Elizabeth I - Knowledge

2134: 896: 700: 1529: 715: 2045: 1225:, a Catholic aristocrat exiled to Spain and secretary to King Philip II. Three letters exist today describing the interview, detailing what Arthur proclaimed to be the story of his life, from birth in the royal palace to the time of his arrival in Spain. However, this failed to convince the Spaniards: Englefield admitted to King Philip that Arthur's "claim at present amounts to nothing", but suggested that "he should not be allowed to get away, but kept very secure." The king agreed, and Arthur was never heard from again. Modern scholarship dismisses the story's basic premise as "impossible", and asserts that Elizabeth's life was so closely observed by contemporaries that she could not have hidden a pregnancy. 668:. There Elizabeth experienced an emotional crisis that some historians believe affected her for the rest of her life. Thomas Seymour engaged in romps and horseplay with the 14-year-old Elizabeth, including entering her bedroom in his nightgown, tickling her, and slapping her on the buttocks. Elizabeth rose early and surrounded herself with maids to avoid his unwelcome morning visits. Parr, rather than confront her husband over his inappropriate activities, joined in. Twice she accompanied him in tickling Elizabeth, and once held her while he cut her black gown "into a thousand pieces". However, after Parr discovered the pair in an embrace, she ended this state of affairs. In May 1548, Elizabeth was sent away. 2130:. Her love of sweets and fear of dentists contributed to severe tooth decay and loss to such an extent that foreign ambassadors had a hard time understanding her speech. André Hurault de Maisse, Ambassador Extraordinary from Henry IV of France, reported an audience with the queen, during which he noticed, "her teeth are very yellow and unequal ... and on the left side less than on the right. Many of them are missing, so that one cannot understand her easily when she speaks quickly." Yet he added, "her figure is fair and tall and graceful in whatever she does; so far as may be she keeps her dignity, yet humbly and graciously withal." Walter Raleigh called her "a lady whom time had surprised". 397:. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity. 2179:, who had a strong but unrecognised claim. Cecil coached the impatient James to humour Elizabeth and "secure the heart of the highest, to whose sex and quality nothing is so improper as either needless expostulations or over much curiosity in her own actions". The advice worked. James's tone delighted Elizabeth, who responded: "So trust I that you will not doubt but that your last letters are so acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them to you in grateful sort". In historian J. E. Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases". 2217: 1311: 2146:

forgave him. She repeatedly appointed him to military posts despite his growing record of irresponsibility. After Essex's desertion of his command in Ireland in 1599, Elizabeth had him placed under house arrest and the following year deprived him of his monopolies. In February 1601, Essex tried to raise a rebellion in London. He intended to seize the queen but few rallied to his support, and he was beheaded on 25 February. Elizabeth knew that her own misjudgements were partly to blame for this turn of events. An observer wrote in 1602: "Her delight is to sit in the dark, and sometimes with shedding tears to bewail Essex."

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undermined Leicester's standing among the Dutch. The military campaign was severely hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals to send promised funds for her starving soldiers. Her unwillingness to commit herself to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military leader, and the faction-ridden and chaotic situation of Dutch politics led to the failure of the campaign. Leicester finally resigned his command in December 1587.

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minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me. And as I am but one body naturally considered, though by His permission a body politic to govern, so shall I desire you all ... to be assistant to me, that I with my ruling and you with your service may make a good account to Almighty God and leave some comfort to our posterity on earth. I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel.

1182:. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin, a goddess, or both, not as a normal woman. At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her ostensible virginity: in 1559, she told the Commons, "And, in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin". Later on, poets and writers took up the theme and developed an 3457:"The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusion—and an illusion was her power. Like Henry IV of France, she projected an image of herself which brought stability and prestige to her country. By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen." 3152: 2312:

Elizabeth's forces ultimately prevailed, but their tactics stain her record. Rather than as a brave defender of the Protestant nations against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as cautious in her foreign policies. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad.

3540:, put it on her behalf to parliament in 1559, the queen "is not, nor ever meaneth to be, so wedded to her own will and fantasy that for the satisfaction thereof she will do anything ... to bring any bondage or servitude to her people, or give any just occasion to them of any inward grudge whereby any tumults or stirs might arise as hath done of late days". 608:, a sympathetic teacher who believed that learning should be engaging. Current knowledge of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes largely from Ascham's memoirs. By the time her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation. At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the 881:. She was then presented for the people's acceptance, amidst a deafening noise of organs, fifes, trumpets, drums, and bells. Although Elizabeth was welcomed as queen in England, the country was still in a state of anxiety over the perceived Catholic threat at home and overseas, as well as the choice of whom she would marry. 3514:, J. E. Neale observed: "The book was written before such words as "ideological", "fifth column", and "cold war" became current; and it is perhaps as well that they are not there. But the ideas are present, as is the idea of romantic leadership of a nation in peril, because they were present in Elizabethan times". 2198:, came as a particular blow. In March, Elizabeth fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat motionless on a cushion for hours on end. When Robert Cecil told her that she must go to bed, she snapped: "Must is not a word to use to princes, little man." She died on 24 March 1603 at 793:. If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen, but if Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. When it became clear that Mary was not pregnant, no one believed any longer that she could have a child. Elizabeth's succession seemed assured. 2315:

Elizabeth established an English church that helped shape a national identity and remains in place today. Those who praised her later as a Protestant heroine overlooked her refusal to drop all practices of Catholic origin from the Church of England. Historians note that in her day, strict Protestants

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fell. During this time, repression of Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to interrogate and monitor Catholic householders. To maintain the illusion of peace and prosperity, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda. In her last years, mounting criticism

1689:, was even more of a disaster. As for all such expeditions, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest in the supplies and reinforcements requested by the commanders. Norreys left for London to plead in person for more support. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at 2339:

fragmented. Elizabeth was the first Tudor to recognise that a monarch ruled by popular consent. She therefore always worked with parliament and advisers she could trust to tell her the truth—a style of government that her Stuart successors failed to follow. Some historians have called her lucky; she

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Elizabeth was lamented by many of her subjects, but others were relieved at her death. Expectations of King James started high but then declined. By the 1620s, there was a nostalgic revival of the cult of Elizabeth. Elizabeth was praised as a heroine of the Protestant cause and the ruler of a golden

1704:. The result was just as dismal. Essex accomplished nothing and returned home in January 1592. Henry abandoned the siege in April. As usual, Elizabeth lacked control over her commanders once they were abroad. "Where he is, or what he doth, or what he is to do," she wrote of Essex, "we are ignorant". 1621:

If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. But her Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see

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and the royal council keenly assembled a case against her. At first, Elizabeth resisted calls for Mary's death. By late 1586, she had been persuaded to sanction Mary's trial and execution on the evidence of letters written during the Babington Plot. Elizabeth's proclamation of the sentence announced

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that exalted Elizabeth. Public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queen's marriage negotiations with the Duke of Alençon. Ultimately, Elizabeth would insist she was married to her kingdom and subjects, under divine protection. In 1599, she spoke of "all my

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Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, four months after Catherine of Aragon's death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession. Eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry married

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The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign. The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Prices rose and the

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had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and

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on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance. Ivan even proposed to her once, and during his later reign, asked for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England should his rule be jeopardised. When this failed, he

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rivalled that of her coronation as a spectacle. The defeat of the armada was a potent propaganda victory, both for Elizabeth and for Protestant England. The English took their delivery as a symbol of God's favour and of the nation's inviolability under a virgin queen. However, the victory was not a

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My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourself to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people ... I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble

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We could never have imagined (had we not seen it fall out in experience) that a man raised up by ourself and extraordinarily favoured by us, above any other subject of this land, would have in so contemptible a sort broken our commandment in a cause that so greatly touches us in honour ... And

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The expedition was led by Elizabeth's former suitor, the Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth from the start did not really back this course of action. Her strategy, to support the Dutch on the surface with an English army, while beginning secret peace talks with Spain within days of Leicester's arrival in

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A central issue, when it comes to the question of Elizabeth's virginity, was whether the queen ever consummated her love affair with Robert Dudley. In 1559, she had Dudley's bedchambers moved next to her own apartments. In 1561, she was mysteriously bedridden with an illness that caused her body to

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By 1570, senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem. For her failure to marry, Elizabeth was often accused of irresponsibility. Her silence, however, strengthened her

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was suffering from a "malady in one of her breasts" and that the queen would like to marry Robert if his wife should die. By the autumn of 1559, several foreign suitors were vying for Elizabeth's hand; their impatient envoys engaged in ever more scandalous talk and reported that a marriage with her

865:, she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the citizens and greeted by orations and pageants, most with a strong Protestant flavour. Elizabeth's open and gracious responses endeared her to the spectators, who were "wonderfully ravished". The following day, 15 January 1559, a date chosen by her astrologer 2039:

Who keeps their sovereign from the lapse of error, in which, by ignorance and not by intent they might have fallen, what thank they deserve, we know, though you may guess. And as nothing is more dear to us than the loving conservation of our subjects' hearts, what an undeserved doubt might we have

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that he convince the Tsar to reconsider. The negotiations failed, due to Fletcher addressing Feodor with two of his many titles omitted. Elizabeth continued to appeal to Feodor in half appealing, half reproachful letters. She proposed an alliance, something which she had refused to do when offered

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Although Ireland was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and in places virtually autonomous, Irish population that adhered to Catholicism and was willing to defy her authority and plot with her enemies. Her policy there was to grant land to her courtiers and prevent the rebels from

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On 12 July 1588, the Spanish Armada, a great fleet of ships, set sail for the channel, planning to ferry a Spanish invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England from the Netherlands. The armada was defeated by a combination of miscalculation, misfortune, and an attack of

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sailed to England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch, but she and her council instead chose to play safe. Rather than risk returning Mary to Scotland with an English army or sending her to France and the Catholic

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John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argued "the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an

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therefore our express pleasure and commandment is that, all delays and excuses laid apart, you do presently upon the duty of your allegiance obey and fulfill whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. Whereof fail you not, as you will answer the contrary at your utmost peril.

1268:, who carried his own claim to the English throne. The marriage was the first of a series of errors of judgement by Mary that handed the victory to the Scottish Protestants and to Elizabeth. Darnley quickly became unpopular and was murdered in February 1567 by conspirators almost certainly led by 852:

My lords, the law of nature moves me to sorrow for my sister; the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet, considering I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the

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praised it. Elizabeth was happy to play the part, but it is possible that in the last decade of her life she began to believe her own performance. She became fond and indulgent of the charming but petulant young Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with her for which she

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inherited the French throne in 1589, Elizabeth sent him military support. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in 1563. Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports.

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as general. The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,000–15,000 killed, wounded or died of disease and 40 ships sunk or captured. The advantage England had won upon the destruction of the Spanish Armada was lost, and the Spanish victory marked a revival of Philip II's naval power

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age. James was depicted as a Catholic sympathiser, presiding over a corrupt court. The triumphalist image that Elizabeth had cultivated towards the end of her reign, against a background of factionalism and military and economic difficulties, was taken at face value and her reputation inflated.

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One of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is sometimes called, was the changed character of Elizabeth's governing body, the privy council in the 1590s. A new generation was in power. With the exception of William Cecil, Baron Burghley, the most important politicians had died

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Recent historians, however, have taken a more complicated view of Elizabeth. Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spaniards, such as those on Cádiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians point to military failures on land and at sea. In Ireland,

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Elizabeth's "commandment" was that her emissary read out her letters of disapproval publicly before the Dutch Council of State, Leicester having to stand nearby. This public humiliation of her "Lieutenant-General" combined with her continued talks for a separate peace with Spain irreversibly

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Among other marriage candidates being considered for the queen, Robert Dudley continued to be regarded as a possible candidate for nearly another decade. Elizabeth was extremely jealous of his affections, even when she no longer meant to marry him herself. She raised Dudley to the peerage as

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wrote that the victims "were brought to such wretchedness as that any stony heart would have rued the same". Elizabeth advised her commanders that the Irish, "that rude and barbarous nation", be well treated, but she or her commanders showed no remorse when force and bloodshed served their

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of July 1560 removed the French threat in the north. When Mary returned from France to Scotland in 1561 to take up the reins of power, the country had an established Protestant church and was run by a council of Protestant nobles supported by Elizabeth. Mary refused to ratify the treaty.

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Thomas Seymour nevertheless continued scheming to control the royal family and tried to have himself appointed the governor of the King's person. When Parr died after childbirth on 5 September 1548, he renewed his attentions towards Elizabeth, intent on marrying her. Her governess

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and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

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against Spain. Elizabeth "agreed to sell munitions supplies to Morocco, and she and Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur talked on and off about mounting a joint operation against the Spanish". Discussions, however, remained inconclusive, and both rulers died within two years of the embassy.

