672:
suitable for use by different classes of equipment. Where both single-phase and three-phase loads are served by an electrical system, the system may be labelled with both voltages such as 120/208 or 230/400 V, to show the line-to-neutral voltage and the line-to-line voltage. Large loads are connected for the higher voltage. Other three-phase voltages, up to 830 volts, are occasionally used for special-purpose systems such as oil well pumps. Large industrial motors (say, more than 250 hp or 150 kW) may operate on medium voltage. On 60 Hz systems a standard for medium voltage equipment is 2,400/4,160 V whereas 3,300 V is the common standard for 50 Hz systems.
546:
724:. No change in voltage was required by either the Central European or the UK system, as both 220 V and 240 V fall within the lower 230 V tolerance bands (230 V ±6%). Usually the voltage of 230 V ±3% is maintained. Some areas of the UK still have 250 volts for legacy reasons, but these also fall within the 10% tolerance band of 230 volts. In practice, this allowed countries to have supplied the same voltage (220 or 240 V), at least until existing supply transformers are replaced. Equipment (with the exception of
123:
22:
664:
conductor material than a 120 V system to deliver a given amount of power because the current, and consequently the resistive loss, is lower. While large heating appliances can use smaller conductors at 230 V for the same output rating, few household appliances use anything like the full capacity of the outlet to which they are connected. Minimum wire size for hand-held or portable equipment is usually restricted by the mechanical strength of the conductors.
817:
649:(RMS) voltage. Voltage tolerances are for steady-state operation. Momentary heavy loads, or switching operations in the power distribution network, may cause short-term deviations out of the tolerance band and storms and other unusual conditions may cause even larger transient variations. In general, power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only a single generator.
876:(ANSI) published C84.1 âAmerican National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment â Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)â. This standard established 120 volt nominal system and two ranges for service voltage and utilization voltage variations. Today, virtually all American homes and businesses have access to 120 and 240 V at 60 Hz. Both voltages are available on the three wires (two "hot" legs of opposite phase and one "neutral" leg).
991:
928:, again, with on-load tap changers to adjust the ratio depending on the observed voltage changes. At each customer's service, the step-down transformer has up to five taps to allow some range of adjustment, usually ±5% of the nominal voltage. Since these taps are not automatically controlled, they are used only to adjust the long-term average voltage at the service and not to regulate the voltage seen by the utility customer.
247:, did not apply in the first few decades of the 20th century and are still not universal. Industrial plants with three-phase power will have different, higher voltages installed for large equipment (and different sockets and plugs), but the common voltages listed here would still be found for lighting and portable equipment.
963:
sets to provide power when the utility supply is unavailable or unusable. Erratic power supply may be a severe economic handicap to businesses and public services which rely on electrical machinery, illumination, climate control and computers. Even the best quality power system may have breakdowns or
942:
The stability of the voltage and frequency supplied to customers varies among countries and regions. "Power quality" is a term describing the degree of deviation from the nominal supply voltage and frequency. Short-term surges and drop-outs affect sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and
896:
in
Germany decided to standardize their generation equipment on 60 Hz and 50 Hz respectively, eventually leading to most of the world being supplied at one of these two frequencies. Today most 60 Hz systems deliver nominal 120/240 V, and most 50 Hz nominally 230 V. The
883:
electrical utility, decided to greatly increase its distribution capacity by switching to 220 V nominal distribution, taking advantage of the higher voltage capability of newly developed metal filament lamps. The company was able to offset the cost of converting the customer's equipment by the
863:
to the same 110 V customer utilization voltage that Edison used. In 1883 Edison patented a threeâwire distribution system to allow DC generation plants to serve a wider radius of customers to save on copper costs. By connecting two groups of 110 V lamps in series more load could be served
671:
240 V systems to supply large appliances. In this system a 240 V supply has a centre-tapped neutral to give two 120 V supplies which can also supply 240 V to loads connected between the two line wires. Three-phase systems can be connected to give various combinations of voltage,
227:
power is most commonly used today, although two-phase systems were used early in the 20th century. Foreign enclaves, such as large industrial plants or overseas military bases, may have a different standard voltage or frequency from the surrounding areas. Some city areas may use standards different
735:
converted to 230 V as the nominal standard with a tolerance of +10%/â6%, this superseding the old 240 V standard, AS 2926-1987. The tolerance was increased in 2022 to ± 10% with the release of AS IEC 60038:2022. The utilization voltage available at an appliance may be
639:
A distinction should be made between the voltage at the point of supply (nominal voltage at the point of interconnection between the electrical utility and the user) and the voltage rating of the equipment (utilization or load voltage). Typically the utilization voltage is 3% to 5% lower than the
483:
Portable appliances use single-phase electric power, with two or three wired contacts at each outlet. Two wires (neutral and live/active/hot) carry current to operate the device. A third wire, not always present, connects conductive parts of the appliance case to earth ground. This protects users
109:
of electric power differs between regions. In much of the world, a voltage (nominally) of 230 volts and frequency of 50 Hz is used. In North
America, the most common combination is 120 V and a frequency of 60 Hz. Other combinations exist, for example, 230 V at 60 Hz.
