Einsatzgruppen - Knowledge

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pits, where they were ordered to strip. The victims were driven into the prepared trenches, made to lie down, and shot in the head or the back of the neck by members of Jeckeln's bodyguard. Around 13,000 Jews from Riga were murdered at the pits that day, along with a thousand Jews from Berlin who had just arrived by train. On the second day of the operation, 8 December 1941, the remaining 10,000 Jews of Riga were murdered in the same way. About a thousand were murdered on the streets of the city or on the way to the site, bringing the total number of victims for the two-day extermination to 25,000 people. For his part in organising the massacre, Jeckeln was promoted to Leader of the SS Upper Section,

2410: 3199: 2109: 2389:, 50 German SD men, and 50 Latvian guards, most of whom had already participated in mass-murdering of civilians. These troops were supplemented by Latvians, including members of the Riga city police, battalion police, and ghetto guards. Around 1,500 able-bodied Jews would be spared execution so their slave labour could be exploited; a thousand men were relocated to a fenced-off area within the ghetto and 500 women were temporarily housed in a prison and later moved to a separate nearby ghetto, where they were put to work mending uniforms. 2434: 7862: 51: 648: 2071:, and some Ukrainian auxiliary police. The Jews of Kyiv were told to report to a certain street corner on 29 September; anyone who disobeyed would be shot. Since word of massacres in other areas had not yet reached Kyiv and the assembly point was near the train station, they assumed they were being deported. People showed up at the rendezvous point in large numbers, laden with possessions and food for the journey. 2301: 1773: 2393:(44 lb) of possessions. The first day of executions, 30 November 1941, began with the perpetrators rousing and assembling the victims at 4:00 am. The victims were moved in columns of a thousand people toward the execution ground. As they walked, some SS men went up and down the line, shooting people who could not keep up the pace or who tried to run away or rest. 2587:

three categories of potential perpetrators: those who were eager to participate right from the start, those who participated in spite of moral qualms because they were ordered to do so, and a significant minority who refused to take part. A few men spontaneously became excessively brutal in their killing methods and their zeal for the task. Commander of

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soldiers brandishing clubs. Anyone who tried to escape was beaten. Soon the victims reached an open area, where they were forced to strip, and then were herded down into the ravine. People were forced to lie down in rows on top of the bodies of other victims, and they were shot in the back of the head or the neck by members of the execution squads.

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quickly without local help. He points out that the ratio of Order Police to auxiliaries was 1 to 10 in both Ukraine and Belarus. In rural areas the proportion was 1 to 20. This meant that most Ukrainian and Belarusian Jews were murdered by fellow Ukrainians and Belarusians commanded by German officers rather than by Germans.

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The most important objective of this campaign against the Jewish-Bolshevik system is the complete destruction of its sources of power and the extermination of the Asiatic influence in European civilization ... In this eastern theatre, the soldier is not only a man fighting in accordance with the

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Jäger's report provides an almost daily running total of the liquidations of 137,346 people, the vast majority of them Jews. The report documents the exact date and place of massacres, the number of victims, and their breakdown into categories (Jews, Communists, criminals, and so on). Women were shot

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once German forces arrived there. According to Mallmann and Cüppers, the unit's purpose was to carry out mass-murder of the Jewish populations in those areas. Given its initially small staff of only 24 men, Mallmann and Cüppers point to the further history of the unit, when it was quickly enlarged to

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mass execution first-hand and concluded that shooting Jews was too stressful for his men. By November he made arrangements for any SS men suffering ill health from having participated in executions to be provided with rest and mental health care. He also decided a transition should be made to gassing

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were inefficient: they were costly, demoralising for the troops, and sometimes did not kill the victims quickly enough. Many of the troops found the massacres to be difficult if not impossible to perform. Some of the perpetrators suffered physical and mental health problems, and many turned to drink.

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and other borderlands had experienced a political culture of violence. The 1940–1941 Soviet occupation had been profoundly traumatic for residents of the Baltic states and areas that had been part of Poland until 1939; the population was brutalised and terrorised, and the existing familiar structures

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4a, later testified that three days later that there were still people alive among the corpses. Heidborn spent the next few days helping smooth out the "millions" of banknotes taken from the victims' possessions. The clothing was taken away, destined to be re-used by German citizens. Jeckeln's troops

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took part in mass shootings from the early days of the war. Initially the targets were adult Jewish men, but by August the net had been widened to include women, children, and the elderly—the entire Jewish population. Initially there was a semblance of legality given to the shootings, with trumped-up

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As the invasion began, the Germans pursued the fleeing Red Army, leaving a security vacuum. Reports surfaced of Soviet guerrilla activity in the area, with local Jews immediately suspected of collaboration. Heydrich ordered his officers to incite anti-Jewish pogroms in the newly occupied territories.

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The second wave of exterminations in the Soviet Union met with armed resistance in some areas, though the chance of success was poor. Weapons were typically primitive or home-made. Communications were impossible between ghettos in various cities, so there was no way to create a unified strategy. Few

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report dated 17 September advised that the Germans would be better off using any skilled Jews as labourers rather than shooting them. Also, in some areas poor weather and a lack of transportation led to a slowdown in deportations of Jews from points further west. Thus, an interval passed between the

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has suggested that many survived and made sense of the "totalitarian atomization" of society by seeking conformity with communism. As a result, by the time of the German invasion in 1941, many had come to see conformity with a totalitarian regime as socially acceptable behaviour; thus, people simply

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After being marched three kilometres (two miles) northwest of the city centre, the victims encountered a barbed wire barrier and numerous Ukrainian police and German troops. Thirty or forty people at a time were told to leave their possessions and were escorted through a narrow passageway lined with

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B report, dated 9 October 1941, described one such hanging. Due to suspected partisan activity near Demidov, all male residents aged 15 to 55 were put in a camp to be screened. The screening produced seventeen people who were identified as "partisans" and "Communists". Five members of the group were

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C in September 1941 noted that not all Jews were members of the Bolshevist apparatus, and suggested that the total elimination of Jewry would have a negative impact on the economy and the food supply. The Nazis began to round their victims up into concentration camps and ghettos and rural districts

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Struggle between two ideologies. Scathing evaluation of Bolshevism, equals antisocial criminality. Communism immense future danger ... This a fight to the finish. If we do not accept this, we shall beat the enemy, but in thirty years we shall again confront the Communist foe. We don't make war

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leaders—especially when they were being ordered to carry out criminal activities—were vague, and couched in terminology that had a specific meaning for members of the regime. Leaders were given briefings about the need to be "severe" and "firm"; all Jews were to be viewed as potential enemies that

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members with war crimes. As time went on, it became more difficult to obtain prosecutions; witnesses grew older and were less likely to be able to offer valuable testimony. Funding for trials was inadequate, and the governments of Austria and Germany became less interested in obtaining convictions

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leaders militarized the genocide. The historian Christian Ingrao notes an attempt was made to make the shootings a collective act without individual responsibility. Framing the shootings in this way was not psychologically sufficient for every perpetrator to feel absolved of guilt. Browning notes

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D reduced the city's Jewish population from 30,000 to 702 over the course of four days. The German Order Police and local collaborators provided the extra manpower needed to perform all the shootings. Haberer wrote that, as in the Baltic states, the Germans could not have murdered so many Jews so

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When the columns neared the prepared execution site, the victims were driven some 270 metres (300 yd) from the road into the forest, where any possessions that had not yet been abandoned were seized. Here the victims were split into groups of fifty and taken deeper into the forest, near the

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3. There are no more Jews in Lithuania, apart from working Jews and their families." In a February 1942 addendum to the report, Jäger increased the total number of victims to 138,272, giving a breakdown of 48,252 men, 55,556 women, and 34,464 children. Only 1,851 of the victims were non-Jewish.

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on 15–16 August 1941. For the most part the report does not give any military justification for the murders; people were murdered solely because they were Jews. In total, the report lists over 100 executions in 71 different locations. Jäger wrote: "I can state today that the goal of solving the

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leaders, including Ohlendorf, claimed at the trial to have received an order before Operation Barbarossa requiring them to murder all Soviet Jews. To date no evidence has been found that such an order was ever issued. German prosecutor Alfred Streim noted that if such an order had been given,

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released the criminals from the local jail and encouraged them to join the pogrom which was underway. Between 23 and 27 June 1941, 4,000 Jews were murdered on the streets of Kaunas and in nearby open pits and ditches. Particularly active in the Kaunas pogrom was the so-called "Death Dealer of

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Although Rumbula was on the rail line, Jeckeln decided that the victims should travel on foot from Riga to the execution ground. Trucks and buses were arranged to carry children and the elderly. The victims were told that they were being relocated, and were advised to bring up to 20 kg

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Of the roughly 83,000 Jews who fell into German hands in Latvia, not more than 900 survived; and of the more than 20,000 Western Jews sent into Latvia, only some 800 lived through the deportation until liberation. This was the highest percentage of eradication in all of Europe.

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in the ghetto leadership supported resistance for fear of reprisals on the ghetto residents. Mass break-outs were sometimes attempted, though survival in the forest was nearly impossible due to the lack of food and the fact that escapees were often tracked down and murdered.

2383:. Jeckeln selected a site about 10 km (6 mi) southeast of Riga near the Rumbula railway station, and had 300 Russian prisoners of war prepare the site by digging pits in which to bury the victims. Jeckeln organised around 1,700 men, including 300 members of the 2134:

A murdered almost 140,000 people in the five months following the 1941 German invasion: 136,421 Jews, 1,064 Communists, 653 people with mental illnesses, 56 partisans, 44 Poles, five Romani, and one Armenian were reported murdered between 22 June and 25 November 1941.

3189:, and membership in the SS (which had been declared a criminal organization). Fourteen death sentences and two life sentences were among the judgments; only four executions were carried out, on 7 June 1951; the rest were reduced to lesser sentences. Four additional 1765: 1148:", his generals would have understood Hitler's call for the destruction of the Soviet Union as also comprising a call for the destruction of its Jewish population. The genocide was often described using euphemisms such as "special tasks" and "executive measures"; 2998:

rules of the art of war, but also the ruthless standard bearer of a national conception ... For this reason the soldier must learn fully to appreciate the necessity for the severe but just retribution that must be meted out to the subhuman species of Jewry.

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more than four times its original strength during its deployment in Tunisia. Furthermore they assume that the commando would have been supported in the annihilation of the Jews by local collaborators, like it happened with the Einsatzgruppen in Eastern Europe.

607:, a program of systematic murder of persons with physical and mental disabilities and patients of psychiatric hospitals. Aktion T4 mainly took place from 1939 to 1941, but the murders continued until the end of the war. Initially the victims were shot by the 1860:

defined as Jewish anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent; in either case, whether or not the person practised the religion was irrelevant. The unit was also assigned to exterminate Romani people and the mentally ill. It was common practice for the

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as well as support personnel such as drivers and radio operators. On average, the Order Police formations were larger and better armed, with heavy machine-gun detachments, which enabled them to carry out operations beyond the capability of the SS. Each

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received their orders from Heydrich and for the most part acted independently of the army. Many senior army officers were only too glad to leave these genocidal actions to the task forces, as the murders violated the rules of warfare as set down in the

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the victims, especially the women and children, and ordered the recruitment of expendable native auxiliaries who could assist with the murders. Gas vans, which had been used previously to murder mental patients, began to see service by all four main

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of Army Group South expressed his "complete agreement" with the order. He sent out a circular to the generals under his command urging them to release their own versions and to impress upon their troops the need to exterminate the Jews. General

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were assigned to confiscate government papers and police documents. They also secured government buildings, questioned senior civil servants, and arrested as many as 10,000 Czech communists and German citizens. From September 1939, the

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sent a memorandum of complaint to Hitler about the atrocities, Hitler dismissed his concerns as "childish", and Blaskowitz was relieved of his post in May 1940. He continued to serve in the army but never received promotion to

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Streim postulated that the existence of an early comprehensive order was a fabrication created for use in Ohlendorf's defence. This theory is now widely accepted by historians. Longerich notes that most orders received by the

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The murders continued for two days, claiming a total of 33,771 victims. Sand was shovelled and bulldozed over the bodies and the sides of the ravine were dynamited to bring down more material. Anton Heidborn, a member of

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In further meetings held in June 1941 Himmler outlined to top SS leaders the regime's intention to reduce the population of the Soviet Union by 30 million people, not only through direct murder of those considered

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transferred their allegiance to the German regime when it arrived. Some who had collaborated with the Soviet regime sought to divert attention from themselves by naming Jews as collaborators and murdering them.

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Jäger escaped capture by the Allies when the war ended. He lived in Heidelberg under his own name until his report was discovered in March 1959. Arrested and charged, Jäger committed suicide on 22 June 1959 in

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Kaunas", a young man who murdered Jews with a crowbar at the Lietukis Garage before a large crowd that cheered each murder with much applause; he occasionally paused to play the Lithuanian national anthem "

2006:(free of Jews). Jewish councils were set up in major cities and forced labour gangs were established to make use of the Jews as slave labour until they were all dead, a goal that was postponed until 1942. 1057:

within major cities with good railway connections. The intention was to eventually remove all the Jews from Poland, but at this point their final destination had not yet been determined. Together, the

1889:. Within the first few weeks of Operation Barbarossa, 10,000 Jews had been murdered in 40 pogroms, and by the end of 1941 some 60 pogroms had taken place, claiming as many as 24,000 victims. However, 5927: 1840:

On 8 July, Heydrich announced that all Jews were to be regarded as partisans, and gave the order for all male Jews between the ages of 15 and 45 to be shot. On 17 July Heydrich ordered that the

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ordered that when Operation Barbarossa began, all German Army commanders were to immediately identify and register all Jews in occupied areas in the Soviet Union, and fully co-operate with the

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A's Stahlecker, were of the opinion by the fall of 1941 that it was impossible to murder the entire Jewish population of the Soviet Union in one sweep, and thought the murders should stop. An

1269:. Heydrich gave them a mandate to secure the offices and papers of the Soviet state and Communist Party; to liquidate all the higher cadres of the Soviet state; and to instigate and encourage 8615: 2258:, and university students, assisted in the murder of Latvia's Jewish citizens. Similar units were created elsewhere, and provided much of the manpower for the Holocaust in Eastern Europe. 808:

also shot civilians during the Polish campaign. Approximately 65,000 civilians were murdered by the end of 1939. In addition to leaders of Polish society, they murdered Jews, prostitutes,

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were a necessary anti-partisan response were lying, and maintained that the slaughter of about 2.2 million defenceless civilians for reasons of racist ideology cannot be justified.