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How could a worse choice be made for your honour than in such haste to marry such a subject, who besides other and notorious lacks, public fame has charged with the murder of your late husband, besides the touching of yourself also in some part, though we trust in that behalf

1355:. The papal bull provoked legislative initiatives against Catholics by Parliament, which were, however, mitigated by Elizabeth's intervention. In 1581, to convert English subjects to Catholicism with "the intent" to withdraw them from their allegiance to Elizabeth was made a 924:

Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England. The queen therefore sought a Protestant solution that would not offend Catholics too greatly while addressing the desires of English Protestants, but she would not tolerate the

676:, who was fond of Seymour, sought to convince Elizabeth to take him as her husband. She tried to convince Elizabeth to write to Seymour and "comfort him in his sorrow", but Elizabeth claimed that Thomas was not so saddened by her stepmother's death as to need comfort. 2289:, Bishop of Gloucester, recalled: "When we had experience of a Scottish government, the Queen did seem to revive. Then was her memory much magnified." Elizabeth's reign became idealised as a time when crown, church and parliament had worked in constitutional balance. 1004:, 22 years her junior. While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir. However, the choice of a husband might also provoke political instability or even insurrection. 1286: 2344:

when wars and seditions with grievous persecutions have vexed almost all kings and countries round about me, my reign hath been peacable, and my realm a receptacle to thy afflicted Church. The love of my people hath appeared firm, and the devices of my enemies

2015:, son of Lord Burghley, with both being supported by their respective adherents. The struggle for the most powerful positions in the state marred the kingdom's politics. The queen's personal authority was lessening, as is shown in the 1594 affair of Dr. 1048:

was not welcome in England: "There is not a man who does not cry out on him and her with indignation ... she will marry none but the favoured Robert." Amy Dudley died in September 1560, from a fall from a flight of stairs and, despite the coroner's

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From the start of Elizabeth's reign it was expected that she would marry, and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers, she never married and remained childless; the reasons for this are not clear. Historians have speculated that

313:. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, 3415:

In a letter of 19 July 1599 to Essex, Elizabeth wrote: "For what can be more true (if things be rightly examined) than that your two month's journey has brought in never a capital rebel against whom it had been worthy to have adventured one thousand

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I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. And therefore I say again, I will marry as soon as I can conveniently, if God take not him away with whom I mind to marry, or myself, or else some other great let

1110:(later Frederick II) several years later, but the negotiations had abated in 1551. In the years around 1559, a Dano-English Protestant alliance was considered, and to counter Sweden's proposal, King Frederick II proposed to Elizabeth in late 1559. 2019:, her trusted physician. When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent the doctor's execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt. 1626:

Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds, Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory".

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Could it be that when Elizabeth was confined to bed in 1561 (at the time when her love affair with Dudley was at its height) with a mysterious illness she was in fact pregnant? The Spanish ambassador reported that she had a swelling of the

1685:, largely ignoring Elizabeth's orders, roamed northern France to little effect, with an army of 4,000 men. He withdrew in disarray in December 1589, having lost half his troops. In 1591, the campaign of John Norreys, who led 3,000 men to 8398: 3501:, epitomised by courtly encounters between the queen and sea-dog "heroes" such as Drake and Raleigh. Some Victorian narratives, such as Raleigh laying his cloak before the queen or presenting her with a potato, remain part of the myth. 2056:

This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England. The first signs of a new literary movement had appeared at the end of the second decade of Elizabeth's reign, with

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from English into Italian, Latin, and French, which she presented to her father as a New Year's gift. From her teenage years and throughout her life, she translated works in Latin and Greek by numerous classical authors, including the

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was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and China, and received its charter from Queen Elizabeth on 31 December 1600. For a period of 15 years, the company was awarded a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the

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and was expected by the Dutch to fight an active campaign. Elizabeth, on the other hand, wanted him "to avoid at all costs any decisive action with the enemy". He enraged Elizabeth by accepting the post of Governor-General from the

738:, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side. The show of solidarity between the sisters did not last long. Mary, a devout 540:, better known by her later, married name of Catherine "Kat" Ashley, was appointed as Elizabeth's governess in 1537, and she remained Elizabeth's friend until her death in 1565. Champernowne taught Elizabeth four languages: French, 1904:

Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

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that "the said Mary, pretending title to the same Crown, had compassed and imagined within the same realm diverse things tending to the hurt, death and destruction of our royal person." On 8 February 1587, Mary was beheaded at

2308:(1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress. 1575:, and then back south past the west coast of Ireland). Unaware of the Armada's fate, English militias mustered to defend the country under the Earl of Leicester's command. Leicester invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at 1170:

own political security: she knew that if she named an heir, her throne would be vulnerable to a coup; she remembered the way that "a second person, as I have been" had been used as the focus of plots against her predecessor.

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was arrested on the coast of Spain under suspicion of being a spy. The man claimed to be the illegitimate son of Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, with his age being consistent with birth during the 1561 illness. He was taken to

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believed that God was protecting her. Priding herself on being "mere English", Elizabeth trusted in God, honest advice, and the love of her subjects for the success of her rule. In a prayer, she offered thanks to God that:

3310:"It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, 2022:

During the last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the granting of monopolies as a cost-free system of patronage, rather than asking Parliament for more subsidies in a time of war. The practice soon led to

2300:, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology of the day, and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic symbol of the national resistance to foreign threat. Historians of that period, such as 839:

Elizabeth became queen at the age of 25, and declared her intentions to her council and other peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance. The speech contains the first record of her adoption of the medieval

3806: 1398:, for implementing it without her knowledge. The sincerity of Elizabeth's remorse and whether or not she wanted to delay the warrant have been called into question both by her contemporaries and later historians. 1144:

In 1563, Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If I follow the inclination of my nature, it is this: beggar-woman and single, far rather than queen and married". Later in the year, following Elizabeth's illness with

812:, where she had returned to live in October 1555. By October 1558, Elizabeth was already making plans for her government. Mary recognised Elizabeth as her heir on 6 November 1558, and Elizabeth became queen when 1093:

Marriage negotiations constituted a key element in Elizabeth's foreign policy. She turned down the hand of Philip, her half-sister's widower, early in 1559 but for several years entertained the proposal of King

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faith in which Elizabeth had been educated, and she ordered that everyone attend Catholic Mass; Elizabeth had to outwardly conform. Mary's initial popularity ebbed away in 1554 when she announced plans to marry

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Elizabeth's senior adviser, Lord Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. His political mantle passed to his son Robert, who soon became the leader of the government. One task he addressed was to prepare the way for a

766:. Elizabeth fervently protested her innocence. Though it is unlikely that she had plotted with the rebels, some of them were known to have approached her. Mary's closest confidant, Emperor Charles's ambassador 8481: 3283:

An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate ... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir ... to by lineal descent".

4980: 1418:, lost to France in January 1558. Only through the activities of her fleets did Elizabeth pursue an aggressive policy. This paid off in the war against Spain, 80% of which was fought at sea. She knighted 8396: 2213:. Thus Elizabeth died on the last day of the year 1602 in the old calendar. The modern convention is to use the old style calendar for the day and month while using the new style calendar for the year. 338:

in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by

1272:. Shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1567, Mary married Bothwell, arousing suspicions that she had been party to the murder of her husband. Elizabeth confronted Mary about the marriage, writing to her: 601:

Library, one of only four surviving English translations from the early modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a detailed analysis of the handwriting and paper was undertaken.

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gave English Catholics a strong incentive to look to Mary as the legitimate sovereign of England. Mary may not have been told of every Catholic plot to put her on the English throne, but from the

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woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm.

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ships to the northeast. The Armada straggled home to Spain in shattered remnants, after disastrous losses on the coast of Ireland (after some ships had tried to struggle back to Spain via the

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depends largely on the builders, dramatists, poets, and musicians who were active during Elizabeth's reign. They owed little directly to the queen, who was never a major patron of the arts.

2118:'s poem. Elizabeth gave Edmund Spenser a pension; as this was unusual for her, it indicates that she liked his work. Her painted portraits became less realistic and more a set of enigmatic 1053:

finding of accident, many people suspected her husband of having arranged her death so that he could marry the queen. Elizabeth seriously considered marrying Dudley for some time. However,

1783:, who took three years to defeat the rebels. O'Neill finally surrendered in 1603, a few days after Elizabeth's death. Soon afterwards, a peace treaty was signed between England and Spain. 1256:. Mary boasted being "the nearest kinswoman she hath". Elizabeth was persuaded to send a force into Scotland to aid the Protestant rebels, and though the campaign was inept, the resulting 1264:

In 1563, Elizabeth proposed her own suitor, Robert Dudley, as a husband for Mary, without asking either of the two people concerned. Both proved unenthusiastic, and in 1565, Mary married

8397: 6046: 1895:, in 1578. For the first time, a treaty of commerce was signed in 1580. Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between Elizabeth and Sultan 1823:. Unlike his father, Feodor had no enthusiasm in maintaining exclusive trading rights with England. He declared his kingdom open to all foreigners, and dismissed the English ambassador 6449:

De Maisse: a journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur De Maisse, ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth, anno domini 1597, Nonesuch Press, 1931, pp. 25–26.

4941: 2027:, the enrichment of courtiers at the public's expense, and widespread resentment. This culminated in agitation in the House of Commons during the parliament of 1601. In her famous " 3439:

authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures."

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turning point in the war, which continued and often favoured Spain. The Spaniards still controlled the southern provinces of the Netherlands, and the threat of invasion remained.

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King Philip, who ascended the Spanish throne in 1556, acknowledged the new political reality and cultivated his sister-in-law. She was a better ally than the chief alternative,

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in addition to those mentioned above. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue". Historian

1449:

After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562–1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant

2248:, and when they beheld her statue lying upon the coffin, there was such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man. 1137:, and then from 1572 to 1581 his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon. This last proposal was tied to a planned alliance against Spanish control of the 805: 3810: 2327:

Though Elizabeth followed a largely defensive foreign policy, her reign raised England's status abroad. "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island," marvelled

2190:

The queen's health remained fair until the autumn of 1602, when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. In February 1603, the death of

5006: 3371:

Elizabeth's ambassador in France was actively misleading her as to the true intentions of the Spanish king, who only tried to buy time for his great assault upon England

1201:

This claim of virginity was not universally accepted. Catholics accused Elizabeth of engaging in "filthy lust" that symbolically defiled the nation along with her body.

1153:

became a heated issue in Parliament. Members urged the queen to marry or nominate an heir, to prevent a civil war upon her death. She refused to do either. In April she

1333:, and put her on the English throne. After the rebels' defeat, over 750 of them were executed on Elizabeth's orders. In the belief that the revolt had been successful, 964:

became law on 8 May 1559. All public officials were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the monarch as the supreme governor or risk disqualification from office; the

293:

Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by

3783: 4672:

Adams, S.; Gehring, D. S. (2013). "Elizabeth I's Former Tutor Reports on the Parliament of 1559: Johannes Spithovius to the Chancellor of Denmark, 27 February 1559".

1077:, to whom the queen reacted with repeated scenes of displeasure and lifelong hatred. Still, Dudley always "remained at the centre of emotional life", as historian 3381: 2007:

in 1591. Factional strife in the government, which had not existed in a noteworthy form before the 1590s, now became its hallmark. A bitter rivalry arose between

1394:, Northamptonshire. After the execution, Elizabeth claimed that she had not intended for the signed execution warrant to be dispatched, and blamed her secretary, 755:

and an active Catholic. Discontent spread rapidly through the country, and many looked to Elizabeth as a focus for their opposition to Mary's religious policies.

2292:

The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential. Her memory was also revived during the

1977:

commanded the first expedition in 1601. The Company eventually controlled half of world trade and substantial territory in India in the 18th and 19th centuries.

1813: 6431: 552:, and Italian. Under Grindal, a talented and skilful tutor, she also progressed in French and Greek. By the age of 12, she was able to translate her stepmother 3384:, reached the coast near Calais, he found the Duke of Parma's troops unready and was forced to wait, giving the English the opportunity to launch their attack. 10706: 3671:

Correspondence of Edward, Third Earl of Derby, During the Years 24 to 31 Henry VIII.: Preserved in a Ms. in the Possession of Miss Pfarington, of Worden Hall

1510:. Elizabeth saw this as a Dutch ploy to force her to accept sovereignty over the Netherlands, which so far she had always declined. She wrote to Leicester: 9333: 7024: 5256: 4291: 4257: 4161: 3980: 2276:

Elizabeth I, painted around 1610, during the first revival of interest in her reign. Time sleeps on her right and Death looks over her left shoulder; two

2035:

to a deputation of 140 members, Elizabeth professed ignorance of the abuses, and won the members over with promises and her usual appeal to the emotions:

6024: 5066: 3265:

and 1 January is treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year in England during Elizabeth's life.