887:
In the first decade after the introduction of alternating current in the US (from the early 1880s to about 1893) a variety of different frequencies were used, with each electric provider setting their own, so that no single one prevailed. The most common frequency was 133â
Hz. The rotation
663:
The choice of supply voltage is due more to historical reasons than optimization of the electric power distribution systemâonce a voltage is in use and equipment using this voltage is widespread, changing voltage is a drastic and expensive measure. A 230 V distribution system will use less
528:
between the line and neutral or ground wires or the drawing of more current than the wires are rated to handle (overload protection) to prevent overheating and possible fire. These protective devices are usually mounted in a central panelâmost commonly a distribution board or consumer unitâin a
505:
Small portable electrical equipment is connected to the power supply through flexible cables terminated in a plug, which is inserted into a fixed receptacle (socket). Larger household electrical equipment and industrial equipment may be permanently wired to the fixed wiring of the building. For
923:
or along the distribution line. At a substation, the step-down transformer will have an automatic on-load tap changer, allowing the ratio between transmission voltage and distribution voltage to be adjusted in steps. For long (several kilometres) rural distribution circuits, automatic voltage
493:
In northern and central Europe, residential electrical supply is commonly 400 V three-phase electric power, which gives 230 V between any single phase and neutral; house wiring may be a mix of three-phase and single-phase circuits, but three-phase residential use is rare in the UK.
130:
In the US, mains electric power is referred to by several names including "utility power", "household power", "household electricity", "house current", "powerline", "domestic power", "wall power", "line power", "wall current", "AC power", "city power", "street power", and "120 (one twenty)".
630:
have mixed voltage systems; in residential and light commercial buildings both countries use 127 volts, with 220 volts at 60 Hz in commercial and industrial applications. The Saudi government approved plans in August 2010 to transition the country to a totally 230/400-volt
581:
the nominal supply voltage is 230 V +10%/â6% to accommodate the fact that most transformers are in fact still set to 240 V. The 230 V standard has become widespread so that 230 V equipment can be used in most parts of the world with the aid of an
644:
between equipment and supply. Voltages in this article are the nominal supply voltages and equipment used on these systems will carry slightly lower nameplate voltages. Power distribution system voltage is nearly sinusoidal in nature. Voltages are expressed as
617:
and some parts of northern South
America use a voltage between 100 V and 127 V. However, most of the households in Japan equip split-phase electric power like the United States, which can supply 200 V by using reversed phase at the same time.
884:
resulting saving in distribution conductors cost. This became the model for electrical distribution in
Germany and the rest of Europe and the 220 V system became common. North American practice remained with voltages near 110 V for lamps.
243:(DC) has been displaced by alternating current (AC) in public power systems, but DC was used especially in some city areas to the end of the 20th century. The modern combinations of 230 V/50 Hz and 120 V/60 Hz, listed in
751:) (â5% to +5%). Historically, 110 V, 115 V and 117 V have been used at different times and places in North America. Mains power is sometimes spoken of as 110 V; however, 120 V is the nominal voltage.
964:
require servicing. As such, companies, governments and other organizations sometimes have backup generators at sensitive facilities, to ensure that power will be available even in the event of a power outage or black out.
832:
in 1881. It was an alternating current (AC) system using a
Siemens alternator supplying power for both street lights and consumers at two voltages, 250 V for arc lamps, and 40 V for incandescent lamps.
461:
Includes small electric devices, heating elements, exterior lights, outdoor grills, pool and spa heaters, backup electricity generators, and motors not listed above. Does not include electric vehicle charging.
