490:
over a long period of time, of at least a month, two months or even a year. The compression is performed in real time, as the signals are acquired; it calculates a compression decision before all the compressed data is received. For instance should one parameter remain constant, and various others fluctuate, the compression decision retains only what is relevant from the constant data, and retains all the fluctuation data. It then decomposes the waveform of the power signal of numerous components, over various periods of the waveform. It concludes the process by compressing the values of at least some of these components over different periods, separately. This real time compression algorithm, performed independent of the sampling, prevents data gaps and has a typical 1000:1 compression ratio.
228:"Undervoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 minute. The term "brownout" is an apt description for voltage drops somewhere between full power (bright lights) and a blackout (no power – no light). It comes from the noticeable to significant dimming of regular incandescent lights, during system faults or overloading etc., when insufficient power is available to achieve full brightness in (usually) domestic lighting. This term is in common usage has no formal definition but is commonly used to describe a reduction in system voltage by the utility or system operator to decrease demand or to increase system operating margins.
79:
1236:
1815:
145:
294:
site may cause a transient that affects all other customers on the same subsystem. Problems, such as harmonics, arise within the customer’s own installation and may propagate onto the network and affect other customers. Harmonic problems can be dealt with by a combination of good design practice and well proven reduction equipment.
469:
instance, at a sampling rate of 32 samples per cycle, 1,920 samples are collected per second. For three-phase meters that measure both voltage and current waveforms, the data is 6–8 times as much. More practical solutions developed in recent years store data only when an event occurs (for example, when high levels of power system
519:
algorithms can be significant. By using prediction and modeling on the stored time series in the actual power quality archive the efficiency of post processing compression is usually further improved. This combination of simplistic techniques implies savings in both data storage and data acquisition
489:
methods) that enables meters to continuously store the waveform of one or more power signals, regardless whether or not an event of interest was identified. This algorithm referred to as PQZip empowers a processor with a memory that is sufficient to store the waveform, under normal power conditions,
133:
problem: is the equipment connected to the grid compatible with the events on the grid, and is the power delivered by the grid, including the events, compatible with the equipment that is connected? Compatibility problems always have at least two solutions: in this case, either clean up the power,
63:
then moves through the wiring system of the end user until it reaches the load. The complexity of the system to move electric energy from the point of production to the point of consumption combined with variations in weather, generation, demand and other factors provide many opportunities for the
293:
Each of these power quality problems has a different cause. Some problems are a result of the shared infrastructure. For example, a fault on the network may cause a dip that will affect some customers; the higher the level of the fault, the greater the number affected. A problem on one customer’s
22:
is the degree to which the voltage, frequency, and waveform of a power supply system conform to established specifications. Good power quality can be defined as a steady supply voltage that stays within the prescribed range, steady AC frequency close to the rated value, and smooth voltage curve
468:
In order to sufficiently monitor unforeseen events, Ribeiro et al. explains that it is not enough to display these parameters, but to also capture voltage waveform data at all times. This is impracticable due to the large amount of data involved, causing what is known the “bottle effect”. For
31:
and the load's ability to function properly. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality, and many more causes of such poor quality power.
323:
atop the sine wave. High-quality UPS units utilize a double conversion topology which breaks down incoming AC power into DC, charges the batteries, then remanufactures an AC sine wave. This remanufactured sine wave is of higher quality than the original AC power feed.
836:
502:
is generation of data archive aggregated over given interval. Most typically 10 minute or 1 minute interval is used as specified by the IEC/IEEE PQ standards. A significant archive sizes are created during an operation of such instrument. As Kraus
396:
used in the analysis of power quality. To provide high quality electric power service, it is essential to monitor the quality of the electric signals also termed as power quality (PQ) at different locations along an electrical
27:). In general, it is useful to consider power quality as the compatibility between what comes out of an electric outlet and the load that is plugged into it. The term is used to describe electric power that drives an
210:" in lighting equipment. Flicker is rapid visible changes of light level. Definition of the characteristics of voltage fluctuations that produce objectionable light flicker has been the subject of ongoing research.
203:
A "dip" (in
British English) or a "sag" (in American English the two terms are equivalent) is the opposite situation: the RMS voltage is below the nominal voltage by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.
283:
Typically, generators cause voltage distortions and loads cause current distortions. These distortions occur as oscillations more rapid than the nominal frequency, and are referred to as harmonics.