10229: 730:, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister 10696: 1682: 453:, to marry Anne, with the intent to sire a male heir and ensure the Tudor succession. She was baptised on 10 September 1533, and her godparents were 4964: 10686: 10514: 3475:

Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird".

629: 762:

broke out; it was soon suppressed. Elizabeth was brought to court and interrogated regarding her role, and on 18 March, she was imprisoned in the

9326: 2244:

Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came out to see the

2202:, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James King of England. 1085:

in 1588. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting.

952:. This enabled supporters amongst peers to outvote the bishops and conservative peers. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was forced to accept the title of 679:

In January 1549, Seymour was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of conspiring to depose his brother Somerset as Protector, marry

10716: 6564:

1603: The Death of Queen Elizabeth, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft and the Birth of the Stuart Era

4780: 3353:

relatives had pronounced her Queen of England and had the English arms emblazoned with those of Scotland and France on her plate and furniture.

470: 6043: 4118: 656:

Henry VIII died in 1547 and Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, became king at the age of nine. Catherine Parr, Henry's widow, soon married

486: 4937: 1779:, to put the revolt down. To her frustration, he made little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders. He was replaced by 1600:, depicted in the background. Elizabeth's hand rests on the globe, symbolising her international power. One of three known versions of the " 917:

Elizabeth's personal religious convictions have been much debated by scholars. She was a Protestant, but kept Catholic symbols (such as the

778:, convinced Mary to spare her sister in the absence of hard evidence against her. Instead, on 22 May, Elizabeth was moved from the Tower to 10110: 8911: 6398: 997: 645: 1367:

went to England secretly in the cause of the "reconversion of England". Some were executed for treasonable conduct, engendering a cult of

10442: 8413: 2133: 8076: 5996: 5957: 5918: 5874: 5150: 1252:, on the throne. Mary was considered by many to be the heir to the English crown, being the granddaughter of Henry VIII's elder sister, 10736: 3852: 10721: 10631: 9285: 8829: 953: 478: 1485:

in the summer of 1585 by the Duke of Parma necessitated some reaction on the part of the English and the Dutch. The outcome was the

10681: 9096: 3332:

Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explanations. The

2947: 657: 3752: 895: 369:

grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the

2373: 2252:

Elizabeth was interred in Westminster Abbey, in a tomb shared with her half-sister, Mary I. The Latin inscription on their tomb,

2191: 1752: 1502: 462: 929:, who were pushing for far-reaching reforms. As a result, the Parliament of 1559 started to legislate for a church based on the 10636: 10611: 10596: 7481: 3337: 3193: 813: 466: 5002: 1141:. Elizabeth seems to have taken the courtship seriously for a time, wearing a frog-shaped earring that Francis had sent her. 10661: 10621: 8600: 8278: 8252: 8150: 8124: 8096: 8058: 8025: 7863: 7832: 7804: 7785: 7766: 7747: 7714: 7695: 7673: 7628: 7604: 7583: 7541: 7489: 7463: 7437: 7413: 7386: 7364: 7345: 7323: 7304: 7283: 7264: 7242: 7220: 7185: 7166: 7134: 7115: 7063: 7012: 6959: 6576: 6161: 6136: 5990: 5951: 5912: 5868: 5712: 5675: 5650: 5181: 5102: 5037: 4974: 4716: 4653: 4625: 4600: 4338: 3586: 2171:. Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Robert Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret. He therefore entered into a 1827:, whose pomposity had been tolerated by Ivan. Elizabeth sent a new ambassador, Dr. Giles Fletcher, to demand from the regent 1544: 35: 8449: 3775: 1065:

made their disapproval unmistakably clear. There were even rumours that the nobility would rise if the marriage took place.

1000:

had put her off sexual relationships. She considered several suitors until she was about fifty. Her last courtship was with

913:

was thought to nourish its young with its own blood and served to depict Elizabeth as the "mother of the Church of England".

262:. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared 63: 10746: 10656: 10651: 10641: 10626: 3323:"There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' ". 2168: 1150: 1036: 862: 6225: 4885:

Doran, Susan (1995). "Juno versus Diana: The Treatment of Elizabeth I's Marriage in Plays and Entertainments, 1561–1581".

4178: 3301:"The wives of Wycombe passed cake and wafers to her until her litter became so burdened that she had to beg them to stop." 1248:

was to oppose the French presence there. She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin

1154: 699: 227: 10646: 10616: 10187: 9182: 2012: 1924:, perhaps named in honour of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen". This territory was much larger than the present-day state of 1423: 9088: 10731: 10177: 9073: 8190: 2267: 2040:

incurred if the abusers of our liberality, the thrallers of our people, the wringers of the poor, had not been told us!

2008: 1780: 1666: 1330: 714: 334:("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope 10544: 10519: 10473: 9063: 8462: 7969: 7942: 7914: 7881: 5841: 4328: 2172: 1768: 1490: 1054: 948:, particularly from the bishops. Elizabeth was fortunate that many bishoprics were vacant at the time, including the 355: 294: 8197:(1615 and 1625.) Hypertext edition, with English translation. Dana F. Sutton (ed.), 2000. Retrieved 7 December 2007. 1859:

in opposition to Spain, selling armour, ammunition, timber, and metal in exchange for Moroccan sugar, in spite of a

10103: 8849: 8770: 3228: 2366: 2317: 2258:, translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection". 1945: 1482: 1458: 890: 727: 661: 474: 306: 301:. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the 39: 1489:

of August 1585, in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch. The treaty marked the beginning of the

10666: 8963: 1772: 1580: 1347:, which declared "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime" to be excommunicated and a 1269: 1126: 1103: 88: 17: 1528: 10711: 10249: 9044: 7996: 7276:

The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597

4265: 4158: 3972: 2797: 1743:

giving Spain a base from which to attack England. In the course of a series of uprisings, Crown forces pursued

1697: 775: 6021: 1351:, releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her. Catholics who obeyed her orders were threatened with 10378: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 5062: 3258: 2206: 2049: 2044: 1414:

allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. Elizabeth's intention had been to exchange Le Havre for

10726: 10691: 10452: 10447: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10145: 10000: 9963: 9112: 8854: 8226:

Carlson, Eric Josef. "Teaching Elizabeth Tudor with Movies: Film, Historical Thinking, and the Classroom,"

1764: 1727: 973: 752: 575: 31: 7876:. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004; New York: Vintage Books, 2005. 10364: 10096: 9725: 8859: 7529: 4641: 4324: 3523:

The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle".

2623: 1426:

of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. An element of

1179: 949: 941: 731: 374: 9714: 3488:, and thus Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed, since Henry VII was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather. 1916:

sailed west to establish a colony in Newfoundland. He never returned to England. Gilbert's half-brother

1579:

in Essex on 8 August. Wearing a silver breastplate over a white velvet dress, she addressed them in her

1302:

enemies of England, they detained her in England, where she was imprisoned for the next nineteen years.

968:

laws were repealed, to avoid a repeat of the persecution of dissenters by Mary. At the same time, a new

10671: 10010: 9688: 9656: 9225: 8941: 8897: 8824: 7333: 5834:

A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650

4588: 3429:

and John Clapham. For a detailed account of such criticisms and of Elizabeth's "government by illusion"

3233: 3213: 2993: 1864: 1844: 1609: 1395: 1265: 930: 688: 8458: 1129:. By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated. Elizabeth considered marriage to two French 10554: 10005: 9800: 9745: 9353: 9128: 9055: 8764: 8593: 8432: 8173:. Wallace T. MacCaffrey (ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, selected chapters, 1970 edition. 3537: 3350: 1713: 790: 691:, who reported, "I do see it in her face that she is guilty". Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549. 267: 107: 8070: 5694:

Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Tomo III, Capítulo III. Madrid, p. 51.

4776: 4110: 1310: 536:, wrote that she was "as toward a child and as gentle of conditions as ever I knew any in my life". 10741: 10529: 10393: 10388: 9806: 9795: 9501: 9357: 9349: 8946: 8869: 8819: 8690: 8556: 6017: 3208: 2071: 1804:, which Elizabeth declined to speak to the Russian ambassador about. English merchant and explorer 1466: 735: 458: 350:. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the 240: 79: 1240:, who was considered by her French relatives to be rightful Queen of England instead of Elizabeth. 10701: 10464: 10209: 10169: 9775: 9770: 9755: 9730: 2335:, by all". Under Elizabeth, the nation gained a new self-confidence and sense of sovereignty, as 2216: 1900: 1872: 1658: 1494: 1107: 1012: 9437: 8163:(Norton Critical Editions) (2009); primary and secondary sources, with an emphasis on literature 6627: 6390: 3466:

After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Robert Cecil as "king there in effect".

1608:

When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at

10549: 9954: 9839: 9785: 9760: 9735: 9720: 9592: 9427: 8844: 8834: 8622: 8453: 7797:

The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570–1625

7423: 7316:

God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot

6617: 3218: 2255:"Regno consortes & urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis" 1205:

said that one of the great questions of Europe was "whether Queen Elizabeth was a maid or no".

1121:. The queen called him her "frog", finding him "not so deformed" as she had been led to expect. 1118: 1001: 969: 779: 604:

After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under her brother Edward's tutor,

558: 537: 339: 244: 83: 9897: 6085: 1539:

Meanwhile, Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships in the

1406:

Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive. The exception was the English occupation of

1035:

In the spring of 1559, it became evident that Elizabeth was in love with her childhood friend

449:

had lost her position as a legitimate heir when Henry annulled his marriage to Mary's mother,

10539: 10534: 10484: 10421: 10398: 9944: 9854: 9834: 9765: 9703: 9693: 9683: 9562: 9557: 9530: 9491: 9486: 9155: 7902: 7397: 5980: 5941: 5902: 5858: 5122: 3393:

For example, C. H. Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain.

3223: 2594: 1641: 1157:

the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needed its support to raise taxes in 1566.

1058: 961: 774:, worked to have Elizabeth put on trial. Elizabeth's supporters in the government, including 434: 430: 324:

In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her

196: 10354: 10194: 9649: 9401: 7736: 6568: 6562: 3849: 1481:

coast of France, where the Catholic League was strong, and exposed England to invasion. The

10606: 10601: 10591: 10372: 10301: 10264: 10199: 10150: 10140: 10127: 9922: 9869: 9859: 9849: 9822: 9740: 9663: 9597: 9552: 9542: 9536: 9525: 9519: 9469: 8758: 8732: 8727: 8661: 8586: 8428: 7230: 3485: 3292:

Elizabeth had assembled 2,000 horsemen, "a remarkable tribute to the size of her affinity".

3198: 2986: 2825: 2616: 2404: 2176: 1507: 1457:, Prince of Orange, and the Duke of Anjou, and the surrender of a series of Dutch towns to 1249: 1237: 1138: 1134: 801: 797: 759: 498: 318: 314: 2320:

as a compromise. In fact, Elizabeth believed that faith was personal and did not wish, as

2205:

While it has become normative to record Elizabeth's death as occurring in 1603, following

1653: 8: 10572: 10383: 10239: 10182: 9949: 9902: 9844: 9780: 9577: 9567: 9547: 9513: 9318: 8839: 8776: 8742: 8722: 8712: 7644: 7201: 7150: 7124: 7096: 6436: 3203: 2832: 2225: 2209:

in the 1750s, at the time England observed New Year's Day on 25 March, commonly known as

2084: 2080: 1970: 1795:

that were originally established by her half-brother, Edward VI. She often wrote to Tsar

1662: 1470: 1462: 1430:

and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control.

1391: 1343: 1326: 1257: 1245: 450: 382: 378: 366: 335: 146: 5860:

Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen

3406:, for example, was "as unknown to the English here as the most inland part of Virginia". 1681:

The subsequent English campaigns in France, however, were disorganised and ineffective.

770:, argued that her throne would never be safe while Elizabeth lived; and Lord Chancellor 10295: 10135: 9986: 9624: 9572: 9496: 9147: 8877: 8684: 8549: 8334: 8326: 8242: 7452: 7294: 4910: 4902: 4858: 4850: 3748: 2811: 2076: 2004: 1987: 1961: 1921: 1674: 1454: 1438: 1386: 1314: 1298: 1222: 1202: 1095: 1062: 1017: 874: 858: 841: 789:

On 17 April 1555, Elizabeth was recalled to court to attend the final stages of Mary's

748: 707: 649: 482: 8466: 6621: 3749:"Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I" 10524: 10412: 10408: 10341: 10326: 10259: 10254: 9619: 9432: 9299: 9252: 9217: 8788: 8655: 8476: 8338: 8309:

Hulme, Harold (1958). "Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments: The Work of Sir John Neale".

