:

for fire-watching duty, a policy that provoked considerable opposition from women, who felt that their domestic duties were a sufficient burden. Even Wilkinson's own union, NUDAW, disapproved of the measure, but Wilkinson stood firm.

903:; Hannah Mitchell, her co-worker in prewar suffrage campaigns, was a fellow councillor. In her short council career—she served only until 1926—Wilkinson's main areas of concern were unemployment, housing, child welfare and education. 1609:

Other reforms during Wilkinson's tenure as minister included free school milk, improvements in the school meals service, an increase in university scholarships, and an expansion in the provision of part-time adult education through

6302: 1638:. The winter of 1946–47 was exceptionally cold, and the ceremony was held out of doors. Shortly afterward, Wilkinson developed pneumonia; on 3 February she was found in her London flat in a coma, and on 6 February 1947 she died in 995:

biographer, Brian Harrison, acknowledges that while "women's issues" were often to the fore in her speeches, she was primarily a socialist rather than a feminist, and if forced to decide between them would have chosen the former.

1544:

Labour won a landslide victory, with 393 seats against the Conservatives' 213. This did not prevent Wilkinson and others from continuing to press for a change of leader, but Attlee forestalled further action by quickly accepting

1692:, recorded how hard she had fought to avoid postponement of the reform, and expressed his sorrow that she died before the set date. Wilkinson was sometimes criticised for extending her efforts too widely; a local newspaper, the 1190:, set in the House of Commons, was published in 1932; Paula Bartley, Wilkinson's biographer, acknowledges that Wilkinson was not a first-class novelist, but "the autobiographical topicality of books made them very appealing". 1398:

is revealed in British intelligence files held on her. However, she was not prepared to risk losing her parliamentary seat, and thus kept her rebellious behaviour within bounds. In 1937, Wilkinson was one of a group of Labour

862:

leanings who became founder members. For the next few years the CPGB was the main focus of her political activity, although she kept her membership in the Labour Party, which at the time accepted dual CPGB/Labour memberships.

1779:

Ellen Wilkinson was shortlisted in 2015 for the WoManchester Statue. Although Emmeline Pankhurst was decisively selected, Ellen Wilkinson polled strongly. The statue now sits in St Peter's Square, Manchester. The book

1665:

suggest that, given Wilkinson's poor health, the burdens of her ministerial office became too much for her. However, the lack of conclusive evidence divides historians about Wilkinson's intention to take her own life.

1389:

Although she had long broken her formal ties with the British Communist Party, Wilkinson retained strong links with other communist organisations at home and abroad. Her association with leading communists such as

1750:, east London, and in the Ellen Wilkinson Estate, a 1950s Felling Urban District Council housing project at Wardley, once part of her Jarrow constituency, now in Gateshead Metropolitan Borough. In addition, the 1417:; in the first issue she wrote of the need to fight unemployment, poverty, malnutrition and inadequate housing. Mindful of the dependence of many low-income families on credit, she introduced a bill to regulate 866:

In 1921 Wilkinson attended the Red International of Labour Unions Congress and the Second Congress of Communist Women in Moscow, where she met several Russian communist leaders, including the Defence Minister

1436:: "Only by throwing away practically everything for which this country cared and stood could he rescue us from the results of his own policy". On 24 August 1939, as parliament considered the recently signed 986:

from the Conservative benches to attack the government's proposed decrease in expenditure on women's training centres. The same month Wilkinson was elected President of the Manchester District branch of the

1048:. A tireless campaigner for women's equality, she challenged the caricature of voteless younger women as 'flappers'. On 29 March 1928 Wilkinson voted in the House of Commons for the bill that became the 738:, an older student who later became the United Kingdom's first Communist MP. The two were briefly engaged, and although this was soon broken off, they remained close political associates for many years. 1754:

in Ardwick, which incorporated Wilkinson's old school, bore her name for some years before its closure in 2000. The Ellen Wilkinson Building in the University of Manchester's campus houses parts of the

1197:, then in prison, and became convinced that his co-operation was essential to any prospect of peace in the subcontinent. On her return home she delivered her conclusions in an uncompromising report, 783:, London. She began to develop a fuller understanding of the mechanics of politics and campaigning, and became an accomplished speaker, able to hold her own even in the most hostile public meetings. 1113:"In a country that calls itself a democracy it really is a scandal that an unelected revising chamber should be tolerated, in which the Conservative Party has a permanent and overwhelming majority" 6332: 1486:

stations as improvised shelters, often living there for days in conditions of increasing squalor. By the end of 1941 Wilkinson had supervised the distribution of more than half a million indoor

1386:, a fellow Labour MP. Having observed the near-starvation of schoolchildren in Madrid, on her return to Britain she set up a "Milk for Spain" fund, together with other humanitarian initiatives. 762:

honours that her tutors had predicted, but an Upper Second. Wilkinson rationalised thus: "I deliberately sacrificed my First ... to devote my spare time to a strike raging in Manchester".

1276:

its chronic unemployment would shortly be alleviated by the erection of a large steelworks on the derelict shipyard site. However, the scheme was opposed by the steelmasters represented by the

2072:

The four "special areas" covered by the Act were Scotland, South Wales, West Cumberland and Tyneside. Initially the amount provided for relief for all four areas was £2 million. The historian

1290:

letter-writer noted, dominated by BISF members. A deputation from Jarrow's town council met Runciman to protest against the decision, but were told that "Jarrow must find its own salvation."

1738:

On 25 January 1941 Wilkinson received the freedom of the town of Jarrow, and in May 1946 was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Manchester. Her name has been commemorated in

1174:

article, arguing that the party had lost because it was "not socialist enough", a theme she built on in numerous radical newspaper and journal articles. In a less serious vein she published

641:. She was the third child and second daughter of Richard Wilkinson, a cotton worker who became an insurance agent, and his wife, Ellen, née Wood. Richard Wilkinson was a pillar of his local 6327: 560:. Following her defeat at Middlesbrough in 1931, Wilkinson became a prolific journalist and writer, before returning to parliament as Jarrow's MP in 1935. She was a strong advocate for the 1970:

In June 1914, 12 months after her graduation, Wilkinson's degree was upgraded to MA. In accordance with the university's regulations at that time, no thesis or further study was required.

1760:

one of six candidates to be the subject of the city's first female statue in over a century. In October 2016, Wilkinson was chosen in a public vote to become the first female statue in

1979:

Ireland had been in a state of formal rebellion against the British government since December 1918, when the majority of Irish MPs boycotted the Westminster parliament and convened as

918:. She made no secret of her Communist affiliations, stating that "we shall have only one class in this country, the working class". In a three-way contest she came third, behind the 5438: 1700:

brought to public notice the plight of Jarrow and the broader consequences of unbridled capitalism on working-class communities; the book, Harrison observes, "educated the nation".

1354:. She was forcibly ejected from the country. Despite being banned from Germany as an undesirable, Wilkinson continued to visit the country covertly, and as a correspondent for the 1314:, who gave the march his blessing. Even within the Labour Party, Wilkinson found the leadership's attitude lukewarm, fearful of possible association with revolutionary socialism. 1705:"Ellen Wilkinson was small in stature, but there were occasions when she dwarfed her colleagues by the tenacity with which she stood up for the principles she held to be right". 1241:, passed late in 1934 and designed to assist distressed areas such as Jarrow; she thought the legislation provided inadequate funding, and benefited employers more than workers. 1573:

Wilkinson was the second woman, after Margaret Bondfield, to achieve a place in the British cabinet. As Minister of Education she saw as her main task the implementation of the

607:

favoured by many in the Labour Party. Much of her energy was applied to organising the raising of the school-leaving age from 14 to 15. During the exceptionally cold weather of

5695: 1526:) to receive this honour. In April 1945, she was part of a parliamentary delegation that travelled to San Francisco to begin work on the establishment of the United Nations. 6297: 5717: 6322: 6317: 1015:

rally which raised around £1,200 for the benefit of the miners, who continued on strike despite the TUC decision. Wilkinson's reflections on the strike were recorded in

2897:

Andrew, Christopher (September 1977). "The British Secret Service and Anglo-Soviet Relations in the 1920s Part I: From the Trade Negotiations to the Zinoviev Letter".

6307: 5761: 1233:

shipyard, the town's main source of employment. Early in 1934 Wilkinson led a deputation of Jarrow's unemployed to meet the prime minister, MacDonald, in his nearby

4421: 2053:

this power was reduced; the Lords could delay legislation other than finance bills for a period of two years. The period of delay was reduced to one year in 1949.