537:
IEC 61000-4-30 is the standard defining methods for monitoring power quality. Edition 3 (2015) includes current measurements, unlike earlier editions which related to voltage measurement alone.
619:
534:
IEEE-519 is the North
American guideline for power systems. It is defined as "recommended practice" and, unlike EN50160, this guideline refers to current distortion as well as voltage.
138:
372:
features of rapid sensing and automated self healing of anomalies in the network promises to bring higher quality power and less downtime while simultaneously supporting power from
572:
405:
and blackouts. This is particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk (institutions such as hospitals, sewage treatment plants, mines, etc.).
473:
are detected) or alternatively to store the RMS value of the electrical signals. This data, however, is not always sufficient to determine the exact nature of problems.
401:. Electrical utilities carefully monitor waveforms and currents at various network locations constantly, to understand what lead up to any unforeseen events such as a
280:
The oscillation of voltage and current ideally follows the form of a sine or cosine function, however it can alter due to imperfections in the generators or loads.
95:
289:
Low harmonic content in a waveform is ideal because harmonics can cause vibrations, buzzing, equipment distortions, and losses and overheating in transformers.
413:
Engineers use many kinds of meters, that read and display electrical power waveforms and calculate parameters of the waveforms. They measure, for example:
531:
EN50160 is the
European standard for power quality, setting the acceptable limits of distortion for the different parameters defining voltage in AC power.
834:, Nisenblat, Pol; Broshi, Amir M. & Efrati, Ofir, "Power Quality Monitoring", published April 18, 2004, issued September 21, 2006
630:
499:
316:(temporary) condition on the line. However, cheaper UPS units create poor-quality power themselves, akin to imposing a higher-frequency and lower-
1087:
75:—that is actually described by the term. Power is simply the flow of energy, and the current demanded by a load is largely uncontrollable.
1760:
691:
528:
The quality of electricity supplied is set forth in international standards and their local derivatives, adopted by different countries:
259:
Nonzero high-frequency impedance (when a load demands a large amount of current, then suddenly stops demanding it, there will be a dip or
508:
751:. Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 2001, IEEE, The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Vol. 1. pp. 676–681.
270:
at lower frequencies (usually less than 3 kHz) and described as Common Mode
Distortion or Interharmonics at higher frequencies.
368:(PMU) distributed throughout their network to monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Using such
1055:
1032:
1013:
994:
918:
328:
1818:
1235:
863:
1657:
770:
Ribeiro; et al. (Apr 2004). "An improved method for signal processing and compression in power quality evaluation".
286:
The relative contribution of harmonics to the distortion of the ideal waveform is called total harmonic distortion (THD).
1765:
1080:
956:
937:
667:
200:
When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute, the event is called a "swell".
1844:
1385:
975:
787:
594:
206:
Random or repetitive variations in the RMS voltage between 90 and 110% of nominal can produce a phenomenon known as "
1839:
1548:
1473:
1344:
747:
Ribeiro; et al. (2001). "An enhanced data compression method for applications in power quality analysis".
1720:
1652:
1642:
1518:
1418:
1073:
1573:
1533:
1110:
880:"IEEE 519-2014 - IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems"
309:
267:
122:
858:. 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, 8–11 June 2009. pp. 1–4.
1800:
1795:
1513:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1449:
1155:
546:
52:
48:
1849:
1715:
1433:
1403:
1180:
1047:
373:
831:
1770:
1259:
1220:
440:
817:
160:) or system specifications (in the case of a power feed not directly attached to the mains) with an
1745:
1553:
1493:
1150:
1684:
1674:
1664:
365:
313:
116:
36:
699:
1605:
1468:
1251:
377:
137:
The tolerance of data-processing equipment to voltage variations is often characterized by the
107:
40:
856:
CIRED 2009 - 20th
International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution - Part 1
586:
1740:
1508:
1503:
1483:
180:
No real-life power source is ideal and generally can deviate in at least the following ways:
571:
91:
The quality of electrical power may be described as a set of values of parameters, such as:
1334:
1096:
582:
551:
516:
253:
161:
8:
1705:
1538:
1438:
1413:
1366:
1175:
1165:
1130:
692:"Harmonic filtering in a data center? [A Power Quality discussion on UPS design]"
1579:
1190:
805:
793:
398:
347:
207:
130:
1730:
1610:
1215:
1051:
1028:
1009:
990:
971:
952:
933:
914:
859:
783:
673:
663:
590:
486:
435:
353:
302:
246:
157:
141:, which give the duration and magnitude of voltage variations that can be tolerated.