8274: 8248: 8209: 8174: 8146: 8120: 8092: 8086: 8054: 8021: 7992: 7965: 7938: 7910: 7877: 7859: 7828: 7800: 7781: 7762: 7743: 7710: 7691: 7669: 7624: 7600: 7579: 7559: 7537: 7517: 7485: 7459: 7433: 7427: 7409: 7382: 7374: 7360: 7341: 7319: 7300: 7279: 7260: 7252: 7238: 7216: 7181: 7162: 7130: 7111: 7078: 7059: 7008: 6996: 6974: 6955: 6631: 6572: 6157: 6132: 5986: 5947: 5908: 5864: 5837: 5708: 5671: 5646: 5177: 5142: 5098: 5033: 4970: 4862: 4722: 4712: 4689: 4649: 4621: 4596: 4334: 4221: 4217: 3340:

in the late 2000s and is compatible with a downstairs fall as well as other violence.

2818: 2411: 2332: 2229: 1998:

Lord Essex was a favourite of Elizabeth I despite his petulance and irresponsibility.

1966: 1936:. In 1585, Raleigh returned to Virginia with a small group of people. They landed on 1805: 1796: 1792: 1486: 1190: 1070: 1028: 906: 878: 446: 426: 343: 342:. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of 310: 286: 173: 9480: 4914: 3448:

A Patent of Monopoly gave the holder control over an aspect of trade or manufacture.

2122:

that made her look much younger than she was. In fact, her skin had been scarred by

1755:, in 1582, an estimated 30,000 Irish people starved to death. The poet and colonist 1747:

tactics, burning the land and slaughtering man, woman and child. During a revolt in

1617:

claimed after her death that Elizabeth's caution had impeded the war against Spain:

1532:

Portrait from 1586 to 1587, by Nicholas Hilliard, around the time of the voyages of

505:

to the throne. Elizabeth was placed in her half-brother's household and carried the

10316: 10311: 10214: 9937: 9927: 9817: 9790: 9642: 9474: 9394: 9387: 9190: 9120: 8905: 8678: 8618: 8485: 8444: 8318: 7029: 5261: 5134: 4894: 4842: 4681: 4296: 4213: 3157: 2839: 2228:, on a barge lit with torches. At her funeral on 28 April, the coffin was taken to 2032: 1913: 1892: 1840: 1776: 1381:

of 1571 (which caused Mary's suitor, the Duke of Norfolk, to lose his head) to the

1282: 980: 901: 783: 771: 613: 589: 442: 422: 302: 7043: 5273: 4310: 3578: 3362:

By the terms of the treaty, both English and French troops withdrew from Scotland.

1763:

Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the

1718: 824: 10321: 9932: 9677: 9507: 9459: 9449: 9443: 9174: 8917: 8811: 8737: 8560: 8194: 8031: 8002: 7975: 7948: 7920: 7838: 7594: 7402: 7001: 6050: 6028: 4165: 3856: 3262: 3185: 2846: 2790: 2293: 2286: 2199: 2195: 2092: 1974: 1944:. After the failure of the first colony, Raleigh recruited another group and put 1868: 1809: 1601: 1478: 1443: 1352: 1294: 1130: 1074: 870: 763: 665: 545: 370: 159: 8472: 8018:

Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth, 1558–1585

4833:

King, John N. (1990). "Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen".

1592: 30:"Elizabeth of England" and "Elizabeth Tudor" redirect here. For other uses, see 10478: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10244: 10204: 10030: 9917: 9874: 9828: 9613: 9306: 8887: 8800: 8794: 8717: 8570: 8514: 8166: 8065: 7855: 7571: 5488: 4258:"'Queen Elizabeth I: The Pelican Portrait', called Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1573)" 4182: 3565: 3426: 3171: 3129: 2609: 2159: 2127: 2115: 2066: 2016: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1917: 1884: 1880: 1852: 1756: 1744: 1731: 1690: 1632: 1614: 1597: 1568: 1474: 1415: 1382: 1253: 1233: 1098:. Earlier in Elizabeth's life, a Danish match for her had been discussed; 1082: 945: 944:

backed the proposals strongly, but the bill of supremacy met opposition in the

809: 719: 684: 680: 621: 617: 609: 598: 553: 541: 533: 517: 454: 394: 390: 351: 347: 298: 279: 248: 247:

from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the

186: 130: 7618: 7576:

Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart

7053: 7034: 6217: 5265: 5138: 5095:

The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power

4898: 4301: 3861:

Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice

1855:

during the rule of Elizabeth. England established a trading relationship with

921:), and downplayed the role of sermons in defiance of a key Protestant belief. 512: 405: 10585: 10331: 9280: 9233: 8969: 8882: 8105: 7614: 7563: 7208: 5146: 4726: 4693: 4264:, Liverpool, United Kingdom: National Museums Liverpool, 1998, archived from 4225: 3776:"Mystery author of forgotten Tacitus translation turns out to be Elizabeth I" 3311: 2328: 2321: 2297: 2272: 2111: 2028: 1888: 1828: 1801: 1533: 1419: 1213: 516:

A rare portrait of a teenage Elizabeth prior to her accession, attributed to

502: 386: 263: 8301:

Howard, Maurice. "Elizabeth I: a sense of place in stone, print and paint",

8185: 7979: 7952: 7842: 6635: 2236:

drawn by four horses hung with black velvet. In the words of the chronicler

2003:

around 1590: the Earl of Leicester in 1588; Francis Walsingham in 1590; and

1477:

domination of the Netherlands. It also extended Spanish influence along the

683:

to King Edward VI, and take Elizabeth as his own wife. Elizabeth, living at

10498: 10459: 10306: 10055: 9812: 9275: 8782: 8696: 8366:

Woolf, D. R. "Two Elizabeths? James I and the Late Queen's Famous Memory,"

8205: 8069: 8035: 8006: 7924: 7473: 7447: 7404:

The History Men: The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance

6978: 6391:"The best books on Elizabeth I – a Five Books interview with Helen Hackett" 6039: 5487:

Letter to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, delivered by

3872: 3238: 2137:

Christoffel van Sichem I, Elizabeth, Queen of Great Britain, published 1601

2088: 2024: 1824: 1735: 1473:

undermined the ability of Anjou's brother, Henry III of France, to counter

1450: 1378: 1106:, in 1545, and Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, suggested a marriage with 957: 845: 782:, where she was to spend almost a year under house arrest in the charge of 767: 605: 565: 494: 9407: 8361:

Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty

8051:

Blood, Fire & Gold: The Story of Elizabeth I & Catherine de Medici

7521: 7082: 5174:

Constructing a World: Shakespeare's England and the New Historical Fiction

3179: 2154: 1453:

against Philip II. This followed the deaths in 1584 of the queen's allies

1325:

Mary was soon the focus for rebellion. In 1569 there was a major Catholic

10490: 10359: 10119: 10060: 10045: 8643: 8178: 7683: 7551: 7509: 7103: 4685: 4204:

Szönyi, György E. (2004). "John Dee and Early Modern Occult Philosophy".

3533: 2571: 2564: 2336: 2305: 2301: 2119: 1929: 1871:, visited England as an ambassador to the English court, to negotiate an 1334: 1297:

to be raised as a Protestant. Mary escaped in 1568 but after a defeat at

1183: 1078: 1040: 933:, with the monarch as its head, but with many Catholic elements, such as 640: 625: 438: 414: 259: 216: 206: 8416:

was created from a revision of this article dated 20 June 2015

8213: 5254:

Adams, Simon (2008). "Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3–1588)".

1630:

In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth sent to Spain the

1501:

Holland, had necessarily to be at odds with Leicester's, who had set up

1410:

from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's

437:

born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henry's second wife,

266:. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the 10494: 10234: 10035: 10025: 10015: 9602: 9464: 9104: 8637: 8330: 7651: 5286:

Letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, 23 June 1567." Quoted by Loades, 69–70.

4906: 4854: 3425:

This criticism of Elizabeth was noted by Elizabeth's early biographers

1952:

he had left, but it was the first English settlement in North America.

1564: 1560: 1364: 1360: 1338: 1099: 829: 743: 673: 410: 354:, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid 275: 255: 7935:

The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime: Elizabethan Politics, 1558–1572

5123:"All the Queen's Children: Elizabeth I and the Meanings of Motherhood" 2296:, when the nation again found itself on the brink of invasion. In the 2186:

Elizabeth's funeral cortège, 1603, with banners of her royal ancestors

1567:

at midnight on 28–29 July (7–8 August New Style), which dispersed the

687:, would admit nothing. Her stubbornness exasperated her interrogator, 497:. Queen Jane died the next year shortly after the birth of their son, 10269: 10219: 10050: 10020: 9607: 9582: 8649: 7778:

Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588

3000: 2237: 2142: 2099: 2098:

As Elizabeth aged, her image gradually changed. She was portrayed as

2058: 1948:

in command. When Raleigh returned in 1590, there was no trace of the

1933: 1896: 1572: 1540: 1368: 1318: 1178:

Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity related to

1125:

For several years, she seriously negotiated to marry Philip's cousin

1081:

has described the situation. He died shortly after the defeat of the

1045: 984: 934: 632:, Groom of the Privy Chamber and later Chamberlain of the Exchequer. 529: 362: 271: 9708: 4846: 2182: 1113: 473:. A canopy was carried at the ceremony over the infant by her uncle 10468: 10160: 10040: 9981: 9587: 9412: 9198: 8494: 8440: 8322: 4417:

Warnicke, Retha (September 2010). "Why Elizabeth I Never Married".

3877:

West Britons, Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State

3498: 2210: 2123: 2107: 1994: 1925: 1820: 1686: 1640:

with 23,375 men and 150 ships, led by Francis Drake as admiral and

1411: 1407: 1290: 1146: 918: 866: 739: 584: 580: 283: 8490: 8109:

Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588

5692:

Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón.

4709:

Denmark, 1513–1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy

2091:, the English theatre would reach its peak. The notion of a great 1791:

Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the

1548: 56: 10567: 10349: 9958: 9864: 4179:"John Dee and the English Calendar: Science, Religion and Empire" 3333: 2324:

put it, to "make windows into men's hearts and secret thoughts".

2245: 2103: 1856: 1851:

Trade and diplomatic relations developed between England and the

1748: 1576: 1465:. In December 1584, an alliance between Philip II and the French 1356: 1348: 1050: 1031:. Their friendship lasted for over thirty years, until his death. 926: 910: 594: 506: 325: 181: 8347:

The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation.

8187:

Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnante Elizabetha.

8117:

Elizabeth's Bedfellows: An Intimate History of the Queen's Court

7645:

Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)

7202:

Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)

7151:

Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)

7097:

Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)

3807:"Elizabeth I revealed as the translator of Tacitus into English" 270:. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother 9750: 9698: 9422: 9417: 8543: 8233:

Collinson, Patrick. "Elizabeth I and the verdicts of history,"

8044:

The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603

5668:

Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents

3863:, Volume 9: 1592–1603 (1897), 562–570. Retrieved 22 March 2012. 3403: 2233: 1427: 1218: 1160:

Having previously promised to marry, she told an unruly House:

972:

was passed, which made attendance at church and the use of the

965: 960:, which many thought unacceptable for a woman to bear. The new 703: 570: 120: 10088: 8578: 8171:

History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth

7379:

The king's two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology

6218:"The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I" 1281:

These events led rapidly to Mary's defeat and imprisonment in

274:

ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a

9670: 8208:(eds). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951. 7889:

The Nature of the Lion: Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage

3274:"I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel." 2277: 1860: 1767:, a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with 1723: 1701: 1551:, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the 833: 726:

Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His will ignored the

549: 5686: 5684: 2331:, "and yet she makes herself feared by Spain, by France, by 1442:

Elizabeth receiving Dutch ambassadors, 1560s, attributed to

417:. Anne was executed within three years of Elizabeth's birth. 10224: 9454: 7381:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1899:. In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that 1197:, c. 1600, showing Elizabeth I borne along by her courtiers 808:

to consult with Elizabeth. This interview was conducted at

722:

in Hertfordshire, where Elizabeth lived during Mary's reign

9348: 8271:

Music for the Love of It: Episodes in Amateur Music-Making

7852:

New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603

6728: 6726: 6206:

see chapter 8, "The Queen and the People", Haigh, 149–169.

844:

of the sovereign's "two bodies": the body natural and the

425:

on 7 September 1533 and was named after her grandmothers,

8053:. London: Edbury Press, 2022; New York: Hatchette Books. 7127:

Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum

5681: 2126:

in 1562, leaving her half bald and dependent on wigs and

1920:

explored the Atlantic Coast and claimed the territory of

548:

became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English,

1887:

and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the

7929:

political biography summarising his multivolume study:

6952:

Leicester and the Court: Essays in Elizabethan Politics

6723: 1991:

reflected a decline in the public's affection for her.

