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229:), on posters, postcards, and stamps; on plates, teapots, wash basins, cigarette packages, vases, and calendars. They were performed or played from loudspeakers in schools, factories, and fields by special performing troupes. The Eight Model Operas dominated the stage in all parts of the country during these years, leading to the joke "Eight hundred million people watched eight shows."
376:
political art. Many ordinary
Chinese citizens were familiar with the arias in these model operas and would sing them at home or on the streets. Mobile film units brought cinematic recordings of the operas into the countryside and played an important role in popularizing and standardizing the art form. The revolutionary operas were regarded as some of the
416:
The operas are often taken by its critics as paradigmatic of the proletarian-dominated art of the
Cultural Revolution, and have been condemned by some as an aesthetic and cultural aberration. Author Huo Wang, a citizen in China at the time, wrote in 1998 in reference to the Cultural Revolution era:
408:
journal under a pen name stated, "The glorious achievement of revolutionary operas marked a revolution in art by the proletariat. It is the major component of our country's proletarian cultural revolution. . . . In the series of revolutionary model operas nurtured by beloved
Comrade Jiang Qing, the
710:
Although these works bear unmistakable political overtones of the time when they were created, they nonetheless had significant artistic values, and for this reason, some of the works remain popular decades after the
Cultural Revolution. As academic Kazushi Minami observes, many people, especially
428:
describes her experiences with revolutionary operas. She became a fan initially because there were not many other forms of diversion. "Entertainment was a 'dirty bourgeois word'," but the revolutionary operas were supposed to be something else, "a proletarian statement." To love or not to love the
412:
The major characters of the yangbanxi demonstrated the behaviors which government officials were supposed to demonstrate: accepting hardship first and enjoyment later, focusing on the livelihood of the masses, denouncing oppressive behavior, and using persuasion to deal with difficult people. Thus
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I listened to the operas when I ate, walked and slept. I grew up with the operas. They became my cells. I decorated the porch with posters of my favorite opera heroines. I sang the operas wherever I went. My mother heard me singing in my dreams; she said that I was preserved by the operas. It was
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Model operas were performed on stages, broadcast on the radio, made into films, and sung by millions. They were the only form of mass theatrical entertainment in China at the time. Unlike
European opera, which was essentially entertainment for the elite, revolutionary opera had become a popular
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true. I could not go on a day without listening to the operas. I pasted my ear close to the radio, figuring out the singer's breaths. I imitated her. The aria was called 'I won't quit the battle until all the beasts are killed.' It was sung by Iron Plum a teenage character in an opera called
256:
as her "laboratory experimentation" for accomplishing this radical change in theater art. The traditional Peking opera was revolutionized in both form and content. Eight model plays were produced in the first three years of the
Cultural Revolution. They consisted of five modern operas
409:
image of proletarian heroes is established; the stage that has been controlled by landlords and representatives of the bourgeoisie for the past thousand years is now gone. The real master of history has entered the field of art and started a new era in the history of art".
391:, one way China promoted its policy of state feminism was through revolutionary opera. Most of the eight model dramas in this period featured women as their main characters. The narratives of these women protagonists begin with them oppressed by
429:
operas was a serious political question, Min writes, and "meant to be or not to be a revolutionary." For a decade the same eight operas were taught on radio and in school, and were promoted by neighborhood organizations. Min recalls:
727:
as its grand finale, which caused postmodern audiences in Los
Angeles and New York to marvel at the opera's innovative multipositionality and hybridity, in which revolutionary ideologies, exotic nativist music and dances of the
711:
rural people, cherished the yangbaxi and still do today. Some of the eight model revolutionary operas have been sent on tours around the world without much of its original political content. According to Liu Kang from
417:"Model operas are the only art form left in the whole of China. You cannot escape from listening to them. You hear them every time you turn on the radio. You hear them from loudspeakers every time you go outside".
2203:
395:, class position, and imperialism before liberating themselves through the discovery of their own internal strength and the Communist Party. Villains in the revolutionary operas were consistently male.
691:
355:, following the original model in content and form. However it was the original eight plays that were most commonly performed. Toward the end of the Cultural Revolution, the ballet
1166:
Mittler, Barbara. "Popular
Propaganda? Art and Culture in Revolutionary China", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: Dec 2008. Vol. 152, Iss. 4; pg. 466
1612:
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Liu, Kang. "Popular
Culture and the Culture of the Masses in Contemporary China", 2, Vol. 24, No. 3, Postmodernism and China (Autumn, 1997), pp. 99-122. Duke University Press
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438:. I would not stop singing the aria until my vocal cords hurt. I went on pushing my voice to its highest pitch. I was able to recite all the librettos...