9883: 3289: 753:, teachers, and members of the nobility. As stated by Hitler: "... there must be no Polish leaders; where Polish leaders exist they must be killed, however harsh that sounds". SS- 2863:

after the war, of 2,300 people to be immediately imprisoned by the Gestapo. The list included Churchill, members of the cabinet, prominent journalists and authors, and members of the

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were on trial accused of murdering around 5,500 Jewish men, women, and children in the German-Lithuanian border area in mid-1941. Among them were the heads of the Tilsit task force

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massacres as being anti-partisan operations rather than racist attacks, but Hillgruber wrote that this was just an excuse. He states that those German generals who claimed that the

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and related agencies killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews. The total number of Jews murdered during the war is estimated at 5.5 to six million people.

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to exhume bodies and burn them in an attempt to cover up the genocide. The task remained unfinished at the end of the war, and many mass graves remain unmarked and unexcavated.

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A advanced into Lithuania, it actively recruited local nationalists and antisemitic groups. In July 1941, local Lithuanian collaborators, pejoratively called "White Armbands" (

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charges being read out (arson, sabotage, black marketeering, or refusal to work, for example) and victims being murdered by a firing squad. As this method proved too slow, the

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victims were often described as having been shot while trying to escape. In May 1941, Heydrich verbally passed on the order to murder the Soviet Jews to the SiPo NCO School in

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D commanding officer Ohlendorf complaining that it was unfair that the SS was keeping all of the murdered Jews' wristwatches for themselves instead of sharing with the Army.

778: – lists of people to be murdered – had been drawn up by the SS as early as May 1939, using dossiers collected by the SD from 1936 forward. The 7989: 3146:

Most of the surviving perpetrators of Nazi war crimes were never charged, and returned unremarked to civilian life. The West German government only charged about 100 former

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argues that Hitler's apocalyptic remarks before Barbarossa about the necessity for a war without mercy to "annihilate" the forces of "Judeo-Bolshevism" were interpreted by

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officials; all senior and middle ranking members of the central, provincial, and district committees of the Communist Party; extremist and radical Communist Party members;

1101:, the planned invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler dictated his "Guidelines in Special Spheres re: Directive No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)". Sub-paragraph B specified that 3344:, used as evidence documents from the American Einsatzgruppen trial in Nuremberg, existing specialist literature, SS personnel files, and surviving "USSR event reports". 9545: 3312: 712:, from among educated people with military experience and a strong ideological commitment to Nazism. Some had previously been members of paramilitary groups such as the 2602:, particularly noted this propensity towards excess, and ordered that any man who was too eager to participate or too brutal should not perform any further executions. 2934:

from the very beginning, but initially in fewer numbers than men. Children were first included in the tally starting in mid-August, when 3,207 people were murdered in

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VI as beneficial, as it would save the regime the costs of deporting the victims further east over the Urals. In other areas the invasion was so successful that the

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would be given "special tasks" on direct orders from the Führer, which he would carry out independently. This directive was intended to prevent friction between the

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of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia (the three Baltic countries which had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940–1941). According to its own reports to Himmler,

461:, related agencies, and foreign auxiliary personnel murdered more than two million people, including 1.3 million of the 5.5 to 6 million Jews murdered during the 3302: 2373:

In November 1941 Himmler was dissatisfied with the pace of the exterminations in Latvia, as he intended to move Jews from Germany into the area. He assigned SS-

1359: 1330:, who offered support as well as prevented subversion. This did not preclude their participation in acts of violence against civilians, as many members of the 429:

on the Eastern Front to carry out operations ranging from the murder of a few people to operations which lasted over two or more days, such as the massacre at

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called the second sweep, which started in December 1941 and lasted into the summer of 1942. During the interval, the surviving Jews were forced into ghettos.

2234:(Auxiliary Police) played a key role in rounding up and massacring local Jews in German-occupied Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. These groups also helped the 1136:

personnel are criminals and must be treated as such. The struggle will differ from that in the west. In the east harshness now means mildness for the future.

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used carbon monoxide fumes produced by diesel engines, similar to the method used in gas vans, but by as early as September 1941 experiments were begun at

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to preserve the enemy ... Struggle against Russia: Extermination of Bolshevik Commissars and of the Communist intelligentsia ... Commissars and

76: 3011:, in an order to his troops on 20 November, stated that "the Jewish-Bolshevist system must be exterminated once and for all." Manstein sent a letter to 2757: 1501: 1324:

with all necessary logistical support. Given their main task was defeating the enemy, the army left the pacification of the civilian population to the

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when it was tactically possible to do so. Some army commanders complained about unauthorised shootings, looting, and rapes committed by members of the

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As part of the drive by the Nazi regime to remove so-called "undesirable" elements from the German population, from September to December 1939 the

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The crimes of the Einsatzgruppen came into wider public awareness with the Ulm Einsatzkommando trial in 1958. At the trial, ten former members of

1068: 9296: 2355: 1585: 486:. Fourteen death sentences and two life sentences were handed out. However, only four of these death sentences were carried out. Four additional 155: 6546: 1182:

and the German Army to allow the implementation of the "special tasks". Following the Heydrich-Wagner agreement on 28 April 1941, Field Marshal

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in Lithuania, the attacks changed from the spontaneous mob violence of the pogroms to more systematic massacres. With extensive local help,

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prisoners of war, plus all Red Army prisoners of war from Georgia and Central Asia, as they too might be Jews. Unlike in Germany, where the

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murdered 2,300 Jews in Riga on 6–7 July. Within six months, Arājs and collaborators would murder about half of Latvia's Jewish population.

1416:. Activities ranged from the murder of targeted groups of individuals named on carefully prepared lists, to joint citywide operations with 9614: 9438: 8259: 1343: 9575: 8502: 7974: 7814: 6065: 6316: 3038:

C reported that "Armed forces surprisingly welcome hostility against the Jews". Few complaints about the murders were ever raised by

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As word of the massacres got out, many Jews fled; in Ukraine, 70 to 90 per cent of the Jews ran away. This was seen by the leader of

749:'s mission was to murder members of the Polish leadership most clearly identified with Polish national identity: the intelligentsia, 8798: 9649: 9098: 6894: 3363: 9997: 9518: 9246: 8641: 8592: 8410: 8244: 7886: 5602:. Contributors: Arnold Kramer, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2nd ed.). USHMM and Johns Hopkins University Press. 1970:

began to take their victims out in larger groups and shot them next to, or even inside, mass graves that had been prepared. Some

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Meldungen aus Norwegen 1940–1945: Die geheimen Lagesberichte des Befehlshabers der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD in Norwegen, 1

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and for bystanders to take pictures to send to their loved ones, which he felt suggested widespread approval of the massacres.

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and the SS in the upcoming offensive. Hitler also specified that criminal acts against civilians perpetrated by members of the

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in February 1943, Himmler realised that Germany would likely lose the war, and ordered the formation of a special task force,

2429:, 1942. A woman is attempting to protect a child with her own body just before they are fired upon with rifles at close range. 7600: 7381: 6840: 6821: 6799: 6777: 6760:(1998). "Complicity or Entanglement? The Wehrmacht, the War and the Holocaust". In Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham (eds.). 6747: 6720: 6701: 6691: 6677: 6591: 6535: 6511: 6487: 6452: 6428: 6377: 6355: 6264: 6240: 6218: 6199: 6177: 6154: 6131: 6109: 6090: 6050: 6026: 6002: 5983: 5961: 5937: 5871: 5849: 5830: 5754: 5743: 5724: 5705: 5683: 5644: 5607: 2981:, providing logistical support for their operations, and participated in the mass killings. On 10 October 1941 Field Marshal 1912:

were not spontaneously starting pogroms, and secret assistance by the Germans was required. A similar reticence was noted by

358:. Almost all of the people they murdered were civilians, beginning with the intelligentsia and swiftly progressing to Soviet 1123:

In a speech to his leading generals on 30 March 1941, Hitler described his envisioned war against the Soviet Union. General

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Kollaboration und Massenmord. Die litauische Hilfspolizei, das Rollkommando Hamann und die Ermordung der litauischen Juden

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Lexikon der 'Vergangenheitsbewältigung' in Deutschland: Debatten- und Diskursgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus nach 1945

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C in July 1941. Moreover, most people on the home front in Germany had some idea of the massacres being committed by the

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A wrote that Army Group North had been exemplary in co-operating with the exterminations and that relations with the

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followed an assigned army group as they advanced into the Soviet Union. During the course of their operations, the

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had insufficient forces to immediately murder all the Jews in the conquered territories. A situation report from

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The murders took place with the knowledge and support of the German Army in the east. As ordered by Hitler, the

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Plans for the total eradication of the Jewish population of Europe—eleven million people—were formalised at the

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A grew less mobile and faced problems because of its small size. The Germans relied increasingly on the Latvian

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argued that because of Hitler's frequent contemporary statements about the coming war of annihilation against "

812:, and the mentally ill. Psychiatric patients in Poland were initially murdered by shooting, but by spring 1941 9473: 2046:

city center in Ukraine that had fallen to the Germans on 19 September. The perpetrators included a company of

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IV, later testified that Heydrich gave the order for these murders at a series of meetings in mid-August. The

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noted that although Himmler had forbidden photographs of the murders, it was common for both the men of the

2683:, and other Nazi extermination camps replaced mobile death squads as the primary method of mass-murder. The 2668: 2562: 1010:. However, Hitler had decreed that the army would have to tolerate and even offer logistical support to the 9835: 9398: 9026: 8895: 8870: 8748: 8334: 8329: 8060: 7711: 7227: 6887: 3317: 2802:

played roles, engaging in antisemitic radio propaganda, preparing to recruit volunteers, and in raising an

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during the upcoming campaign would not be prosecuted in the military courts, and thus would go unpunished.

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Haberer, Erich (2001). "Intention and Feasibility: Reflections on Collaboration and the Final Solution".

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were being trained for Operation Barbarossa. In spring 1941, Heydrich and the First Quartermaster of the

1133: 787: 734:(Order Police; Orpo) and military commanders in the area. Army intelligence was in constant contact with 8995: 7202: 6967: 2519:

A had already murdered almost all Jews in its area, so it shifted its operations into Belarus to assist

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kept official records of many of their massacres and provided detailed reports to their superiors. The

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combat units or transferred to permanent death camps. Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the

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Thomas, David (April 1987). "Foreign Armies East and German Military Intelligence in Russia 1941–45".

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Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of his Life, Wartime Activities and the True Story Behind the List

9513: 9328: 8875: 8852: 8763: 8625: 8477: 8465: 8452: 8161: 7800: 7670: 7460: 7421: 7107: 7087: 6856: 6792:

Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1938–1942

6562: 6389:"The genocidal missions of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the General Government (Poland) 1942–1943" 3283: 3272: 2664: 1930:

travelled, the less likely the residents were to be prompted into murdering their Jewish neighbours.

1729: 773: 583: 451:, providing logistical support for their operations, and participated in the mass murders. Historian 2853:

were scheduled to follow the invasion force into Britain. They were provided with a list called the

1823:

and Jews. In a letter dated 2 July 1941 Heydrich communicated to his SS and Police Leaders that the

9992: 9947: 9493: 9273: 8812: 8793: 8740: 8724: 8671: 8666: 8577: 8567: 8557: 8509: 8492: 8482: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8146: 7999: 7688: 7516: 7488: 7425: 6957: 5676:

Das Amt und die Vergangenheit : deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik

5636:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

3358: 2796: 2464: 2103: 1084: 1080: 280: 9418: 7147: 3306: 3298: 3048:

D reported that relations with the German Army were "excellent". In the same month, Stahlecker of

10063: 9985: 9975: 9701: 9255: 8983: 8661: 8646: 8572: 8552: 8547: 8527: 8497: 8487: 8282: 8195: 8116: 8106: 7647: 7615: 7534: 7022: 6880: 6558: 5781: 3182: 2339: 2099: 1895: 1398: 1183: 1167: 1088: 479: 426: 9052: 7861: 7845: 7304: 7177: 6769: 5783:

Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10

3257:

commanders as permission and encouragement to engage in extreme antisemitic violence, with each

672:

to travel in the wake of the German armies. Membership at this point was drawn from the SS, the

145: 9696: 9463: 8942: 8520: 8514: 8396: 8345: 7781: 7746: 7167: 7092: 6187: 5820: 5693: 3236:

of mass murder, and hence could have received stiffer sentences, including capital punishment.

3198: 2753: 1905: 1805: 1209: 699: 327: 9207: 8223: 7963: 6275: 865: 9930: 9555: 9508: 9172: 8923: 7751: 7547: 6866: 2982: 2860: 2792: 2768: 2177:'People with white armbands'), joined the massacres. A pogrom in the Latvian capital 1834: 1245: 874: 852: 468:

After the close of World War II, 24 officers, including multiple commanding officers, of the

6761: 6344: 5655: 2689:

remained active, however, and were put to work fighting partisans, particularly in Belarus.

2108: 9893: 9830: 9413: 9197: 9088: 9066: 8961: 8956: 8937: 7994: 7881: 7761: 7726: 7623: 6412: 5630: 5626: 3174: 3162: 3069: 2986: 2799: 2693: 2456: 2150: 1443: 1374: 1300: 1155: 1098: 936: 916: 894: 793: 630: 475: 350:) in territories conquered by Nazi Germany, and were involved in the murder of much of the 9759: 7567: 7466: 5929:

Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Security Police and the Security Service

2762: 391: 224: 8: 9980: 9888: 9734: 9321: 8362: 8205: 8168: 8004: 7655: 7452: 7309: 7172: 7007: 6937: 6757: 6169: 6166:

The Field Men: The SS Officers Who Led the Einsatzkommandos—The Nazi Mobile Killing Units

3062:, were "very close, almost cordial". In the south, the Romanian Army worked closely with 2803: 2784: 2270: 2172: 2163: 1506: 1427: 1309: 1266: 1036: 825:

of battalion strength (around 500 men) operated in Poland. Each was subdivided into five

371: 359: 286: 241: 9116: 9106: 2718:

By 1944 the Red Army had begun to push the German forces out of Eastern Europe, and the

843: 9360: 9355: 8862: 8357: 8299: 8287: 8075: 8028: 8014: 7358: 7314: 7112: 7027: 6762: 6626: 6618: 6417: 5974:(1989). "War in the East and the Extermination of the Jews". In Marrus, Michael (ed.). 5971: 5914: 5802: 3328: 3113:

Officers in the field were well aware of the killing operations being conducted by the

3008: 3003: 2844: 2644: 2629: 1799:

with the location of the first shooting of Jewish men, women and children, 30 July 1941

1638: 1141: 1007: 848: 663: 554: 412: 7876: 7192: 7152: 6872: 6143: 3339: 1617: 1260:

were under the control of the RSHA, headed by Heydrich and later by his successor, SS-

1104: 870: 380: 205: 9965: 9825: 9656: 9570: 9537: 9451: 9268: 9234: 8080: 8034: 7629: 7557: 7552: 7366: 7187: 7157: 7142: 6932: 6836: 6817: 6809: 6795: 6773: 6743: 6716: 6697: 6673: 6630: 6587: 6531: 6507: 6497: 6483: 6468:

The Victims of the Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews

6448: 6442: 6424: 6396: 6373: 6351: 6260: 6254: 6236: 6214: 6195: 6173: 6150: 6127: 6105: 6086: 6046: 6022: 6016: 5998: 5979: 5957: 5933: 5918: 5906: 5898: 5867: 5845: 5826: 5739: 5720: 5701: 5679: 5640: 5634: 5603: 5595: 3101: 2698: 2287:

to attempt to systematically exterminate all the Jews in its area. Latvian historian

2068: 1231: 675: 626: 512: 437:(with about 25,000 Jews murdered in two days of shooting). As ordered by Nazi leader 396: 229: 1976:

started to use automatic weapons, with survivors being murdered with a pistol shot.