1462:

Wilkinson supported Britain's declaration of war on Germany, on 3 September 1939, although she was critical of Chamberlain's conduct of the war. In May 1940, when

3119: 1688:

cites as her greatest practical achievement her success in meeting the timetable for the raising of the school leaving age; her successor as education minister,

1049: 3226: 3998: 2987: 758:. Amid these distractions she continued to study hard, and won several prizes. In the summer of 1913 she sat her finals and was awarded her BA degree—not the 682:

that Glasier had "brought me into the Socialist movement ... It always makes me humble to think of her indomitable courage". After meeting the suffragist

1467: 5677: 1362:, in March 1936. Spain, however, came to occupy a special place in her opposition to the spread of fascism. When a section of the Spanish army under General 792: 3399: 2184: 714:, and eventually became its joint secretary. She continued her suffragist work by joining the Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage, where she impressed 706:

Determined to carve a career for herself outside teaching, in 1910 Wilkinson sat for and won the Jones Open History Scholarship, which gave her a place at

201: 2449: 6232: 3590: 3091: 977:

Parliament." As an unofficial spokesperson for women's rights, Wilkinson encouraged open debate on birth control, reprimanding Catholic trades unionist

779:(NUWSS). She helped to organise the Suffrage Pilgrimage of July 1913, when more than 50,000 women marched from all over the country to a mass rally in 6247: 5776: 4932: 3275: 1281: 1193:

In 1932 Wilkinson was invited by the India League to join a small delegation, to report on conditions in India. During the three-month visit she met

804: 599:. By this time, her health was poor, a legacy of years of overwork. She saw her main task in office as the implementation of the wartime coalition's 4354: 4026: 1280:(BISF), who thought that any increase in steel production should be handled by expanding their existing facilities. On 30 June 1936 Wilkinson asked 670:. By this time she was impatient with religion; socialism provided a timely and attractive substitute. At 16 she joined the Longsight branch of the 6011: 5710: 5645: 4881: 3064: 106: 6222: 6217: 5725: 3068: 776: 331: 171: 4802: 1630:, which she aggravated over the years by heavy smoking and overwork. She had often been ill during the war, and had collapsed during a visit to 3060: 915: 896: 799:. With little suffrage activity to organise, Wilkinson looked for another job, and in July 1915 was appointed as a national organiser for the 633:

The building at the junction of Devonshire Street and Hyde Road, Ardwick, that housed the Ardwick Higher Elementary Grade School in the 1900s.

6257: 5951: 5913: 1346:

In November 1934, as a representative of the Relief Committee for the Victims of Fascism, Wilkinson visited the northern Spanish province of

935:

among the progressives of the Trade Unions and the Labour Party". After this, she was selected as Labour's candidate for the constituency of

3744: 611:, she succumbed to a bronchial disease, and died after an overdose of medication, which the coroner at her inquest declared was accidental. 960:

On 8 October 1924 MacDonald's Labour government resigned, after losing a confidence vote in the House of Commons. The latter stages of the

5811: 5703: 1379: 1375: 800: 759: 608: 5791: 879:'s wife; Wilkinson considered Krupskaya's speech the best at the Congress. The main outcome of the gathering was the foundation of the 5463: 6267: 5851: 5756: 3884: 687: 525: 1428:

policies towards the European dictators. In the House of Commons on 6 October 1938 she condemned the actions of the prime minister,

6347: 6337: 6242: 5956: 1295: 604: 3772: 6272: 5928: 5846: 6312: 5903: 5875: 1696:, complained in May 1937 that "Miss Wilkinson is working for too many causes to do justice to Jarrow". Nevertheless, her book 6006: 5898: 5687: 5422: 5306: 5265: 5175: 5156: 5134: 5094: 5075: 4997: 4780: 3036: 1689: 1421:, at the time a subject of frequent abuse, and with all-party support she secured the passage of the Hire Purchase Act 1938. 1230: 1108:

and public works that was rejected by the government on the grounds of cost; Mosley resigned from the government in protest.

1081: 679: 557: 553: 497: 281: 99: 1586:, felt this should be decided at a local authority level. Many experts felt that children should take an examination — the 6227: 5918: 5611: 5581: 5577: 5546: 1739: 1541: 1272: 1156: 1155:

with the Conservatives and Liberals, while the bulk of the Labour Party, including Wilkinson, went into opposition. In the

1061: 1036:

Throughout her career Wilkinson was an opponent of imperialism. In February 1927 she attended the Founding Congress of the

961: 911: 309: 5866: 5826: 5606: 5513: 1260: 1234: 1222: 1182:

was "cheerfully indifferent as to whether any new he acquires match the collection he already possesses", and described

892: 501: 286: 4855:"Ellen Wilkinson (1891–1947) Labour politician and first female Minister of Education graduate BA History 1913, MA 1914" 1549:

invitation to form a government. He showed no resentment towards either Morrison or Wilkinson; the former was appointed

6342: 5816: 5806: 1351: 1000: 880: 3316: 5923: 5908: 5841: 5637: 5351: 5332: 5284: 5246: 5227: 5201: 5115: 4978: 2124: 1639: 1507: 1359: 1277: 1069: 707: 521: 468: 137: 1294:

termed "hunger marches", had been taking place since the early 1920s, often under the auspices of the communist-led

710:. There, she found many opportunities to extend her political activities. She joined the university's branch of the 6292: 5888: 5831: 5801: 5733: 5670: 5555: 2013:

The Conservative total included three women, and the Liberals, one. A further woman was elected as an Independent.

1597: 1501: 988: 855: 596: 493: 455: 87: 52: 4854: 6252: 5464:"From HORSA huts to ROSLA blocks: the school leaving age and the school building programme in England, 1943–1972" 1601:

Temporary classroom huts, built to accommodate the rise in school pupils following the raising of the leaving age

1307: 1085: 595:

as the Labour Party's leader; nevertheless, when he formed his postwar government, Attlee appointed Wilkinson as

549: 4828: 1003:, Wilkinson toured the country to press the strikers' case at meetings and rallies. She was devastated when the 6282: 6262: 5781: 1635: 540:

while seeking constitutional routes to political power through the Labour Party. She was elected Labour MP for

1723:

has noted differing opinions among their respective biographers, but cites a recollection by wartime Minister

6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 5971: 1550: 247: 2795: 6237: 1540:

Morrison informed Attlee that he intended to seek the leadership "in the interests of party unity". In the

4906: 6287: 6277: 5542: 5520:

in Manchester has material in their collection relating to Wilkinson, such as press cuttings and letters.

5451: 1769: 1751: 1437: 1147:

The divisions in the Labour Party became more acute during 1931, as the government struggled to meet the

1093: 678:, whose crusading brand of socialism made a deep impact. Thirty years later Wilkinson told her colleague 4829:"Ellen Wilkinson (1891–1947) Stateswoman and Cabinet Minister, was born at 41 Coral Street on this site" 5517: 1562: 1152: 1037: 788: 3949: 1784:

dedicates a chapter to Ellen Wilkinson along with the other nineteen women considered for the statue.

1338:(1939). "Jarrow's plight", she wrote, "is not a local problem. It is the symptom of a national evil". 646:

best schooling available, encouraged them to read widely, and inculcated strong Christian principles.

6032: 4806: 2037: 1848: 1471: 1124: 1065: 723: 584: 366: 2076:

comments that "the old industries could not be pulled back to life by a little judicious prodding."

1611: 1487: 1237:

constituency, and received sympathy but no positive action. She was unimpressed by the government's

810:

Wilkinson's work for the union brought new alliances, and useful new friendships—including one with

6121: 5742: 2098:, claims that Taylor had knowledge of Wilkinson's suicide from the socialist cartoonist and writer 1554: 1466:

replaced Chamberlain's National Government, Wilkinson was appointed Parliamentary Secretary at the

1178:, a collection of humorous pen-portraits of parliamentary colleagues and opponents. She wrote that 931: 671: 841:

Margaret Cole, describing the British Left's reactions to the March 1917 revolution in Russia, in

5615: 2747: 1105: 1077: 919: 900: 580: 561: 537: 533: 1229:

shipbuilding town. Jarrow had been devastated early in the 1930s by the run-down and closure of

629: 5598: 4157: 1491: 1463: 1238: 952: 815: 576: 5966: 4685: 4590: 4585:

Cazalet-Keir, Thelma (9 February 1947). "Miss Ellen Wilkinson: The Tributes of Three Women".

4489: 4127: 2752: 2036:. Thereafter he moved steadily to the right; in 1932 dissolved the New Party and founded the 1511: 1482:. When aerial bombardment of British cities began in the summer of 1940, many Londoners used 1367: 1004: 850:

Along with many others in the Labour movement, Wilkinson's attitudes were radicalised by the

637:

Ellen Wilkinson was born on 8 October 1891, at 41 Coral Street in the Manchester district of

6212: 6207: 5494: 4882:"Shortlist of six iconic women revealed for Manchester's first female statue for 100 years" 3120:"A comprehensive timeline of the EAW branches' establishment and growth in the UK, 1925-29" 1662: 1591: 698: 25: 3436: 858:(CPGB) was formed in the summer of 1920, Wilkinson was one of a group of ILP members with 8: 5821: 4933:"Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth" 2050: 1764:. Her name and image and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters are etched on the 1676: 1654: 1429: 638: 545: 4737:"The Ellen Wilkinson School for Girls: A Specialist College for Science and Mathematics" 4680:

Markham, Violet (9 February 1947). "Miss Ellen Wilkinson: The Tributes of Three Women".