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An official yangbanxi popularization campaign began in 1970. The release of filmed versions of yangbanxi prompted the re-organization and expansion of
2095:
870:
Barbara
Mittler, ""Eight Stage Works for 800 Million People": The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in Music — A View from Revolutionary Opera."
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812:
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798:(1993), set in a Peking Opera company, shows the tension and debates within the group when the revolutionary opera replaced the old.
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1962:
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was adapted to a ballet. These did not have a chance to become as popular as their earlier versions, and the ballet version of
316:, although many of them were subsequently adapted to local provincial types of operas. The ballets were produced by either the
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as playing the central role in the victory of communism in China. Although they originated as operas, they soon appeared on
768:
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2053:
309:
176:. They were considered revolutionary and modern in terms of thematic and musical features when compared with traditional
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1372:. A sympathetic eyewitness account. Includes texts of several plays, and a glossary of Chinese theater and dance terms.
450:
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was the chief advocate and engineer of the transformation from traditional operas to revolutionary ones, and chose the
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The yangbanxi were a staple of cultural exchanges in the years leading to China-United States rapprochement. American
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they both provided a standard of conduct for officials and expressed a standard for ordinary people to hold them to.
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17:
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2007:
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Maoist Model Theatre : The Semiotics of Gender and Sexuality in the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
2130:
2090:
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was musically expanded to a symphony with a full Western orchestra, a format similar to the ninth symphony of
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2002:
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The new revolutionary theatrical forms were praised as "shining victories" of the Cultural Revolution and
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31:
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Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: the impact on Chinese thought, culture, and communication
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People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
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The promotion of yangbanxi through official channels also surged in 1974 in connection with the
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1379:(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2012).
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1972:
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The official versions of the operas were all Peking operas and were produced by either the
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8:
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203:, which was banned as "feudalistic and bourgeois," they told stories from China's recent
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This article is about the Chinese opera genre. For the North Korean opera genre, see
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Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China
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Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history
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Island, and high European styles and modalities coalesce in a neo-Wagnerian
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The unknown cultural revolution : life and change in a Chinese village
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187:, 八个样板戏) were produced, eighteen by the end of the period. Instead of the "
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1997:
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Stephan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages, "Model Operas"
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A Continuous Revolution: Making Sense of Cultural Revolution Culture.
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The eight model plays were the subject of the 2005 documentary film
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Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
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1354:. Explores the culture produced including the eight "model operas."
755:. And the ballet that still shows a considerable vitality today is
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in their itineraries. Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger viewed the
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2614:
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340:, which was basically a cycle of arias excerpted from the opera.
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and the bravery of the common people, and showed Mao Zedong and
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Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
775:. This performance was reenacted in a slightly surreal form in
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After 1969 several other model operas were produced, including
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was also adapted to a piano-accompanied cantata by the pianist
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China on Stage: An American Actress in the People's Republic
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China on Stage: An American Actress in the People's Republic
890:(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
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Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
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Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
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Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
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Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
1003:
Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
164:) were a series of shows planned and engineered during the
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during the early 1970s typically included at least one of
850:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 143–150.
27:
Genre of Chinese opera promoting communism and socialism
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was adapted to a Peking opera, while the Peking opera
1319:
Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy Chinese Posters.net
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109:
95:
480:
1346:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
706:Revolutionary operas after the Cultural Revolution
2096:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
183:Originally, eight revolutionary operas (Chinese:
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2179:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1440:Excerpt of revolutionary opera from The Guardian
813:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
771:, seven years before the normalization of the
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199:, maidens, and beauties" of the traditional
1899:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
888:The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History.
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1344:The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History
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1152:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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743:The three most popular Peking operas are
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384:arising during the Cultural Revolution.
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719:During a 1996 North American tour, the
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692:The Brother and Sister on the Prairie
180:. Many of them were adapted to film.
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332:, with an overture and 8 movements.
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24:
1598:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
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451:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
25:
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1419:
1415:69. 4 (November 2010): 1208–1210.
753:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
519:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
481:List of revolutionary model plays
270:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
2276:and Chinese narrative traditions
2227:
2226:
2162:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
2008:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
1538:Down to the Countryside Movement
1510:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
1428:Yangbanxi: The Eight Model Works
790:Yangbanxi, The Eight Model Works
759:, the one that was presented to
533:Raid on the White Tiger Regiment
276:Raid on the White Tiger Regiment
1892:Six Articles of Public Security
1364:(New York: Random House, 1972)
1323:
1312:
1237:
1169:
1160:
1071:
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367:was never officially released.
