205:
507:
339:
41:
556:
1018:
665:
98:
413:
29:
1795:- "Between 22 June 1941 and the end of the war, roughly 5.7 million members of the Red Army fell into German hands. During January 1945, 930,000 were still in German camps. A million at most had been released, most of whom were so-called "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) for (often compulsory) auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht. Another 500,000, as estimated by the Army High Command, had either fled or been liberated. The remaining 3,300,000 (57.5 per cent of the total) had perished."
1098:, when the Organisation Todt proper was initiated and utilised on the Eastern front. The huge increase in the demand for labour created by the various military and paramilitary projects was satisfied by a series of expansions of the laws on compulsory service, which ultimately obligated all Germans to arbitrarily determined (i.e. effectively unlimited) compulsory labour for the state:
273:), and the projects of the OT became almost exclusively military. The huge increase in the demand for labour created by the various military and paramilitary projects was satisfied by a series of expansions of the laws concerning compulsory service, which ultimately obligated all Germans to arbitrarily determined (i.e., effectively unlimited) compulsory labour for the state:
574:
with compulsory contracts, forcing construction companies to work for the OT. The construction company contracted became a self-contained unit within the OT, composed of technical and administrative staff with the skill and equipment necessary to execute the construction tasks assigned to it. Smaller companies were hence combined to form an
1371:
or other postwar trials in
Germany. Despite a British Secret Service report stating that "Supervisory assignments in OT were generally reserved for Old Party Fighters, Party members with influential connections, and more recently for older SS members in rapidly increasing numbers. The result is that
1203:
At wars end, all Org Todt members received blanket amnesty from the
Western Allies. Many went on to serve in the post-war British and U.S. Labor Services in occupied Germany before emigrating to Britain, Australia, Canada and the United States. The U.S. Labor Service was considered the forerunner of
535:
manager of the
Organisation Todt. Despite Todt's death, the OT continued to exist as an engineering organisation and was given more assignments. At the beginning of 1943, in addition to its continuing work on the Atlantic Wall, the organisation also undertook the construction of launch platforms in
408:
The OT was not given an official name until Hitler bestowed one soon after coming to power in 1933. During 1938 Todt initiated the
Organisation Todt proper as a consortium of administrative offices which Todt had established in the course of the Autobahn project, private companies as subcontractors
1366:
The survivor Arnold
Daghani published his memoirs in 1960 in German translation, accusing companies like Dohrmann and others to have assisted SS, SD and auxiliary troops in the deliberate killing of slave workers. A two-decade-long process against the main culprits with 1,500 witnesses interviewed
1125:
The period from 1942 until the end of the war, with approximately 1.4 million labourers in the service of the
Organisation Todt. Overall, 1% were Germans rejected from military service and 1.5% were concentration camp prisoners; the rest were prisoners of war and compulsory labourers from occupied
573:
with their staff and equipment. Up to about 1942, the construction companies dominated the OT, but after Speer became its director, the government's control of the organisation increased through standardised contracts and uniform pay scales. The volunteer contracts with the OT were later augmented
1362:
were worked to death or shot dead in Nazi-occupied Poland. and 25,000 in German-occupied
Ukraine, as well approximately 50,000 Soviet prisoners of war. The road was issued by the SS that also rented slave labour and half-free labour to OT. OT subcontracted to German building companies and German
1130:
service for
Germans had been reduced to six weeks of perfunctory military training and all available conscript German manpower diverted to military units and direct military support organisations. From the beginning of 1942 at the latest, their place was increasingly taken by prisoners of war and
399:
from 1935. As per the law of 26 June 1935, all male
Germans between the ages of 18 and 25 were required to perform six months of state service. During this period, the work was compensated, at a rate slightly greater than that of unemployment assistance. The working conditions of the labour force
960:
was the security guards of the OT, whose mission was to maintain discipline and order among the foreign workers, as well as guarding the OT construction camps, buildings, and other property against enemy activities and theft. During marches the SK guarded the foreign workers in order to prevent
551:
In 1943, the organisation was administratively incorporated into Albert Speer's
Ministry of Armaments and War Production. Speer's concerns, in the context of an increasingly desperate Germany, in which all production had been severely affected by materials and manpower shortages and by Allied
409:
and the primary source of technical engineering expertise, and the Labour Service as the source of manpower. He was appointed by Hitler as a plenipotentiary for labour for the second four-year plan, decreasing Göring's role. Investment in civil engineering work was reduced greatly.