1318:

in front-line areas were to operate under army command, while the army provided the

10113: 9942: 9920: 9739: 9729: 9458: 9446: 9428: 9365: 8377: 8304: 8277: 8200: 8136: 7958: 7922: 7912: 7706: 7660: 7562: 7412: 7132: 7072: 7067: 7017: 6962: 6787: 6610: 6584:

The Nazi Holocaust, Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder

5890: 5816: 2780: 2368: 2229: 1590: 1437: 1431: 1235: 1227: 1145: 1109: 652: 570: 434: 385: 201: 9111: 9073: 7496: 7294: 6764:

The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined

5758: 2930:

III in Lithuania over the five-month period from 2 July 1941 to 25 November 1941.

2182: 980: 907: 756: 10012: 9852: 9845: 9662: 9565: 9423: 9403: 9316: 9152: 8292: 8085: 8055: 7756: 7605: 7374: 7299: 7232: 7197: 7077: 6972: 6910: 6713:

Ideology and the Rationality of Domination: Nazi Germanization Policies in Poland

6475: 6119: 6040: 5859: 5639:. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 3232:

had committed mass murder without orders, then they could have been convicted as

3073: 3055: 2656: 2439: 2433: 2345: 2305: 2288: 1634: 1630: 1282: 993: 974: 729: 707: 341: 131: 112: 7766: 6987: 2906: 2886: 2876: 2255: 2185:

and his supporters undertook a campaign of arson against synagogues. On 2 July,

1387:, augmented by uniformed volunteers from the local auxiliary police force. Each 569:

in October 1938. When military action turned out not to be necessary due to the

9925: 9820: 9719: 9346: 9301: 8918: 8173: 7953: 7907: 7771: 7439: 7278: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7222: 7122: 7097: 7002: 6614: 6579: 6521: 6463: 6365: 6324: 6228: 3202: 2990: 2652: 2599: 2549: 2526: 2194: 1949:

A teenage boy stands beside his murdered family shortly before his own murder.

1851: 351: 337: 9306: 9126: 6527:

The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture

6295: 6042:"The Good Old Days" – The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders 5894: 3088:, during which 8,500 to 9,000 Jews were murdered by the native population and 2022:

hanged while 400 local residents were assembled to watch; the rest were shot.

1854:

of 1935 defined as Jewish anyone with at least three Jewish grandparents, the

539:

formed by Heydrich to secure government buildings and documents following the

10057: 9815: 9744: 9635: 9503: 9333: 9290: 9136: 9121: 8419: 7917: 7840: 7824: 7721: 7701: 7590: 7506: 7342: 7248: 7217: 7102: 6992: 6977: 6687: 6339: 6250: 5910: 5902: 5133: 3059: 2558: 2125: 2113: 1713: 1668:(operated in Carinthia, on the border between Slovenia and Austria) under SS- 1526: 1348: 1220:

were created, each numbering 500–990 men to comprise a total force of 3,000.

1173: 1041: 1031: 989: 954: 912: 809: 761: 518: 367: 309: 257: 170: 157: 64: 7137: 6740:

The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945–1958: Atrocity, Law, and History

2915: 2379:

Jeckeln, one of the perpetrators of the Babi Yar massacre, to liquidate the

949: 792:, a paramilitary group consisting of ethnic Germans living in Poland during 50: 10027: 9177: 9162: 9157: 9131: 9084: 9016: 8978: 8728: 8372: 8340: 8190: 8178: 7716: 7524: 7501: 7394: 7268: 7207: 7182: 7162: 7117: 7057: 6665: 5947: 5619:

Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland

3085: 2817: 2772: 2566: 2508: 2460: 1751: 1373:

Himmler, who supplied security forces on an "as needed" basis to the local

1363:

Members of the Order Police execute those who survived the initial shooting

1352: 1254:

for Special Purposes operated in eastern Poland starting in July 1941. The

1140:

Though General Halder did not record any mention of Jews, German historian

1124: 958: 932: 813: 659: 524: 452: 438: 323: 319: 127: 6555:

Museum of Tolerance Online Multimedia Learning Center, Annual 4, Chapter 9

6462:

Shelach, Menachem (1989). "Sajmište: An Extermination Camp in Serbia". In

6370:

Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust

2847:—the German plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom—been launched, six 2042:

took place on 29 and 30 September 1941 at Babi Yar, a ravine northwest of

1772: 647: 10033: 9550: 9167: 9021: 8272: 8267: 7127: 7082: 7062: 6997: 6012: 5976:

Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder, Volume 1

4036: 4034: 3263:

commander to use his own discretion about how far he was prepared to go.

3248: 2951: 2708: 2380: 2015:

used public hangings as a terror tactic against the local population. An

1674: 1626: 1403: 1092: 690: 614: 566: 315: 6211:

Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine

5121: 5109: 3503: 2935: 1455:

leaders were highly educated; for example, nine of seventeen leaders of

1200:, but by depriving the remainder of food and other necessities of life. 10022: 9857: 9630: 9408: 8039: 7927: 7585: 7012: 6982: 6036: 3186: 3181:

held under United States military authority. The men were charged with

1544: 1473: 985: 483: 303: 6622: 5674:

Conze, Eckart; Frei, Norbert; Hayes, Peter; Zimmermann, Moshe (2010).

4031: 2240:

and other killing units to identify Jews. For example, in Latvia, the

9862: 9668: 8022: 7851: 7792: 7212: 6438: 2680: 2633: 2482:

A's example in systematically murdering all Jews in their areas. The

2452: 2444: 2422: 2001: 1882: 1830: 1820: 1289: 1053:

in Poland was to round up the remaining Jews and concentrate them in

798: 715: 604: 542: 462: 407: 322:

that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during

9523: 6317:"Biography of Nazi criminal meets resistance from small German town" 5097: 4046: 2895:

III alone in the five-month period covered by the report as 137,346.

743:

Initially numbering 2,700 men (and ultimately 4,250 in Poland), the

704:

to choose personnel for the task forces and their subgroups, called

640: 9388: 9188: 7696: 6715:. Translated by Wayne Yung. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4234: 4094: 3376: 2637: 2249: 2031: 1847: 1602: 1540: 1536: 1423: 1176:, successfully completed negotiations for co-operation between the 430: 7990:

Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)

6395:. Regionalen Rechenzentrum der Universität Hamburg. Archived from 5656:"Inside the diary of SS officer known as gas chamber 'mastermind'" 3068:

D to massacre Ukrainian Jews, murdering around 26,000 Jews in the

8367: 8070: 3634: 2573:

After a time, Himmler found that the killing methods used by the

1886: 1576: 1572: 1568: 681: 548: 8388: 6578:

Streim, Alfred (1989). "The Tasks of the SS Einsatzgruppen". In

6209:

Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Cüppers, Martin; Smith, Krista (2010).

5789:. Green Series. Vol. 4. Nürnberg. October 1946 – April 1949 9898: 6192:

Crescent and Swastika: The Third Reich, the Arabs and Palestine

5978:. The Nazi Holocaust. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. pp. 85–114. 5439: 5391: 5061: 4902: 2813: 2776: 2711:. The unit's assignment was to visit mass graves all along the 2300: 2139: 2112:

Massacre of Jews in Lietūkis garage on 27 June 1941 during the

1950: 1938: 1909: 1878: 1552: 1270: 720:. Heydrich instructed Wagner in meetings in late July that the 149: 5535: 5415: 4162: 4128: 4126: 4124: 3861: 3859: 2651:, and the rest would be murdered in the implementation of the 1303:

in its area of operations. In May 1941, General Wagner and SS-

588:(Reich Security Main Office; RSHA) had overall command of the 9263: 6294: 5511: 5475: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5037: 5025: 5013: 4950: 4878: 4398: 4186: 3509: 3226:

to mass murder. However, if it could be established that the

2606: 2089: 1742: 999:

Though they were formally under the command of the army, the

336:

had an integral role in the implementation of the so-called "

5314: 4434: 4422: 4374: 4350: 4021: 4019: 3844: 3721: 3682: 3491: 2812:

Egypt to the Middle East. On 20 July 1942 Rauff was sent to

1810:

After the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the

1422:

which lasted for two or more days, such as the massacres at

5523: 4827: 4606: 4604: 4579: 4577: 4323: 4321: 4121: 4004: 3992: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3883: 3856: 3822: 3820: 3699: 3697: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3515: 2622:

from 1942. However, the gas vans were not popular with the

2178: 2043: 1548: 141: 5451: 5427: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5263: 5169: 4938: 4914: 4805: 4803: 4776: 4764: 4752: 3167:

After the close of World War II, 24 senior leaders of the

2507:

massacres in summer and fall, and what American historian

726:

should undertake their operations in cooperation with the

6586:. Vol. 2. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. pp. 436–454. 6419:

Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity

5499: 5463: 5403: 5367: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5186: 5184: 4989: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4815: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4511: 4499: 4446: 4294: 4150: 4016: 3571: 3216:

post-war courts would only have been able to convict the

363: 10069:

Military units and formations of Germany in World War II

5995:

Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine

5157: 5145: 4844: 4842: 4788: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4601: 4574: 4550: 4528: 4526: 4410: 4386: 4362: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4318: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4222: 4138: 4111: 4109: 4082: 3934: 3922: 3907: 3871: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3769: 3694: 3646: 3561: 3559: 3539: 3527: 3195:

leaders were later tried and executed by other nations.

3153:

for wartime events, preferring to forget the Nazi past.

2918:

on 1 December 1941 to his superior, Stahlecker (head of

2747: 2451:, in 1942. Present in the background are members of the 2317:

settled into headquarters in Kaunas, Riga, and Tallinn.

2205:

of about 300 men, mostly university students. Together,

2181:

in early July 1941 killed 400 Jews. Latvian nationalist

1467:

were commanded by holders of doctorates, one of whom SS-

1074: 492:

leaders were later tried and executed by other nations.

6902: 6085:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 5326: 4854: 4800: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4210: 3757: 3481: 3479: 3437: 3247:

had to be dealt with ruthlessly. British historian Sir

3123:

tried to justify their considerable involvement in the

2332:

Such extensive and enthusiastic collaboration with the

1340:

in rounding up and murdering Jews of their own accord.

354:

and cultural elite of Poland, including members of the

9781: 6124:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

5487: 5251: 5227: 5198: 5181: 5073: 5049: 5001: 4962: 4926: 4866: 4740: 4725: 4701: 4689: 4282: 4070: 3970: 3968: 3781: 3588: 3586: 1485:

were created as additional territories were occupied.

1383:

included recruits from the Orpo, Security Service and

6480:

Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich

6393:

Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War

5379: 5355: 5343: 5302: 5085: 4839: 4662: 4633: 4616: 4523: 4458: 4333: 4106: 3953: 3670: 3658: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3556: 3466: 3464: 2836:

Egypt were set aside after the Allied victory at the

1442:(auxiliary police). The SS brigades, wrote historian 6350:. Foreword by Sir Ian Kershaw. New York: New Press. 6208: 5572:"Le journal de bord du chef SS en Tunisie découvert" 5290: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 4890: 4562: 4538: 4487: 4470: 4240: 4198: 4174: 3980: 3733: 3476: 651:

Polish women led to mass execution in a forest near

6869:

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

6857:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum article on 6742:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 6062:"Nazis Planned Holocaust for Palestine: historians" 5773: 5736:

Die Gestapo: Herrschaft und Terror im Dritten Reich

5239: 4677: 4589: 4040: 3965: 3832: 3745: 3709: 3583: 2443:is about to shoot a man sitting by a mass grave in 2191:A commander Stahlecker appointed Arājs to head the 2086:shot more than 100,000 Jews by the end of October. 1067:also drove tens of thousands of Jews eastward into 6794:(in German). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 6768:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 6416: 6343: 6142: 6045:. Trans. Burnstone, Deborah. New York: MacMillan. 5673: 4168: 3461: 3449: 2338:has been attributed to several factors. Since the 1127:, the Army's Chief of Staff, described the speech: 6296:"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Volume 20, Day 194" 4306: 4058: 3425: 2830:, it is unlikely that the two met. The plans for 2329:and similar groups to perform massacres of Jews. 740:to coordinate their activities with other units. 433:(with 33,771 Jews murdered in two days), and the 10055: 6786: 6423:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 6035: 5625: 5547: 5397: 4100: 3640: 3409:Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 3020:Beyond this trivial complaint, the Army and the 2939:Jewish problem in Lithuania has been reached by 2153:" on his accordion before resuming the murders. 1871:Pogroms, some of which were orchestrated by the 1203: 784:performed these murders with the support of the 9556:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 6544: 6186: 6083:Hitler's Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder 4192: 4132: 3026:worked closely and effectively. On 6 July 1941 2957: 1757: 1829:were to execute all senior and middle ranking 27:Nazi paramilitary death squads, part of the SS 9916:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 8404: 7808: 6888: 6520: 6302:. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library 6149:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 6126:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 5840:Fischer, Torben; Lorenz, Matthias N. (2007). 5839: 5698:Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad 5541: 5320: 2247: 2036:The largest mass shooting perpetrated by the 1355:with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries. 1351:wait in a line before their execution by the 6858: 6835:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 6814:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 6482:. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. 6276:"NS-Prozesse: Als Westdeutschland aufwachte" 5738:. Becksche Reihe (in German). Munich: Beck. 3407: 3401: 3333:. The responsible senior public prosecutor, 3258: 3252: 3241: 3227: 3217: 3210: 3190: 3168: 3147: 3130: 3124: 3114: 3105: 3095: 3089: 3063: 3049: 3043: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3012: 2976: 2940: 2925: 2919: 2910: 2900: 2890: 2854: 2848: 2831: 2821: 2807: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2703: 2684: 2623: 2617: 2610: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2530: 2520: 2514: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2384: 2374: 2343: 2333: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2282: 2276: 2268: 2262: 2241: 2235: 2227: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2192: 2186: 2157: 2143: 2129: 2119: 2080: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2037: 2016: 2010: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1971: 1965: 1958: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1899: 1890: 1872: 1862: 1855: 1841: 1824: 1811: 1790: 1746: 1736: 1717: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1621: 1612: 1606: 1596: 1580: 1562: 1556: 1530: 1521: 1512: 1496: 1486: 1480: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1435: 1417: 1407: 1388: 1378: 1368: 1335: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1304: 1294: 1280: 1274: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1239: 1221: 1215: 1187: 1177: 1165: 1159: 1149: 1102: 1062: 1048: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1000: 978: 969: 963: 947: 941: 927: 921: 905: 899: 885: 879: 863: 857: 841: 835: 826: 820: 803: 785: 779: 771: 765: 754: 744: 735: 727: 721: 713: 705: 685: 680:(Security Service; SD), the police, and the 673: 667: 666:on 1 September 1939, Heydrich re-formed the 608: 598: 589: 581: 574: 560: 552: 540: 534: 528: 516: 507: 501: 487: 469: 456: 446: 420: 400: 389: 378: 345: 331: 307: 269: 255: 236: 222: 110: 62: 56: 40: 9615:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 6696:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6194:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 6059: 6021:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 6018:Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution 5844:(in German). Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. 5757:. Holocaust History Project. Archived from 5700:. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. 5163: 2826:. Since Rommel was 500 km away at the 2752:According to research by German historians 2663:). Permanent killing centres at Auschwitz, 2463:. The back of the photograph is inscribed " 1273:against Jewish populations. The men of the 285: 8411: 8397: 7815: 7801: 6895: 6881: 6080: 5970: 5807:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5733: 5421: 5272: 4556: 4276: 4156: 4010: 3998: 3916: 3901: 3889: 3865: 3826: 2090:Killings in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia 1377:. Led by SD, Gestapo, and Kripo officers, 1158:, where the commanders of the reorganised 495: 75: 6530:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6140: 6118: 5932:. London: Associated University Presses. 5594: 5517: 5505: 5481: 5469: 5373: 5284: 5221: 5043: 5031: 5019: 4995: 4983: 4956: 4884: 4821: 4794: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4327: 4264: 4252: 4228: 4144: 4088: 3947: 3928: 3850: 3775: 3727: 3703: 3688: 3652: 3550: 3533: 3521: 3497: 3443: 2647:, held on 20 January 1942. Some would be 1641:. Hahn had previously been in command of 1299:was under the operational control of the 1214:For Operation Barbarossa, initially four 455:estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the 61:operated under the administration of the 6474: 6039:; Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991). 5925: 5866:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 5858: 5734:Dams, Carsten; Stolle, Michael (2012) . 5616: 5569: 5151: 4452: 4300: 4076: 4052: 4025: 3763: 3364:List of Nazi Party leaders and officials 3322:, and the head of the Tilsit SD section 3197: 3138: 2880: 2553: 2543: 2432: 2408: 2299: 2107: 1944: 1932: 1412:commanders received assistance from the 1358: 1342: 646: 634: 405:operated in territories occupied by the 81:Mass execution of Soviet civilians, 1941 32:Organisation Todt § Administrative units 6756: 6461: 6411: 6163: 6011: 5946: 5880: 5752: 5529: 5337: 4872: 4860: 4833: 4809: 4746: 4734: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4671: 4656: 4644: 4627: 4610: 4583: 4344: 4288: 4216: 4115: 3676: 3664: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3577: 3565: 3470: 2989:on the Eastern Front. Now known as the 2889:shows the number of people murdered by 2859:('Special Search List, G.B'), known as 2476:B, C, and D did not immediately follow 2304:Pit where bodies were burned after the 2261:With the creation of units such as the 1937:Jews forced to dig their own graves in 1434:, by Battalion 22, reinforced by local 14: 10056: 7822: 6808: 6600: 6577: 6496: 6444:Simon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends 6364: 6314: 6227: 6099: 5992: 5864:Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich 5493: 5457: 5433: 5385: 5361: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5209: 5192: 5175: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5007: 4971: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4848: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4568: 4532: 4517: 4505: 4464: 4204: 3986: 3959: 3877: 3485: 3455: 3082:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1028:, to little effect. For example, when 831:of company strength (around 100 men). 559:(Security Police; SiPo), two units of 551:in March 1938. Originally part of the 506:were formed under the direction of SS- 9780: 9601: 9232: 8723: 8722: 8392: 7985:Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI) 7980:Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA) 7796: 7382:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer 6876: 6830: 6693:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 6686: 6664: 6637: 6470:. Vol. 2. Westport, CT: Meckler. 6437: 6386: 6249: 5815: 5714: 5692: 5653: 5445: 5409: 5349: 5308: 5296: 5091: 4544: 4493: 4481: 4312: 4180: 4064: 3838: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3751: 3739: 3715: 3592: 2954:while awaiting trial for his crimes. 2748:Plans for the Middle East and Britain 2609:in August 1941, Himmler witnessed an 1908:in mid-October that the residents of 1279:were recruited from the SD, Gestapo, 1075:Preparations for Operation Barbarossa 887:Obersturmbannführer und Regierungsrat 620: 279: 9203:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 6737: 6710: 6672:. New York; Toronto: Penguin Group. 6503:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 6338: 6060:Krumenacker, Thomas (7 April 2006). 5953:The Destruction of the European Jews 5755:"Introduction to the Einsatzgruppen" 5678:(in German). Munich: Karl Blessing. 4896: 4683: 4595: 3974: 3431: 3387: 1529:. The unit was subdivided into five 1097:On 13 March 1941, in the lead-up to 411:(German armed forces) following the 10008:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 7975:Economics and Administration Office 6273: 5753:Edeiken, Yale F. (22 August 2000). 5553: 3354:Functionalism versus intentionalism 2985:drafted an order to be read to the 1924:C in Ukraine; the further east the 1226:A, B, and C were to be attached to 24: 9602: 6731: 6638:Urban, Thomas (1 September 2001). 6506:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5617:Browning, Christopher R. (1998) . 5140:Mallmann, Cüppers & Smith 2010 5128:Mallmann, Cüppers & Smith 2010 5116:Mallmann, Cüppers & Smith 2010 5104:Mallmann, Cüppers & Smith 2010 4241:Mallmann, Cüppers & Smith 2010 3156: 2565:is the same type as those used as 2488:commanders, with the exception of 2142:, Lithuania, on 25 June 1941, the 617:were put into use by spring 1940. 25: 10140: 8418: 6850: 6790:; Wilhelm, Hans-Heinrich (1981). 6670:Army of Evil: A History of the SS 6648:(in Polish) (204). Archived from 6346:The Nazis: A Warning From History 6315:Rabitz, Cornelia (21 June 2011). 3510:Nuremberg Trial, Vol. 20, Day 194 2640:, a cyanide-based pesticide gas. 1367:Heydrich acted under orders from 9571:Polish leaders and intellectuals 9061:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 7860: 6104:(in German). Munich: Oldenburg. 5956:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 2865:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1998:were for the most part rendered 1771: 1764: 1561:F worked with Army Group South. 1461:A held doctorate degrees. Three 533:had their origins in the ad hoc 49: 7892:Allgemeine-SS regional commands 7777:Special Prosecution Book-Poland 6603:Journal of Contemporary History 6256:Why Did The Heavens Not Darken? 5570:Benishay, Guitel (3 May 2016). 2870: 2734:personnel had been folded into 2404: 370:, as well as actual or alleged 9499:Attack on the twentieth convoy 9312:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 8102:SS-Begleitkommando des Führers 7944:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS 7543:Burning of the Riga synagogues 6274:Mix, Andreas (27 April 2008). 6100:Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (2008). 5398:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991 3394: 13: 1: 8071:Secret State Police (Gestapo) 7949:Command Staff Reichsführer-SS 6640:"Poszukiwany Hermann Schaper" 3382: 3266: 2924:A), covers the activities of 1204:Organisation starting in 1941 425:worked hand-in-hand with the 94: 9836:Jewish war conspiracy theory 9027:Extermination through labour 8335:German Earth and Stone Works 8330:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe 8283:Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen 8206:Security Battalions (Greece) 8076:State Security Police (SiPo) 8049:Police and security services 5883:East European Jewish Affairs 5654:Cohen, Nir (17 April 2015). 5621:. London; New York: Penguin. 4101:Browning & Matthäus 2004 4055:, pp. 135–136, 141–142. 3641:Browning & Matthäus 2004 3419: 3076:thinks it probable that the 2791:Former Iraqi prime minister 2661:Die Endlösung der Judenfrage 1918:B in Russia and Belarus and 1758:Killings in the Soviet Union 1493:Independent State of Croatia 1347:Naked Jewish women from the 417:invasion of the Soviet Union 347:Die Endlösung der Judenfrage 7: 10018:Righteous Among the Nations 9233: 8704:Righteous Among the Nations 8310:Finnish Volunteer Battalion 8278:Germaansche SS in Nederland 8086:Customs Border Guards (ZGS) 7388:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 7053:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 6549:Tasks of the Einsatzgruppen 6372:. New York: Vintage Books. 6164:MacLean, French L. (1999). 6081:Langerbein, Helmut (2003). 6064:. Red Orbit. Archived from 5825:. New York: Penguin Group. 4193:Mallmann & Cüppers 2006 3347: 3179:Subsequent Nuremberg Trials 2967:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 2838:Second Battle of El Alamein 2816:to report to Field Marshal 2421:: the murdering of Jews in 2351:of society were destroyed. 2025: 1495:under three commanders, SS- 1476:) held a double doctorate. 1069:Soviet-controlled territory 1025:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 788:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 374:throughout Eastern Europe. 