1391: 1267:

and Palmer Statue, starting point for the Jarrow March, 5 October 1936 (2007 photograph)

899:

constituency. She was unsuccessful, but in November 1923 the Gorton ward elected her to

5588: 5572: 5486: 5456: 5321: 5216: 5067:

Birth Control and the Rights of Women: Post-suffrage Feminism in the Early 20th Century

4647: 4315: 4162: 3054: 2914: 2492: 2178: 2049:

Before 1911 the House of Lords had a power of veto over Commons legislation. Under the

1993: 1983:

in Dublin. After January 1919 the rebellion escalated into a prolonged armed struggle.

1574: 1519: 1483: 1413: 936: 923: 872: 851: 755: 600: 541: 529: 5190: 1186:

as "too fastidious for intrigue, and too modest for over-ambition". Her second novel,

5976: 5766: 5622: 5490: 5418: 5392: 5372: 5347: 5328: 5302: 5280: 5261: 5242: 5223: 5197: 5171: 5152: 5130: 5111: 5090: 5071: 5052: 5035: 5015: 4993: 4974: 3042: 3032: 2918: 1980: 1923: 1906: 1886: 1870: 1854: 1836: 1820: 1811: 1798: 1773: 1658: 1565:, later commented that "it is not bad tactics to make one's enemies one's servants". 1558: 1383: 1371: 1179: 780: 719: 675: 667: 565: 489: 443: 321: 194: 1478:'s three Parliamentary Secretaries, with responsibilities for air raid shelters and 6167: 6157: 6147: 6053: 6037: 5991: 5961: 5786: 5771: 5478: 5294: 5168:

The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence

4639: 4307: 2906: 2189: 1627: 1587: 1579: 1515: 1475: 1433: 1363: 1326: 1311: 1306:, from denouncing it as "revolutionary mob pressure" and condemning the action of 1303: 1264: 1041: 1020: 811: 747: 743: 588: 472: 234: 2208: 6303:

Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies

5796: 5538: 5482: 5316: 5211: 5105: 5065: 2095: 2073: 1408: 1008: 965: 927: 914:

for December 1923, Wilkinson was adopted as Labour's parliamentary candidate for

907: 715: 683: 5439:

Ellen Wilkinson - North East Radical Politicians - UK Parliament Living Heritage

4689: 4594: 4493: 4131: 2756: 6182: 6172: 6079: 6074: 6058: 6016: 5836: 5728: 5564: 5185: 5144: 2193: 2099: 2085:

Baldwin retired as prime minister in May 1937, and Chamberlain succeeded him.

2033: 2001: 1997: 1869:. London: British Committee for the Relief of Victims of German Fascism. 1933. 1756: 1710: 1685: 1645:

At the inquest the coroner gave the cause of death as "heart failure following

1299: 1183: 1141: 1097: 1073: 1045: 1024: 819: 735: 711: 659: 592: 354: 75: 3046: 2910: 1746:, west London, in the Ellen Wilkinson Primary School and Children's Centre in 6201: 6177: 6162: 5996: 5361: 5039: 5027: 5019: 5007: 1910: 1890: 1858: 1840: 1824: 1761: 1720: 1479: 1448: 1418: 1400: 1170: 1133: 1101: 1029: 727: 655: 1874: 504:, she became a national figure when she played a prominent role in the 1936 6152: 6142: 6137: 6089: 6001: 5981: 5655: 5396: 5376: 4758: 4736: 1927: 1896: 1802: 1404: 1255: 1214: 1128: 978: 868: 796: 775:

On leaving university in June 1913, Wilkinson became a paid worker for the

505: 149: 5056: 4643: 4311: 2128: 1118:

Wilkinson attacks the House of Lords, in a magazine article of August 1930

5986: 4966: 4953:

Helen Antrobus and Andrew Simcock, published 2019 ISBN 978-1-84547-252-8)

2791: 1903:

Why War?: a handbook for those who will take part in the Second World War

1724: 1425: 1317: 1137: 1012: 751: 731: 37: 1040:

in Brussels, where she met and befriended the Indian nationalist leader

6084: 5883: 5856: 4858: 4651: 4319: 1650: 1583: 1523: 1148: 983: 513: 463: 418: 1321:

Ellen Wilkinson marching with the Jarrow Marchers, Cricklewood, London

4832: 4630:

Hughes, H.D. "Billy" (Spring 1979). "In Defence of Ellen Wilkinson".

1646: 1546: 1395: 1286: 1068:, and included two women in ministerial posts: Margaret Bondfield as 642: 572: 517: 5523: 854:

of 1917. She saw communism as the shape of the future, and when the

6105: 5527: 1347: 1226: 4298:

Rubinstein, David (Spring 1979). "Ellen Wilkinson Re-Considered".

5446: 4426: 4359: 4031: 4003: 3889: 3777: 3749: 3595: 3404: 3231: 3096: 2992: 1011:

and other leading Labour and union figures on the platform at an

859: 651: 556:. She made a connection with a young female member and activist 528:

organisation and later as a trade union officer. Inspired by the

1213:

outrage. She collaborated with a refugee from Hitler's Germany,

6333:

National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers-sponsored MPs

4910: 1765: 1747: 1743: 1631: 1615: 1202: 1194: 1088:(PPS), an indication that she was marked for future promotion. 742:

Fabian summer schools to hear lectures by ILP leaders such as

496:

from July 1945 until her death. Earlier in her career, as the

202:

Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Pensions

2988:"Civil Estimates And Estimates for Revenue Departments, 1928" 1424:

Wilkinson was a strong opponent of the National Government's

1374:, Wilkinson set up the Spanish Medical Aid Committee and the 876: 2338:

Letter from Wilkinson to Middleton, quoted by Bartley, p. 5.

1634:

in 1946. On 25 January 1947 she attended the opening of the

702:

Whitworth Hall, Manchester University's Oxford Road building

5299:

Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929–31

4990:

Ellen Wilkinson: From Red Suffragist to Government Minister

1730: 1210: 992: 674:(ILP), and at one of her first branch meetings encountered 2032:

Mosley left the Labour Party in February 1931 to form the

2004:—had been elected, but all three lost their seats in 1924. 1084:. Wilkinson was not given office, but was made Lawrence's 4430:. Hansard Online. 22 November 1946. pp. col. 1219–31 6328:

Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945

5462:

Cowan, Steven; McCulloch, Gary; Woodin, Tom (May 2012).

3029:

Women of Westminster : the MPs who changed politics

1727:

as suggesting a friendship that was more than platonic.

1325:

On 5 October 1936 a selected group of 200 set out from

1201:, published in 1934. She visited Germany shortly after 1050:

Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928

4761:. Ellen Wilkinson Primary School and Children's Centre 4759:"Ellen Wilkinson Primary School and Children's Centre" 4007:. Hansard Online. 6 October 1938. pp. col. 524–25 3781:. Hansard Online. 4 November 1936. pp. col. 76–77 3408:. Hansard Online. 21 March 1930. pp. col. 2337–38 3235:. Hansard Online. 29 March 1928. pp. col. 1402–06 3100:. Hansard Online. 10 March 1926. pp. col. 2278–79 1341: 619: 488:(8 October 1891 – 6 February 1947) was a British 4122:"Suppression of Daily Worker Approved by 297 to 11". 4035:. Hansard Online. 24 August 1939. pp. col. 50–55 3227:"Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Bill" 3026: 1807:

Co-authored with Frank Horrabin and Raymond Postgate.

891:

Wilkinson was an early and lifetime supporter of the

5461: 5457:

Ellen Wilkinson profile at Marxists Internet Archive

4363:. Hansard Online. 31 October 1946. pp. col. 758 3599:. Hansard Online. 30 June 1936. pp. col. 205–07 2996:. Hansard Online. 1 March 1928. pp. col. 734–35 1582:, who had put the Act through Parliament along with 1553:

and deputy prime minister, while Wilkinson was made

172:

Parliamentary Secretary for the Home Department

6298:

Female members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom

5258:

Red Ellen Wilkinson: Her Ideas, Movements and World

3893:. Hansard Online. 6 May 1937. pp. col. 1359–60 3753:. Hansard Online. 4 November 1936. pp. col. 75 734:among others. She also came under the influence of 6318:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 5320: 5215: 5189: 4249:Cracknell, Richard; Keen, Richard (17 July 2014). 2177: 964:were dominated by the controversy surrounding the 793:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 548:. In the 1929–31 Labour government, she served as 2094:Chris Wrigley, in his biography of the historian 1992:In the 1923 general election, three Labour women— 1205:came to power in 1933, and published a pamphlet, 805:National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers 571:During the Second World War, Wilkinson served in 6308:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies 6199: 5415:A.J.P. Taylor : radical historian of Europe 1936:Plan for Peace: How the People can win the Peace 1007:called off the strike. Early in June she joined 991:, Astor was the national president. Wilkinson's 512:Wilkinson was born into a poor though ambitious 1734:A sign at Ellen Wilkinson School, Acton, London 1506:She succeeded to the chair when the incumbent, 1411:were others—who founded the left-wing magazine 999:During the nine days' duration of the May 1926 956:Ramsay MacDonald, Labour's first prime minister 603:, rather than the more radical introduction of 591:. She supported Morrison's attempts to replace 568:, and made several visits to the battle zones. 6323:Ministers in the Attlee governments, 1945–1951 5452:contributions in Parliament by Ellen Wilkinson 1452:Families sheltering in a London Tube station, 1358:was the first to report Hitler's intention to 926:candidate. The general election resulted in a 832:" read with incredulous eyes that the Russian 5711: 5386:Myself When Young: by famous women of to-day 5236: 5127:Clement Attlee: The Inevitable Prime Minister 4248: 1626:Wilkinson suffered for most of her life from 1163: 4781:"Establishment: Ellen Wilkinson High School" 4584: 3288:(details in Table 2, p. 6 of 18-page report) 2188:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1168:Wilkinson rationalised Labour's defeat in a 777:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 5734:Education Secretaries of the United Kingdom 5388:(ed. Margot Countess of Oxford and Asquith) 5277:George Lansbury: At the Heart of Old Labour 5260:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 5237:Pearce, Malcolm; Stewart, Geoffrey (1992). 3063:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3017:, 7 November 1924, quoted in Vernon, p. 78. 1787: 1376:National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief 801:Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees 520:at an early age. After graduating from the 299:14 November 1935 – 6 February 1947 6233:British Secretaries of State for Education 5718: 5704: 4971:Freedom's Cause: Lives of the Suffragettes 4805:. University of Manchester. Archived from 4297: 4166:(Supplement). 29 December 1944. p. 1. 3377:, 2 August 1930, quoted in Bartley, p. 53. 3067:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3059:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1776:, London that was unveiled in April 2018. 886: 36: 5539:Newspaper clippings about Ellen Wilkinson 5403: 5383: 5293: 4422:"United Nations Educational Organisation" 3278:. United Kingdom Parliament. 18 July 2014 1055: 947: 344:29 October 1924 – 7 October 1931 6248:Communist Party of Great Britain members 5274: 5210: 5184: 5143: 5084: 5063: 4879: 4670:, 29 May 1937, quoted in Vernon, p. 148. 4517: 4515: 4461: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4398: 4396: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4156: 4108: 4106: 4104: 3947: 3825: 3823: 3646: 3644: 3634: 3632: 2447: 2175: 2119: 2117: 1729: 1596: 1568: 1534: 1447: 1370:coalition government to precipitate the 1316: 1259: 1027:, and in a semi-autobiographical novel, 951: 770: 697: 628: 65:3 August 1945 – 6 February 1947 5514:Labour History Archive and Study Centre 5412: 5107:British Women and the Spanish Civil War 5103: 4987: 4679: 3667: 3665: 3531: 3529: 3474: 3472: 3385: 3383: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2928: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2790: 2355: 2353: 2185:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 1943: 1669: 1542:general election held in July that year 119:4 January 1944 – 3 August 1945 6223:Alumni of the University of Manchester 6218:20th-century British women politicians 6200: 5341: 5315: 5165: 5006: 4965: 4880:Williams, Jennifer (20 October 2015). 4629: 4253:. House of Commons Library. p. 7. 3252: 3250: 3027:Reeves, Rachel, 1979- (7 March 2019). 2896: 2713: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2674: 2672: 2617: 2615: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2277: 2275: 1795:A Workers' History of the Great Strike 1017:A Workers' History of the Great Strike 5699: 5255: 4604: 4569: 4557:Ian McKay, quoted in Bartley, p. 134. 4512: 4503: 4484:"Inquest verdict on Miss Wilkinson". 4456: 4442: 4393: 4266: 4101: 3820: 3641: 3629: 3547: 2796:"National Council of Labour Colleges" 2533: 2531: 2289: 2287: 2114: 1296:National Unemployed Workers' Movement 1209:, that documented early incidents of 214:17 May 1940 – 8 October 1940 184:8 October 1940 – 23 May 1945 6258:Deaths from congestive heart failure 5750:Presidents of the Board of Education 5360: 5327:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. 5239:British Political History, 1867–1991 5124: 5046: 5026: 5014:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. 4873: 3999:"Policy of His Majesty's Government" 3948:Collette, Christine (3 March 2011). 3674: 3662: 3526: 3469: 3420: 3380: 3276:"Women in Parliament and Government" 2937: 2838: 2450:"Join the great suffrage pilgrimage" 2350: 2238: 2236: 2152: 1740:The Ellen Wilkinson School for Girls 1621: 750:, and trade union activists such as 6115:Innovation, Universities and Skills 5279:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5170:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4909:. The Eighth Plinth. Archived from 3580:Wilkinson 1939, pp. 175 and 184–85. 3247: 2872: 2708: 2690: 2669: 2612: 2389: 2380: 2272: 1885:. London: Selwyn and Blount. 1934. 1443: 1342:International and domestic concerns 1019:(1927), which she co-authored with 942: 893:National Council of Labour Colleges 620:Background, childhood and education 13: 4251:Women in Parliament and Government 2528: 2284: 1853:. London: George G. Harrap. 1932. 1819:. London: George G. Harrap. 1929. 1144:of its statutory delaying powers. 881:Red International of Labour Unions 14: 6379: 5432: 5151:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 5087:The Thirties: An Intimate History 3400:"Shop (Hours of Employment) Bill" 3317:"Parliamentary Private Secretary" 2233: 1922:. London: Victor Gollancz. 1939. 1757:Manchester Institute of Education 1529: 1350:to report on the crushing of the 1278:British Iron and Steel Federation 1123:With Wilkinson's assistance, the 686:, Wilkinson took up the cause of 6268:Deaths from pneumonia in England 5865: 5727: 5556:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5531: 5301:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 4947: 4925: 4899: 4847: 4821: 4795: 4773: 4751: 4729: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4673: 4661: 4622: 4613: 4578: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4477: 4468: 4414: 4405: 4384: 4375: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4291: 4282: 4257: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4150: 4141: 4115: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4019: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3765: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3653: 3620: 3611: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3538: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3460: 3451: 3429: 3392: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 2088: 2079: 2066: 2056: 2043: 2026: 989:Electrical Association for Women 856:Communist Party of Great Britain 456:Communist Party of Great Britain 6348:Trade unionists from Manchester 6338:People from Chorlton-on-Medlock 6243:Chairs of the Labour Party (UK) 4427:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4360:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4032:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4004:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3890:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3778:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3750:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3596:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3405:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3331: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3268: 3259: 3232:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3112: 3097:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3084: 3075: 3020: 3008: 2993:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2890: 2881: 2863: 2854: 2823: 2814: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2751:. 6 November 1922. p. 11. 2738: 2729: 2720: 2681: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2519: 2510: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2448:Cochrane, Kira (11 July 2013). 