1917:("Yearbook of Economic History") Munich. booklet 27, p.178, n.88. Quote: "After the war, Henne was arrested and sent to the Soviet Union, where he was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was back in Germany in 1955 as one of the last German POWs returning from Soviet captivity."
544:. During the summer of that year, German war efforts became increasingly defensive, and the organisation was directed to construct air-raid shelters, repair bombed buildings in German urban areas, and construct underground refineries and armaments factories, also termed
1860:
Gruner, Wolf (2006). Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis. Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938â1944. Institute of Contemporary History, Munich and Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1230:
consisted of the German permanent employees of the contractors. as well as conscripts serving with the contracted companies. These employees received uniforms, were given a rank, and were supposed to be given a briefer period of military training. They also included
442:
Between 1939 and 1943, in contrast to the period from 1933 to 1938, fewer than 1,000 km (620 mi) of roadway were added to the Autobahn network. Emphasis shifted to military efforts. The first major project involved the Westwall (known in English as the
1216:
consisted of administrative, supervisory, and clerical staff, recruited through voluntary employment of German citizens, or through conscription of Germans and Volksdeutsche, as well as French citizens working for OT in France, and also included
582:, the German construction industry association. Among the OT contractors were also construction companies in occupied Europe. French, Danish, and Norwegian companies contracted with German companies as sub-contractors for OT building projects.
552:
bombing, ranged over almost the whole of the German war-time economy. Speer managed to increase production significantly, at the cost of a vastly increased reliance on compulsory labour. This applied as well to the labour force of the OT.
1538:, used in the text of this and other laws of the period. Given, however, that by this date legislative power had already been transferred to the executive (i.e., Hitler), primarily by means of the "authorisation law" of 23 March 1933 (
568:
The OT was a co-operative effort of the German government and the German construction industry; the former supplied the manpower and the material, the latter supplied the technical know-how in the form of individual contractors
1049:, since they â as aliens â could not be members of the NSKK, which was a sub-organisation of the Nazi Party. In 1942, Transportbrigade Todt, Transportbrigade Speer, and Legion Speer, was subsumed into an umbrella organisation,
394:
and there was no shortage of available labour. As the economy recovered and the supply of labour became a more serious issue, the OT was able to draw on conscripted (i.e., compulsory) workers, from within Germany through the
370:
project for an entire network of highways, issued on 27 June 1933. He made it a vastly more ambitious public project and the responsibility was given to Fritz Todt as the newly named Inspector General of German Roadways.
592:
Efficiency output contracts, where the materiel and labour was supplied by the OT. The profit was computed on the basis of the wages paid to the contractor's own staff. This was the dominant type of contract from late
374:
By 1934, Todt had succeeded in elevating his office to near cabinet rank. Todt was an extremely capable administrator, and by 1938 the organisation had built more than 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of the roadway. The
615:
as chief of staff. It merged during 1944 with Amt Bau-OT to form Amt Bau-OT Zentrale directed by Speer, and with Dorsch as chief representative of Speer as a minister, and as general plenipotentiary for construction.
1204:
the new German army. The Organisation Todt itself was found not guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg, although its leader Albert Speer served 20 years in Spandau Prison after admitting his crimes against humanity.