10: 10145: 10124:Reich Security Main Office 10084:The Holocaust in Lithuania 9755:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 9725:Lithuanian Security Police 9644:Reich Security Main Office 8611:Evidence and documentation 7969:Reich Security Main Office 7448:Lithuanian Security Police 6615:10.1177/002200948702200204 6190:; Cüppers, Martin (2006). 5993:Ingrao, Christian (2013). 5562: 3270: 3160: 3042:officers. On 8 September, 2964: 2874: 2856:Sonderfahndungsliste, G.B. 2828:First Battle of El Alamein 2563:Chełmno extermination camp 2547: 2366: 2362: 2340:Russian Revolution of 1905 2096:The Holocaust in Lithuania 2093: 2056:C under Rasch, members of 2029: 1846:were to murder all Jewish 1803: 1797:the German-Soviet frontier 1644:Einsatzgruppe Griechenland 1207: 1078: 624: 415:in September 1939 and the 388:and the supervision of SS- 29: 9971:Books and other resources 9958: 9874: 9803: 9799: 9776: 9710: 9682: 9623: 9610: 9597: 9536: 9484: 9437: 9374: 9344: 9282: 9254: 9245: 9241: 9228: 9186: 9145: 9097: 9083: 9045: 9004: 8904: 8861: 8739: 8735: 8718: 8634: 8603: 8503:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 8430: 8426: 8323:SS-controlled enterprises 8322: 8258: 8214: 8124: 8115: 8094: 8048: 8013: 7936: 7900: 7869: 7858: 7833: 7739: 7687: 7669: 7646: 7614: 7576: 7533: 7515: 7487: 7480: 7404: 7351:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 7334: 7327: 7287: 7241: 7036: 6946: 6925: 6918: 6816:. New York: Basic Books. 6524:; Davies, Edward (2008). 6172:. Madison, WI: Schiffer. 6141:Longerich, Peter (2012). 5926:Headland, Ronald (1992). 5895:10.1080/13501670108577951 5719:. New York: Basic Books. 5542:Fischer & Lorenz 2007 5448:, pp. 226, 250, 376. 5321:Smelser & Davies 2008 3313:Bernhard Fischer-Schweder 3273:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 2580:As much as possible, the 1906:reported to his superiors 1735:(Lithuania, Poland), and 1701:Franz Walter Stahlecker, 1695:(Norway) commanded by SS- 1686:Einsatzkommando Luxemburg 1680:Einsatzgruppe Jugoslawien 796:. Members of the SS, the 774:Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen 693:in command, who assigned 584:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 478:in 1947–48, charged with 281:[ˈaɪnzatsˌɡʁʊpm̩] 256: 251: 214: 194: 186: 137: 123: 103: 90: 85: 74: 48: 10099:The Holocaust in Belarus 10089:The Holocaust in Estonia 10074:The Holocaust in Ukraine 9561:People with disabilities 9494:Aid and Rescue Committee 8081:SS Security Service (SD) 8015:Ideological institutions 7601:Ninth Fort November 1941 7203:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 6958:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader 6233:The Holocaust in History 6145:Heinrich Himmler: A Life 5142:, pp. 103, 117–118. 5070:, pp. 258–260, 262. 4911:, pp. 52, 124, 168. 3359:Glossary of Nazi Germany 3177:in 1947–48, part of the 2909:, filed by Commander SS- 2797:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2779:. The unit was to enter 2775:, was formed in 1942 in 2724:retreated alongside the 2465:The last Jew in Vinnitsa 2104:The Holocaust in Estonia 1085:The Holocaust in Ukraine 1081:The Holocaust in Belarus 603:and others took part in 10104:The Holocaust in Poland 10094:The Holocaust in Russia 10079:The Holocaust in Latvia 9702:Order Police battalions 8196:Order Police battalions 8107:Reichssicherheitsdienst 8066:Criminal police (Kripo) 8056:Uniformed police (Orpo) 7964:Head Operational Office 7023:Franz Walter Stahlecker 6559:Simon Wiesenthal Center 6447:. New York: Doubleday. 6235:. Toronto: Key Porter. 6188:Mallmann, Klaus-Michael 4169:Conze, Frei et al. 2010 4041:Einsatzgruppen judgment 3183:crimes against humanity 3173:were prosecuted in the 3072:. The German historian 3058:, commanded by General 2806:that would also follow 2100:The Holocaust in Latvia 1896:Franz Walter Stahlecker 1399:Order Police battalions 1301:Higher SS Police Chiefs 1184:Walther von Brauchitsch 1089:The Holocaust in Russia 523:(SS) before and during 496:Formation and Aktion T4 480:crimes against humanity 474:were prosecuted in the 427:Order Police battalions 377:Under the direction of 10129:Police of Nazi Germany 9551:Soviet urban residents 8642:International response 8616:Contemporary knowledge 8346:German Equipment Works 8061:Schutzpolizei (Schupo) 7782:Einsatzgruppen reports 7747:List of Einsatzgruppen 7596:Kaunas 29 October 1941 7093:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock 6859: 6711:Wolf, Gerhard (2020). 6464:Marrus, Michael Robert 6259:. New York: Pantheon. 5997:. Malden, MA: Polity. 5822:The Third Reich at War 5715:Crowe, David (2007) . 4157:Dams & Stolle 2012 3408: 3406:; Official full name: 3402: 3279:Einsatzkommando Tilsit 3259: 3253: 3242: 3228: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3191: 3169: 3148: 3131: 3125: 3115: 3106: 3096: 3090: 3064: 3050: 3044: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3000: 2977: 2941: 2926: 2920: 2911: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2855: 2849: 2832: 2822: 2808: 2754:Klaus-Michael Mallmann 2740: 2730: 2720: 2704: 2685: 2660: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2430: 2385: 2375: 2344: 2334: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2308: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2269: 2263: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2222: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2167: 2158: 2144: 2130: 2120: 2116: 2081: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2038: 2017: 2011: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1972: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1953:, Ukraine, 5 July 1941 1942: 1941:, Ukraine, 5 July 1941 1926: 1920: 1914: 1900: 1891: 1873: 1863: 1856: 1842: 1825: 1818:Soviet Communist Party 1812: 1806:Einsatzgruppen reports 1791: 1747: 1737: 1725:Einsatzkommando Tilsit 1718: 1709: 1707:(Yugoslavia) under SS- 1703: 1697: 1692:Einsatzgruppe Norwegen 1691: 1685: 1679: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1622: 1613: 1607: 1597: 1581: 1563: 1557: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1497: 1487: 1481: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1436: 1418: 1408: 1393:was supplemented with 1389: 1379: 1369: 1364: 1356: 1336: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1305: 1295: 1281: 1275: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244:D was assigned to the 1240: 1222: 1216: 1210:List of Einsatzgruppen 1188: 1178: 1166: 1160: 1150: 1138: 1103: 1063: 1049: 1047:The final task of the 1030: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1001: 979: 970: 964: 948: 942: 928: 922: 906: 900: 886: 880: 864: 858: 842: 836: 827: 821: 804: 786: 780: 772: 766: 755: 745: 736: 728: 722: 714: 706: 686: 674: 668: 655: 644: 639:Execution of Poles in 609: 599: 590: 582: 575: 565:were stationed in the 561: 553: 541: 535: 529: 517: 508: 502: 488: 470: 457: 447: 421: 401: 390: 379: 346: 332: 328:German-occupied Europe 308: 270: 244:, Director (1943–1945) 237: 232:, Director (1939–1942) 223: 111: 63: 57: 41: 10109:Holocaust terminology 9998:Memorials and museums 9936:Reparations Agreement 9931:Holocaust restitution 9509:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 9032:Human experimentation 8871:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 8240:SS Division Totenkopf 8235:SS Division Das Reich 8230:Leibstandarte (LSSAH) 7679:Kremnička and Nemecká 7148:Waldemar Klingelhöfer 6738:Earl, Hilary (2009). 6413:Rossino, Alexander B. 5775:"Einsatzgruppen case" 5627:Browning, Christopher 3201: 2995: 2983:Walther von Reichenau 2884: 2804:Arab-German Battalion 2793:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 2769:Einsatzkommando Egypt 2728:. By late 1944, most 2557: 2544:Transition to gassing 2436: 2412: 2303: 2293: 2220:Local officials, the 2111: 1948: 1936: 1804:Further information: 1704:Einsatzgruppe Serbien 1426:, perpetrated by the 1375:SS and Police Leaders 1362: 1346: 1208:Further information: 1129: 751:members of the clergy 684:. Heydrich placed SS- 650: 638: 171:52.50722°N 13.38250°E 146:Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 9198:Jewish Ghetto Police 9067:Politische Abteilung 8962:Risiera di San Sabba 8823:Natzweiler-Struthof 7882:SS and police leader 7846:SS-Totenkopfverbände 7762:Einsatzgruppen trial 7624:Operation Tannenberg 7305:Antanas Impulevičius 7178:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 6831:Stang, Knut (1996). 6213:. New York: Enigma. 3500:, pp. 405, 412. 3175:Einsatzgruppen trial 3163:Einsatzgruppen trial 3100:. British historian 2975:cooperated with the 2952:Hohenasperg Fortress 2800:Haj Amin al-Husseini 2694:defeat at Stalingrad 2457:German Labor Service 1444:Christopher Browning 1099:Operation Barbarossa 794:Operation Tannenberg 631:Operation Tannenberg 515:and operated by the 476:Einsatzgruppen trial 445:cooperated with the 360:political commissars 195:Minister responsible 30:For other uses, see 9976:Days of remembrance 9889:Holocaust survivors 9884:Depopulated shtetls 9735:Rollkommando Hamann 9581:Jehovah's Witnesses 9399:Kamianets-Podilskyi 8461:Bohemia and Moravia 8245:SS Polizei Division 8224:SS-Verfügungstruppe 8216:Waffen-SS divisions 8169:Rollkommando Hamann 7712:Kamianets-Podilskyi 7656:Gully of Petrushino 7173:Gustav Adolf Nosske 7008:Friedrich Panzinger 6938:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 6652:on 24 November 2007 6399:on 22 February 2008 6387:Robertson, Struan. 6170:Schiffer Publishing 6068:on 22 December 2017 5972:Hillgruber, Andreas 5600:The World Must Know 5582:on 12 December 2021 5532:, pp. 258–259. 5484:, pp. 187–189. 5460:, pp. 274–275. 5436:, pp. 275–276. 5424:, pp. 102–103. 5412:, pp. 200–201. 5287:, pp. 244–247. 5178:, pp. 783–784. 5130:, pp. 127–130. 5118:, pp. 124–125. 5046:, pp. 279–280. 5034:, pp. 555–556. 5022:, pp. 280–281. 4959:, pp. 547–548. 4947:, pp. 165–166. 4923:, pp. 199–200. 4836:, pp. 342–343. 4785:, pp. 210–214. 4773:, pp. 208–210. 4761:, pp. 206–209. 4520:, pp. 173–176. 4508:, pp. 172–173. 4443:, pp. 212–213. 4431:, pp. 211–212. 4407:, p. 208, 211. 4383:, pp. 196–202. 4359:, pp. 193–195. 4133:Museum of Tolerance 4103:, pp. 225–226. 4043:, pp. 414–416. 3853:, pp. 521–522. 3814:, pp. 242–245. 3802:, pp. 227–228. 3730:, pp. 430–432. 3691:, pp. 144–145. 3524:, pp. 138–141. 3084:(OUN), incited the 2993:, it read in part: 2958:Involvement of the 2820:, Commander of the 2785:Mandatory Palestine 2630:extermination camps 2271:Rollkommando Hamann 1867:to shoot hostages. 1835:people's commissars 1748:Obersturmbannführer 1745:), commanded by SS- 1738:Einsatzgruppe Tunis 1665:Einsatzgruppe Iltis 1629:, worked alongside 1498:Obersturmbannführer 1428:Police Battalion 45 1310:Walter Schellenberg 1287:(Kripo), Orpo, and 1267:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 1037:Johannes Blaskowitz 866:Obersturmbannführer 840:I, commanded by SS- 695:Hans-Joachim Tesmer 356:Catholic priesthood 242:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 167: / 45: 9959:History and memory 9863:Forced euthanasia 9811:Nazi racial policy 9514:Danish underground 9361:Operation Reinhard 9356:Wannsee Conference 8300:British Free Corps 8288:Germanske SS Norge 8250:SS Division Wiking 8029:Das Schwarze Korps 7359:Sicherheitspolizei 7315:Algirdas Klimaitis 7113:Friedrich Buchardt 7028:Bruno Streckenbach 6498:Shirer, William L. 6300:The Avalon Project 5596:Berenbaum, Michael 5520:, p. 189–190. 4887:, p. 353–354. 3880:, pp. 14, 48. 3580:, pp. 11, 20. 3369:Myth of the clean 3290:Hans-Joachim Böhme 3207: 3009:Erich von Manstein 3004:Gerd von Rundstedt 2897: 2845:Operation Sea Lion 2645:Wannsee Conference 2605:During a visit to 2571: 2529:in February 1942, 2469: 2431: 2311:In late 1941, the 2309: 2267:in Latvia and the 2117: 1955: 1943: 1795:operations behind 1639:Ardennes offensive 1611:K and L, under SS- 1601:H was assigned to 1579:, commanded by SS- 1438:Schutzmannschaften 1365: 1357: 1142:Andreas Hillgruber 1008:Geneva Conventions 849:Bruno Streckenbach 816:were widely used. 656: 645: 621:Invasion of Poland 555:Sicherheitspolizei 419:in June 1941. The 413:invasion of Poland 314:(SS) paramilitary 176:52.50722; 13.38250 39: 10119:Reinhard Heydrich 10051: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10042: 9894:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 9841:Jewish emigration 9831:Hitler's prophecy 9826:Haavara Agreement 9772: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9760:Ypatingasis būrys 9657:Sicherheitsdienst 9593: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9532: 9531: 9452:Bielski partisans 9224: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9055:Totenkopfverbände 8714: 8713: 8386: 8385: 8318: 8317: 8095:Führer protection 8035:SS-Junker Schools 7790: 7789: 7735: 7734: 7630:Intelligenzaktion 7476: 7475: 7467:Ypatingasis būrys 7367:Sicherheitsdienst 7323: 7322: 7188:Martin Sandberger 7158:Walter Kutschmann 7143:Friedrich Jeckeln 6933:Reinhard Heydrich 6867:"Einsatzgruppen" 6842:978-3-631-30895-0 6823:978-0-465-00239-9 6801:978-3-421-01987-5 6788:Krausnick, Helmut 6779:978-0-253-33374-2 6749:978-0-521-45608-1 6722:978-025-3048-07-3 6703:978-0-67402-577-6 6679:978-0-451-23791-0 6593:978-0-88736-266-8 6565:on 26 August 2012 6551:by Alfred Streim" 6537:978-0-521-83365-3 6513:978-0-671-62420-0 6489:978-0-300-17903-3 6454:978-0-385-51946-5 6430:978-0-7006-1234-5 6379:978-0-375-70822-0 6357:978-1-56584-551-0 6266:978-0-394-57154-6 6242:978-1-55263-120-1 6220:978-1-929631-93-3 6201:978-3-534-19729-3 6179:978-0-7643-0754-6 6156:978-0-19-959232-6 6133:978-0-19-280436-5 6111:978-3-486-55891-3 6092:978-1-58544-285-0 6052:978-0-02-917425-8 6028:978-0-300-12427-9 6004:978-0-7456-6026-4 5985:978-0-88736-266-8 5963:978-0-8419-0832-1 5939:978-0-8386-3418-9 5873:978-0-300-11575-8 5851:978-3-8394-0773-8 5832:978-0-14-311671-4 5817:Evans, Richard J. 5761:on 7 October 2015 5745:978-3-406-62898-6 5726:978-0-465-00253-5 5707:978-1-56852-368-2 5685:978-3-89667-430-2 5646:978-0-8032-1327-2 5609:978-0-80188-358-3 4722:, pp. 74–75. 4659:, pp. 69–70. 4613:, pp. 68–69. 4586:, pp. 67–68. 4455:, pp. 57–58. 4303:, pp. 62–70. 