2131:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
2091:Central Case Examination Group
1573:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
1426:Slant Magazine Film Review of
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973:
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765:President of the United States
402:. An article published in the
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66:
52:
13:
1:
2141:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
2003:Learn from Daqing in industry
1878:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
1391:Roberts, Rosemary A. (2010).
1336:
745:The Legend of the Red Lantern
493:The Legend of the Red Lantern
334:The Legend of the Red Lantern
260:The Legend of the Red Lantern
1958:Continuous Revolution Theory
1948:Cow demons and snake spirits
1871:Quotations from Chairman Mao
1515:Socialist Education Movement
510:(沙家浜, formerly romanised as
301:, which is more precisely a
7:
801:
725:The Red Detachment of Women
678:Ode to the Yimeng Mountains
382:shehuizhuyi xinsheng shiwu)
314:Shanghai Peking Opera House
243:The Red Detachment of Women
10:
2877:
1244:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
1176:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
1078:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
1039:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
1000:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
877:(accessed April 30, 2013).
297:), and one symphony (also
146:People's Republic of China
32:Korean revolutionary opera
29:
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2086:Cultural Revolution Group
2031:
1915:
1855:
1704:
1631:
1543:Cleansing the Class Ranks
1530:
1482:
1395:. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
1221:Columbia University Press
941:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010).
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2136:May Seventh Cadre School
1928:Newborn socialist things
1864:Bombard the Headquarters
1674:Shaoyang County Massacre
1608:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
1413:Journal of Asian Studies
1296:Cornell University Press
1290:Minami, Kazushi (2024).
1124:. New York. p. 65.
823:
630:The Warfare on the Plain
616:Song of the Dragon River
378:newborn socialist things
318:National Ballet of China
310:China Peking Opera House
213:People's Liberation Army
47:Traditional Chinese
2856:Maoist China propaganda
2106:Revolutionary committee
1656:Inner Mongolia incident
1623:1976 Tiananmen Incident
1593:Black Painting incident
1558:February Countercurrent
874:26, no. 2 (2010): 377.
757:Red Detachment of Women
664:Interrogating the Chair
657:Red Detachment of Women
559:Red Detachment of Women
475:Red Detachment of Women
471:Red Detachment of Women
463:tourist groups in China
371:National implementation
357:Red Detachment of Women
322:Shanghai Ballet Company
288:Red Detachment of Women
205:revolutionary struggles
172:, the wife of Chairman
61:Simplified Chinese
2076:May Sixteenth elements
1490:Anti-Rightist Campaign
1120:Han, Dongping (2008).
741:
440:
246:
2529:Comedic/Light theater
2111:8341 Special Regiment
2018:Five Black Categories
1684:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
1618:1976 Nanjing incident
1252:Duke University Press
1184:Duke University Press
1086:Duke University Press
1047:Duke University Press
1008:Duke University Press
949:Duke University Press
795:Farewell My Concubine
769:visited China in 1972
723:repeatedly performed
717:
573:The White Haired Girl
486:The Eight Model Plays
467:The White Haried Girl
431:
294:The White Haired Girl
240:
211:. They glorified the
156:(Simplified Chinese:
2044:Conservative Faction
1973:One Divides into Two
1943:Big-character poster
1495:Great Chinese Famine
1342:Clark, Paul (2008).
773:Sino-US relationship
721:China Central Ballet
446:exhibition network.
349:Battle in the Plains
207:against foreign and
150:revolutionary operas
2851:Cultural Revolution
2702:Revolutionary opera
2023:Five Red Categories
1885:May 16 Notification
1588:10th Party Congress
1476:Cultural Revolution
922:Cultural Revolution
909:Cultural Revolution
872:The Opera Quarterly
808:Propaganda in China
602:The Azalea Mountain
550:(海港, also known as
389:Cultural Revolution
365:The Azalea Mountain
361:The Azalea Mountain
166:Cultural Revolution
2199:Morning Sun (film)
2174:Great Leap Forward
2064:Ultra-Left Faction
2013:Stinking Old Ninth
1661:Guangdong Massacre
1568:9th Party Congress
1520:Taoyuan Experience
1500:Great Leap Forward
924:p. 66, 84-85, etc.