479:, which were occupied by Nazi Germany from 30 June 1940 to 9 May 1945. The only camps on British soil operated by the OT were on the Channel Islands; two of these OT camps were given to the management of the
1926:"Bericht des SSPF Friedrich Katzmann, in Lvov/Lemberg 30.6..1943, auch bekannt als "Katzmannbericht" ("Report of the SSPF Friedrich Katzmann, in Lvov / Lemberg 30.6.1943, also known as the "Katzmann Report")
1188:
was a foreign worker that swore an oath of allegiance, wore a uniform, but were not normally armed. They could not include Czechs, Poles, Jews, or Communists. At the end of the war, their designation became
1339:" ("annihilation by labour"). Several SS guards and local collaborators were sentenced to prison and death after the war in trials in Belgrade and Oslo. The head of the responsible OT unit for Scandinavia,
494:. Todt had become convinced that the war on the eastern front could not be won and thought himself independent enough to say as much to Hitler. As a result, some speculation exists that Todt's death was a
1126:
countries. All were effectively treated as slaves and existed in the complete and arbitrary service of a totalitarian state. Many did not survive the work or the war. By the end of the war, the
1503:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2. U.S. War Department, "The Todt Organization and Affiliated Services"
326:
prisoners; the rest were prisoners of war and forced labourers from occupied countries. All were effectively treated as slaves and existed in the complete and arbitrary service of the
2062:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939â1941
1367:
resulted in not a single conviction, leading Daghani to call the process "merely a farce, a meaningless gesture. None of the OT personnel were sentenced to prison in the
1135:). During 1943 and 1944, these were further augmented by concentration camp and other prisoners. Beginning in the autumn of 1944, between 10,000 and 20,000 half-Jews (
1073:. Most of the so-called "volunteer" Soviet POW workers were assigned to the Organisation Todt. The history of the forced labour by Nazi Germany has three main phases:
1837:
1449:
265:
The second period lasted from 1938, when the Organisation Todt group proper was created, until February 1942, when Todt died in an aeroplane crash. After the
1387:
189:
319:
589:
Cost reimbursement contract, where the materiel and labour was supplied by the company. It allowed a commission of 4œ% as the profit of the contractor.
322:. Approximately 1.4 million labourers were in the service of the organisation. One per cent were Germans rejected from military service and 1.5% were
277:. From 1938 to 1940, more than 1.75 million Germans were conscripted into labour service. From 1940 to 1942, Organisation Todt began its reliance on
1624:, at the border with France and on the wall. The construction of the HunsrĂŒck Highway forms the basis for the fifth chapter of Edgar Reitz' movie,
1335:
in Norway, more than 10,000 slave labourers from eastern Europe and some hundred German political prisoners were worked to death as part of the "
1184:
members of the OT. They swore an oath of fidelity to Hitler, wore uniforms, and were armed. The mean age of this group was about 45â50 years. An
1131:
compulsory labourers from occupied countries. Foreign nationals and POWs were often, somewhat euphemistically, referred to as "foreign workers" (
1042:
1102:. From 1938 to 1940, over 1.75 million Germans were conscripted into labour service. From 1940 to 1942, Organization Todt began its reliance on
1372:
in proportion it harbours at least in its permanent administrative staff, possibly more ardent Nazis than a regular formation of the Party.
1340:
455:
of Armaments and Munitions in 1940. In 1941, Todt and his organisation were further charged with a project even larger: construction of the
2202:
1913:
Gogl, Simon (2020) "Laying the Foundations of Occupation: Organisation Todt and the German Construction Industry in Occupied Norway" in
464:
1523:
1939:("Final solution" in Galicia: The Murder of Jews in Eastern Poland and the Rescue Initiatives of Berthold Beitz; 1941-1944") Berlin
390:
project relied on the open labour market as a source of workers. Germany was at this time still recovering from the effects of the
1321:
380:
256:
network. He was able to draw on "conscripted" (i.e., compulsory) labour, from within Germany, through the Reich Labour Service (
2172:
204:
1866:
383:
regime. In that period, Todt had also put together the administrative framework of what would become the Organisation Todt.
2169:
U.S. War Department, "The Todt Organization and Affiliated Services" Tactical and Technical Trends No. 30 (July 29, 1943).
1577:
1343:, was extradited to the Soviet Union and served 10 years as a prisoner of war before returning to Hessen in West Germany.