1555:, as Philip II had decided to take the war to England. 385:, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as 361:

As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her

282:, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the 8134: 7896:

The Birth of the Elizabethan Age: England in the 1560s

5900: 4289:

Collinson, Patrick (2008). "Elizabeth I (1533–1603)".

3668: 2075:

in 1578. During the 1590s, some of the great names of

1867:, the principal secretary to the Moroccan ruler Mulai 1819:

Upon his death in 1584, Ivan was succeeded by his son

987:, or failure to attend and conform, were not extreme. 800:, who had grown up in France and was betrothed to the 660:, Edward VI's uncle and the brother of Lord Protector 239:(7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was 8269:

Epstein, Joel (2022). "Elizabeth I: Queen of Music".

8244:

England's Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy

8084: 7340:, New York: Capricorn Books, G.P. Putnam's and Sons, 7146:

The Queen's Suitors and the Problem of the Succession

7108:

Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I

6087:

The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns

4159:

The "Festival Book" account, from the British Library

2224:

Elizabeth's coffin was carried downriver at night to

6789: 6693: 6598: 5097:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 81–82. 5063:"British History Online: Simancas: June 1587, 16-30" 4938:"Elizabeth I Was Likely Anything But a Virgin Queen" 3336:'s report, hitherto believed lost, came to light in 3147: 1879:

Diplomatic relations were also established with the

1359:

offence, carrying the death penalty. From the 1570s

828:

Elizabeth I in her coronation robes, patterned with

664:. The couple took Elizabeth into their household at 10677:

English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)

8352:Rowse, A. L. "Queen Elizabeth and the Historians." 8305:, December 2004, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 261–268 7962:

Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588

7235:

My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots

6593:

Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676

6151: 5643:

Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history

5342: 5340: 5338: 5176:. State University of New York Press. p. 129. 3484:James VI of Scotland was a great-great-grandson of 3314:, less than twenty-four hours after her own death". 2220:

Elizabeth as shown on her tomb at Westminster Abbey

710:, during whose reign Elizabeth was heir presumptive 7735: 7451: 7401: 7022:—— (2008). "Elizabeth I (1533–1603)". 7000: 6042:exhibition "East-West: Objects between cultures", 4181:. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from 1808:, who began his career as a representative of the 804:. When his wife fell ill in 1558, Philip sent the 8080:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 282–283. 7296:The White Bear: The Elizabethan Earl of Leicester 7178:The Making of the Modern English State: 1460–1660 5904:Performing Blackness on English Stages, 1500–1800 5863:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1, Introduction. 3973:"Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour | English admiral" 3713: 3579:"House of Tudor | History, Monarchs, & Facts" 628:suggests that she was probably taught Cornish by 10583: 8370:, August 1985, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 167–191 8230:, Summer 2007, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp. 419–440 7180:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 7073:Davenport, Cyril (1899), Pollard, Alfred (ed.), 7058:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 6560: 6511: 6509: 6126: 5985:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 24. 5939: 5335: 3944: 2141:The more Elizabeth's beauty faded, the more her 1847:was the Moorish ambassador to Elizabeth in 1600. 1696:In July, Elizabeth sent out another force under 8237:, Nov 2003, Vol. 76 Issue 194, pp. 469–491 7077:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., 6668: 6666: 6156:. London: A. & C. Black. pp. 155–157. 6062: 6060: 6058: 5328: 5326: 5003:"Robert Dudley: Queen Elizabeth I's great love" 4646:The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523–1611 3742: 3740: 7259:(2nd ed.), Harlow (UK): Longman Pearson, 5789: 5787: 5618: 5616: 5303: 5301: 5195: 5193: 471:Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset 373:. The period is famous for the flourishing of 27:Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603 10104: 9334: 8594: 8241:Dobson, Michael; Watson, Nicola Jane (2002). 7090:Dobson, Michael & Watson, Nicola (2003), 6866: 6864: 6862: 6506: 6131:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 45–47. 3804: 3229:Royal eponyms in Canada for Queen Elizabeth I 1832:one by Feodor's father, but was turned down. 445:to the English throne. Her elder half-sister 10707:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 8303:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8240: 8220: 8046:(1983) survey of social and economic history 7666:Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I 7028:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6663: 6418: 6416: 6055: 6033: 5723: 5721: 5574: 5572: 5544: 5542: 5438: 5436: 5408: 5406: 5323: 5260:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5057: 5055: 5053: 4671: 4295:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4284: 4282: 3737: 3673:. Vol. 19. Chetham Society. p. 89. 1221:for investigation, where he was examined by 9901:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 8140: 7874:Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens 7516:(reprint ed.), London: Jonathan Cape, 7454:Robert Earl of Essex: An Elizabethan Icarus 6954:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 5896: 5894: 5892: 5810: 5808: 5784: 5613: 5298: 5190: 3879:, University of Exeter Press, 2002, p. 220. 3497:The age of Elizabeth was redrawn as one of 2253: 2194:, the niece of her cousin and close friend 1321:, uncovered several plots against her life. 329: 10111: 10097: 10078:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 9341: 9327: 8601: 8587: 8465: 8261:Doran, Susan, and Thomas S. Freeman, eds. 7986: 7959: 7932: 7901: 6859: 5946:. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. 5907:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. 5640: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5518:Haynes, 15; Strong and van Dorsten, 72–79. 5116: 5114: 5088: 5086: 5084: 4111:"BBC – History – Elizabeth I: An Overview" 3606: 3604: 1401: 1329:; the goal was to free Mary, marry her to 956:rather than the more contentious title of 509:, or baptismal cloth, at his christening. 254:Elizabeth was the only surviving child of 55: 9286:Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield 8114: 7478:Elizabeth I: The Golden Reign of Gloriana 7033: 6623:Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey 6440:, 18 January 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2016. 6413: 6175: 6173: 5718: 5569: 5539: 5433: 5403: 5050: 4962: 4615: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4300: 4288: 4279: 4148:Loades, 36–37 (full document reproduced). 2318:Acts of Settlement and Uniformity of 1559 1596:Portrait commemorating the defeat of the 954:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 861:wound through the city on the eve of the 487:William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham 10697:Founders of English schools and colleges 9098:The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex 8424:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8407: 7989:Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603 7195:Flynn, Sian & Spence, David (2003), 5889: 5836:. Taylor and Francis. pp. 510–511. 5805: 4711:. Oxford University Press. p. 111. 4706: 4667: 4665: 4416: 4040: 2948:Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham 2271: 2215: 2181: 2153: 2132: 2043: 1993: 1839: 1717: 1652: 1591: 1527: 1437: 1309: 1232: 1189: 1112: 1102:had proposed one with the Danish prince 1011: 894: 869:, Elizabeth was crowned and anointed by 823: 786:. Crowds cheered her all along the way. 713: 698: 658:Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley 646:Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley 639: 511: 404: 10687:English pretenders to the French throne 8268: 8064: 8015: 7849: 7025:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6616: 6215: 5978: 5590: 5257:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5238: 5111: 5081: 5027: 4640: 4587: 4292:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3882: 3805:Faulconbridge, Guy (29 November 2019). 3746: 3669:Stanley, Earl of Derby, Edward (1890). 3601: 2192:Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham 1228: 983:) compulsory, though the penalties for 14: 10584: 7501:Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I 7237:, London and New York: Fourth Estate, 6656: 6654: 6170: 6127:Daniel Farabaugh (2016). "Chapter 2". 5171: 5069:from the original on 27 September 2020 4567: 4203: 3773: 3510:In his preface to the 1952 reprint of 3380:When the Spanish naval commander, the 3194:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom 1661:struck 1593 identifying Elizabeth as " 467:Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk 10717:People of the French Wars of Religion 10092: 9322: 8582: 8308: 8088:Elizabeth I: The Shrewdness of Virtue 7742:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 7726:Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk 7578:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 7458:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 7408:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 6432:"The Tudors had bad teeth? What rot!" 6401:from the original on 25 February 2019 5960:from the original on 22 December 2019 5856: 5831: 5253: 5120: 5092: 4884: 4662: 4542:Jenkins (1961), 245, 247; Hammer, 46. 4176: 4121:from the original on 17 November 2020 3956: 3755:from the original on 28 December 2019 3730: 3728: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2655: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2570: 2568: 2563: 2507: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2427: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2365: 1955: 1212:In 1587, a young man calling himself 1088: 1073:in 1564. In 1578, he finally married 479:John Hussey, Baron Hussey of Sleaford 36:Elizabeth of England (disambiguation) 7825:The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I 7822: 7704: 7682: 7536:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 6795: 6699: 6604: 6470: 6228:from the original on 23 October 2018 5645:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 145. 5641:Bucholz, R. O.; Key, Newton (2009). 4983:from the original on 26 January 2021 4832: 3950: 3786:from the original on 10 January 2020 3719: 1543:in 1585 and 1586. In 1587 he made a 1117:Elizabeth was engaged for a time to 990: 884: 544:, Italian, and Spanish. By the time 8135:Primary sources and early histories 7007:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 6651: 6246:Adams, 7; Hammer, 1; Collinson, 89. 5877:from the original on 19 August 2021 5153:from the original on 19 August 2021 5127:Explorations in Renaissance Culture 4944:from the original on 1 October 2020 4869: 4616:Falkdalen, Karin Tegenborg (2010). 4323: 4170: 3751:. University of Chicago Chronicle. 3589:from the original on 24 August 2021 3564:Elizabeth's first speech as queen, 1289:in favour of her one-year-old son, 1285:. The Scottish lords forced her to 734:. Jane was proclaimed queen by the 520:. It was painted for her father in 463:Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter 24: 10178:History of Christianity in Britain 8394: 7815: 7640:Elizabeth: Woman, Monarch, Mission 5943:Shakespeare Survey With Index 1–10 5009:from the original on 8 August 2020 4177:Poole, Robert (6 September 2005). 3774:McCall, Rosie (29 November 2019). 3725: 2268:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I 2079:entered their maturity, including 1693:, north-west France, in May 1591. 931:Protestant settlement of Edward VI 694: 100:17 November 1558 – 25: 10758: 10737:Regicides of Mary, Queen of Scots 9064:Secret correspondence of James VI 8463:National Portrait Gallery, London 8375: 7738:The Life and Times of Elizabeth I 7654:& van Dorsten, J. A. 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In spring 1599, Elizabeth sent 1523: 1305: 635: 10722:Prisoners in the Tower of London 10632:16th-century English translators 10566: 10159: 9184:Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra 9090:Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth 8498: 8406: 8356:(September 1953) 3#9 pp 630–641. 8291:(1974), excerpts from historians 7075:English Embroidered Bookbindings 6926: 6917: 6908: 6895: 6886: 6873: 6850: 6837: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6801: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6714: 6705: 6684: 6675: 6642: 6610: 6585: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6497: 6488: 6479: 6461: 6452: 6443: 6425: 6383: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6258: 6249: 6240: 6209: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6154:England's Quest of Eastern Trade 6145: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6078: 6069: 6011: 5972: 5933: 5850: 5825: 5796: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5697: 5690:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). 5660: 5634: 5625: 5604: 5581: 5560: 5551: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5494: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5445: 5424: 5415: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5367: 5358: 5349: 5310: 5289: 5280: 5247: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5165: 5021: 4995: 4956: 4930: 4921: 4878: 4648:. Cambridge. pp. 159, 207. 4218:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2004.00110.x 3710:Somerset, 11. Jenkins (1957), 13 3526: 3517: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3432: 3419: 3409: 3396: 3387: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3343: 3178: 3164: 3150: 2367:Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire 1835: 1700:, to help Henry IV in besieging 1459:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 1244:Elizabeth's first policy toward 1007: 891:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 728:Succession to the Crown Act 1543 662:Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset 597:. A translation of Tacitus from 475:George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford 307:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 226: 40:Elizabeth Tudor (disambiguation) 10682:English people of Welsh descent 10118: 9378:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 8608: 8452:at the official website of the 8443:at the official website of the 8247:. Oxford University Press, US. 8145:. University of Chicago Press. 7757:Willson, David Harris (1963) , 7728:, London: Barrie & Rockliff 7534:The Grand Strategy of Philip II 6626:. London: John Murray. p. 5979:Bartels, Emily Carroll (2008). 5901:Virginia Mason Vaughan (2005). 4826: 4817: 4808: 4795: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4707:Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2011). 4700: 4634: 4609: 4595:. Victor Gollancz. p. 59. 4581: 4558: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4514: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4317: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4197: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3965: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3891: 3866: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3798: 3767: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3662: 3653: 3568:, 20 November 1558. Loades, 35. 3326: 3317: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 1771:, who backed the rebel leader, 1581:Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 1385:of 1586, Elizabeth's spymaster 1270:James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell 1127:Charles II, Archduke of Austria 1104:Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 9375:Monarchs of England until 1603 8459:Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I 8085:Ridley, Jasper Godwin (1989). 8020:. Cambridge University Press. 7991:. Princeton University Press. 7964:. Princeton University Press. 7937:. Princeton University Press. 7514:Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography 7278:, Cambridge University Press, 6986:Chamberlin, Frederick (1939), 6942: 6567:. St. Martin's Press. p. 5705:La Europa dividida (1559–1598) 5670:(Taylor & Francis, 1972). 5587:Somerset, 591; Neale, 297–298. 5451:Strong and van Dorsten, 20–26. 4777:"Let Definition & Meaning" 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3571: 3558: 3268: 3251: 2349: 2280:hold the crown above her head. 2158:Elizabeth's death depicted by 1980: 1698:Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex 1433: 1331:Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk 758:In January and February 1554, 742:, was determined to crush the 441:. At birth, Elizabeth was the 433:. She was the second child of 13: 1: 10637:17th-century English monarchs 10612:16th-century English monarchs 10597:People of the Elizabethan era 8482:Works by or about Elizabeth I 8289:Elizabeth I, Queen of England 7129:, London: Chatto and Windus, 6152:Foster, Sir William (1998) . 5857:Coote, Charles Henry (2017). 4674:The English Historical Review 3552: 2050:Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger 1021: 521: 400: 377:, led by playwrights such as 68: 10662:Burials at Westminster Abbey 10622:16th-century English writers 10146:Continuing Anglican movement 8143:Elizabeth I: Collected Works 8071:"Elizabeth of England" 7891:(London: Faith Press, 1962). 7432:, Harvard University Press, 7125:——, ed. (2003), 7044:UK public library membership 5274:UK public library membership 4449:Skidmore, 162, 165, 166–168. 4330:This Sceptred Isle 1547–1660 4311:UK public library membership 3547: 1173: 1039:. It was said that his wife 1020:of Elizabeth and Leicester, 819: 753:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 576:De consolatione philosophiae 393:, and for the defeat of the 305:. This era, later named the 32:Elizabeth I (disambiguation) 7: 10747:16th-century queens regnant 10657:17th-century queens regnant 10652:17th-century Irish monarchs 10642:17th-century English people 10627:16th-century Irish monarchs 10545:Anglicanism of the Americas 9985:British monarchs after the 8497:(public domain audiobooks) 8368:Canadian Journal of History 7795:Woodward, Jennifer (1997), 7780:, London: Hamish Hamilton, 7161:, London: British Library, 6620:(1868). "The royal tombs". 6216:Cramsie, John (June 2003). 5707:(Editorial Critica, 2002). 5478:Strong and van Dorsten, 50. 5469:Strong and van Dorsten, 72. 5460:Strong and van Dorsten, 43. 3143: 2624:Mary Tudor, Queen of France 2106:, and after the Armada, as 1883:with the chartering of the 1816:to the court of Tsar Ivan. 1461:, Philip's governor of the 1187:husbands, my good people". 