56:
797:
1679:
1620:
1324:
1319:
1296:
1205:
1145:
775:
752:
729:
417:
194:
99:
72:
1710:
1669:
1647:
1528:
1498:
1463:
1423:
1225:
852:"Lossless encodings and compression algorithms applied on power quality datasets"
335:
78:
28:
908:
1735:
1725:
1523:
1135:
851:
218:
756:
156:
having an amplitude and frequency given by national standards (in the case of
67:
While "power quality" is a convenient term for many, it is the quality of the
1833:
1755:
1543:
1428:
1408:
1339:
1329:
1286:
1170:
1125:
779:
677:
260:
214:
103:
879:
772:
2003 IEEE Power
Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491)
1775:
1750:
1615:
1584:
1398:
1200:
430:
402:
720:
Galli; et al. (Oct 1996). "Exploring the power of wavelet analysis".
235:" occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 minute.
106:
or overages below or above a threshold level thereby causing blackouts or
1600:
1568:
1361:
1349:
1269:
1195:
1185:
1115:
909:
Dugan, Roger C.; Mark McGranaghan; Surya
Santoso; H. Wayne Beaty (2003).
320:
232:
60:
1042:
Chattopadhyay, Surajit; Mitra, Madhuchhanda; Sengupta, Samarjit (2011).
1563:
1558:
1371:
1354:
1210:
1065:
369:
733:
1279:
1274:
1160:
1120:
485:
proposes the idea of power quality compression algorithm (similar to
470:
393:
339:
317:
222:
190:
169:
153:
24:
968:
Understanding Power
Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions
1393:
343:
59:
located at the premises of the end user of the electric power. The
44:
1314:
1304:
421:
197:(RMS) voltage are both important to different types of equipment.
68:
951:. Stars in a Circle Publications. Library Of Congress 621.3191.
507:
have demonstrated the compression ratio on such archives using
263:
in the voltage due to the inductances in the power supply line).
1309:
144:
312:(UPS) can be used to switch off of mains power if there is a
427:
phase relationship between waveforms of a multi-phase signal
1264:
884:
512:
346:
can protect against most overvoltage conditions, while a
331:(SSSC) are utilized for series voltage-sag compensation.
165:
217:", "impulses", or "surges", generally caused by large
830:
266:
Variations in the wave shape – usually described as
1022:
850:Kraus, Jan; Tobiska, Tomas; Bubla, Viktor (2009).
629:. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Archived from
380:, which would if unchecked degrade power quality.
256:(when a load draws more power, the voltage drops).
129:It is often useful to think of power quality as a
82:Frequency stability of some large electrical grids
930:Electric Power Systems: A Conceptual Introduction
849:
574:Electric power systems: a conceptual introduction
213:Abrupt, very brief increases in voltage, called "
1831:
684:
359:
152:Ideally, AC voltage is supplied by a utility as
305:is modifying the power to improve its quality.
493:
1081:
1041:
653:
651:
16:Measurement of power meeting specifications
1088:
1074:
660:Distributed photovoltaic grid transformers
113:Variation in voltage magnitude (see below)
658:Shertukde, Hemchandra Madhusudan (2014).
657:
569:
1095:
984:
774:. Vol. 19. IEEE. pp. 464–471.
648:
612:
383:
143:
77:
1003:
769:
746:
476:
1832:
965:
327:A dynamic voltage regulator (DVR) and
134:or make the equipment more resilient.
1069:
946:
927:
719:
329:static synchronous series compensator
297:
221:being turned ON, or more severely by
125:content in the waveforms for AC power
64:quality of supply to be compromised.
1025:Power Quality in Electrical Systems
1023:Kusko, Alex; Marc Thompson (2007).
722:IEEE Computer Applications in Power
390:power quality compression algorithm
13:
1766:Renewable energy commercialization
364:Modern systems use sensors called
14:
1861:
509:Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm
1814:
1813:
1234:
911:Electrical Power Systems Quality
350:protects against severe spikes.
872:
843:
86:
932:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
913:. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
824:
763:
740:
713:
603:
563:
1:
1761:Renewable Energy Certificates
1721:Cost of electricity by source
1643:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1519:High-voltage shore connection
928:Meier, Alexandra von (2006).
901:
570:Von Meier, Alexandra (2006).