173:
Worldwide, many different mains power systems are found for the operation of household and light commercial electrical appliances and lighting. The different systems are primarily characterized by:
868:, allowing lamps to be run at around 110 V and major appliances to be connected to 220 V. Nominal voltages gradually crept upward to 112 V and 115 V, or even 117 V. After
856:, the world's first permanent commercial central power plant. The Pearl Street Station also provided DC at 110 V, considered to be a "safe" voltage for consumers, beginning 4 September 1882.
469:
to power the device. This is often capable of operation with a wide range of voltage and with both common power frequencies. Other AC applications usually have much more restricted input ranges.
1292:
864:
by the same size conductors run with 220 V between them; a neutral conductor carried any imbalance of current between the two sub-circuits. AC circuits adopted the same form during the
1099:
979:. In contrast, harmonic distortion is usually caused by conditions of the load or generator. In multi-phase power, phase shift distortions caused by imbalanced loads can occur.
138:, and mains electricity is often referred to as "hydro" in some regions of the country. This is also reflected in names of current and historical electricity utilities such as
736:
below this range, due to voltage drops within the customer installation. As in the UK, 240 V is within the allowable limits and "240 volt" is a synonym for mains in
239:
Many other combinations of voltage and utility frequency were formerly used, with frequencies between 25 Hz and 133 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 250 V.
1355:
98:
in many parts of the world. People use this electricity to power everyday items (such as domestic appliances, televisions and lamps) by plugging them into a wall outlet.
537:âflow of current in other than the neutral and line wires (like the ground wire or a person). When a ground fault is detected, the device quickly cuts off the circuit.
747:
In the United States and Canada, national standards specify that the nominal voltage at the source should be 120 V and allow a range of 114 V to 126 V (
888:
speed of induction generators and motors, the efficiency of transformers, and flickering of carbon arc lamps all played a role in frequency setting. Around 1893 the
897:
significant exceptions are in Brazil, which has a synchronized 60 Hz grid with both 127 V and 220 V as standard voltages in different regions, and
640:
nominal system voltage; for example, a nominal 208 V supply system will be connected to motors with "200 V" on their nameplates. This allows for the
1378:
511:
1285:
1069:
25:
World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to mains electricity (as of 2017), a measure of the extent of
1110:
1329:
802:. To accommodate the difference, frequency-sensitive appliances marketed in Japan can often be switched between the two frequencies.
114:
in different regions provide some protection from accidental use of appliances with incompatible voltage and frequency requirements.
844:
in Londonâstarted operation in
January 1882, providing direct current (DC) at 110 V. The Holborn Viaduct station was used as a
1074:], Noel Williams & Jeffrey S Sargent, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2012, p. 249 (retrieved 3 March 2013 from Google Books)
622:
is unusual in having both 127 V and 220 V systems at 60 Hz and also permitting interchangeable plugs and sockets.
510:
unit would be connected to a wall plug, whereas the central air conditioning for a whole home would be permanently wired. Larger
873:
1193:
British
Standard BS 7697: Nominal voltages for low voltage public electricity supply systems â (Implementation of HD 472 S1)
1057:
795:
256:
799:
1214:
898:
1455:
915:
To maintain the voltage at the customer's service within the acceptable range, electrical distribution utilities use
889:
1083:
872:
the standard voltage in the U.S. became 117 V, but many areas lagged behind even into the 1960s. In 1954, the
787:
1237:
110:
Travellers' portable appliances may be inoperative or damaged by foreign electrical supplies. Non-interchangeable
533:, also known as ground-fault circuit interrupters and appliance leakage current interrupters, are used to detect
155:
1268:
1316:
134:
In the UK, mains electric power is generally referred to as "the mains". More than half of power in Canada is
841:
1468:
1135:
859:
AC systems started appearing in the US in the mid-1880s, using higher distribution voltage stepped down via
514:
are used for industrial equipment carrying larger currents, higher voltages, or three phase electric power.
1204:
1160:
976:
956:
658:
167:
783:
220:
545:
236:
may have no central electrical authority, with electric power provided by incompatible private sources.
668:
224:
111:
529:
building, but some wiring systems also provide a protection device at the socket or within the plug.
967:
Power quality can also be affected by distortions of the current or voltage waveform in the form of
758:, the electrical power supply to households is at 100 and 200 V. Eastern and northern parts of
680:
Until 1987, mains voltage in large parts of Europe, including
Germany, Austria and Switzerland, was
1418:
1009:
465:
Electronic appliances such as computers or televisions sets typically use an AC to DC converter or
255:
Electricity is used for lighting, heating, cooling, electric motors and electronic equipment. The
1499:
770:
have a frequency of 50 Hz, whereas western Honshƫ (including Nagoya, Osaka, and
Hiroshima),
725:
530:
94:
supply. It is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses through the
1266:
American
National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment â Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)
791:
452:
Includes televisions, set-top boxes, home theatre systems, DVD players, and video game consoles.