506:
2178:
Small-scale model of an Organisation Todt security guard, uniform as in autumn 1942 at the rear of the front in Russia
242:
The history of the organisation can be divided into three phases. From 1933 to 1938, before the organisation existed,
2018:
1832:
1792:
1605:
1444:
2197:
2192:
1616:
One of the quasi-civil projects associated with the Westwall project was the construction of the HunsrĂŒck Highway (
1542:), this, and all other legislation of the Third Reich, was effectively a purely executive order, i.e., a decree (
1392:
1087:
network. The organisation was able to use "conscripted" (i.e. compulsory) labour from within Germany through the
338:
1146:
1026:
460:
2078:
682:
This section is about Organisation Todt administrative units. For the main article about Einsatzgruppen, see
555:
40:
1937:
Endlösung" in Galizien: der Judenmord in Ostpolen und die Rettungsinitiativen von Berthold Beitz; 1941-1944
1168:. Of these, only the German personnel were regarded as being Wehrmacht Auxiliaries (i.e., belonging to the
1029:
supplied motor vehicle transportation for the OT until 1944. The role of the NSKK began in 1938, with the
173:
1381:
1156:
All members of the Organisation Todt, even forced labourers, with the exception of Jews, were regarded as
2152:
1017:
472:
1992:
172:. The organisation was responsible for a huge range of engineering projects both in Nazi Germany and in
1817:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
1805:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
1429:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
1417:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
664:
358:, initiated during 1926 for the purpose of building a high-speed highway between northern Germany and
192:. From 1943 until 1945 during the late phase of the Third Reich, OT administered all constructions of
193:
148:
1346:
While building the main military road for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, the so-called "
1041:
was organised and put in charge of the motor transportation for the air base constructions under
468:
1620:, largely coinciding with the B327 and B407 in contemporary Germany). Its southern end was near
585:
There were several kinds of contracts between OT and OT contractors. The most important were:
490:
Fritz Todt died in an aeroplane crash on 8 February 1942, soon after a meeting with Hitler in
2163:
1479:
1081:), operating between 1933 and 1938, responsible primarily for the construction of the German
1058:
2122:
2087:
Seidler, Franz W. "Die Organisation Todt. Bauen fĂŒr Staat und Wehrmacht 1938-1945." 301 pp.
1095:
1054:
2052:"The Construction of the Westwall, 1938: An Exemplar for National Socialist Policymaking."
2051:
8:
1518:
1127:
1088:
396:
258:
412:
612:
323:
266:
1077:
Organisation Todt was preceded by the office of General Inspector of German Roadways (
2014:
1956:("Magazine for the Social History of the 20th and 21st Centuries") v.11, n.1 pp.13â39
1862:
1788:
1601:
578:. The organisation of OT contractors was standardised through instructions issued by
518:
417:
225:
157:
153:
114:
110:
61:
57:
2137:
1638:
1555:
354:
The autobahn concept had its beginnings in the efforts of a private consortium, the
1368:
495:
400:
would change drastically for the worse over the course of the following ten years.
391:
213:
2102:
Hitler's Engineers: Fritz Todt and Albert Speer-Master Builders of the Third Reich
1841:
1581:
1527:
1453:
1266:
in OT uniform if volunteers. Civilian clothing for local workers in Scandinavia.
995:
537:
476:
234:
217:
2042:"The Engineer as Ideologue: Reactionary Modernists in Weimar and Nazi Germany."
1785:
Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941-1945
1628:(1984) and one of its main characters is a (fictional) engineer of the project.
1572:
1034:
961:
escapes; the ratio of one SK-man per twenty foreign workers was used normally.
683:
484:
452:
444:
318:
succeeded Todt in office and the OT was absorbed into the renamed and expanded
282:
1501:
Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis. Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938â1944
2186:
1262:
Nordics (English, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Dutch, Danes, Flemings, Swiss).
1177:
1111:
1103:
1070:
545:
456:
427:
343:
295:
1141:) and persons related to Jews by marriage were recruited into special units.