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2371: 2362: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2263: 2016: 2007: 1986: 1973: 1964: 1510:, died in January 1944. In the 1464:Churchill's all-party coalition 1249: 1086:Parliamentary Private Secretary 765: 550:Parliamentary Private Secretary 6273:Drug-related deaths in England 6099:Children, Schools and Families 4857:. Open Plaques. Archived from 4831:. Open Plaques. Archived from 4126:. 29 January 1941. p. 2. 3591:"Iron and Steel Works, Jarrow" 2493:"Women's International League" 2254: 2245: 2224: 2215: 2143: 1954: 1797:. London: Plebs League. 1927. 1640:St Mary's Hospital, Paddington 1636:Bristol Old Vic Theatre School 1557:, with a seat in the cabinet. 1518:, only the third woman (after 1273:November 1935 general election 1066:second minority administration 624: 532:of 1917, Wilkinson joined the 16:British politician (1891–1947) 1: 6313:Members of the Fabian Society 4203:Perry, pp. 229–230, 237, 367. 2834:. 1 December 1923. p. 5. 2108: 1938:. London: Labour Party. 1945. 1915:Co-authored with Edward Conze 1551:Lord President of the Council 1453: 1060:In May 1929 Baldwin called a 972:look like it, but I do". The 693: 5483:10.1080/0046760X.2011.585143 4739:. The Ellen Wilkinson School 4628:George Tomlinson, quoted in 3092:"Training Centres for Women" 2209:UK public library membership 2127:. Archivehub. Archived from 2125:"Ardwick Schools Collection" 1244: 1104:'s "Memorandum", a plan for 825: 107:Chairman of the Labour Party 7: 6228:Barbiturates-related deaths 5682:1945–1947 (died in office) 5543:20th Century Press Archives 5530:(public domain audiobooks) 4488:. 1 March 1947. p. 3. 4355:"School-leaving Age (Huts)" 3817:Pearce and Stewart, p. 359. 3725:Wilkinson 1939, pp. 205–06. 3617:Wilkinson 1939, pp. 184–85. 3571:Wilkinson 1939, pp. 172–73. 3544:Wilkinson 1939, pp. 195–96. 3439:. United Kingdom Parliament 3319:. United Kingdom Parliament 2745:"Communism in Manchester". 1770:statue of Millicent Fawcett 1752:Ellen Wilkinson High School 1474:in October 1940, as one of 1217:, to produce a major book, 875:, the educationist who was 544:in 1924, and supported the 161:Junior ministerial offices 10: 6384: 5408:. London: Victor Gollancz. 5406:The Town that was Murdered 5371:. London: Longmans Green. 5051:. London: Longmans Green. 5049:Growing Up into Revolution 4959: 4803:"Ellen Wilkinson Building" 3979:Gardiner, pp. 531 and 682. 2832:Ashton-Under-Lyne Reporter 1920:The Town That Was Murdered 1835:. London: P. Allen. 1931. 1698:The Town that was Murdered 1563:Minister of Fuel and Power 1336:The Town that was Murdered 1253: 1164:Out of parliament, 1931–35 1038:League Against Imperialism 932:minority Labour government 843:Growing Up into Revolution 6343:People from Middlesbrough 6130: 6114: 6098: 6067: 6046: 6025: 5944: 5937: 5874: 5863: 5749: 5740: 5684: 5675: 5667: 5662: 5652: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5619: 5605:Member of Parliament for 5603: 5595: 5585: 5571:Member of Parliament for 5569: 5561: 5554: 5404:Wilkinson, Ellen (1939). 5384:Wilkinson, Ellen (1938). 5368:(edited by Margaret Cole) 5344:Ellen Wilkinson 1891–1947 5342:Vernon, Betty D. (1982). 5196:. London: Jonathan Cape. 5149:Austerity Britain 1945–51 5085:Gardiner, Juliet (2010). 5070:. New York: I.B. Tauris. 5064:Debenham, Claire (2013). 4973:. London: Profile Books. 4783:. Edubase (UK government) 4027:"International Situation" 3487:Quoted in Vernon, p. 133. 2911:10.1017/S0018246X00011298 2179:"Wilkinson, Ellen Cicely" 2038:British Union of Fascists 1905:. London: N.C.L.C. 1935. 1850:The Division Bell Mystery 1472:Ministry of Home Security 1470:. She transferred to the 1188:The Division Bell Mystery 1125:Mental Treatment Act 1930 1080:(junior minister) at the 906:When the prime minister, 724:William Crawford Anderson 587:, where she worked under 585:Ministry of Home Security 492:politician who served as 479: 462: 449: 439: 425: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 360: 348: 337: 327: 315: 303: 292: 280: 276: 269: 265: 261: 257: 241: 228: 218: 207: 200: 188: 177: 170: 166: 159: 155: 143: 131: 123: 112: 105: 93: 81: 69: 58: 51: 47: 35: 23: 6047:Education and Employment 5743:Department for Education 5630:Party political offices 5524:Works by Ellen Wilkinson 5104:Jackson, Angela (2002). 5089:. London: Harper Press. 3364:Taylor, pp. 359 and 462. 2260:Wilkinson 1938, p. 403. 2251:Wilkinson 1938, p. 407. 2221:Wilkinson 1938, p. 402. 2176:Harrison, Brian (2004). 1948: 1788:Books by Ellen Wilkinson 1419:hire purchase agreements 1360:march into the Rhineland 962:ensuing general election 672:Independent Labour Party 522:University of Manchester 516:family and she embraced 469:University of Manchester 6293:English women novelists 5518:People's History Museum 5417:. London: I.B. Tauris. 5413:Wrigley, Chris (2006). 5323:English History 1914–45 5275:Shepherd, John (2002). 5047:Cole, Margaret (1949). 4992:. London: Pluto Press. 4988:Bartley, Paula (2014). 4886:Manchester Evening News 4695:(subscription required) 4657:(subscription required) 4600:(subscription required) 4499:(subscription required) 4486:The Manchester Guardian 4325:(subscription required) 4137:(subscription required) 4124:The Manchester Guardian 3838:Wilkinson 1939, p. 283. 3716:Wilkinson 1939, p. 204. 3638:Wilkinson 1939, p. 198. 3562:Wilkinson 1939, p. 200. 3346:Skidelsky, pp. 195–209. 2924:(subscription required) 2800:International Socialism 2762:(subscription required) 2748:The Manchester Guardian 2648:Leeson, pp. 88 and 179. 2320:Wilkinson 1938, p. 408. 2302:Wilkinson 1938, p. 405. 1438:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1352:Oviedo miners' uprising 1106:economic reconstruction 1078:Parliamentary Secretary 901:Manchester City Council 887:Seeking elective office 789:Women's Emergency Corps 676:Katherine Bruce Glasier 614: 538:revolutionary socialism 534:British Communist Party 6253:Deaths from bronchitis 5876:Ministers of Education 5599:William George Pearson 5346:. London: Croom Helm. 5125:Jago, Michael (2014). 4935:. iNews. 24 April 2018 2899:The Historical Journal 2194:10.1093/ref:odnb/36902 1735: 1707: 1602: 1492:Auxiliary Fire Service 1459: 1322: 1268: 1199:The Condition of India 1115: 1056:In government, 1929–31 957: 948:In opposition, 1924–29 838: 816:National Guilds League 703: 634: 486:Ellen Cicely Wilkinson 406:Ellen Cicely Wilkinson 271:Parliamentary offices 6283:English anti-fascists 6263:Deaths from emphysema 5945:Education and Science 5678:Minister of Education 5391:. London: F. Muller. 5241:. London: Routledge. 5166:Leeson, D.M. (2011). 5110:. London: Routledge. 4723:Rachel Reeves (2020) 3437:"The Parliament Acts" 3265:Marquand, pp. 477–79. 2934:Marquand, pp. 381–86. 2497:Spartacus Educational 2359:Debenham, pp. 221–24. 1867:The Terror in Germany 1733: 1703: 1600: 1569:Minister of education 1555:Minister of Education 1535:Leadership manoeuvres 1512:1945 New Year Honours 1451: 1366:attacked the elected 1320: 1263: 1207:The Terror in Germany 1111: 1005:Trades Union Congress 955: 830: 795:(WIL), and included 771:Trade union organiser 708:Manchester University 701: 632: 605:comprehensive schools 597:Minister of Education 562:Republican government 494:Minister of Education 53:Minister of Education 6068:Education and Skills 5938:Secretaries of State 5471:History of Education 5256:Perry, Matt (2014). 5129:. London: Biteback. 4725:Women of Westminster 4610:Bartley, pp. 134–35. 4521:Bartley, pp. 132–33. 4402:Bartley, pp. 128–30. 4279:Bartley, pp. 125–26. 4263:Bartley, pp. 123–24. 4112:Bartley, pp. 112–13. 4098:Bartley, pp. 110–11. 4089:Bartley, pp. 106–08. 1944:Notes and references 1833:Peeps at Politicians 1670:Appraisal and legacy 1514:she was appointed a 1468:Ministry of Pensions 498:Member of Parliament 328:Member of Parliament 282:Member of Parliament 26:The Right Honourable 6238:British suffragists 5034:. London: Methuen. 5032:The Road to Success 5012:The Age of Illusion 4907:"The Eighth Plinth" 4714:Vernon, pp. 126–29. 4705:Vernon, pp. 124–25. 4644:10.1093/hwj/7.1.157 4530:Perry, pp. 384–390. 4509:Vernon, pp. 234–35. 4453:Vernon, pp. 231–33. 4411:Vernon, pp. 211–12. 4390:Vernon, pp. 215–16. 4344:Vernon, pp. 207–08. 4335:Perry, pp. 376–378. 4312:10.1093/hwj/7.1.161 4230:Vernon, pp. 196–98. 4071:Vernon, pp. 185–86. 4062:Vernon, pp. 184–85. 3988:Taylor, pp. 496–97. 3938:Bartley, pp. 95–96. 3929:Perry, pp. 256–265. 3920:Bartley, pp. 79–80. 3874:Bartley, pp. 76–77. 3865:Bartley, pp. 73–74. 3856:Perry, pp. 251–298. 3847:Bartley, pp. 75–76. 3829:Vernon, pp. 146–47. 3745:"Petitions, Jarrow" 3535:Bartley, pp. 63–64. 3514:Perry, pp. 275–276. 3478:Bartley, pp. 56–57. 3466:Blythe, pp. 282–83. 3426:Bartley, pp. 52–53. 3355:Vernon, pp. 108–09. 3337:Bartley, pp. 50–51. 3216:Bartley, p. the 34. 3171:Perry, pp. 142–143. 3081:Bartley, pp. 35–36. 2878:Bartley, pp. 26–27. 2851:Vernon, pp. 240–41. 2705:Bartley, pp. 23–25. 2678:Bartley, pp. 16–17. 2657:Taylor, pp. 204–06. 2630:Perry, pp. 157–159. 2621:Bartley, pp. 19–20. 2582:Bartley, pp. 14–15. 2555:Perry, pp. 128–130. 2537:Perry, pp. 120–125. 2525:Bartley, pp. 12–13. 2051:Parliament Act 1911 1677:Thelma Cazalet-Keir 1655:bronchial pneumonia 1488:"Morrison shelters" 1430:Neville Chamberlain 1176:Peep at Politicians 1153:National Government 639:Chorlton-on-Medlock 546:1926 General Strike 524:, she worked for a 6288:English socialists 6278:English Methodists 5663:Political offices 5589:Ernest James Young 5573:Middlesbrough East 5366:Diaries 1924–1932 5222:. London: Virago. 