979:(an adapted version of the 950:Archbishopric of Canterbury 732:Mary Tudor, Queen of France 10: 10763: 10647:17th-century English women 10617:16th-century English women 10250:Dissolution of Monasteries 8298:(1984), essays by scholars 7724:Williams, Neville (1964), 7688:The Children of Henry VIII 7375:Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig 6595:(Manchester, 2018), p. 17. 5421:Flynn and Spence, 126–128. 3234:Royal Standards of England 3214:Portraiture of Elizabeth I 2994:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 2798:Henry Carey, Baron Hunsdon 2265: 1907: 1865:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud 1845:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud 1711: 1707: 1266:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 888: 776:William Paget, Baron Paget 29: 10732:Queens regnant of England 10563: 10555:Reformed Episcopal Church 10507: 10407: 10340: 10168: 10157: 10126: 10073: 9996: 9980: 9976: 9913: 9896: 9892: 9369: 9365: 9294: 9268: 9245: 9210: 9167: 9140: 9130:Elizabeth: The Golden Age 9081: 9072: 9054: 8983: 8956: 8934: 8927: 8896: 8868: 8810: 8751: 8705: 8671: 8630: 8616: 8567: 8554: 8540: 8535: 8508: 8311:Journal of Modern History 8287:Greaves, Richard L., ed. 8228:Sixteenth Century Journal 8221:Historiography and memory 8066:Pollard, Albert Frederick 7761:, London: Jonathan Cape, 7658:, Oxford University Press 7620:Elizabeth: Apprenticeship 7503:, London: Blandford Press 7499:McGrath, Patrick (1967), 7318:, London: HarperCollins, 7274:Hammer, P. E. J. (1999), 6561:Lee, Christopher (2004). 5940:Allardyce Nicoll (2002). 5139:10.1163/23526963-90000274 4963:Gristwood, Sarah (2008). 4899:10.1017/S0018246X00019427 3899:Elizabeth: Apprenticeship 3809:. Reuters. Archived from 3068: 3066: 2990: 2930: 2928: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2908: 2868: 2866: 2852: 2815: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2613: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2408: 2370: 2261: 2110:, the eternally youthful 2031:" of 30 November 1601 at 2011:, the Earl of Essex, and 1786: 1714:Tudor conquest of Ireland 1648: 1645:through the next decade. 1493:, which lasted until the 1363:priests from continental 501:, who was the undisputed 336:declared her illegitimate 268:Third Succession Act 1543 222: 212: 202: 192: 180: 166: 153: 140: 136: 126: 116: 106: 96: 78: 54: 49: 10188:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 8947:The Doubt of Future Foes 8687:(Lady of the Bedchamber) 8296:The Reign of Elizabeth I 8294:Haigh, Christopher, ed. 8193:18 December 2020 at the 8115:Whitelock, Anna (2013). 7799:, Boydell & Brewer, 7690:, London: Random House, 7664:Strong, Roy C. (2003) , 7599:, London: Anchor Books, 7556:The England of Elizabeth 7355:—— (2002) , 7176:Edwards, Philip (2004), 6777:Haigh, 142–147, 174–177. 6049:26 December 2013 at the 6027:28 February 2009 at the 6018:University of Birmingham 3402:One observer wrote that 3259:before 14 September 1752 3244: 3209:Inventory of Elizabeth I 2357:Elizabeth's family tree 2149: 2072:The Shepheardes Calender 1061:, and some conservative 459:Archbishop of Canterbury 309:, would evolve into the 10573:Christianity portal 10515:Converts to Anglicanism 10210:Augustine of Canterbury 8942:On Monsieur's Departure 8912:Plimpton Sieve Portrait 8161:Elizabeth I and Her Age 8091:. Fromm International. 8077:Encyclopædia Britannica 8016:McLaren, A. N. (1999). 7987:—— (1994). 7960:—— (1988). 7933:—— (1969). 7850:Bridgen, Susan (2001). 7734:—— (1972), 7705:—— (1999), 7638:—— (2003), 7593:Somerset, Anne (2003), 7424:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl 7357:Elizabeth and Leicester 7197:Elizabeth's Adventurers 7157:—— (2003), 7144:—— (2003), 7052:Croft, Pauline (2003), 6988:Elizabeth and Leycester 6732:Dobson and Watson, 258. 6711:Dobson and Watson, 257. 6618:Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn 5820:The Nations and Britain 5172:Rozett, Martha (2003). 5028:Burgess, Steve (2011). 4966:Elizabeth and Leicester 4431:Loades, 42; Wilson, 95. 3977:Encyclopedia Britannica 3583:Encyclopedia Britannica 2207:English calendar reform 2048:Portrait attributed to 1901:Protestantism and Islam 1873:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 1760:authoritarian purpose. 1402:Wars and overseas trade 1180:that of the Virgin Mary 1133:princes in turn, first 157:24 March 1603 (aged 69) 10667:Children of Henry VIII 10550:Free Church of England 8454:Royal Collection Trust 8402: 8382:Listen to this article 8273:. Juwal Publications. 8263:The Myth of Elizabeth. 8119:. London: Bloomsbury. 7903:MacCaffrey, Wallace T. 7827:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7823:Beem, Charles (2011). 7776:Wilson, Derek (1981), 6990:, Dodd, Mead & Co. 6969:Black, J. B. (1945) , 5093:Levin, Carole (1994). 4887:The Historical Journal 3382:Duke of Medina Sidonia 3257:Dates in this article 3219:Protestant Reformation 2805:Elizabeth I of England 2347: 2281: 2254: 2250: 2221: 2187: 2163: 2138: 2087:. Continuing into the 2053: 2052:or his studio, c. 1595 2042: 1999: 1848: 1739: 1670: 1624: 1605: 1590: 1536: 1517: 1446: 1322: 1279: 1241: 1198: 1195:The Procession Picture 1167: 1122: 1119:Francis, Duke of Anjou 1032: 1002:Francis, Duke of Anjou 914: 855: 836: 723: 711: 653: 559:Prayers or Meditations 538:Catherine Champernowne 525: 421:Elizabeth was born at 418: 340:Sir Francis Walsingham 330: 10712:People from Greenwich 10540:Anglican prayer beads 10422:Book of Common Prayer 10379:Lambeth Quadrilateral 10230:Medieval architecture 10151:Personal ordinariates 8401: 7759:King James VI & I 7558:, London: Macmillan, 7482:The National Archives 7429:The Jamestown Project 7359:, The Phoenix Press, 7314:Hogge, Alice (2005), 7293:Haynes, Alan (1987), 7110:, London: Routledge, 7035:10.1093/ref:odnb/8636 6973:, Oxford: Clarendon, 6950:Adams, Simon (2002), 6129:United States History 5832:Levin, Carol (2016). 5266:10.1093/ref:odnb/8160 4835:Renaissance Quarterly 4302:10.1093/ref:odnb/8636 4164:16 April 2016 at the 3855:13 April 2014 at the 3338:The National Archives 3224:Royal Arms of England 2595:Henry VIII of England 2342: 2275: 2266:Further information: 2242: 2219: 2185: 2157: 2136: 2047: 2037: 1997: 1843: 1812:, became the queen's 1721: 1656: 1619: 1595: 1585: 1553:Enterprise of England 1531: 1512: 1441: 1313: 1293:. James was taken to 1274: 1236: 1193: 1162: 1116: 1059:Nicholas Throckmorton 1015: 976:Book of Common Prayer 898: 850: 827: 717: 702: 644:Elizabeth's guardian 643: 515: 435:Henry VIII of England 431:Lady Elizabeth Howard 409:Elizabeth's parents, 408: 258:and his second wife, 197:Henry VIII of England 10373:Thirty-nine Articles 10265:Apostolic succession 10141:Anglican realignment 9955:William III & II 9520:Henry the Young King 9470:Edward the Confessor 9438:Æthelred the Unready 8771:Religious Settlement 8759:Third Succession Act 8728:Hampton Court Palace 8662:Mary, Queen of Scots 8491:Works by Elizabeth I 8473:Works by Elizabeth I 8433:More spoken articles 8202:Elizabeth of England 8159:Susan M. Felch, ed. 8141:Elizabeth I (2002). 5982:Speaking of the Moor 4185:on 30 September 2007 3850:"Venice: April 1603" 3486:Henry VII of England 3199:Early modern Britain 2987:Mary, Queen of Scots 2826:Edward VI of England 2617:James IV of Scotland 2405:Henry VII of England 2177:James VI of Scotland 1673:When the Protestant 1508:Dutch States General 1424:his circumnavigation 1250:Mary, Queen of Scots 1238:Mary, Queen of Scots 1229:Mary, Queen of Scots 1139:Southern Netherlands 1135:Henry, Duke of Anjou 798:Mary, Queen of Scots 319:Mary, Queen of Scots 315:James VI of Scotland 149:, Greenwich, England 10727:Protestant monarchs 10692:English women poets 10240:English Reformation 10183:Celtic Christianity 9903:Union of the Crowns 9227:Elizabeth the Queen 8777:Regnans in Excelsis 8743:Queen Elizabeth Oak 8723:Palace of Whitehall 8681:(Lady of the Robes) 8235:Historical Research 8049:Paranque, Estelle. 7709:, London: Pimlico, 7707:Elizabeth the Queen 7668:, London: Pimlico, 7656:Leicester's Triumph 7623:, London: Vintage, 7338:Elizabeth the Great 7215:, London: Phoenix, 7213:Catherine de Medici 6437:The Daily Telegraph 5814:Crankshaw, Edward, 5500:Chamberlin, 263–264 4940:. 4 February 2019. 4593:Elizabeth the Great 4327:(1998) . "Disc 1". 3813:on 24 December 2019 3204:English Renaissance 2833:James V of Scotland 2085:Christopher Marlowe 2081:William Shakespeare 1971:Straits of Magellan 1663:by the Grace of God 1610:St Paul's Cathedral 1463:Spanish Netherlands 1392:Fotheringhay Castle 1375:Regnans in Excelsis 1344:Regnans in Excelsis 1327:rising in the North 1258:Treaty of Edinburgh 1151:succession question 863:coronation ceremony 451:Catherine of Aragon 383:Christopher Marlowe 379:William Shakespeare 367:cult of personality 297:, whom she created 147:Palace of Placentia 10296:King James Version 10136:Anglican Communion 9987:Acts of Union 1707 9950:James II & VII 9643:Kenneth I MacAlpin 9428:Edgar the Peaceful 9157:The Virgin's Lover 8878:Bacton Altar Cloth 8685:Elizabeth Stafford 8403: 7334:Jenkins, Elizabeth 7253:Haigh, Christopher 7092:Elizabeth's Legacy 6997:Collinson, Patrick 6825:Haigh, 45–46, 177. 6591:Jessica L. Malay, 6224:(review no. 334). 6222:Reviews in History 5816:Russia and Britain 5781:Somerset, 668–669. 5430:Somerset, 607–611. 4686:10.1093/ehr/ces310 4589:Jenkins, Elizabeth 4489:Skidmore, 230–233. 4467:Somerset, 166–167. 4380:Somerset, 101–103. 4262:Walker Art Gallery 4206:Literature Compass 2812:Philip II of Spain 2282: 2222: 2188: 2164: 2139: 2077:English literature 2054: 2005:Christopher Hatton 2000: 1988:standard of living 1962:East India Company 1956:East India Company 1940:, off present-day 1849: 1814:special ambassador 1740: 1671: 1665:Queen of England, 1606: 1537: 1455:William the Silent 1447: 1387:Francis Walsingham 1323: 1315:Francis Walsingham 1242: 1223:Francis Englefield 1203:Henry IV of France 1199: 1123: 1096:Eric XIV of Sweden 1089:Foreign candidates 1033: 915: 875:bishop of Carlisle 859:triumphal progress 842:political theology 837: 791:apparent pregnancy 724: 718:The Old Palace at 712: 654: 556:'s religious work 528:Elizabeth's first 526: 483:Lord Thomas Howard 419: 10672:English Anglicans 10579: 10578: 10485:Books of Homilies 10327:Anglo-Catholicism 10260:Church of Ireland 10255:Church of England 10086: 10085: 10069: 10068: 9972: 9971: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9433:Edward the Martyr 9316: 9315: 9264: 9263: 9254:The Faerie Queene 8979: 8978: 8789:Throckmorton Plot 8733:St James's Palace 8577: 8576: 8568:Succeeded by 8477:Project Gutenberg 8399: 8345:Montrose, Louis. 8280:978-9-6592-7823-7 8254:978-0-1981-8377-8 8204:. 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Read and 8152:978-0-2265-0465-0 8126:978-1-4088-0880-1 8098:978-0-8806-4110-4 8059:978-0-3068-3051-8 8027:978-0-5210-2483-9 7898:(Blackwell, 1993) 7865:978-0-6708-9985-2 7834:978-0-2301-1214-8 7806:978-0-8511-5704-7 7787:978-0-2411-0149-0 7768:978-0-2246-0572-4 7749:978-0-2978-3168-6 7716:978-0-7126-7312-9 7697:978-0-3454-0786-3 7675:978-0-7126-0944-9 7630:978-0-0992-8657-8 7606:978-0-3857-2157-8 7585:978-0-2978-4650-5 7543:978-0-3000-8273-9 7491:978-1-9033-6543-4 7465:978-0-2970-0320-5 7439:978-0-6740-2474-8 7415:978-0-2977-8254-4 7388:978-0-6910-1704-4 7366:978-1-8421-2560-1 7347:978-1-8987-9970-2 7325:978-0-0071-5637-5 7306:978-0-7206-0672-0 7285:978-0-5210-1941-5 7266:978-0-5824-3754-8 7244:978-1-8411-5752-8 7222:978-0-7538-2039-1 7187:978-0-3122-3614-4 7168:978-0-7123-4802-7 7159:Queen Elizabeth I 7136:978-0-7011-7476-7 7117:978-0-4151-1969-6 7065:978-0-3336-1395-5 7042:(Subscription or 7014:978-0-1992-1356-6 6961:978-0-7190-5325-2 6578:978-0-3123-2139-0 6163:978-0-4151-5518-2 6138:978-1-2595-8409-1 5992:978-0-8122-4076-4 5953:978-0-5215-2347-9 5914:978-0-5218-4584-7 5870:978-1-3171-4661-2 5713:978-8-4843-2669-4 5676:978-0-8173-5703-0 5652:978-1-4051-6275-3 5355:Collinson, 67–68. 5272:(Subscription or 5183:978-0-7914-5551-7 5104:978-0-8122-3252-3 5039:978-1-8469-4494-9 5030:Famous Past Lives 4976:978-0-1431-1449-9 4718:978-0-1992-7121-4 4655:978-1-0012-9698-2 4627:978-9-1870-3126-7 4602:978-0-6981-0110-4 4553:Queen Elizabeth I 4340:978-0-5635-5769-2 4309:(Subscription or 4157:Somerset, 89–90. 3512:Queen Elizabeth I 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 2819:Mary I of England 2412:Elizabeth of York 2230:Westminster Abbey 2173:coded negotiation 2169:smooth succession 1967:Cape of Good Hope 1928:, extending from 1806:Anthony Jenkinson 1797:Ivan the Terrible 1793:Tsardom of Russia 1753:Gerald FitzGerald 1622:his own weakness. 1491:Anglo-Spanish War 1487:Treaty of Nonsuch 1071:Earl of Leicester 1029:Nicholas Hilliard 991:Marriage question 970:Act of Uniformity 907:Nicholas Hilliard 885:Church settlement 879:Westminster Abbey 832:and trimmed with 802:Dauphin of France 760:Wyatt's rebellion 630:William Killigrew 427:Elizabeth of York 311:Church of England 234: 233: 174:Westminster Abbey 162:, Surrey, England 16:(Redirected from 10754: 10571: 10570: 10317:Nonjuring schism 10312:Caroline Divines 10163: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10090: 10089: 9978: 9977: 9938:Richard Cromwell 9928:The Protectorate 9918:James I & VI 9894: 9893: 9475:Harold Godwinson 9395:Edward the Elder 9388:Alfred the Great 9372: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9320: 9319: 9192:Roberto Devereux 9114:The Virgin Queen 9079: 9078: 8932: 8931: 8906:Pelican Portrait 8713:Greenwich Palace 8619:Queen of England 8603: 8596: 8589: 8580: 8579: 8557:Queen of England 8541:Preceded by 8531: 8524: 8523:7 September 1533 8506: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8486:Internet Archive 8469: 8445:British monarchy 8423: 8421: 8410: 8409: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8383: 8342: 8284: 8258: 8184:William Camden. 8156: 8130: 8102: 8081: 8073: 8042:Palliser, D. 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3675: 3674: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3612:Elizabeth: Woman 3608: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3541: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3255: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3160: 3158:Biography portal 3155: 3154: 3153: 2840:Margaret Douglas 2374:Elizabeth Howard 2363: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2257: 2033:Whitehall Palace 1969:and west of the 1914:Humphrey Gilbert 1893:William Harborne 1683:Peregrine Bertie 1495:Treaty of London 1483:siege of Antwerp 1341:in 1570, titled 1283:Lochleven Castle 1108:Prince Frederick 1026: 1023: 981:1552 prayer book 962:Act of Supremacy 942:House of Commons 902:Pelican Portrait 816:on 17 November. 784:Henry Bedingfeld 772:Stephen Gardiner 583:, a treatise by 523: 443:heir presumptive 423:Greenwich Palace 333: 303:supreme governor 241:Queen of England 230: 144:7 September 1533 80:Queen of England 73: 70: 64:Darnley Portrait 59: 47: 46: 21: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10742:Reputed virgins 10582: 10581: 10580: 10575: 10565: 10559: 10503: 10474:Liturgical year 10403: 10336: 10322:Oxford Movement 10164: 10155: 10122: 10117: 10087: 10082: 10065: 9992: 9968: 9933:Oliver Cromwell 9909: 9884: 9879: 9726:Constantine III 9635: 9460:Harold Harefoot 9450:Edmund Ironside 9361: 9356: and 9347: 9317: 9312: 9290: 9260: 9241: 9206: 9176:The Fairy-Queen 9163: 9136: 9068: 9050: 8975: 8952: 8923: 8918:Armada Portrait 8892: 8864: 8806: 8747: 8738:Richmond Palace 8701: 8667: 8626: 8612: 8607: 8573: 8564: 8552: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8511: 8499: 8437: 8436: 8425: 8419: 8417: 8414:This audio file 8411: 8404: 8395: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8373: 8359:Watkins, John. 8281: 8255: 8223: 8200:Clapham, John. 8195:Wayback Machine 8153: 8137: 8127: 8099: 8028: 7999: 7972: 7945: 7917: 7894:Jones, Norman. 7866: 7835: 7818: 7816:Further reading 7813: 7807: 7794: 7788: 7775: 7769: 7756: 7750: 7733: 7723: 7717: 7698: 7676: 7663: 7650: 7637: 7631: 7613: 7607: 7592: 7586: 7572:Skidmore, Chris 7570: 7550: 7544: 7528: 7508: 7498: 7492: 7472: 7466: 7446: 7440: 7422: 7416: 7398:Kenyon, John P. 7396: 7389: 7373: 7367: 7354: 7348: 7332: 7326: 7313: 7307: 7292: 7286: 7273: 7267: 7251: 7245: 7229: 7223: 7207: 7194: 7188: 7175: 7169: 7156: 7143: 7137: 7118: 7102: 7089: 7072: 7066: 7051: 7041: 7021: 7015: 6995: 6985: 6968: 6962: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6768:Black, 408–409. 