730:Li ethnic minority
400:Mao Zedong Thought
247:
223:, in comic books (
2828:
2827:
2553:Tea-picking opera
2548:Flower-drum opera
2508:Religious theater
2503:
2502:
2240:
2239:
2189:Sino-Soviet split
2049:Little Red Guards
1993:Capitalist roader
1983:Eight model plays
1680:Yunnan Massacres
1603:Hangzhou incident
1583:Lin Biao incident
1505:Lushan Conference
1375:Barbara Mittler.
1358:Lois Wheeler Snow
1352:978-0-521-87515-8
1131:978-1-58367-180-1
980:Lois Wheeler Snow
958:978-0-8223-4780-4
846:Lu, Xing (2004).
595:Later model plays
457:Foreign exchanges
142:
141:
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84:Standard Mandarin
18:Eight model plays
16:(Redirected from
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2282:Dramatic theater
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1968:Violent Struggle
1963:Seizure of power
1953:Bloodline theory
1933:Struggle session
1906:On Class Origins
1689:Shadian incident
1669:Daoxian massacre
1665:Hunan Massacres
1651:Guangxi Massacre
1469:
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1215:Li, Jie (2023).
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738:Gesamtkunstwerk.
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659:the Peking opera
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285:), two ballets (
185:Ba Ge Yangban Xi
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2465:Taiwanese opera
2378:Cantonese opera
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2323:Longjiang opera
2277:
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2241:
2236:
2218:
2214:Scar literature
2209:Boluan Fanzheng
2145:
2126:Barefoot doctor
2116:Sent-down youth
2069:Xiaoyao Faction
2027:
1911:
1851:
1700:
1696:Ruijin Massacre
1644:Daxing Massacre
1627:
1526:
1478:
1473:
1430:by Keith Uhlich
1422:
1409:Colin Mackerras
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1254:. p. 138.
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1186:. p. 141.
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1088:. p. 155.
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959:
951:. p. 148.
939:
928:
919:
915:
906:
902:
885:
881:
869:
865:
858:
844:
831:
826:
821:
804:
713:Duke University
708:
673:), Peking opera
653:), Peking opera
639:), Peking opera
625:), Peking opera
611:), Peking opera
597:
554:), Peking opera
542:), Peking opera
528:), Peking opera
514:), Peking opera
502:), Peking opera
488:
483:
459:
436:The Red Lantern
373:
345:Azalea Mountain
235:
168:(1966–1976) by
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2826:
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2815:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2792:Related topics
2789:
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2543:Glove puppetry
2540:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
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2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:Yangzhou opera
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Shanghai opera
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2403:Huangmei opera
2400:
2395:
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2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Class struggle
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2150:Related topics
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Five Man Group
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Scarlet Guards
2056:
2051:
2046:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:Democracy Wall
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Feudal fascism
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
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1746:Zhang Chunqiao
1743:
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1565:
1563:Wuhan incident
1560:
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1421:
1420:External links
1418:
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1416:
1401:
1388:
1373:
1355:
1338:
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1332:
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1322:
1311:
1304:
1294:. Ithaca, NY:
1275:
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1192:
1168:
1159:
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1094:
1070:
1055:
1049:. p. 16.
1031:
1016:
1010:. p. 30.