4913:on 26 October 2016 4861:on 9 November 2014 4835:on 9 November 2014 4163:The London Gazette 3950:"The Jarrow March" 2977:Vernon, pp. 78–79. 2781:Vernon, pp. 57–58. 2717:Vernon, pp. 62–63. 2600:Vernon, pp. 59–60. 2573:Vernon, pp. 49–50. 2516:Vernon, pp. 44–46. 2411:Vernon, pp. 33–37. 2402:Vernon, pp. 28–30. 2131:on 12 October 2014 1994:Margaret Bondfield 1782:First in the Fight 1736: 1603: 1575:Education Act 1944 1520:Margaret Bondfield 1460: 1323: 1269: 1082:Ministry of Health 1070:Minister of Labour 958: 937:Middlesbrough East 873:Nadezhda Krupskaya 852:Russian Revolution 756:Margaret Bondfield 704: 643:Wesleyan Methodist 635: 601:Education Act 1944 542:Middlesbrough East 530:Russian Revolution 332:Middlesbrough East 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 5694: 5693: 5685:Succeeded by 5653:Succeeded by 5623:Ernest Fernyhough 5620:Succeeded by 5586:Succeeded by 5424:978-1-86064-286-9 5308:978-0-14-021172-6 5295:Skidelsky, Robert 5267:978-0-7190-8720-2 5177:978-0-19-959899-1 5158:978-0-7475-9923-4 5136:978-1-84954-683-6 5096:978-0-00-731453-9 5077:978-1-78076-435-1 4999:978-0-7453-3237-6 4809:on 8 October 2014 4619:Kynaston, p. 575. 3457:Marquand, p. 609. 3207:Perry, pp. 88–89. 3144:Shepherd, p. 237. 3124:IET Archives blog 3038:978-1-78831-677-4 2887:Marquand, p. 377. 2820:Mitchell, p. 206. 2772:Perry, pp. 32–35. 2726:Perry, pp. 74–77. 2687:Cole 1949, p. 96. 2666:Cole 1949, p. 86. 2609:Perry, pp. 21–23. 2482:Bartley, pp. 8–9. 2420:Cole 1938, p. 67. 2368:Mitchell, p. 193. 2293:Bartley, pp. 3–4. 2207:(Subscription or 1895:Co-authored with 1774:Parliament Square 1713:, 9 February 1947 1659:Bernard Donoughue 1622:Illness and death 1559:Emmanuel Shinwell 1432:, in signing the 1384:Philip Noel-Baker 1380:Duchess of Atholl 1372:Spanish Civil War 1239:Special Areas Act 1180:Winston Churchill 916:Ashton-under-Lyne 722:, the ILP leader 720:Charlotte Despard 668:Robert Blatchford 577:wartime coalition 566:Spanish Civil War 483: 482: 372: 371: 322:Ernest Fernyhough 253: 252: 224:Winston Churchill 195:Winston Churchill 42:Wilkinson in 1924 6375: 6368:UK MPs 1945–1950 6363:UK MPs 1935–1945 6358:UK MPs 1929–1931 6353:UK MPs 1924–1929 5942: 5941: 5869: 5732: 5731: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5688:George Tomlinson 5668:Preceded by 5635:Preceded by 5596:Preceded by 5562:Preceded by 5552: 5551: 5535: 5534: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5493:. Archived from 5468: 5428: 5409: 5400: 5380: 5357: 5338: 5326: 5317:Taylor, A. J. P. 5312: 5290: 5271: 5252: 5233: 5221: 5212:Mitchell, Hannah 5207: 5195: 5192:Ramsay MacDonald 5181: 5162: 5140: 5121: 5100: 5081: 5060: 5043: 5023: 5003: 4984: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4632:History Workshop 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4566:Bartley, p. 138. 4564: 4558: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4539:Wrigley, p. 116. 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4465:Bartley, p. 131. 4463: 4454: 4451: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4300:History Workshop 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4246: 4240: 4239:Bartley, p. 121. 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4221:Bartley, p. 119. 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4194:Bartley, p. 118. 4192: 4186: 4185:Bartley, p. 116. 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4053:Bartley, p. 102. 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3911:Jackson, p. 143. 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3639: 3636: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3058: 3050: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2706: 2703: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2429:Jackson. p. 239. 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2311:Vernon, pp. 7–8. 2309: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2282: 2279: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2242:Vernon, pp. 4–5. 2240: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2181: 2173: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2121: 2103: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1939: 1931: 1914: 1894: 1878: 1862: 1844: 1828: 1806: 1714: 1690:George Tomlinson 1628:bronchial asthma 1580:James Chuter Ede 1516:Privy Counsellor 1502:The Daily Worker 1476:Herbert Morrison 1458: 1455: 1444:Second World War 1434:Munich Agreement 1392:Willi Münzenberg 1364:Francisco Franco 1327:Jarrow Town Hall 1312:Bishop of Jarrow 1304:Bishop of Durham 1265:Jarrow Town Hall 1157:general election 1119: 1062:general election 1042:Jawaharlal Nehru 1021:Raymond Postgate 943:Middlesbrough MP 912:general election 846: 748:Arthur Henderson 744:Ramsay MacDonald 688:women's suffrage 680:George Middleton 589:Herbert Morrison 583:, mainly at the 526:women's suffrage 432: 415: 413: 397:Personal details 363: 351: 342: 318: 306: 297: 267: 266: 244: 235:Cuthbert Headlam 231: 221: 212: 191: 182: 157: 156: 146: 134: 117: 100:George Tomlinson 96: 84: 72: 63: 40: 21: 20: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6187: 6126: 6110: 6094: 6063: 6042: 6021: 5933: 5870: 5861: 5745: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5690: 5681: 5673: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5625: 5610: 5601: 5591: 5576: 5567: 5532: 5503: 5501: 5500:on 21 July 2018 5497: 5466: 5435: 5425: 5354: 5335: 5309: 5287: 5268: 5249: 5230: 5218:The Hard Way Up 5204: 5186:Marquand, David 5178: 5159: 5145:Kynaston, David 5137: 5118: 5097: 5078: 5000: 4981: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4575:Vernon, p. 236. 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548:Bartley, p. xi. 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381:Vernon, p. 210. 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4296: 4292: 4288:Vernon, p. 203. 4287: 4283: 4278: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176:Vernon, p. 194. 4175: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147:Vernon, p. 195. 4146: 4142: 4136: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080:Vernon, p. 188. 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970:Vernon, p. 171. 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808:Blythe, p. 199. 3807: 3803: 3799:Bartley, p. 93. 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3734:Bartley, p. 92. 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707:Bartley, p. 90. 3706: 3702: 3698:Blythe, p. 191. 3697: 3693: 3689:Vernon, p. 143. 3688: 3684: 3680:Bartley, p. 91. 3679: 3675: 3671:Bartley, p. 89. 3670: 3663: 3659:Bartley, p. 88. 3658: 3654: 3650:Vernon, p. 142. 3649: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3626:Vernon, p. 141. 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553:Taylor, p. 436. 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3523:Vernon, p. 138. 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505:Vernon, p. 158. 3504: 3500: 3496:Vernon, p. 107. 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3389:Bartley, p. 49. 3388: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3306:Vernon, p. 102. 3305: 3301: 3297:Bartley, p. 48. 3296: 3292: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256:Bartley, p. 47. 3255: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3189:Bartley, p. 45. 3188: 3184: 3180:Bartley, p. 83. 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162:Bartley, p. 42. 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3126:. 15 March 2024 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3052: 3051: 3039: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968:Bartley, p. 28. 2967: 2963: 2959:Abrams, p. 229. 2958: 2954: 2950:Vernon, p. 242. 2949: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860:Blythe, p. 278. 2859: 2855: 2850: 2839: 2830:"News report". 2829: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2794:(Spring 1953). 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2735:Bartley, p. 18. 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591:Bartley, p. 10. 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564:Bartley, p. 13. 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329:Jackson, p. 24. 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2281:Jackson, p. 19. 2280: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2198: 2196: 2174: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2096:A. J. P. Taylor 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2074:A. J. P. Taylor 2071: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 1991: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1934: 1918: 1901: 1881: 1865: 1847: 1831: 1810: 1793: 1790: 1716: 1709: 1672: 1624: 1612:county colleges 1571: 1537: 1532: 1456: 1446: 1409:Stafford Cripps 1344: 1282:Walter Runciman 1258: 1252: 1247: 1166: 1121: 1117: 1058: 1009:George Lansbury 966:Zinoviev letter 950: 945: 928:hung parliament 908:Stanley Baldwin 889: 848: 840: 828: 773: 768: 716:Margaret Ashton 696: 684:Hannah Mitchell 627: 622: 617: 581:junior minister 554:Health Minister 536:, and preached 451: 450:Other political 440:Political party 435:London, England 434: 430: 429:6 February 1947 417: 411: 409: 408: 407: 361: 349: 343: 338: 329: 316: 310:William Pearson 304: 298: 293: 284: 272: 242: 229: 219: 213: 208: 189: 183: 178: 162: 144: 132: 118: 113: 94: 82: 70: 64: 59: 43: 31: 30:Ellen Wilkinson 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6381: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5683: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5568: 5565:Penry Williams 5563: 5559: 5558: 5550: 5549: 5536: 5521: 5510: 5459: 5454: 5442: 5441: 5434: 5433:External links 5431: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5410: 5401: 5381: 5362:Webb, Beatrice 5358: 5352: 5339: 5333: 5313: 5307: 5291: 5285: 5272: 5266: 5253: 5247: 5234: 5228: 5208: 5202: 5182: 5176: 5163: 5157: 5141: 5135: 5122: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5082: 5076: 5061: 5044: 5030:, ed. (1938). 