955:
and low reliability of supply generally increase costs to customers, who may have to invest in
948:
207:
All these parameters vary among regions. The voltages are generally in the range 100â240
893:
849:
8:
1364:
865:
87:
1392:
786:(HVDC) substations which interconnect the power between the two grid systems; these are
728:) used in these countries is designed to accept any voltage within the specified range.
696:. Standard ISO IEC 60038:1983 defined the new standard European voltage to be
1054:
944:
782:
operate at 60 Hz. The boundary between the two regions contains four back-to-back
737:
488:
1029:
1451:
1372:
1210:
1004:
916:
905:
521:
478:
197:
106:
1443:
1088:], Brian Scaddan, Routledge, 2011, p. 18 (retrieved 6 March 2013 from Google Books)
960:
845:
748:
646:
507:
212:
135:
1272:
972:
925:
811:
741:
614:
517:
186:
95:
26:
139:
1319:
CAN3-C235-83: Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to 50 000 V
779:
578:
240:
147:
91:
586:
or a change to the equipment's plug to the standard for the specific country.
122:
1493:
996:
937:
853:
837:
610:
590:
574:
525:
495:
952:
869:
820:
A 50 Hz ±5 Hz vibrating-reed mains frequency meter for 220 V
641:
623:
606:
499:
667:
Many areas, such as the US, which use (nominally) 120 V, make use of
484:
from electric shock if live internal parts accidentally contact the case.
455:
Includes desktop and laptop computers, monitors, and networking equipment.
1161:"Voltage in Saudi Arabia - Electricity Supply and Power Quality Overview"
860:
825:
816:
570:
263:
U.S. residential sector electricity consumption by major end uses in 2021
193:
549:
World map of mains voltages and frequencies, simplified to country level
21:
924:
regulators may be mounted on poles of the distribution line. These are
920:
466:
1265:
829:
732:
566:
244:
151:
16:
Type of lower-voltage electricity most commonly provided by utilities
166:
For a list of voltages, frequencies, and wall plugs by country, see
968:
767:
143:
990:
771:
583:
506:
example, in North American homes a window-mounted self-contained
233:
102:
1448:
Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society 1880â1930
880:
775:
759:
627:
619:
602:
594:
558:
554:
1086:
17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations: Explained and Illustrated
716:
was implemented. From 2009 on, the voltage is permitted to be
502:
may be supplied from the 400 V three-phase power supply.
763:
755:
598:
229:
216:
1425:. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). January 1999
1261:
901:: 50 Hz for East Japan and 60 Hz for West Japan.
562:
208:
1238:"Electrical Contractor Update - Issue 04 - February 2023"
215:
voltage). The two commonly used frequencies are 50
971:
of the fundamental (supply) frequency, or non-harmonic
828:
driven system constructed in the small English town of
577:) use a supply that is within 6% of 230 V. In the
1206:
Renewable Energy Integration: Challenges and Solutions
1450:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1983
1202:
498:, water heaters and household power heavy tools like
986:
879:In 1899, the Berliner ElektrizitÀts-Werke (BEW), a
126:
A table lamp connected to a wall socket (the mains)
1469:"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil"
1367:, 1987, archived from the original on 1 April 2017
1136:"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil"
824:The world's first public electricity supply was a
228:from that of the surrounding countryside (e.g. in
1491:
1377:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
704:. From 1987 onwards, a step-wise shift towards
1278:
1184:CENELEC Harmonisation Document HD 472 S1:1988
1100:"Voltage and Equipment Standard Misalignment"
250:
1097:
1060:, 3 March 2022, (retrieved 11 November 2022)
836:The world's first large scale central plantâ
1203:Hossain, J.; Mahmud, A. (29 January 2014).
1072:Electrical Inspection Manual, 2011 Edition
1056:, How is electricity used in U.S. homes?,
373:Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps
183:Plugs and sockets (receptacles or outlets)
1030:"Access to electricity (% of population)"
1357:Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom
1022:
848:for the construction of the much larger
842:steam powered station at Holborn Viaduct
815:
597:use a supply voltage of 120 volts ± 6%.