557:
408:
360:Smart grids and power quality
175:
1776:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1574:Transmission system operator
1534:Mains electricity by country
1111:Automatic generation control
620:"Voltage Tolerance Boundary"
523:
310:uninterruptible power supply
239:
23:waveform (which resembles a
7:
1801:List of electricity sectors
1796:Electric energy consumption
1514:High-voltage direct current
1489:Electric power transmission
1479:Electric power distribution
1156:Energy return on investment
547:Dynamic voltage restoration
540:
494:Aggregated data compression
274:
53:electric power distribution
49:electric power transmission
10:
1868:
1716:Carbon offsets and credits
1434:Three-phase electric power
966:Bollen, Math H.J. (2000).
609:Energy Storage Association
374:intermittent power sources
183:
1809:
1784:
1771:Renewable Energy Payments
1694:
1631:
1593:
1447:
1384:
1295:
1260:Fossil fuel power station
1250:
1243:
1232:
1103:
1048:Springer Science+Business
1006:Handbook of Power Quality
757:10.1109/IECON.2001.976594
662:. CRC Press. p. 91.
441:total harmonic distortion
1845:Electrical power control
1554:Single-wire earth return
1494:Electrical busbar system
1151:Energy demand management
970:. New York: IEEE Press.
780:10.1109/PES.2003.1270480
498:A typical function of a
366:phasor measurement units
1685:Residual-current device
1675:Power system protection
1665:Generator interlock kit
458:reactive energy (kVArh)
37:electric power industry
1840:Electric power quality
1469:Distributed generation
1141:Electric power quality
1044:Electric Power Quality
949:Electric Power Quality
461:apparent energy (kVAh)
378:distributed generation
356:can remove harmonics.
252:Nonzero low-frequency
149:
83:
71:—rather than power or
41:electricity generation
20:Electric power quality
1741:Fossil fuel phase-out
1509:Electricity retailing
1504:Electrical substation
1484:Electric power system
985:Sankaran, C. (2002).
583:John Wiley & Sons
449:reactive power (kVAr)
384:Compression algorithm
147:
119:voltages and currents
96:Continuity of service
81:
1097:Electricity delivery
1004:Baggini, A. (2008).
947:Heydt, G.T. (1991).
552:Rapid voltage change
517:lossless compression
477:Raw data compression
452:apparent power (kVA)
1706:Availability factor
1658:Sulfur hexafluoride
1539:Overhead power line
1439:Virtual power plant
1414:Induction generator
1367:Sustainable biofuel
1176:Home energy storage
1166:Grid energy storage
1131:Droop speed control
455:active energy (kWh)
1580:Transmission tower
1191:Nameplate capacity
728:(4). IEEE: 37–41.
354:Electronic filters
348:lightning arrester
303:Power conditioning
298:Power conditioning
245:Variations in the
189:Variations in the
150:
84:
1850:Power engineering
1827:
1826:
1731:Environmental tax
1611:Cascading failure
1380:
1379:
1216:Utility frequency
1057:978-94-007-0634-7
1034:978-0-07-147075-9
1015:978-0-470-06561-7
996:978-0-8493-1040-9
989:. CRC Press LLC.
920:978-0-07-138622-7
734:10.1109/67.539845
696:DataCenterFix.com
515:or other similar
487:lossy compression
446:active power (kW)
57:electricity meter
1857:
1817:
1816:
1726:Energy subsidies
1680:Protective relay
1621:Rolling blackout
1248:
1247:
1238:
1206:Power-flow study
1146:Electrical fault
1090:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1038:
1019:
1000:
981:
962:
943:
924:
896:
895:
893:
892:
876:
870:
869:
865:978-1-84919126-5
847:
841:
840:
839:
835:
828:
822:
821:
815:
811:
809:
801:
767:
761:
760:
744:
738:
737:
717:
711:
710:
708:
707:
698:. Archived from
688:
682:
681:
655:
646:
645:
643:
641:
635:
624:
616:
610:
607:
601:
600:
580:
577:
567:
195:root mean square
100:electrical power
73:electric current
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1805:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1711:Capacity factor
1699:
1697:
1690:
1670:Numerical relay
1648:Circuit breaker
1636:
1634:
1627:
1589:
1529:Load management
1499:Electrical grid
1464:Demand response
1457:
1452:
1443:
1424:Microgeneration
1376:
1291:
1239:
1230:
1226:Vehicle-to-grid
1099:
1094:
1064:
1058:
1035:
1027:. McGraw Hill.