5028:Cole, Margaret 5024: 5008:Blythe, Ronald 5004: 4998: 4985: 4979: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4946: 4924: 4898: 4872: 4846: 4820: 4794: 4772: 4750: 4728: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4672: 4660: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4511: 4502: 4476: 4474:Vernon, p. 233 4467: 4455: 4441: 4413: 4404: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4290: 4281: 4265: 4256: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4149: 4140: 4114: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4018: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3764: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3661: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3428: 3419: 3391: 3379: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3267: 3258: 3246: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3153:Vernon, p. 88. 3146: 3137: 3111: 3083: 3074: 3037: 3019: 3015:Women's Leader 3007: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2936: 2927: 2905:(3): 673–706. 2889: 2880: 2871: 2869:Vernon, p. 64. 2862: 2853: 2837: 2822: 2813: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2707: 2689: 2680: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2639:Vernon, p. 43. 2632: 2623: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2546:Perry, p. 104. 2539: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2484: 2475: 2473:Bartley, p. 7. 2466: 2440: 2438:Bartley, p. 6. 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2388: 2386:Vernon, p. 40. 2379: 2370: 2361: 2349: 2347:Vernon, p. 23. 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2232: 2230:Bartley, p. 2. 2223: 2214: 2151: 2149:Bartley, p. 1. 2142: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2100:Frank Horrabin 2087: 2078: 2065: 2055: 2042: 2025: 2015: 2006: 2002:Dorothy Jewson 1998:Susan Lawrence 1985: 1972: 1963: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1916: 1899: 1879: 1863: 1845: 1829: 1808: 1789: 1786: 1711:Violet Markham 1702: 1686:David Kynaston 1671: 1668: 1623: 1620: 1570: 1567: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1530:Postwar career 1528: 1445: 1442: 1356:Sunday Referee 1343: 1340: 1300:Hensley Henson 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1184:Clement Attlee 1165: 1162: 1142:House of Lords 1110: 1098:Philip Snowden 1074:Susan Lawrence 1057: 1054: 1046:Susan Lawrence 1025:Frank Horrabin 1001:General Strike 974:Woman's Leader 949: 946: 944: 941: 888: 885: 829: 827: 824: 820:Black and Tans 772: 769: 767: 764: 736:Walton Newbold 712:Fabian Society 695: 692: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 593:Clement Attlee 552:to the junior 481: 480: 477: 476: 466: 460: 459: 453: 447: 446: 441: 437: 436: 433:(aged 55) 427: 423: 422: 416:8 October 1891 405: 403: 399: 398: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 358: 357: 355:Penry Williams 352: 346: 345: 335: 334: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 307: 301: 300: 290: 289: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 248:The Lord Tryon 245: 239: 238: 232: 226: 225: 222: 220:Prime Minister 216: 215: 205: 204: 198: 197: 192: 190:Prime Minister 186: 185: 175: 174: 168: 167: 164: 163: 160: 153: 152: 147: 141: 140: 135: 129: 128: 127:Clement Attlee 125: 121: 120: 110: 109: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 76:Clement Attlee 73: 71:Prime Minister 67: 66: 56: 55: 49: 48: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6380: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5967:Gordon Walker 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5644:Chair of the 5639: 5638:George Ridley 5633: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477:(3): 361–80. 5476: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5353:0-7099-2603-0 5349: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5334:0-14-021181-0 5330: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5286:0-19-820164-8 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5248:0-415-07247-6 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5229:0-86068-002-9 5225: 5220: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5203:0-224-01295-9 5199: 5194: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5117:0-415-27797-3 5113: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4980:1-86197-425-6 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4950: 4934: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4782: 4776: 4760: 4754: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4691: 4687: 4684:. p. 7. 4683: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4638:(7): 157–60. 4637: 4633: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4596: 4592: 4589:. p. 7. 4588: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4516: 4506: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4397: 4387: 4378: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306:(7): 161–69. 4305: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4260: 4252: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4212:Jago, p. 163. 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4144: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3952:. BBC History 3951: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3614: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3473: 3463: 3454: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3318: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3277: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3198:Webb, p. 133. 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3011: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2931: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2833: 2826: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2616: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2522: 2513: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2383: 2377:Vernon, p. 9. 2374: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2269:Vernon, p. 6. 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2237: 2227: 2218: 2210: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2146: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2023:government." 2019: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1982: 1976: 1967: 1957: 1953: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Middlesbrough 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721:Rachel Reeves 1715: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649:, with acute 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1592:comprehensive 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1561:, who became 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:George Ridley 1504: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:civil defence 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:Aneurin Bevan 1397: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Popular Front 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1171:Daily Express 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:Jermyn Street 1130: 1127:received the 1126: 1120: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1102:Oswald Mosley 1099: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 994: 990: 985: 980: 975: 969: 967: 963: 954: 940: 938: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 864: 861: 857: 853: 847: 844: 837: 835: 823: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 784: 782: 778: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 700: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 663: 661: 657: 656:Thomas Huxley 653: 647: 644: 640: 631: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 478: 474: 470: 467: 465: 461: 457: 454: 448: 445: 442: 438: 428: 424: 420: 404: 400: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 368: 365: 359: 356: 353: 347: 341: 336: 333: 326: 323: 320: 314: 311: 308: 302: 296: 291: 288: 283: 279: 275: 268: 264: 260: 256: 249: 246: 240: 236: 233: 227: 223: 217: 211: 206: 203: 199: 196: 193: 187: 181: 176: 173: 169: 165: 158: 154: 151: 148: 142: 139: 138:George Ridley 136: 130: 126: 122: 116: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 92: 89: 86: 80: 77: 74: 68: 62: 57: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 27: 22: 19: 5893: 5676: 5656:Harold Laski 5646:Labour Party 5643: 5604: 5570: 5502:. Retrieved 5495:the original 5474: 5470: 5445: 5414: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5369: 5365: 5343: 5322: 5298: 5276: 5257: 5238: 5217: 5191: 5167: 5148: 5126: 5106: 5086: 5066: 5048: 5031: 5011: 4989: 4970: 