544:
121:
20:
1397:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
1393:"Milestones:Pearl Street Station, 1882"
1492:
1298:from the original on 10 November 2019
910:
874:American National Standards Institute
196:damage (e.g., due to short circuit),
1058:US Energy Information Administration
652:
634:
257:US Energy Information Administration
232:). Regions in an effective state of
800:Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter
13:
675:
472:
351:Televisions and related equipment
14:
1511:
1098:Halliday, Chris; Urquhart, Dave.
540:
989:
931:
899:Japan, which has two frequencies
362:Computers and related equipment
161:
1461:
1437:
1411:
1399:. United Engineering Foundation
1385:
1348:
1322:
1310:
1255:
1230:
1196:
458:Does not include water heating.
156:Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
82:, or, in some parts of Canada,
1275:, NEMA (costs $ 95 for access)
1187:
1178:
1153:
1128:
1091:
1077:
1063:
1048:
553:Most of the world population (
494:High-power appliances such as
117:
1:
1015:
947:. Longer-term power outages,
890:Westinghouse Electric Company
1419:"Voltage Tolerance Boundary"
1291:. PG&E. 1 January 1999.
1286:"Voltage Tolerance Boundary"
977:electromagnetic interference
973:(inter)modulation distortion
957:uninterruptible power supply
659:Mains electricity by country
512:plug and socket combinations
168:Mains electricity by country
7:
982:
784:high-voltage direct-current
10:
1516:
935:
903:
809:
805:
656:
486:
476:
251:Common uses of electricity
165:
892:in the United States and
1330:"Godalming: Electricity"
1242:us5.campaign-archive.com
1209:. Springer. p. 71.
1010:Maximum demand indicator
531:Residual-current devices
1336:. Surrey County Council
1334:Exploring Surrey's Past
975:such as that caused by
669:three-wire, split-phase
86:, is a general-purpose
921:electrical substations
821:
631:50/60 Hz system.
550:
127:
60:
819:
548:
487:Further information:
259:(EIA) has published:
211:(always expressed as
203:Parameter tolerances.
125:
24:
1271:27 July 2007 at the
917:regulating equipment
850:Pearl Street Station
1365:Electricity Council
945:flat-panel displays
866:war of the currents
524:are used to detect
192:Protection against
88:alternating-current
1423:Power Quality Blog
911:Voltage regulation
822:
688:while the UK used
551:
489:Ground and neutral
439:Total consumption
200:, and fire hazards
128:
61:
1005:Electricity meter
906:Utility frequency
653:Choice of voltage
635:Measuring voltage
479:Electrical wiring
449:
448:
275:(Terawatt-hours)
112:plugs and sockets
64:Mains electricity
1507:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1465:
1459:
1444:Thomas P. Hughes
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1132:
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1125:
1123:
1121:
1116:on 11 March 2018
1115:
1109:. Archived from
1104:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:. The World Bank
1026:
999:
994:
993:
926:autotransformers
846:proof of concept
796:Minami-Fukumitsu
723:
721:
715:
713:
712:
703:
701:
695:
693:
687:
685:
647:root mean square
518:Circuit breakers
406:Clothes washers
267:
266:
219:and 60 Hz.