356:
HaFraBa (Verein zur Vorbereitung der AutostraĂe HansestĂ€dte-Frankfurt-Basel)
1242:
1119:
1053:, which in 1944 was made into an organisation independent of the NSKK, the
1046:
607:
In 1942 a centralised organisation of the OT was created when Speer became
526:
514:
510:
491:
448:
363:
347:
327:
315:
307:
229:
185:
181:
161:
131:
103:
28:
2177:
1001:
Streifendienst (Patrol Service), mobile Auxiliaries to the Feldgendarmerie
2011:
Builders of the Third Reich: The Organisation Todt and Nazi Forced Labour
1181:
1115:
314:
The third period lasted from 1942 until the end of the war in 1945, when
301:
209:
46:
435:
1332:
1165:
1161:
1107:
897:
857:
674:
541:
451:
and serving a similar purpose. Correspondingly, Todt himself was named
290:
243:
221:
169:
165:
123:
2091:
2068:
2041:
1245:, East European volunteers, or forced Labourers of many nationalities.
422:
246:'s primary post was that of the General Inspector of German Roadways (
1825:
Gesetz ĂŒber Sachleistungen fĂŒr Reichsaufgaben (Reichsleistungsgesetz)
1437:
Gesetz ĂŒber Sachleistungen fĂŒr Reichsaufgaben (Reichsleistungsgesetz)
1137:
50:
611:. A new HQ in Berlin, Amt OTZ, was created with Ministerialdirigent
1969:("The grave is in the cherry-orchard") Tel Aviv: Weg und Zil Verlag
1083:
756:
531:
362:, in Switzerland. While the idea did not originate with the Nazis,
269:, Todt was named the Minister for Armaments and Munitions in 1940 (
252:
1057:. Inland waterways transportation was since 1937 the scope of the
2060:
Kroener, Bernhard R., Rolf-Dieter Muller, and Hans Umbreit, eds.
1641:
Deutsches Historisches Museum online, 17. September 2015 (German)
1355:
1045:
within the OT. Foreign drivers were, however, recruited into the
927:
786:
2109:
Driving Germany: the landscape of the German autobahn, 1930â1970
994:
Ordnungskommando (Order Command), stationary auxiliaries to the
475:. Included with this project were fortifications on the British
917:
907:
887:
867:
746:
431:
177:
1831:. 1939 I, Nr. 166, S. 1645â1654. For further background, see
1520:
Gesetz ĂŒber die Errichtung eines Unternehmens Reichsautobahnen
1033:
in charge of motor transportation for the construction of the
668:
Albert Speer (right) in Finland during the winter of 1943â1944
1980:
The Nazi, the Painter, and the Forgotten Story of the SS Road
1954:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Sozialgeschichte des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts
1621:
1443:. 1939 I, Nr. 166, S. 1645â54. For further background, see
877:
766:
359:
1363:
engineers oversaw work of the more than 2000 km road.
1359:
1351:
776:
736:
403:
1326:
250:) and his primary responsibility, the construction of the
1834:
Die Ausweitung von Dienstpflichten im Nationalsozialismus
1446:
Die Ausweitung von Dienstpflichten im Nationalsozialismus
2079:"Cars, roads, and economic recovery in Germany, 1932â8."
559:
An Organisation Todt member's service-book from the war.
1534:. "Law" is the literal translation of the German term,
1196:
was the organic personnel of the OT, as opposed to the
480:
498:
assassination, but this has never been substantiated.
1384:(DAW) defence contractor owned and operated by the SS
2028:
Dick, Charles (December 2021), "Organisation Todt",
1250:
Classification of personnel according to nationality
426:) of random civilians to be deported to Germany for
16:
Civil and military engineering group in Nazi Germany
1388:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
333:
2069:"Mobilization for Total War in Germany 1939â1941."
126:(1933â1942â ), General Inspector of German Roadways
2092:"The Reichsautobahn: Symbol for the Third Reich."
1584:members.a1.net. for additional general background
1200:employees of the contractors working for the OT.
990:Two special organisations existed within the SK:
330:state. Many did not survive the work or the war.
2184:
1892:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., table 1, pp. 1-5.
501:
459:, to fortify the coasts of occupied France, the
342:German soldier in front of part of the OT-built
134:(1942â1945), Minister of Armaments and Munitions
1950:"JĂŒdische Arbeitslager an der 'Strasse der SS'"
1770:Military Intelligence Research Section (1945).
1540:Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich
1079:Generalinspektor fĂŒr das deutsche StraĂenwesen
320:Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production
248:Generalinspektor fĂŒr das deutsche StraĂenwesen
188:. The organisation became notorious for using
1713:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., charts 4a, 4b.