1016:
997:
978:
959:
940:
921:
904:
899:
890:
888:
878:
877:
873:
866:
848:
844:
837:
829:
825:
813:
812:
803:
802:
790:
768:
764:
745:
741:
718:
714:
705:
703:
690:
689:
685:
670:
656:
649:
639:
637:
636:on 1 April 2018
633:
622:
618:
617:
613:
608:
604:
597:
578:
568:
564:
560:
543:
526:
496:
479:
411:
386:
362:
336:surge protector
300:
277:
242:
219:inductive loads
186:
178:
89:
51:and ultimately
29:electrical load
17:
12:
11:
5:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:Statistics and
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Feed-in tariff
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Interconnector
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Dynamic demand
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Combined cycle
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
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1347:
1342:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1293:
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1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:Load-following
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:Electric power
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1039:
1033:
1020:
1014:
1001:
995:
982:
976:
963:
958:978-9992203040
957:
944:
939:978-0471178590
938:
925:
919:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:
871:
864:
842:
823:
814:|journal=
788:
762:
739:
712:
683:
669:978-1482247190
668:
647:
611:
602:
595:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
549:
542:
539:
525:
522:
500:power analyzer
495:
492:
478:
475:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
438:
433:
428:
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410:
407:
385:
382:
361:
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299:
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127:
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702:on 2011-07-08
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464:and many more
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131:compatibility
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104:voltage drops
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98:(whether the
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21:
1751:Net metering
1698:and policies
1616:Power outage
1585:Utility pole
1549:Pumped hydro
1455:distribution
1450:Transmission
1399:Cogeneration
1201:Power factor
1140:
1043:
1024:
1005:
986:
967:
948:
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910:
889:. Retrieved
883:
874:
855:
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771:
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742:
725:
721:
715:
704:. Retrieved
700:the original
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638:. Retrieved
631:the original
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467:
431:power factor
412:
403:power outage
389:
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326:
307:
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179:
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136:
128:
90:
87:Introduction
66:
34:
19:
18:
1746:Load factor
1601:Black start
1569:Transformer
1270:Natural gas
1221:Variability
1196:Peak demand
1186:Merit order
1116:Backfeeding
520:processes.
370:smart grids
321:square wave
233:Overvoltage
170:frequencies
148:CBEMA curve
139:CBEMA curve
61:electricity
1834:Categories
1788:production
1633:Protective
1564:Super grid
1559:Smart grid
1386:Generation
1320:Geothermal
1211:Repowering
902:Literature
891:2020-11-16
832:US 7415370
706:2010-12-14
585:. p.
558:References
481:Nisenblat
409:Challenges
338:or simple
176:Deviations
154:sinusoidal
39:comprises
1696:Economics
1419:Micro CHP
1297:Renewable
1280:Petroleum
1275:Oil shale
1161:Grid code
1121:Base load
1008:. Wiley.
816:ignored (
806:cite book
749:IECON '01
678:897338163
524:Standards
471:harmonics
436:frequency
394:algorithm
340:capacitor
318:amplitude
314:transient
268:harmonics
254:impedance
247:frequency
240:Frequency
223:lightning
162:impedance
117:Transient
108:brownouts
25:sine wave
1819:Category
1606:Brownout
1394:AC power
1104:Concepts
798:62578540
541:See also
344:varistor
275:Waveform
164:of zero
123:Harmonic
45:AC power
1635:devices
1345:Thermal
1340:Osmotic
1335:Current
1315:Biomass
1305:Biofuel
1287:Nuclear
1244:Sources
640:21 June
627:pge.com
422:voltage
418:current
208:flicker
184:Voltage
168:at all
69:voltage
1330:Marine
1310:Biogas
1054:
1031:
1012:
993:
974:
955:
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505:et al.
483:et al.
392:is an
215:spikes
55:to an
1687:(GFI)
1576:(TSO)
1362:Solar
1350:Tidal
1325:Hydro
794:S2CID
634:(PDF)
623:(PDF)
579:(PDF)
443:(THD)
261:spike
158:mains
1453:and
1372:Wind
1355:Wave
1265:Coal
1052:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1010:ISBN
991:ISBN
972:ISBN
953:ISBN
934:ISBN
915:ISBN
885:IEEE
860:ISBN
818:help
784:ISBN
674:OCLC
664:ISBN
642:2022
591:ISBN
513:bzip
420:and
376:and
191:peak
166:ohms
35:The
776:doi
753:doi
730:doi
424:RMS
342:or
308:An
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