4028:, pp. 10–12. 4013:, pp. 31–32. 4001:, pp. 30–31. 3904:, pp. 94–96. 3892:, pp. 94–95. 3868:, pp. 95–96. 3790:, pp. 25–26. 3643:, pp. 16–18. 3388:Explanatory notes 3102:Hugh Trevor-Roper 3080:, along with the 2987:German Sixth Army 2699:Sonderaktion 1005 2376:Obergruppenführer 2254:, members of the 2176: 2069:Friedrich Jeckeln 2065:Obergruppenführer 1635:6th Panzer Armies 1419:SS Einsatzgruppen 1263:Obergruppenführer 1228:Army Groups North 1198:racially inferior 971:Obergruppenführer 687:Obergruppenführer 676:Sicherheitsdienst 643:, 20 October 1939 627:Intelligenzaktion 513:Reinhard Heydrich 509:Obergruppenführer 397:Reinhard Heydrich 392:Obergruppenführer 297:deployment groups 266: 265: 238:Obergruppenführer 230:Reinhard Heydrich 225:Obergruppenführer 215:Agency executives 16:(Redirected from 10136: 9943:Holocaust denial 9921:Nuremberg trials 9911:Postwar violence 9866: 9801: 9800: 9778: 9777: 9740:Special Brigades 9730:Nederlandsche SS 9697:Police Regiments 9621: 9620: 9599: 9598: 9459:Ghetto uprisings 9447:Jewish partisans 9394:Harvest Festival 9366:Holocaust trains 9252: 9251: 9243: 9242: 9230: 9229: 9095: 9094: 8991: 8969: 8951: 8932: 8914: 8737: 8736: 8720: 8719: 8428: 8427: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8358:Allach porcelain 8305:Kaminski Brigade 8260:Foreign SS units 8137:Schutzmannschaft 8122: 8121: 8005:Education Office 8000:Personnel Office 7959:SS Medical Corps 7937:Main departments 7923:Heinrich Himmler 7913:Joseph Berchtold 7864: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7661:Zmievskaya Balka 7591:Kaunas June 1941 7548:Dünamünde Action 7485: 7484: 7413:Schutzmannschaft 7332: 7331: 7133:Erich Isselhorst 7073:Wolfgang Birkner 7068:Ernst Biberstein 7040:Einsatzkommandos 7018:Heinrich Seetzen 6963:Walther Bierkamp 6923: 6922: 6911:Einsatzkommandos 6897: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6862: 6846: 6827: 6805: 6783: 6767: 6753: 6726: 6707: 6683: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6634: 6597: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6561:. Archived from 6541: 6517: 6493: 6476:Shepherd, Ben H. 6471: 6458: 6434: 6422: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6383: 6361: 6349: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6270: 6246: 6224: 6205: 6183: 6160: 6148: 6137: 6120:Longerich, Peter 6115: 6096: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6056: 6032: 6008: 5989: 5967: 5943: 5922: 5877: 5860:Gerwarth, Robert 5855: 5836: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5749: 5730: 5711: 5689: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5650: 5631:Matthäus, Jürgen 5622: 5613: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5578:. Archived from 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5196: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5164:Krumenacker 2006 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4631: 4625: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 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3489: 3483: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3343: 3332: 3321: 3310: 3287: 3262: 3256: 3245: 3231: 3221: 3214: 3194: 3172: 3151: 3134: 3128: 3118: 3109: 3099: 3093: 3067: 3053: 3047: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3016: 2980: 2944: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2912:Standartenführer 2904: 2894: 2858: 2852: 2835: 2825: 2811: 2766: 2743: 2733: 2723: 2707: 2705:Standartenführer 2688: 2627: 2625:Einsatzkommandos 2621: 2614: 2598: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2534: 2524: 2518: 2506: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2388: 2378: 2369:Rumbula massacre 2349: 2337: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2314:Einsatzkommandos 2286: 2281:A was the first 2280: 2274: 2266: 2253: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2225: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2171: 2161: 2147: 2133: 2123: 2084: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2041: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1973:Einsatzkommandos 1969: 1967:Einsatzkommandos 1962: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1903: 1894: 1892:SS-Brigadeführer 1876: 1866: 1859: 1845: 1828: 1815: 1794: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1768: 1750: 1740: 1733: 1722:August Meysner, 1721: 1712: 1710:Standartenführer 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1673: 1671:Standartenführer 1667: 1661: 1659:Einsatzkommandos 1655: 1646: 1625: 1623:Standartenführer 1616: 1610: 1600: 1594: 1584: 1582:Standartenführer 1566: 1560: 1534: 1532:Einsatzkommandos 1525: 1523:Standartenführer 1520:, and lastly SS- 1518:Günther Herrmann 1516: 1514:Standartenführer 1510: 1502:Ludwig Teichmann 1500: 1490: 1484: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1441: 1421: 1411: 1392: 1382: 1372: 1339: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1312:agreed that the 1308: 1298: 1286: 1278: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1243: 1225: 1219: 1191: 1181: 1171: 1163: 1153: 1146:Judeo-Bolshevism 1110:Heinrich Himmler 1108: 1066: 1052: 1035: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1004: 984: 973: 967: 953: 945: 931: 925: 911: 903: 889: 883: 869: 861: 847: 844:Standartenführer 839: 830: 828:Einsatzkommandos 824: 807: 791: 783: 777: 769: 760: 748: 739: 733: 725: 719: 711: 708:Einsatzkommandos 703: 689: 679: 671: 613:and others, but 612: 602: 593: 587: 578: 571:Munich Agreement 564: 558: 546: 538: 532: 522: 511: 505: 491: 473: 460: 450: 435:Rumbula massacre 424: 404: 395: 386:Heinrich Himmler 384: 349: 335: 313: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 283: 278: 273: 261: 260: 240: 228: 202:Heinrich Himmler 182: 181: 179: 178: 177: 172: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 116: 104:Preceding agency 99: 96: 79: 68: 60: 53: 46: 44: 38: 21: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10039: 9954: 9870: 9864: 9853:Madagascar Plan 9846:Kindertransport 9795: 9794: 9764: 9706: 9678: 9663:Ordnungspolizei 9619: 9606: 9585: 9528: 9480: 9433: 9404:Maly Trostenets 9375:Mass executions 9370: 9340: 9278: 9237: 9212: 9182: 9141: 9079: 9041: 9000: 8989: 8967: 8949: 8930: 8912: 8900: 8857: 8731: 8710: 8630: 8621:Hidden children 8599: 8457:Czechoslovakia 8422: 8417: 8387: 8382: 8314: 8293:Schalburg Corps 8254: 8210: 8117:Waffen-SS units 8111: 8090: 8044: 8009: 7932: 7896: 7877:Reichsführer-SS 7865: 7856: 7829: 7821: 7791: 7786: 7757:Commissar Order 7731: 7683: 7665: 7642: 7610: 7572: 7568:Liepāja (Šķēde) 7529: 7511: 7472: 7400: 7375:Ordnungspolizei 7319: 7300:Herberts Cukurs 7283: 7237: 7233:Udo von Woyrsch 7198:Hermann Schaper 7193:Emanuel Schäfer 7168:Josef Meisinger 7153:Wolfgang Kügler 7078:Helmut Bischoff 7045:Sonderkommandos 7043: 7038: 7032: 6973:Erich Ehrlinger 6948: 6942: 6914: 6901: 6853: 6843: 6824: 6810:Snyder, Timothy 6802: 6780: 6758:Förster, Jürgen 6750: 6734: 6732:Further reading 6729: 6723: 6704: 6680: 6655: 6653: 6594: 6580:Marrus, Michael 6568: 6566: 6557:. Los Angeles: 6538: 6522:Smelser, Ronald 6514: 6490: 6455: 6431: 6402: 6400: 6380: 6366:Rhodes, Richard 6358: 6329: 6327: 6305: 6303: 6285: 6283: 6267: 6243: 6229:Marrus, Michael 6221: 6202: 6180: 6157: 6134: 6112: 6093: 6071: 6069: 6053: 6029: 6005: 5986: 5964: 5940: 5874: 5852: 5833: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5777: 5764: 5762: 5746: 5727: 5708: 5686: 5664: 5662: 5647: 5610: 5585: 5583: 5565: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5544:, p. 64 f. 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5422:Hillgruber 1989 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5273:Hillgruber 1989 5271: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5199: 5191: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 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4011:Langerbein 2003 4009: 4005: 3999:Langerbein 2003 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3917:Hillgruber 1989 3915: 3908: 3902:Hillgruber 1989 3900: 3896: 3890:Hillgruber 1989 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3866:Hillgruber 1989 3864: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3827:Hillgruber 1989 3825: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3350: 3337: 3326: 3324:Werner Hersmann 3315: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3165: 3159: 3157:1947–1948 trial 3144: 3074:Peter Longerich 3070:Odessa massacre 3056:4th Panzer Army 3029:Einsatzkommando 2969: 2963: 2942:Einsatzkommando 2927:Einsatzkommando 2892:Einsatzkommando 2879: 2873: 2809:Einsatzkommando 2760: 2750: 2657:Jewish question 2649:worked to death 2561:van found near 2552: 2546: 2501:first round of 2440:Einsatzgruppe D 2407: 2371: 2365: 2346:Kresy Wschodnie 2306:Ponary massacre 2289:Modris Eksteins 2151:Tautiška giesmė 2106: 2094:Main articles: 2092: 2034: 2028: 1982:Einsatzkommando 1898:, commander of 1877:, broke out in 1808: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1760: 1727: 1618:Emanuel Schäfer 1588: 1504: 1370:Reichsführer-SS 1283:Kriminalpolizei 1212: 1206: 1105:Reichsführer-SS 1095: 1079:Main articles: 1077: 994:Cieszyn Silesia 975:Udo von Woyrsch 929:Standartenfürer 891:Herbert Fischer 871:Emanuel Schäfer 805:Ordnungspolizei 764:, commander of 730:Ordnungspolizei 697: 658:In response to 633: 625:Main articles: 623: 536:Einsatzkommando 498: 381:Reichsführer-SS 342:Jewish question 326:(1939–1945) in 299: 296: 293: 290: 276: 247: 210: 206:Reichsführer-SS 190:c. 3,000 (1941) 175: 173: 169: 166: 161: 158: 156: 154: 153: 152: 132:occupied Europe 119: 113:Einsatzkommando 97: 86:Agency overview 80: 70: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Einsatzgruppe A 15: 12: 11: 5: 10142: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10064:Einsatzgruppen 10049: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9948:trivialization 9940: 9939: 9938: 9928: 9926:Eichmann trial 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9821:Nuremberg Laws 9818: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9804:Early elements 9797: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9789: 9786: 9785:Early elements 9782: 9774: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9720:Arajs Kommando 9716: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9691:Einsatzgruppen 9686: 9684: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9641: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9618: 9617: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9604:Responsibility 9595: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9542: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9383:Einsatzgruppen 9378: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9352: 9350: 9347:Final Solution 9342: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9260: 9258: 9249: 9239: 9238: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9208:Ústredňa Židov 9205: 9200: 9194: 9192: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9173:Theresienstadt 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9092: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9058: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9012:Einsatzgruppen 9008: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8818:Mittelbau-Dora 8815: 8806: 8801: 8799:Kraków-Płaszów 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8733: 8732: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8689:Rescue of Jews 8686: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8434: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8393: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8351:Klinker-Zement 8348: 8343: 8338: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8220: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8184:Volksdeutscher 8176: 8174:Arajs Kommando 8171: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8134: 8132:Einsatzgruppen 8128: 8126: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7954:SS Main Office 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7908:Julius Schreck 7904: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7797: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7772:Korherr Report 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7752:The Black Book 7749: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7582: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7450: 7445: 7437: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7371: 7363: 7355: 7347: 7338: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7310:Konrāds Kalējs 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7279:Albert Widmann 7276: 7274:Heinz Schubert 7271: 7266: 7264:Emil Haussmann 7261: 7259:Joachim Hamann 7256: 7254:Lothar Fendler 7251: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7223:Eduard Strauch 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7123:Gerhard Flesch 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7098:Otto Bradfisch 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7003:Otto Ohlendorf 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6950:Einsatzgruppen 6947:Commanders of 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6905:Einsatzgruppen 6900: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6864: 6860:Einsatzgruppen 6852: 6851:External links 6849: 6848: 6847: 6841: 6828: 6822: 6806: 6800: 6784: 6778: 6754: 6748: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6721: 6708: 6702: 6688:Wette, Wolfram 6684: 6678: 6662: 6645:Rzeczpospolita 6635: 6609:(2): 261–301. 6598: 6592: 6575: 6547:"Book review: 6542: 6536: 6518: 6512: 6494: 6488: 6472: 6459: 6453: 6435: 6429: 6409: 6384: 6378: 6362: 6356: 6340:Rees, Laurence 6336: 6325:Deutsche Welle 6312: 6292: 6271: 6265: 6247: 6241: 6225: 6219: 6206: 6200: 6184: 6178: 6161: 6155: 6138: 6132: 6116: 6110: 6097: 6091: 6078: 6057: 6051: 6033: 6027: 6009: 6003: 5990: 5984: 5968: 5962: 5944: 5938: 5923: 5878: 5872: 5856: 5850: 5837: 5831: 5813: 5771: 5750: 5744: 5731: 5725: 5712: 5706: 5694:Craig, William 5690: 5684: 5671: 5651: 5645: 5623: 5614: 5608: 5592: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5546: 5534: 5522: 5518:Longerich 2010 5510: 5508:, p. 188. 