379:project became one of the show pieces of the
529:as Minister of Armaments and Munitions, and
1952:("Jewish Labor Camps in the 'SSS Road') in
1484:World War II: German Military Organizations
1880:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 115, 129.
1069:Organisation Todt was notorious for using
1012:
979:SK-Abteilung (battalion); one or more per
483:from March 1943, converting them into the
271:Reichsminister fĂŒr Bewaffnung und Munition
164:from 1933 to 1945, named for its founder,
2013:(Hardback). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
1851:, Humboldt University, Berlin, 1996â1999.
1787:, Bonn: Dietz (3. Aufl., 1. Aufl. 1978),
1749:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., chart 6a.
1725:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., chart 5b.
1677:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 63, 64.
1665:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 55, 58.
1653:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 54, 62.
1016:
976:SK-Bereitschaft (company of 120-150 men)
663:
554:
505:
411:
337:
203:
1904:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., Table V.
1463:, Humboldt University, Berlin, 1996â99.
1327:Crimes against humanity and prosecution
1322:Ranks and insignia of Organisation Todt
1307:Stateless German Speakers. "Auslander".
1108:MilitÀrinternierte (military internees)
1094:The period from 1938 until 1942, after
659:
602:
168:, an engineer and senior member of the
2185:
1701:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., p. 184.
1151:
1473:
1471:
1469:
196:to supply forced labour to industry.
147:
2027:
2008:
1982:, London: Reaktion Books. pp.147-162
1761:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 80.
1737:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., p. 9.
1689:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., p. 8.
970:SK-Kameradschaft (squad of 8-12 men)
714:
238:exhibition in Berlin, 20 March 1941.
128:Minister for Armaments and Munitions
1477:
809:Oberbauleitung under Oberbauleiter.
13:
2203:Military logistics of Nazi Germany
1915:Jahrbuch fĂŒr Wirtschaftsgeschichte
1590:
1466:
652:Central committee for construction
14:
2214:
2115:
1815:. 1938 I, Nr. 170, S. 1441â1443;
1772:Handbook of the Organisation Todt
1631:
1241:Foreign workers, who were either
951:
563:
1849:Forschungsprojekt Gemeinschaften
1461:Forschungsprojekt Gemeinschaften
1104:Gastarbeitnehmer (guest workers)
1064:
1021:Flag of the Transportkorps Speer
334:Autobahn construction, 1933â1938
96:
39:
27:
2160:(Deutsches Historisches Museum)
2095:Journal of Contemporary History
2064:(Oxford University Press, 2000)
2045:Journal of Contemporary History
1993:"Handbook of Organisation Todt"
1985:
1972:
1959:
1942:
1929:
1920:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1854:
1798:
1777:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1427:. 1938 I, Nr. 170, S. 1441â43;
1393:Ispettorato Militare del Lavoro
1331:During the construction of the
597:
366:issued a decree establishing a
149:[ÊÉÊÉĄanizaËtsiÌŻoËntoËt]
1991:British Secret Service (1945)
1644:
1610:
1565:
1549:
1512:
1410:
1147:Service du travail obligatoire
794:Area control staffs Army level
783:OT-Einsatzgruppe Russland Nord
580:Wirtschaftsgruppe Bauindustrie
404:Organisation "Todt", 1938â1942
1:
2147:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2124:Einsatz der Organisation Todt
1902:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1890:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1878:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1759:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1747:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1735:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1723:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1711:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1699:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1687:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1675:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1663:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1651:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1505:Tactical and Technical Trends
1398:
1176:(front workers) were German,
973:SK-Zug (platoon of 35-60 men)
721:German (national) and foreign
502:Under Albert Speer, 1942â1945
447:), built opposite the French
33:Pennant for Organisation Todt
1823:. 1939 I, Nr. 25, S. 206f.;
1435:. 1939 I, Nr. 25, S. 206f.;
702:Administration and personnel
640:Administration and personnel
485:Alderney concentration camps
7:
2104:(Casemate Publishers, 2010)
2082:The Economic History Review
1600:. Sutton Publishing, 2002.