213:root-mean-square
136:hydroelectricity
57:
51:
45:
39:
33:
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1273:Wayback Machine
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676:Standardization
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615:Central America
543:
508:air conditioner
491:
481:
475:
473:Building wiring
329:Clothes dryers
279:
274:
253:
187:Earthing system
171:
164:
154:(Ontario), and
120:
96:electrical grid
59:
55:
53:
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47:
43:
41:
37:
35:
31:
27:electrification
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1500:Electric power
1486:
1485:
1473:WorldStandards
1460:
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1347:
1321:
1309:
1277:
1254:
1229:
1216:978-9814585279
1215:
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1177:
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1140:WorldStandards
1127:
1107:powerlogic.com
1090:
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1000:
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936:Main article:
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912:
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810:Main article:
807:
804:
726:filament bulbs
677:
674:
657:Main article:
654:
651:
636:
633:
579:United Kingdom
573:, and much of
542:
541:Voltage levels
539:
526:short circuits
496:kitchen stoves
474:
471:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
447:
446:
443:
442:5,470 (1,519)
440:
436:
435:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
374:
370:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
319:
318:Refrigeration
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:Water heating
304:
303:
300:
297:
296:Space heating
293:
292:
289:
286:
285:Space cooling
282:
281:
276:
271:
252:
249:
241:Direct current
205:
204:
201:
198:electric shock
190:
184:
181:
178:
163:
160:
148:Manitoba Hydro
119:
116:
92:electric power
76:domestic power
54:
48:
42:
36:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1512:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1456:0-8018-2873-2
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:Energy portal
992:
987:
980:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
938:Power quality
932:Power quality
929:
927:
922:
918:
907:
902:
900:
895:
891:
885:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:Thomas Edison
834:
831:
827:
818:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
745:
743:
739:
734:
729:
727:
673:
670:
665:
660:
650:
648:
643:
632:
629:
625:
621:
616:
612:
611:North America
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:United States
587:
585:
580:
576:
575:South America
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
547:
538:
536:
535:ground faults
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
513:
509:
503:
501:
500:log splitters
497:
490:
485:
480:
470:
468:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
444:
441:
438:
437:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
383:
382:
378:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
295:
294:
290:
287:
284:
283:
277:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
248:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
174:
169:
162:Power systems
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
124:
115:
113:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:utility power
65:
34: 80â100%
28:
23:
19:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:
1463:
1447:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1356:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1280:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1205:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1164:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1106:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
966:
959:or stand-by
941:
914:
886:
878:
870:World War II
861:transformers
858:
835:
823:
788:Shin Shinano
753:
746:
730:
679:
666:
662:
642:voltage drop
638:
624:Saudi Arabia
607:Saudi Arabia
588:
552:
534:
516:
504:
492:
482:
464:
431:1,900 (520)
417:Dishwashers
262:
261:
254:
238:
221:Single-phase
206:
172:
140:Hydro-Québec
133:
129:
100:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:
52: 20â40%
46: 40â60%
40: 60â80%
18:
1478:27 November
1302:22 November
1170:27 November
1145:27 November
826:water wheel
762:(including
694:14.4 V
571:New Zealand
428:Other uses
225:three-phase
194:overcurrent
189:(grounding)
118:Terminology
58: 0â20%
1403:6 December
1340:6 December
1222:13 January
1016:References
904:See also:
798:, and the
792:Sakuma Dam
738:Australian
477:See also:
467:AC adapter
310:630 (176)
299:750 (207)
288:850 (235)
273:Petajoules
80:wall power
72:grid power
1040:5 October
969:harmonics
961:generator
953:blackouts
949:brownouts
830:Godalming
733:Australia
731:In 2000,
722:23 V
702:23 V
686:22 V
567:Australia
384:Freezers
365:130 (36)
354:200 (56)
343:210 (59)
340:Lighting
332:230 (64)
321:310 (87)
245:IEC 60038
180:Frequency
152:Hydro One
107:frequency
1494:Category
1429:7 August
1373:citation
1293:Archived
1269:Archived
1120:14 March
983:See also
854:New York
768:HokkaidĆ
409:40 (11)
398:58 (16)
395:Cooking
387:72 (20)
376:86 (24)
278:Share of
270:End use
144:BC Hydro
1264:C84.1:
1247:4 March
1165:Sinalda
806:History
780:Okinawa
772:Shikoku
714: V
584:adapter
420:29 (8)
234:anarchy
177:Voltage
103:voltage
1458:p. 193
1454:
1363:, The
1213:
881:Berlin
776:Kyƫshƫ
766:) and
760:Honshƫ
628:Mexico
620:Brazil
603:Taiwan
595:Canada
559:Africa
555:Europe
280:total
78:, and
56:
50:
44:
38:
32:
1361:(PDF)
1296:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
764:Tokyo
756:Japan
709:+13.8
599:Japan
522:fuses
445:100%
230:Libya
90:(AC)
84:hydro
1480:2020
1452:ISBN
1431:2022
1405:2017
1379:link
1342:2017
1304:2019
1262:ANSI
1249:2024
1224:2018
1211:ISBN
1172:2020
1147:2020
1122:2014
1042:2019
1034:Data
951:and
778:and
740:and
626:and
593:and
589:The
563:Asia
520:and
434:34%
313:12%
302:14%
291:15%
105:and
101:The
1317:CSA
919:at
894:AEG
852:in
840:'s
754:In
749:RMS
718:230
711:â23
706:230
698:230
690:240
682:220
423:1%
412:1%
401:1%
390:1%
379:2%
368:2%
357:4%
346:4%
335:4%
324:6%
223:or
66:or
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