5506:Longerich 2010 5498: 5496:, p. 439. 5486: 5482:Longerich 2010 5474: 5472:, p. 187. 5470:Longerich 2010 5462: 5450: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5376:, p. 194. 5374:Longerich 2010 5366: 5354: 5352:, p. 131. 5342: 5340:, p. 301. 5325: 5313: 5311:, p. 250. 5301: 5289: 5285:Longerich 2010 5277: 5275:, p. 102. 5262: 5260:, p. 276. 5250: 5238: 5236:, p. 216. 5226: 5224:, p. 230. 5222:Longerich 2010 5214: 5212:, p. 126. 5197: 5195:, p. 215. 5180: 5168: 5156: 5154:, p. 357. 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5106:, p. 117. 5096: 5094:, p. 318. 5084: 5082:, p. 257. 5072: 5060: 5058:, p. 248. 5048: 5044:Longerich 2010 5036: 5032:Longerich 2012 5024: 5020:Longerich 2010 5012: 5010:, p. 243. 5000: 4998:, p. 548. 4996:Longerich 2012 4988: 4986:, p. 551. 4984:Longerich 2012 4976: 4974:, p. 167. 4961: 4957:Longerich 2012 4949: 4937: 4935:, p. 163. 4925: 4913: 4901: 4899:, p. 197. 4889: 4885:Longerich 2010 4877: 4865: 4863:, p. 372. 4853: 4838: 4826: 4824:, p. 549. 4822:Longerich 2012 4814: 4812:, p. 342. 4799: 4795:Berenbaum 2006 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4686:, p. 182. 4676: 4661: 4649: 4632: 4615: 4600: 4598:, p. 179. 4588: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4547:, p. 317. 4537: 4535:, p. 178. 4522: 4510: 4498: 4496:, p. 315. 4486: 4484:, p. 227. 4469: 4467:, p. 179. 4457: 4445: 4441:Longerich 2010 4433: 4429:Longerich 2010 4421: 4419:, p. 211. 4417:Longerich 2010 4409: 4405:Longerich 2010 4397: 4395:, p. 207. 4393:Longerich 2010 4385: 4381:Longerich 2010 4373: 4371:, p. 208. 4369:Longerich 2010 4361: 4357:Longerich 2010 4349: 4332: 4330:, p. 526. 4328:Longerich 2012 4317: 4305: 4293: 4291:, p. 368. 4281: 4269: 4267:, p. 198. 4265:Longerich 2010 4257: 4255:, p. 523. 4253:Longerich 2012 4245: 4243:, p. 130. 4233: 4231:, p. 197. 4229:Longerich 2010 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4183:, p. 267. 4173: 4161: 4159:, p. 168. 4149: 4147:, p. 419. 4145:Longerich 2010 4137: 4120: 4105: 4093: 4091:, p. 186. 4089:Longerich 2010 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4030: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3977:, p. 177. 3964: 3962:, p. 265. 3952: 3950:, p. 185. 3948:Longerich 2010 3933: 3931:, p. 181. 3929:Longerich 2010 3921: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3855: 3851:Longerich 2012 3843: 3831: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3778:, p. 146. 3776:Longerich 2010 3768: 3766:, p. 147. 3756: 3744: 3742:, p. 225. 3732: 3728:Longerich 2012 3720: 3708: 3706:, p. 429. 3704:Longerich 2012 3693: 3689:Longerich 2010 3681: 3669: 3657: 3655:, p. 143. 3653:Longerich 2010 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3582: 3570: 3555: 3553:, p. 144. 3551:Longerich 2010 3538: 3536:, p. 425. 3534:Longerich 2012 3526: 3522:Longerich 2010 3514: 3502: 3498:Longerich 2012 3490: 3488:, p. 436. 3475: 3460: 3448: 3446:, p. 138. 3444:Longerich 2010 3436: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3271:Main article: 3268: 3265: 3260:Einsatzgruppen 3254:Einsatzgruppen 3243:Einsatzgruppen 3229:Einsatzgruppen 3219:Einsatzgruppen 3212:Einsatzgruppen 3203:Otto Ohlendorf 3170:Einsatzgruppen 3161:Main article: 3158: 3155: 3149:Einsatzgruppen 3143: 3140:Einsatzgruppen 3137: 3132:Einsatzgruppen 3126:Einsatzgruppen 3116:Einsatzgruppen 3107:Einsatzgruppen 3097:Einsatzgruppen 3023:Einsatzgruppen 3002:Field Marshal 2991:Severity Order 2978:Einsatzgruppen 2965:Main article: 2962: 2956: 2902:Einsatzgruppen 2885:Page 6 of the 2875:Main article: 2872: 2869: 2861:The Black Book 2850:Einsatzgruppen 2758:Martin Cüppers 2749: 2746: 2741:Einsatzgruppen 2731:Einsatzgruppen 2721:Einsatzgruppen 2686:Einsatzgruppen 2653:Final Solution 2619:Einsatzgruppen 2612:Einsatzgruppen 2600:Otto Ohlendorf 2583:Einsatzgruppen 2576:Einsatzgruppen 2550:Final Solution 2545: 2542: 2527:Dnepropetrovsk 2504:Einsatzgruppen 2417:Einsatzgruppen 2406: 2403: 2386:Arajs Kommando 2367:Main article: 2364: 2361: 2335:Einsatzgruppen 2326:Arājs Kommando 2264:Arājs Kommando 2237:Einsatzgruppen 2214:Arājs Kommando 2202:Sonderkommando 2195:Arajs Kommando 2138:Upon entering 2124:A operated in 2091: 2088: 2082:Sonderkommando 2059:Sonderkommando 2039:Einsatzgruppen 2030:Main article: 2027: 2024: 2012:Einsatzgruppen 1988:Einsatzgruppen 1960:Einsatzgruppen 1957:All four main 1927:Einsatzgruppen 1874:Einsatzgruppen 1864:Einsatzgruppen 1857:Einsatzgruppen 1852:Nuremberg Laws 1843:Einsatzgruppen 1826:Einsatzgruppen 1813:Einsatzgruppen 1792:Einsatzgruppen 1788: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1689:(Luxembourg), 1653:Einsatzgruppen 1608:Einsatzgruppen 1567:G operated in 1491:E operated in 1482:Einsatzgruppen 1464:Einsatzgruppen 1409:Einsatzgruppen 1380:Einsatzgruppen 1337:Einsatzgruppen 1327:Einsatzgruppen 1321:Einsatzgruppen 1315:Einsatzgruppen 1276:Einsatzgruppen 1257:Einsatzgruppen 1223:Einsatzgruppen 1217:Einsatzgruppen 1205: 1202: 1189:Einsatzgruppen 1179:Einsatzgruppen 1168:Wehrmacht Heer 1161:Einsatzgruppen 1076: 1073: 1064:Einsatzgruppen 1050:Einsatzgruppen 1019:Einsatzgruppen 1013:Einsatzgruppen 1002:Einsatzgruppen 997: 996: 961: 939: 919: 897: 877: 855: 822:Einsatzgruppen 781:Einsatzgruppen 746:Einsatzgruppen 737:Einsatzgruppen 723:Einsatzgruppen 669:Einsatzgruppen 622: 619: 610:Einsatzgruppen 600:Einsatzgruppen 591:Einsatzgruppen 576:Einsatzgruppen 562:Einsatzgruppen 530:Einsatzgruppen 503:Einsatzgruppen 497: 494: 471:Einsatzgruppen 458:Einsatzgruppen 448:Einsatzgruppen 422:Einsatzgruppen 402:Einsatzgruppen 352:intelligentsia 338:Final Solution 333:Einsatzgruppen 271:Einsatzgruppen 264: 263: 253: 249: 248: 246: 245: 233: 218: 216: 212: 211: 209: 208: 198: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 139: 135: 134: 125: 121: 120: 118: 117: 107: 105: 101: 100: 92: 88: 87: 83: 82: 72: 71: 58:Einsatzgruppen 54: 42:Einsatzgruppen 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10141: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10035: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9867: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Nazi eugenics 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9745:Topf and Sons 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9712:Collaborators 9709: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9661: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9650:Referat IV B4 9648: 9647: 9646: (RSHA) 9645: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9637:Schutzstaffel 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624:Organizations 9622: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9566:Romani people 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9519:Working Group 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504:Kastner train 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9343: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9291:Kristallnacht 9288: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9227: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9074:Sanitätswesen 9071: 9069: 9068: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9037:Death marches 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8863:Extermination 8860: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8838:Sachsenhausen 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8779:Herzogenbusch 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754:Bergen-Belsen 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8741:Concentration 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8677:United States 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8517:and colonies 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8420:The Holocaust 8414: 8409: 8407: 8402: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7995:Courts Office 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7918:Erhard Heiden 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7841:Allgemeine SS 7839: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7826: 7825:Schutzstaffel 7818: 7813: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722:Mizocz Ghetto 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7702:Drobytsky Yar 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7507:Slutsk Affair 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7497:Łachwa Ghetto 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7343:Schutzstaffel 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7295:Viktors Arājs 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288:Collaborators 7286: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7249:August Becker 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242:Other members 7240: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7218:Eugen Steimle 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103:Werner Braune 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7041: 7037:Commanders of 7035: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993:Erich Naumann 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978:Wilhelm Fuchs 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6666:Weale, Adrian 6663: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6251:Mayer, Arno J 6248: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5948:Hilberg, Raul 5945: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5400:, p. xi. 5399: 5394: 5388:, p. 88. 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5364:, p. 79. 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5323:, p. 43. 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5299:, p. 10. 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5152:Shepherd 2016 5148: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4875:, p. 78. 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4851:, p. 64. 4850: 4845: 4843: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4797:, p. 93. 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4749:, p. 77. 4748: 4743: 4737:, p. 76. 4736: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4710:, p. 73. 4709: 4704: 4698:, p. 66. 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4674:, p. 70. 4673: 4668: 4666: 4658: 4653: 4647:, p. 71. 4646: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4630:, p. 69. 4629: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4571:, p. 41. 4570: 4565: 4559:, p. 98. 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4453:Headland 1992 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4347:, p. 68. 4346: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4301:Headland 1992 4297: 4290: 4285: 4279:, p. 97. 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4207:, p. xi. 4206: 4201: 4195:, p. 97. 4194: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4118:, p. 23. 4117: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4079:, p. 10. 4078: 4077:Browning 1998 4073: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4053:Browning 1998 4049: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4027: 4026:Browning 1998 4022: 4020: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3989:, p. 15. 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 96. 3918: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3847: 3841:, p. 93. 3840: 3835: 3829:, p. 95. 3828: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3764:Gerwarth 2011 3760: 3754:, p. 18. 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3718:, p. 15. 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3679:, p. 16. 3678: 3673: 3667:, p. 15. 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3631:, p. 12. 3630: 3625: 3619:, p. 17. 3618: 3613: 3607:, p. 14. 3606: 3601: 3595:, p. 17. 3594: 3589: 3587: 3579: 3574: 3568:, p. 11. 3567: 3562: 3560: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3434:, p. 53. 