4967:Abrams, Fran 4949: 4937:. Retrieved 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4911:the original 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4885: 4875: 4863:. Retrieved 4859:the original 4849: 4837:. Retrieved 4833:the original 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4807:the original 4797: 4785:. Retrieved 4775: 4763:. Retrieved 4753: 4741:. Retrieved 4731: 4724: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4682:The Observer 4681: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4587:The Observer 4586: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4505: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4432:. Retrieved 4425: 4416: 4407: 4386: 4377: 4365:. Retrieved 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4284: 4259: 4250: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4123: 4117: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4037:. Retrieved 4030: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 4002: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3954:. Retrieved 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3776: 3767: 3755:. Retrieved 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3655: 3622: 3613: 3601:. Retrieved 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3462: 3453: 3441:. Retrieved 3431: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3403: 3394: 3375:The New Dawn 3374: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3321:. Retrieved 3311: 3302: 3293: 3280:. Retrieved 3270: 3261: 3237:. Retrieved 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3128:. Retrieved 3123: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3095: 3086: 3077: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3010: 2998:. Retrieved 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2930: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2831: 2825: 2816: 2804:. Retrieved 2799: 2792:Bidwell, Syd 2786: 2777: 2768: 2746: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2683: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2521: 2512: 2500:. Retrieved 2496: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2457:. Retrieved 2454:The Guardian 2453: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2226: 2217: 2197:. Retrieved 2183: 2145: 2133:. Retrieved 2129:the original 2090: 2081: 2068: 2058: 2045: 2028: 2018: 2009: 1988: 1981:Dáil Éireann 1975: 1966: 1956: 1935: 1919: 1902: 1897:Edward Conze 1883:Why Fascism? 1882: 1866: 1849: 1832: 1816: 1812: 1794: 1781: 1778: 1737: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1673: 1644: 1625: 1608: 1604: 1572: 1538: 1500: 1497: 1461: 1423: 1412: 1405:Harold Laski 1388: 1355: 1345: 1335: 1332: 1324: 1308:James Gordon 1292: 1285: 1270: 1256:Jarrow March 1250:Jarrow March 1219:Why Fascism? 1218: 1215:Edward Conze 1206: 1198: 1192: 1187: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1146: 1129:Royal Assent 1122: 1116: 1112: 1090: 1059: 1035: 1028: 1016: 998: 979:Bertha Quinn 973: 970: 959: 920:Conservative 905: 890: 869:Leon Trotsky 865: 849: 842: 839: 833: 831: 809: 797:Agnes Harben 785: 774: 766:Early career 740: 705: 664: 648: 636: 570: 511: 506:Jarrow March 490:Labour Party 485: 484: 452:affiliations 431:(1947-02-06) 367:Ernest Young 362:Succeeded by 339: 317:Succeeded by 294: 243:Succeeded by 209: 179: 150:Harold Laski 145:Succeeded by 114: 95:Succeeded by 60: 18: 6213:1947 deaths 6208:1891 births 5762:Londonderry 5671:Richard Law 5450:1803–2005: 4891:21 November 4158:"No. 36866" 3373:Article in 1725:P. J. Grigg 1663:G. W. Jones 1484:Underground 1457: 1940 1426:appeasement 1138:Bond Street 1013:Albert Hall 910:, called a 812:John Jagger 760:First Class 752:Ben Tillett 732:Sidney Webb 625:Early years 458:(1920–1924) 350:Preceded by 305:Preceded by 230:Preceded by 133:Preceded by 88:Richard Law 83:Preceded by 6202:Categories 6158:Williamson 5847:De La Warr 5822:Lees-Smith 5757:Devonshire 5650:1944–1945 5504:22 October 4917:26 October 4865:23 October 4839:23 October 4813:23 October 4787:2 November 4765:23 October 4743:23 October 4668:North Mail 3956:19 October 3443:14 October 3323:10 October 3047:1084655208 3031:. London. 2502:21 January 2211:required.) 2109:References 2063:sympathy". 1694:North Mail 1651:bronchitis 1584:Rab Butler 1547:the King's 1524:Lady Astor 1149:May Report 1094:Chancellor 984:Lady Astor 694:University 609:early 1947 558:Jennie Lee 514:Manchester 464:Alma mater 419:Manchester 412:1891-10-08 6178:Malthouse 6131:Education 6026:Education 6012:MacGregor 5904:Horsbrugh 5899:Tomlinson 5894:Wilkinson 5817:Trevelyan 5807:Trevelyan 5787:Henderson 5491:143633951 5040:504641202 5020:493484388 4690:475064921 4595:475064921 4494:478719576 4132:484965756 3055:cite book 2919:159956272 2757:476668095 2199:3 October 2135:1 October 2034:New Party 1911:231870528 1891:249889269 1859:504369261 1841:565308651 1825:867888837 1647:emphysema 1588:"11-plus" 1396:Otto Katz 1245:Jarrow MP 826:Communism 807:(NUDAW). 781:Hyde Park 573:Churchill 518:socialism 500:(MP) for 421:, England 340:In office 295:In office 210:In office 180:In office 115:In office 61:In office 6173:Cleverly 6148:Greening 6059:Blunkett 6054:Shephard 6038:Shephard 5997:Carlisle 5992:Williams 5982:Prentice 5977:Thatcher 5962:Crosland 5914:Hailsham 5852:Soulbury 5842:Stanhope 5777:Runciman 5528:LibriVox 5364:(1956). 5319:(1970). 5297:(1970). 5214:(1977). 5188:(1977). 5147:(2007). 5010:(1964). 4969:(2003). 4939:25 April 4686:ProQuest 4591:ProQuest 4490:ProQuest 4128:ProQuest 3773:"Jarrow" 2802:(12): 25 2753:ProQuest 1875:35834826 1399:figures— 1348:Asturias 1227:Tyneside 930:, and a 922:and the 728:Beatrice 6168:Donelan 6090:Johnson 5957:Stewart 5837:Stanley 5827:Maclean 5772:McKenna 5767:Birrell 5545:of the 5541:in the 5516:at the 5447:Hansard 5397:2155807 5377:3891268 4960:Sources 4652:4288229 4434:13 July 4367:13 July 4320:4288230 4039:13 July 4011:13 July 3897:13 July 3885:"Spain" 3785:13 July 3757:13 July 3603:13 July 3412:13 July 3282:13 July 3239:13 July 3104:13 July 3000:13 July 2806:13 July 2459:13 July 1928:1423543 1815:(Novel) 1803:1300135 1768:of the 1414:Tribune 1271:In the 1231:Palmers 924:Liberal 860:Marxist 652:Haeckel 564:in the 6183:Keegan 6163:Zahawi 6143:Morgan 6122:Denham 6080:Clarke 6075:Morris 6033:Patten 6017:Clarke 6002:Joseph 5987:Mulley 5924:Eccles 5909:Eccles 5884:Butler 5857:Butler 5797:Fisher 5607:Jarrow 5489: 5421: 5395: 5375: 5350: 5331: 5305: 5283: 5264: 5245: 5226: 5200: 5174: 5155: 5133: 5114: 5093: 5074: 5057:626722 5055: 5038: 5018: 4996: 4977: 4688: 4650: 4593: 4492: 4318: 4130: 3130:8 July 3045: 3035: 2917: 2755: 2205: 1926: 1909: 1889: 1873: 1857: 1839: 1823: 1813:Clash 1801: 1766:plinth 1748:Newham 1744:Ealing 1632:Prague 1616:UNESCO 1310:, the 1302:, the 1235:Seaham 1223:Jarrow 1203:Hitler 1195:Gandhi 897:Gorton 871:, and 845:(1949) 834:people 726:, and 660:Darwin 502:Jarrow 444:Labour 287:Jarrow 237:(1932) 124:Leader 6153:Hinds 6106:Balls 6085:Kelly 6007:Baker 5972:Short 5929:Boyle 5919:Lloyd 5832:Irwin 5812:Percy 5792:Crewe 5782:Pease 5498:(PDF) 5487:S2CID 5467:(PDF) 4648:JSTOR 4316:JSTOR 2915:S2CID 1949:Notes 1287:Times 1030:Clash 877:Lenin 579:as a 6138:Gove 5952:Hogg 5802:Wood 5616:1947 5612:1935 5582:1931 5578:1924 5512:The 5506:2014 5419:ISBN 5393:OCLC 5373:OCLC 5348:ISBN 5329:ISBN 5303:ISBN 5281:ISBN 5262:ISBN 5243:ISBN 5224:ISBN 5198:ISBN 5172:ISBN 5153:ISBN 5131:ISBN 5112:ISBN 5091:ISBN 5072:ISBN 5053:OCLC 5036:OCLC 5016:OCLC 4994:ISBN 4975:ISBN 4941:2018 4919:2016 4893:2015 4867:2014 4841:2014 4815:2014 4789:2014 4767:2014 4745:2014 4436:2016 4369:2016 4041:2016 4013:2016 3958:2014 3899:2016 3787:2016 3759:2016 3605:2016 3445:2014 3414:2016 3325:2014 3284:2016 3241:2016 3132:2024 3106:2016 3069:link 3065:link 3061:link 3043:OCLC 3033:ISBN 3002:2016 2808:2016 2504:2021 2461:2016 2201:2014 2137:2014 2000:and 1924:OCLC 1907:OCLC 1887:OCLC 1871:OCLC 1855:OCLC 1837:OCLC 1821:OCLC 1799:OCLC 1661:and 1653:and 1522:and 1407:and 1394:and 1225:, a 1211:Nazi 1136:and 1072:and 1023:and 993:ODNB 754:and 746:and 730:and 658:and 615:Life 426:Died 402:Born 330:for 285:for 5889:Law 5547:ZBW 5526:at 5479:doi 4640:doi 4308:doi 2907:doi 2190:doi 1772:in 1742:in 1076:as 575:'s 6204:: 5485:. 5475:41 5473:. 5469:. 4884:. 4646:. 4634:. 4514:^ 4458:^ 4444:^ 4424:. 4395:^ 4357:. 4314:. 4302:. 4268:^ 4160:. 4103:^ 4029:. 4001:. 3887:. 3822:^ 3775:. 3747:. 3664:^ 3643:^ 3631:^ 3593:. 3528:^ 3471:^ 3402:. 3382:^ 3249:^ 3229:. 3122:. 3094:. 3057:}} 3053:{{ 3041:. 2990:. 2939:^ 2913:. 2903:20 2901:. 2840:^ 2798:. 2710:^ 2692:^ 2671:^ 2614:^ 2530:^ 2495:. 2452:. 2391:^ 2352:^ 2286:^ 2274:^ 2235:^ 2182:. 2154:^ 2116:^ 2102:. 1996:, 1642:. 1454:c. 1403:, 1096:, 939:. 662:. 654:, 473:BA 5719:e 5712:t 5705:v 5614:– 5580:– 5508:. 5481:: 5427:. 5399:. 5379:. 5356:. 5337:. 5311:. 5289:. 5270:. 5251:. 5232:. 5206:. 5180:. 5161:. 5139:. 5120:. 5099:. 5080:. 5059:. 5042:. 5022:. 5002:. 4983:. 4943:. 4921:. 4895:. 4869:. 4843:. 4817:. 4791:. 4769:. 4747:. 4692:. 4654:. 4642:: 4636:7 4597:. 4496:. 4438:. 4371:. 4322:. 4310:: 4304:7 4134:. 4043:. 4015:. 3960:. 3901:. 3789:. 3761:. 3607:. 3447:. 3416:. 3327:. 3286:. 3243:. 3134:. 3108:. 3071:) 3049:. 3004:. 2921:. 2909:: 2810:. 2759:. 2506:. 2463:. 2203:. 2192:: 2139:. 2040:. 1930:. 1913:. 1893:. 1877:. 1861:. 1843:. 1827:. 1805:. 475:) 471:( 414:) 410:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index