1574:Zur Geschichte der Autobahn
1375:
1255:Germans and Volksdeutsche.
1039:NSKK-Transportbrigade Speer
311:('volunteer') POW workers.
199:
10:
2219:
2132:Historisches Centrum Hagen
1948:Kaienburg, Hermann (1996)
1935:SandkĂŒhler, Thomas (1994)
1596:Showell, Jak P. Mallmann.
1319:
1144:
1089:Reich Labour Service (RAD)
1031:NSKK-Transportbrigade Todt
987:Auxiliary field gendarmery
681:
631:Manpower and social policy
397:Reich Labour Service (RAD)
2072:English Historical Review
1847:, a working paper of the
1557:Reichsarbeitsdienstgesetz
1486:. HBC Historical Clothing
1478:HBC (25 September 2009).
1459:, a working paper of the
1382:Deutsche AusrĂŒstungswerke
1350:" or Road of the SS from
1061:, the Speer river fleet.
804:Basic construction sector
625:Planning and construction
305:('Eastern workers'), and
109:
91:
83:
68:
56:
38:
26:
2173:Monochrome wartime image
2084:(1975) 28#3 pp: 466â483.
2057:(1981) 14#1 pp: 63â78. 0
2055:Central European History
1965:Daghani, Arnold (1960)
1337:vernichtung durch arbeit
1315:
1291:Russians, Poles, Czech.
728:OT-Einsatzgruppe Italien
536:northern France for the
521:, Finland, December 1943
2198:Nazi paramilitary ranks
2193:Economy of Nazi Germany
2154:Der Reichsarbeitsdienst
1507:No. 30 (July 29, 1943).
1358:, approximately 20,000
1120:"volunteer" POW workers
1013:Auxiliary organisations
773:OT-Einsatzgruppe Wiking
753:OT-Einsatzgruppe SĂŒdost
2111:(Berghahn Books, 2007)
2009:Dick, Charles (2020).
1978:Bennett, G. H. (2012)
1827:of September 1, 1939,
1819:of February 13, 1939,
1439:of September 1, 1939,
1431:of February 13, 1939,
1022:
743:OT-Einsatzgruppe Reich
669:
560:
525:Todt was succeeded by
522:
439:
351:
299:('civilian workers'),
239:
22:Organisation Todt (OT)
1807:of October 15, 1938 (
1598:Hitler's U-boat bases
1530:Verfassungen.de, n.d.
1419:of October 15, 1938 (
1284:Baltics and Balkans.
1170:Wehrmachtgefolgschaft
1145:Further information:
1059:Transportflotte Speer
1020:
763:OT-Einsatzgruppe West
667:
558:
509:
415:
341:
207:
1774:. London, pp. 77â80.
1348:Durchgangsstrasse IV
1273:Latins and Slovaks.
1198:OT-Firmenangehörige,
1096:Operation Barbarossa
1055:Transportkorps Speer
1051:Transportgruppe Todt
829:Abschnittsbauleitung
733:OT-Einsatzgruppe Ost
705:Front line personnel
673:Area control staffs
660:Administrative units
643:Front area personnel
603:Central organisation
461:occupied Netherlands
291:'military internees'
174:occupied territories
158:military engineering
115:military engineering
62:military engineering
1809:Notdienstverordnung
1618:HunsrĂŒckhöhenstraĂe
1480:"Organization Todt"
1421:Notdienstverordnung
1228:OT-Firmenangehörige
1214:OT-Eigenes Personal
1194:OT-Eigenes Personal
1152:Personnel structure
1128:Reichsarbeitsdienst
620:Amt Bau-OT Zentrale
576:Arbeitsgemeinschaft
259:Reichsarbeitsdienst
194:concentration camps
23:
2077:Overy, Richard J.
2067:Overy, Richard J.
1840:2005-11-27 at the
1783:Christian Streit:
1580:2006-12-22 at the
1526:2017-06-20 at the
1452:2005-11-27 at the
1281:in local uniforms.
1023:
670:
613:Franz Xaver Dorsch
561:
523:
440:
352:
324:concentration camp
287:MilitÀrinternierte
267:invasion of Poland
240:
21:
2164:Organization Todt
1867:978-0-521-83875-7
1499:1. Gruner, Wolf.