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6643: 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H. 5702: 5698: 5689: 5682: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5336: 5331: 5324: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5091: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5051: 5040: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4847:10.2307/2861792 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4719: 4705: 4701: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4639: 4635: 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1467:Catholic League 1444:Levina Teerlinc 1436: 1404: 1396:William Davison 1353:excommunication 1308: 1295:Stirling Castle 1231: 1176: 1091: 1075:Lettice Knollys 1024: 1010: 993: 893: 887: 873:, the Catholic 871:Owen Oglethorpe 822: 764:Tower of London 749:Philip of Spain 697: 695:Reign of Mary I 689:Robert Tyrwhitt 650:sexually abused 638: 622:Irish languages 546:William Grindal 403: 371:Elizabethan era 176: 171: 160:Richmond Palace 158: 145: 112:15 January 1559 101: 92: 74: 71: 43: 28: 23: 22: 18:Elizabeth Tudor 15: 12: 11: 5: 10760: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10702:House of Tudor 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10577: 10576: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10511: 10509: 10508:Related topics 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10488: 10481: 10479:Biblical canon 10476: 10471: 10469:Evening Prayer 10462: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10417: 10415: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10346: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10174: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10116: 10115: 10108: 10101: 10093: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9974: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9925: 9920: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9890: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9829:Edward Balliol 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9689:Constantine II 9686: 9681: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9617: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9516: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9481:Edgar Ætheling 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9370: 9363: 9362: 9346: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9323: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9303: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9231: 9223: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9180: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9153: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9126: 9118: 9110: 9102: 9094: 9085: 9083: 9076: 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8447: 8426: 8412: 8405: 8393: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376:External links 8374: 8372: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8343: 8323:10.1086/238230 8317:(3): 236–240. 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8279: 8266: 8259: 8253: 8238: 8231: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8198: 8182: 8167:William Camden 8164: 8157: 8151: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8112: 8106:Wernham, R. B. 8103: 8097: 8082: 8062: 8047: 8040: 8026: 8013: 8012: 8011: 7997: 7984: 7970: 7957: 7943: 7915: 7899: 7892: 7887:Hodges, J. P. 7885: 7870: 7864: 7856:Viking Penguin 7847: 7833: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7805: 7792: 7786: 7773: 7767: 7754: 7748: 7731: 7721: 7715: 7702: 7696: 7680: 7674: 7661: 7652:Strong, Roy C. 7648: 7635: 7629: 7615:Starkey, David 7611: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7568: 7548: 7542: 7526: 7506: 7496: 7490: 7470: 7464: 7444: 7438: 7420: 7414: 7394: 7387: 7371: 7365: 7352: 7346: 7330: 7324: 7311: 7305: 7299:, Peter Owen, 7290: 7284: 7271: 7265: 7249: 7243: 7227: 7221: 7209:Frieda, Leonie 7205: 7192: 7186: 7173: 7167: 7154: 7141: 7135: 7122: 7116: 7100: 7087: 7070: 7064: 7049: 7019: 7013: 6993: 6983: 6966: 6960: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6894: 6885: 6872: 6870:Somerset, 727. 6858: 6849: 6836: 6827: 6818: 6816:Somerset, 102. 6809: 6800: 6798:, p. 487. 6788: 6786:Loades, 46–50. 6779: 6770: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6702:, p. 488. 6692: 6683: 6674: 6672:Somerset, 726. 6662: 6650: 6641: 6609: 6607:, p. 486. 6597: 6584: 6577: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6505: 6496: 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4955: 4929: 4920: 4893:(2): 257–274. 4877: 4868: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4794: 4768: 4766:Somerset, 408. 4759: 4750: 4748:Loades, 53–54. 4741: 4732: 4717: 4699: 4661: 4654: 4633: 4626: 4608: 4601: 4580: 4566: 4557: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4513: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4419:History Review 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4339: 4316: 4278: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4196: 4169: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3964: 3955: 3943: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3890: 3881: 3865: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3797: 3766: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3661: 3659:Somerset, 4–5. 3652: 3643: 3634: 3632:Somerset, 729. 3625: 3616: 3600: 3570: 3566:Hatfield House 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538:Nicholas Bacon 3525: 3516: 3503: 3490: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3431: 3427:William Camden 3418: 3408: 3395: 3386: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3342: 3325: 3316: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 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2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2610:Margaret Tudor 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2263: 2260: 2160:Paul Delaroche 2151: 2148: 2116:Edmund Spenser 2067:Edmund Spenser 2017:Roderigo Lopes 1982: 1979: 1957: 1954: 1950:Roanoke Colony 1942:North Carolina 1938:Roanoke Island 1918:Walter Raleigh 1909: 1906: 1885:Levant Company 1881:Ottoman Empire 1863:ban. In 1600, 1853:Barbary states 1837: 1834: 1788: 1785: 1781:Charles Blount 1757:Edmund Spenser 1745:scorched-earth 1738:in submission. 1730:and the other 1712:Main article: 1709: 1706: 1669:, and Ireland" 1650: 1647: 1638:Counter Armada 1633:English Armada 1615:Walter Raleigh 1598:Spanish Armada 1525: 1524:Spanish Armada 1522: 1503:a protectorate 1435: 1432: 1403: 1400: 1383:Babington Plot 1317:, Elizabeth's 1307: 1306:Catholic cause 1304: 1230: 1227: 1175: 1172: 1090: 1087: 1083:Spanish Armada 1009: 1006: 998:Thomas Seymour 992: 989: 946:House of Lords 889:Main article: 886: 883: 821: 818: 810:Hatfield House 806:Count of Feria 720:Hatfield House 696: 693: 685:Hatfield House 681:Lady Jane Grey 637: 636:Thomas Seymour 634: 599:Lambeth Palace 554:Catherine Parr 534:Margaret Bryan 518:William Scrots 455:Thomas Cranmer 402: 399: 395:Spanish Armada 391:Walter Raleigh 356:war with Spain 331:video et taceo 299:Baron Burghley 280:Lady Jane Grey 249:House of Tudor 232: 231: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 178: 177: 172: 168: 164: 163: 155: 151: 150: 142: 138: 137: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 110: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 86: 76: 75: 60: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10759: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10574: 10569: 10562: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10332:Modern Church 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10162: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10109: 10107: 10102: 10100: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9906: 9904: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9804: 9802: 9801:Alexander III 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9657:Constantine I 9654: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9339: 9337: 9332: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9281:Stuart period 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9236: 9235:Elizabeth Rex 9232: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8971: 8970:Golden Speech 8968: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8883:Chequers Ring 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8679:Lady Stafford 8677: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8660: 8658:(half-sister) 8657: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8599: 8597: 8592: 8590: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8572: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8539: 8534: 8530:24 March 1603 8529: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8507: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8415: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8354:History Today 8351: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8078: 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E. Arnold. 7908: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882:0-3757-0820-0 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7820: 7808: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7740: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7474:Loades, David 7471: 7467: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7449: 7448:Lacey, Robert 7445: 7441: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7050: 7045: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7005: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6935: 6929: 6923:Edwards, 205. 6920: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6889: 6882: 6876: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6853: 6846: 6840: 6834:Black, 14–15. 6831: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6727: 6717: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6687: 6678: 6669: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6557: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6524:Willson, 155. 6521: 6515:Willson, 154. 6512: 6510: 6500: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6455: 6446: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6419: 6417: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6332: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6286:Hammer, 1, 9. 6283: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6203: 6194: 6185: 6176: 6174: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6090:. p. 353 6089: 6088: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5845: 5843:9781315440712 5839: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5607: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5584: 5575: 5573: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5543: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5491:. Loades, 94. 5490: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5437: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5373:Guy, 483–484. 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5304: 5302: 5292: 5283: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5032:. John Hunt. 5031: 5024: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4823:Haigh, 22–23. 4820: 4814:Haigh, 20–21. 4811: 4804: 4798: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4666: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4629: 4623: 4619: 4618:Vasadöttrarna 4612: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4561: 4554: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4362:Somerset, 77. 4359: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4320: 4312: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4115:www.bbc.co.uk 4112: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4073:Somerset, 66. 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4037:Somerset, 51. 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 4001:Loades 24–25. 3998: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3837: 3831:Somerset, 25. 3828: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3734:Loades, 8–10. 3731: 3729: 3721: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3692:Somerset, 10. 3689: 3680: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3313: 3312:Reginald Pole 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3162: 3159: 3148: 3134: 3131: 3075: 3073: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3002: 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Neale 1981:Later years 1930:New England 1434:Netherlands 1357:treasonable 1335:Pope Pius V 1184:iconography 1079:Susan Doran 1025: 1575 830:Tudor roses 648:, may have 626:Mark Stoyle 439:Anne Boleyn 415:Anne Boleyn 352:Netherlands 260:Anne Boleyn 237:Elizabeth I 217:Anglicanism 207:Anne Boleyn 117:Predecessor 72: 1575 50:Elizabeth I 10586:Categories 10384:Sacraments 10235:Henry VIII 10195:Æthelberht 10128:Communions 10036:Edward VII 10026:William IV 10016:George III 9945:Charles II 9840:Robert III 9786:Malcolm IV 9761:Donald III 9736:Malcolm II 9721:Kenneth II 9603:Henry VIII 9563:Richard II 9558:Edward III 9492:William II 9465:Harthacnut 9219:Henry VIII 9149:Kenilworth 9106:Young Bess 9074:Depictions 9056:Succession 8845:Literature 8835:Government 8765:Coronation 8638:Henry VIII 8565:1558–1603 8429:Audio help 8420:2015-06-20 7998:0691031886 7480:, London: 7055:King James 7046:required.) 6892:Loades, 1. 6856:Haigh, 42. 6503:Croft, 48. 6395:Five Books 6003:22 October 5964:22 October 5925:22 October 5881:3 February 5391:Guy, 1–11. 5316:Williams, 5276:required.) 5045:abdomen... 4927:Haigh, 24. 4875:Haigh, 23. 4578:Haigh, 17. 4398:Haigh, 19. 4371:Black, 10. 4313:required.) 4238:Neale, 70. 4189:26 October 4100:Neale, 59. 4082:Neale, 53. 4055:Neale, 49. 4019:Neale, 45. 3987:22 January 3962:Neale, 33. 3928:Neale, 32. 3553:References 2345:frustrate. 2333:the Empire 1946:John White 1726:chieftain 1722:The Irish 1565:Gravelines 1561:fire ships 1365:seminaries 1361:missionary 1100:Henry VIII 1018:miniatures 744:Protestant 674:Kat Ashley 587:, and the 411:Henry VIII 401:Early life 276:Protestant 256:Henry VIII 108:Coronation 10389:Eucharist 10302:Charles I 10270:Edward VI 10220:Hygeberht 10051:George VI 10021:George IV 10011:George II 9923:Charles I 9905:from 1603 9855:James III 9835:Robert II 9791:William I 9766:Duncan II 9694:Malcolm I 9684:Donald II 9608:Edward VI 9598:Henry VII 9583:Edward IV 9553:Edward II 9543:Henry III 9526:Richard I 9487:William I 9408:Æthelstan 9307:James I → 9122:Elizabeth 8870:Inventory 8850:Ministers 8706:Locations 8672:Household 8650:Edward VI 8339:144764596 7980:22365258M 7953:22365254M 7843:25553298M 7564:181656553 7512:(1954) , 7336:(1967) , 7231:Guy, John 6845:Elizabeth 6843:Williams 6324:Elizabeth 6322:Williams 5217:Guy, 115. 5157:10 August 5147:2352-6963 4863:164188105 4727:844083309 4694:0013-8266 4591:(1959) . 4226:1741-4113 3939:Elizabeth 3937:Williams 3919:Haigh, 8. 3817:9 January 3790:9 January 3759:9 January 3593:31 August 3548:Citations 3001:Jane Grey 2238:John Stow 2226:Whitehall 2143:courtiers 2128:cosmetics 2100:Belphoebe 2059:John Lyly 1934:Carolinas 1912:In 1583, 1897:Murad III 1734:kneel to 1573:North Sea 1541:Caribbean 1497:in 1604. 1471:Joinville 1369:martyrdom 1337:issued a 1319:spymaster 1174:Virginity 1155:prorogued 1046:favourite 985:recusancy 935:vestments 820:Accession 814:Mary died 780:Woodstock 530:governess 363:virginity 272:Edward VI 223:Signature 127:Successor 10525:Ministry 10520:Heraldry 10342:Theology 10215:Paulinus 10041:George V 10031:Victoria 10006:George I 9875:James VI 9860:James IV 9850:James II 9823:David II 9818:Robert I 9807:Margaret 9741:Duncan I 9650:Donald I 9588:Edward V 9578:Henry VI 9568:Henry IV 9548:Edward I 9514:Henry II 9413:Edmund I 9402:Ælfweard 9360:monarchs 9354:Scottish 9300:← Mary I 9200:Gloriana 8957:Speeches 8928:Writings 8664:(cousin) 8646:(mother) 8640:(father) 8495:LibriVox 8431: · 8191:Archived 8179:59210072 8068:(1911). 8036:7714150M 8007:1553610M 7925:1396177M 7905:(1993). 7686:(1997), 7617:(2001), 7574:(2010), 7554:(1950), 7532:(2000), 7476:(2003), 7450:(1971), 7426:(2007), 7400:(1983), 7377:(1997). 7255:(2000), 7233:(2004), 7211:(2005), 7106:(1996), 6999:(2007), 6932:Starkey 6901:Starkey 6879:Hogge, 9 6636:24223816 6399:Archived 6266:Monarchy 6226:Archived 6047:Archived 6025:Archived 5997:Archived 5958:Archived 5919:Archived 5875:Archived 5151:Archived 5073:1 August 5067:Archived 5013:1 August 5007:Archived 4987:1 August 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8840:Leisure 8830:Fashion 8623:Ireland 8571:James I 8561:Ireland 8484:at the 8461:at the 8418: ( 8389:minutes 8349:(2006). 8331:1872838 8265:(2003). 8214:1350639 8111:(1966). 6979:5077207 6264:Doran, 6232:19 July 5822:series. 5318:Norfolk 4907:2639984 4855:2861792 4801:Doran, 4787:19 July 4551:Doran, 4520:Doran, 4507:Doran, 4476:Doran, 4272:29 July 3901:, p. 69 3334:coroner 2246:obsequy 2104:Astraea 2063:Euphues 1932:to the 1908:America 1857:Morocco 1751:led by 1749:Munster 1728:O'Neale 1708:Ireland 1657:Silver 1577:Tilbury 1569:Spanish 1479:channel 1475:Spanish 1349:heretic 1209:swell. 1165:happen. 1051:inquest 911:pelican 857:As her 666:Chelsea 614:Cornish 595:Tacitus 507:chrisom 326:mottoes 245:Ireland 131:James I 89:more... 84:Ireland 10399:Saints 10355:Father 10285:Hooker 10280:Parker 9870:Mary I 9751:Lulach 9715:Amlaíb 9709:Cuilén 9699:Indulf 9625:Philip 9620:Mary I 9423:Eadwig 9418:Eadred 9256:(1590) 9246:Poetry 9237:(2000) 9229:(1930) 9221:(1613) 9202:(1953) 9194:(1837) 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