3433: 3428: 3424: 3410: 3404: 3403:Einsatzgruppe 3397: 3393: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3192:Einsatzgruppe 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3091:Einsatzgruppe 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3065:Einsatzgruppe 3061: 3060:Erich Hoepner 3057: 3052: 3051:Einsatzgruppe 3046: 3045:Einsatzgruppe 3041: 3036: 3035:Einsatzgruppe 3030: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3014:Einsatzgruppe 3010: 3005: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2921:Einsatzgruppe 2917: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2833:Einsatzgruppe 2829: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2713:Eastern Front 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2596:Gruppenführer 2591: 2590:Einsatzgruppe 2584: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559:Magirus-Deutz 2556: 2551: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532:Einsatzgruppe 2528: 2523: 2522:Einsatzgruppe 2517: 2516:Einsatzgruppe 2512: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2497:Einsatzgruppe 2492: 2491:Einsatzgruppe 2486: 2485:Einsatzgruppe 2480: 2479:Einsatzgruppe 2474: 2473:Einsatzgruppe 2466: 2462: 2459:, and former 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2411: 2402: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2360: 2357: 2356:Erich Haberer 2352: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320:Einsatzgruppe 2315: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2284:Einsatzgruppe 2279: 2278:Einsatzgruppe 2273: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2208:Einsatzgruppe 2203: 2197: 2196: 2189: 2188:Einsatzgruppe 2184: 2183:Viktors Arājs 2180: 2174: 2169: 2168:Baltaraiščiai 2165: 2160: 2159:Einsatzgruppe 2154: 2152: 2146: 2145:Einsatzgruppe 2141: 2136: 2132: 2131:Einsatzgruppe 2127: 2126:Baltic states 2122: 2121:Einsatzgruppe 2115: 2114:Kaunas pogrom 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2053:Einsatzgruppe 2049: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2023: 2019: 2018:Einsatzgruppe 2013: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1994:Einsatzgruppe 1989: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1961: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921:Einsatzgruppe 1916: 1915:Einsatzgruppe 1911: 1907: 1902: 1901:Einsatzgruppe 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1798: 1793: 1782: 1774: 1767: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1719:Gruppenführer 1715: 1714:Wilhelm Fuchs 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1683:(Yugoslavia) 1681: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1598:Einsatzgruppe 1592: 1587: 1586:Josef Kreuzer 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1564:Einsatzgruppe 1559: 1558:Einsatzgruppe 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1527:Wilhelm Fuchs 1524: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1488:Einsatzgruppe 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470:Gruppenführer 1465: 1459: 1458:Einsatzgruppe 1453: 1452:Einsatzgruppe 1447: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1390:Einsatzgruppe 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1349:Mizocz ghetto 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334:assisted the 1333: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1306:Brigadeführer 1302: 1297: 1296:Einsatzgruppe 1292: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1251:Einsatzgruppe 1247: 1242: 1241:Einsatzgruppe 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1174:Eduard Wagner 1170: 1169: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1151:Einsatzgruppe 1147: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1043: 1042:field marshal 1038: 1034: 1033: 1032:Generaloberst 1026: 1020: 1014: 1009: 1003: 995: 991: 990:Upper Silesia 987: 983: 982: 981:Gruppenführer 976: 972: 966: 965:Einsatzgruppe 962: 960: 956: 955:Erich Naumann 952: 951: 944: 943:Einsatzgruppe 940: 938: 935:, acted with 934: 930: 924: 923:Einsatzgruppe 920: 918: 915:, acted with 914: 913:Lothar Beutel 910: 909: 908:Brigadeführer 902: 901:Einsatzgruppe 898: 896: 893:, acted with 892: 888: 882: 881:Einsatzgruppe 878: 876: 873:, acted with 872: 868: 867: 860: 859:Einsatzgruppe 856: 854: 851:, acted with 850: 846: 845: 838: 837:Einsatzgruppe 834: 833: 832: 829: 823: 817: 815: 811: 810:Romani people 806: 801: 800: 795: 790: 789: 782: 776: 775: 768: 767:Einsatzgruppe 763: 762:Lothar Beutel 759: 758: 757:Brigadeführer 752: 747: 741: 738: 732: 731: 724: 718: 717: 710: 709: 701: 696: 692: 688: 683: 678: 677: 670: 665: 664:invade Poland 661: 654: 649: 642: 637: 632: 628: 618: 616: 611: 606: 601: 595: 592: 586: 585: 577: 572: 568: 563: 557: 556: 550: 545: 544: 537: 531: 526: 521: 520: 519:Schutzstaffel 514: 510: 504: 493: 490: 489:Einsatzgruppe 485: 481: 477: 472: 466: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 418: 414: 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7269:Felix Landau 7228:Martin Weiss 7208:Erwin Schulz 7183:Walter Rauff 7163:Rudolf Lange 7118:Ernst Damzog 7108:Karl Brunner 7088:Walter Blume 7058:Gerhard Bast 7044: 7039: 6988:Bruno Müller 6949: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6832: 6813: 6791: 6763: 6739: 6712: 6692: 6669: 6654:. 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2155: 2137: 2118: 2077: 2073: 2062:4a under SS- 2050:attached to 2047: 2035: 2008: 1978: 1956: 1869: 1839: 1809: 1780: 1752:Walter Rauff 1723: 1649: 1478: 1448: 1413: 1394: 1384: 1366: 1353:Order Police 1331: 1288: 1213: 1194: 1139: 1130: 1125:Franz Halder 1122: 1117: 1113: 1096: 1058: 1046: 998: 959:Wielkopolska 933:Ernst Damzog 818: 797: 742: 660:Adolf Hitler 657: 615:gas chambers 596: 525:World War II 499: 467: 453:Raul Hilberg 442: 439:Adolf Hitler 406: 376: 324:World War II 320:Nazi Germany 316:death squads 268: 267: 138:Headquarters 124:Jurisdiction 36: 10034:Never again 9865:(Action T4) 9791:Remembrance 9576:Homosexuals 9546:Soviet POWs 9474:Częstochowa 9022:Gas chamber 8833:Ravensbrück 8774:Gross-Rosen 8769:Flossenbürg 8652:Philippines 8584:Yugoslavia 8543:Netherlands 8471:Sudetenland 8378:Anton Loibl 8363:Apollinaris 8273:Germanic-SS 8268:Austrian SS 7887:SS commands 7558:Pogulianski 7128:Ludwig Hahn 7083:Paul Blobel 7063:Rudolf Batz 6998:Arthur Nebe 6968:Horst Böhme 6330:9 September 6282:(in German) 6280:Der Spiegel 6037:Klee, Ernst 5494:Streim 1989 5458:Rhodes 2002 5434:Rhodes 2002 5386:Marrus 2000 5362:Marrus 2000 5258:Rhodes 2002 5246:Rabitz 2011 5234:Rhodes 2002 5210:Rhodes 2002 5193:Rhodes 2002 5176:Shirer 1960 5080:Rhodes 2002 5068:Rhodes 2002 5056:Rhodes 2002 5008:Rhodes 2002 4972:Rhodes 2002 4945:Rhodes 2002 4933:Rhodes 2002 4921:Ingrao 2013 4909:Rhodes 2002 4849:Marrus 2000 4783:Rhodes 2002 4771:Rhodes 2002 4759:Rhodes 2002 4569:Rhodes 2002 4533:Rhodes 2002 4518:Rhodes 2002 4506:Rhodes 2002 4465:Rhodes 2002 4205:Larsen 2008 3987:Rhodes 2002 3960:Thomas 1987 3878:Rhodes 2002 3486:Streim 1989 3456:Rhodes 2002 3338: [ 3327: [ 3316: [ 3293: [ 3282: [ 3249:Ian Kershaw 3224:accomplices 3222:leaders as 2761: [ 2709:Paul Blobel 2702:, under SS- 2453:German Army 2381:Riga ghetto 1789:Map of the 1728: [ 1675:Paul Blobel 1647:in Greece. 1637:during the 1627:Ludwig Hahn 1589: [ 1535:located in 1505: [ 1479:Additional 1404:death squad 1093:Hunger Plan 988:, acted in 957:, acted in 698: [ 691:Werner Best 662:'s plan to 567:Sudetenland 304:task forces 174: / 130:and German- 98: 1939 10058:Categories 10023:Yad Vashem 10003:Uniqueness 9858:Nisko Plan 9631:Nazi Party 9439:Resistance 9409:Ninth Fort 9274:Vel' d'Hiv 9046:Nazi units 8984:Westerbork 8974:Amersfoort 8828:Neuengamme 8809:Mauthausen 8789:Kaiserwald 8759:Buchenwald 8538:Luxembourg 8152:Lithuanian 8040:Lebensborn 7928:Karl Hanke 7870:Leadership 7586:Ninth Fort 7430:Lithuanian 7418:Belarusian 7405:Non-German 7138:Karl Jäger 7013:Otto Rasch 6983:Heinz Jost 6439:Segev, Tom 6306:10 January 6286:20 October 5446:Segev 2010 5410:Wette 2007 5350:Wette 2007 5309:Mayer 1988 5297:Craig 1973 5092:Evans 2008 4545:Weale 2012 4494:Weale 2012 4482:Evans 2008 4313:Urban 2001 4181:Crowe 2007 3839:Wette 2007 3812:Weale 2012 3800:Weale 2012 3788:Evans 2008 3752:Evans 2008 3740:Weale 2012 3716:Evans 2008 3593:Evans 2008 3400:Singular: 3383:References 3267:1958 trial 3187:war crimes 2916:Karl Jäger 2692:After the 2548:See also: 2419:photograph 2415:Ivanhorod 2354:Historian 2226:, and the 2211:A and the 2164:Lithuanian 1821:commissars 1698:Oberführer 1614:Oberführer 1545:Banja Luka 1474:Otto Rasch 1172:, General 986:Otto Rasch 950:Oberführer 802:, and the 484:war crimes 162:13°22′57″E 159:52°30′26″N 9981:Education 9876:Aftermath 9788:Aftermath 9750:Trawnikis 9674:Wehrmacht 9669:Waffen-SS 9469:Białystok 9297:Bucharest 9269:Marseille 9146:Elsewhere 9107:Białystok 8919:Breendonk 8896:Treblinka 8749:Auschwitz 8533:Lithuania 8191:Trawnikis 8157:Ukrainian 8023:Ahnenerbe 7852:Waffen-SS 7707:Drohobycz 7637:AB-Aktion 7578:Lithuania 7434:Ukrainian 7213:Franz Six 6656:5 January 6631:161288059 6403:2 January 5919:143574047 5911:210897979 5903:1350-1674 5803:cite book 4897:Rees 1997 4684:Rees 1997 4596:Rees 1997 4065:Robertson 3975:Rees 1997 3432:Wolf 2020 3420:Citations 3371:Wehrmacht 3121:Wehrmacht 3078:Wehrmacht 3040:Wehrmacht 2973:Wehrmacht 2960:Wehrmacht 2771:, led by 2736:Waffen-SS 2726:Wehrmacht 2681:Treblinka 2659:(German: 2634:Auschwitz 2423:Ivanhorod 2048:Waffen-SS 2002:Judenfrei 1883:Lithuania 1831:Comintern 1662:included 1430:, and at 1414:Wehrmacht 1395:Waffen-SS 1385:Waffen-SS 1332:Wehrmacht 1290:Waffen-SS 1246:11th Army 1118:Wehrmacht 1114:Wehrmacht 1059:Wehrmacht 875:10th Army 853:14th Army 799:Wehrmacht 716:Freikorps 605:Action T4 543:Anschluss 463:Holocaust 443:Wehrmacht 408:Wehrmacht 372:partisans 187:Employees 9966:Academia 9419:Piaśnica 9389:Babi Yar 9317:Jedwabne 9256:Roundups 9189:Judenrat 9153:Budapest 8924:Mechelen 8886:Majdanek 8843:Stutthof 8804:Majdanek 8699:by Poles 8657:Portugal 8635:Response 8626:Timeline 8604:Overview 8466:Slovakia 8453:Bulgaria 8162:Estonian 7834:Branches 7697:Babi Yar 7671:Slovakia 7442:Kommando 7422:Estonian 6926:Director 6812:(2010). 6690:(2007). 6668:(2012). 6500:(1960). 6478:(2016). 6441:(2010). 6415:(2003). 6368:(2002). 6342:(1997). 6253:(1988). 6231:(2000). 6122:(2010). 6015:(2008). 5950:(1985). 5862:(2011). 5819:(2008). 5696:(1973). 5665:18 April 5660:Ynetnews 5633:(2004). 5598:(2006). 5586:18 April 5576:LPH info 5554:Mix 2008 3377:Porajmos 3348:See also 3209:Several 2936:Rokiškis 2795:and the 2673:Majdanek 2638:Zyklon B 2567:gas vans 2250:Aizsargi 2032:Babi Yar 2026:Babi Yar 1848:Red Army 1603:Slovakia 1541:Sarajevo 1537:Vinkovci 1424:Babi Yar 1156:Pretzsch 1061:and the 1022:and the 968:VII, SS- 937:3rd Army 917:4th Army 895:8th Army 884:III, SS- 814:gas vans 431:Babi Yar 306:') were 302:; also ' 262:and RSHA 10114:Gestapo 9993:Lessons 9429:Rumbula 9302:Dorohoi 9283:Pogroms 9235:Victims 9085:Ghettos 9017:Gas van 9005:Methods 8979:Schoorl 8957:Bolzano 8905:Transit 8891:Sobibor 8881:Chełmno 8848:Vaivara 8784:Hinzert 8729:ghettos 8682:Vatican 8588:Croatia 8578:Ukraine 8568:Belarus 8558:Romania 8510:Hungary 8493:Germany 8483:Estonia 8478:Denmark 8448:Belgium 8443:Austria 8438:Albania 8368:Mattoni 8226:(SS-VT) 8147:Latvian 7901:Leaders 7848:(SS-TV) 7740:Records 7689:Ukraine 7563:Rumbula 7553:Jelgava 7517:Estonia 7489:Belarus 7426:Latvian 6582:(ed.). 6569:10 June 6545:Staff. 6466:(ed.). 6072:10 June 5793:10 June 5765:10 June 5563:Sources 2677:Sobibor 2669:Chelmno 2655:of the 2449:Ukraine 2445:Winniza 2427:Ukraine 2399:Ostland 2363:Rumbula 2291:wrote: 2175: 1887:Ukraine 1781:Vileyka 1716:and SS- 1620:and SS- 1577:Ukraine 1573:Hungary 1569:Romania 1432:Rumbula 1293:. Each 1271:pogroms 1055:ghettos 977:and SS- 946:VI, SS- 904:IV, SS- 862:II, SS- 682:Gestapo 653:Palmiry 549:Austria 340:to the 291: 277:German: 128:Germany 9899:Bricha 9665:(Orpo) 9538:Others 9524:Żegota 9486:Rescue 9464:Warsaw 9424:Ponary 9334:Kaunas 9137:Warsaw 9122:Lublin 9112:Kraków 9099:Poland 8943:Drancy 8876:Belzec 8853:Warsaw 8764:Dachau 8672:Turkey 8667:Sweden 8593:Serbia 8573:Russia 8553:Poland 8548:Norway 8528:Latvia 8498:Greece 8488:France 8337:(DEST) 7648:Russia 7616:Poland 7606:Ponary 7535:Latvia 7481:Crimes 7456:Hamann 7440:Arajs 7378:(Orpo) 7362:(SiPo) 7335:German 7328:Groups 6919:People 6839: 6820: 6798: 6776: 6772:–283. 6746: 6719: 6700: 6676: 6629: 6623:260933 6621: 6590: 6534: 6510: 6486: 6451: 6427: 6376: 6354: 6263: 6239: 6217: 6198: 6176: 6153: 6130: 6108: 6089: 6049: 6025: 6001: 5982: 5960: 5936: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5870: 5848: 5829: 5742: 5723: 5704: 5682: 5643: 5606: 3205:, 1943 3142:trials 3119:. The 3032:4b of 2814:Tobruk 2777:Athens 2665:Belzec 2636:using 2593:D, SS- 2525:B. In 2455:, the 2342:, the 2140:Kaunas 2102:, and 1951:Zboriv 1939:Zboriv 1910:Kaunas 1885:, and 1879:Latvia 1650:Other 1575:, and 1553:Zagreb 1551:, and 1248:. The 1234:, and 1232:Centre 1091:, and 926:V, SS- 819:Seven 641:Kórnik 573:, the 527:. The 441:, the 399:, the 366:, and 330:. The 150:Berlin 91:Formed 10013:Humor 9986:Films 9683:Units 9414:Odesa 9264:Izieu 9178:Vilna 9163:Minsk 9158:Kovno 9132:Radom 8996:Sereď 8813:Gusen 8794:Kauen 8725:Camps 8662:Spain 8647:Japan 8521:Libya 8515:Italy 7727:Odesa 6627:S2CID 6619:JSTOR 6321:dw.de 5915:S2CID 5787:(PDF) 5778:(PDF) 3342:] 3331:] 3320:] 3309:] 3286:] 2781:Egypt 2765:] 2607:Minsk 1743:Tunis 1732:] 1593:] 1511:, SS- 1509:] 1449:Many 1236:South 702:] 9904:List 9659:(SD) 9639:(SS) 9322:Lviv 9307:Iași 9247:Jews 9168:Riga 9127:Lwów 9117:Łódź 9089:list 8938:Gurs 8811:and 8727:and 8201:Hiwi 7828:(SS) 7370:(SD) 7346:(SS) 6908:and 6837:ISBN 6818:ISBN 6796:ISBN 6774:ISBN 6744:ISBN 6717:ISBN 6698:ISBN 6674:ISBN 6658:2015 6588:ISBN 6571:2018 6532:ISBN 6508:ISBN 6484:ISBN 6449:ISBN 6425:ISBN 6405:2015 6374:ISBN 6352:ISBN 6332:2016 6308:2013 6288:2023 6261:ISBN 6237:ISBN 6215:ISBN 6196:ISBN 6174:ISBN 6151:ISBN 6128:ISBN 6106:ISBN 6087:ISBN 6074:2018 6047:ISBN 6023:ISBN 5999:ISBN 5980:ISBN 5958:ISBN 5934:ISBN 5907:OCLC 5899:ISSN 5868:ISBN 5846:ISBN 5827:ISBN 5809:link 5795:2018 5767:2018 5740:ISBN 5721:ISBN 5702:ISBN 5680:ISBN 5667:2020 5641:ISBN 5604:ISBN 5588:2020 2899:The 2843:Had 2783:and 2756:and 2413:The 2199:, a 2179:Riga 2173:lit. 2044:Kyiv 2009:The 1656:and 1633:and 1549:Knin 1397:and 992:and 629:and 500:The 482:and 364:Jews 287:lit. 142:RSHA 69:(SS) 55:The 9053:SS- 7461:TDA 6770:266 6611:doi 5891:doi 2156:As 1904:A, 1631:5th 1134:GPU 547:in 344:" ( 318:of 235:SS- 221:SS- 10060:: 8990:sk 8968:nl 8950:it 8931:fr 8913:be 7432:, 7428:, 7424:, 7420:, 6642:. 6625:. 6617:. 6607:22 6605:. 6553:. 6391:. 6323:. 6319:. 6298:. 6278:. 6168:. 5913:. 5905:. 5897:. 5887:31 5885:. 5805:}} 5801:{{ 5780:. 5658:. 5629:; 5574:. 5328:^ 5265:^ 5200:^ 5183:^ 4964:^ 4841:^ 4802:^ 4727:^ 4664:^ 4635:^ 4618:^ 4603:^ 4576:^ 4525:^ 4472:^ 4335:^ 4320:^ 4123:^ 4108:^ 4033:^ 4018:^ 3967:^ 3936:^ 3909:^ 3858:^ 3819:^ 3696:^ 3585:^ 3558:^ 3541:^ 3478:^ 3463:^ 3340:de 3329:de 3318:de 3311:, 3307:sv 3305:; 3303:ru 3301:; 3299:fr 3297:; 3295:de 3284:de 3185:, 2867:. 2840:. 2767:, 2763:de 2679:, 2675:, 2671:, 2667:, 2569:. 2447:, 2425:, 2401:. 2170:, 2166:: 2098:, 1881:, 1754:. 1730:de 1677:, 1605:. 1595:. 1591:de 1571:, 1555:. 1547:, 1543:, 1539:, 1507:de 1238:; 1230:, 1192:. 1087:, 1083:, 1071:. 1044:. 700:de 594:. 465:. 362:, 284:, 204:, 148:, 144:, 95:c. 10036:" 10032:" 9349:" 9345:" 9091:) 9087:( 8412:e 8405:t 8398:v 7816:e 7809:t 7802:v 7436:) 7416:( 7042:, 6896:e 6889:t 6882:v 6845:. 6826:. 6804:. 6782:. 6752:. 6725:. 6706:. 6682:. 6660:. 6633:. 6613:: 6596:. 6573:. 6540:. 6516:. 6492:. 6457:. 6433:. 6407:. 6382:. 6360:. 6334:. 6310:. 6290:. 6269:. 6245:. 6223:. 6204:. 6182:. 6159:. 6136:. 6114:. 6095:. 6076:. 6055:. 6031:. 6007:. 5988:. 5966:. 5942:. 5921:. 5893:: 5876:. 5854:. 5835:. 5811:) 5797:. 5769:. 5748:. 5729:. 5710:. 5688:. 5669:. 5649:. 5612:. 5590:. 5556:. 5248:. 5166:. 4315:. 4171:. 4135:. 4067:. 3512:. 3473:. 3412:. 2467:" 1741:( 300:' 294:' 275:( 34:. 20:)

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