1158:Wehrmachtsgefolge
1008:
947:
939:
938:
886:("KyffhÀuser") (
834:Construction site
519:Rovaniemi Airport
226:Reinhard Heydrich
144:Organisation Todt
141:
140:
2210:
2159:
2144:
2129:
2107:Zeller, Thomas.
2100:Taylor, Blaine.
2097:(1984): 189â200.
2090:Shand, James D.
2074:(1988): 613â639.
2047:(1984): 631â648.
2037:
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1369:Nuremberg Trials
1237:Einsatzarbeiter.
1223:Einsatzarbeiter.
1186:Einssatzarbeiter
1112:civilian workers
1004:
943:
924:Deutschland VIII
856:("Tannenberg") (
715:
708:Medical services
646:Medical services
392:Great Depression
368:Reichsautobahnen
279:Gastarbeitnehmer
214:Heinrich Himmler
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1270:if conscripted.
1154:
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1116:Eastern workers
1067:
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996:Feldgendarmerie
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230:Konrad Meyer
182:Soviet Union
162:Nazi Germany
143:
142:
132:Albert Speer
104:Nazi Germany
92:Jurisdiction
49:OT badge at
18:
2166:histclo.com
2158:(in German)
2143:(in German)
2128:(in German)
2121:Ralf Blank
2036:(12): 48â61
1845:(in German)
1586:(in German)
1561:(in German)
1532:(in German)
1457:(in German)
1341:Willi Henne
1037:. In 1939,
926:("Alpen") (
571:(OT-Firmen)
302:Ostarbeiter
210:Rudolf Hess
208:From left:
184:during the
47:Ostarbeiter
45:Woman with
2187:Categories
2139:Fritz Todt
1639:Fritz Todt
1490:16 October
1399:References
1333:Blood Road
1208:Categories
1166:law of war
1162:combatants
1160:, that is
1138:Mischlinge
898:Heidelberg
858:Rastenburg
819:Bauleitung
814:Sub-sector
675:Army Group
542:V-2 rocket
244:Fritz Todt
228:listen to
222:Fritz Todt
170:Nazi Party
166:Fritz Todt
124:Fritz Todt
117:executives
839:Baustelle
696:Technical
84:Dissolved
51:Auschwitz
1838:Archived
1578:Archived
1524:Archived
1497:Sources:
1450:Archived
1376:See also
1084:Autobahn
945:Sources:
757:Belgrade
656:Source:
532:de facto
436:ƻoliborz
420:(Polish
418:round-up
388:Autobahn
377:Autobahn
350:, France
262:, RAD).
253:Autobahn
200:Overview
152:) was a
64:overview
1356:Donetsk
1352:Lemberg
1172:). The
1164:by the
1006:Source:
928:Villach
799:Einsatz
787:Tallinn
469:Denmark
465:Belgium
423:Ćapanka
416:Street
180:to the
74: (
2130:2013 (
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1865:
1791:
1626:Heimat
1604:
1544:Erlass
1536:Gesetz
1301:Jews.
1182:Nordic
1118:, and
934:
918:Prague
908:Munich
888:Weimar
868:Berlin
747:Berlin
699:Supply
628:Supply
496:covert
473:Norway
471:, and
432:Warsaw
178:France
101:
69:Formed
1622:Trier
1404:Notes
1316:Ranks
1180:, or
878:Essen
767:Paris
677:level
593:1942.
517:, at
360:Basel
232:at a
176:from
154:civil
146:(OT;
111:Civil
58:Civil
2015:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1829:RGBl
1821:RGBl
1813:RGBl
1789:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1492:2014
1441:RGBl
1433:RGBl
1425:RGBl
1360:Jews
1235:and
1221:and
1027:NSKK
1025:The
956:The
777:Oslo
737:Kiev
540:and
513:and
381:Nazi
224:and
156:and
113:and
87:1945
76:1933
72:1933
60:and
1995:p.1
1811:),
1423:),
1354:to
1295:or
1277:or
434:'s
346:at
293:),
285:),
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1468:^
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