992:
972:
957:
926:
913:
900:
879:
863:
856:
828:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
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815:
810:
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800:
782:Nixon in China
707:
704:
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702:
688:
674:
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626:
612:
596:
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583:
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487:
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372:
369:
234:
231:
178:Chinese operas
140:
139:
136:
135:
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131:
121:
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114:
107:
101:
100:
93:
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78:Transcriptions
71:
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63:
57:
56:
49:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2873:
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2846:Peking operas
2844:
2842:
2841:Chinese opera
2839:
2838:
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2800:
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2776:Water sleeves
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2496:
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2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Teochew opera
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Sichuan opera
2453:
2451:
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2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Huaihai opera
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2274:Chinese opera
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
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2225:
2224:
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2197:
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2194:Two Whatevers
2192:
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2054:Rebel Faction
2052:
2050:
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2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Loyalty dance
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
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1961:
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1787:Wang Dongxing
1785:
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1760:
1757:
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1732:Deng Xiaoping
1730:
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1554:
1553:January Storm
1551:
1549:
1548:12-3 incident
1546:
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1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1521:
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1402:9789004177444
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1385:9780674065819
1382:
1378:
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1305:9781501774157
1301:
1297:
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1282:
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1261:1-4780-2161-6
1257:
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1230:9780231206273
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1199:
1195:
1193:1-4780-2161-6
1189:
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1095:1-4780-2161-6
1091:
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1056:1-4780-2161-6
1052:
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1017:1-4780-2161-6
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946:
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896:9780521875158
893:
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766:
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761:Richard Nixon
758:
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353:Bay of Panshi
350:
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341:
339:
338:Yin Chengzong
335:
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210:
209:class enemies
206:
202:
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194:
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159:
155:
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106:
102:
94:
92:
88:
85:
81:
76:
72:
64:
62:
58:
50:
48:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2780:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2718:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2580:
2573:
2562:
2535:
2515:Ritual opera
2475:Tongzi opera
2460:Suzhou opera
2440:Puxian opera
2420:Liyuan opera
2412:
2383:Gaojia opera
2362:Shanxi opera
2354:
2340:Peking opera
2332:
2315:
2296:Hebei bangzi
2121:61 Renegades
1982:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1822:Yang Chengwu
1756:Wang Hongwen
1737:Gang of Four
1531:Major events
1427:
1407:, Reviewed,
1392:
1376:
1361:
1343:
1325:
1314:
1291:
1246:
1239:
1216:
1210:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1121:
1080:
1073:
1041:
1034:
1002:
995:
988:Random House
983:
975:
943:
921:
916:
908:
903:
887:
886:Paul Clark.
882:
871:
866:
847:
819:Bibliography
793:
789:
787:
780:
756:
752:
748:
744:
742:
737:
724:
718:
709:
690:
676:
662:
656:
642:
628:
614:
600:
590:the symphony
585:
571:
557:
551:
547:On the Docks
545:
531:
517:
511:
505:
491:
474:
470:
466:
460:
448:
444:China's film
441:
435:
432:
421:
420:In her book
419:
415:
411:
403:
397:
386:
381:
374:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
342:
333:
325:
307:
298:
292:
286:
282:On the Docks
280:
274:
268:
264:
258:
254:Peking opera
248:
241:
224:
201:Peking opera
195:, generals,
184:
182:
157:
154:model operas
153:
149:
143:
111:yang pan hsi
91:Hanyu Pinyin
36:
2799:Pear Garden
2588:Flower Drum
2567:(narrative)
2393:Hakka opera
2311:Jilin opera
2301:Henan opera
1998:Yiku sitian
1847:Ye Jianying
1842:Hua Guofeng
1837:Mao Yuanxin
1827:Chen Zaidao
1762:Peng Dehuai
1751:Yao Wenyuan
1705:Key figures
1578:Project 571
986:(New York:
947:. Durham :
792:. The film
785:(1985–87).
512:Shachiapang
387:During the
226:lianhuanhua
217:his thought
197:chancellors
2861:Jiang Qing
2835:Categories
2805:Shengqiang
2711:Role types
2653:Historical
2643:Xiangsheng
2601:Kuaibanshu
2582:Errenzhuan
2485:Wuxi opera
2450:Shao opera
2398:Huai opera
2345:Ping opera
2167:Mango cult
2039:Red Guards
1832:Kang Sheng
1817:Qiu Huizuo
1797:Ji Dengkui
1741:Jiang Qing
1722:Zhou Enlai
1717:Liu Shaoqi
1712:Mao Zedong
1639:Red August
1370:0394468740
1337:References
1270:1250021710
1250:. Durham:
1202:1250021710
1182:. Durham:
1104:1250021710
1084:. Durham:
1065:1250021710
1045:. Durham:
1026:1250021710
1006:. Durham:
911:pp. 26-43.
857:1570035431
777:John Adams
749:Shajiabang
587:Shajiabang
552:The Harbor
507:Shajiabang
453:campaign.
426:Anchee Min
422:Red Azalea
326:Shajiabang
299:Shajiabang
265:Shajiabang
250:Jiang Qing
174:Mao Zedong
170:Jiang Qing
158:yangban xi
105:Wade–Giles
2819:Bian lian
2725:Xiaosheng
2629:Shulaibao
2520:Nuo opera
2495:Yue opera
2430:Min opera
2408:Hui opera
2388:Han opera
1923:Four Olds
1856:Documents
1812:Wu Faxian
1792:Xie Fuzhi
1782:Chen Boda
1772:Peng Zhen
1632:Massacres
1148:cite book
1140:227930948
967:503828045
779:'s opera
701:), ballet
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644:Panshiwan
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330:Beethoven
148:(1949–),
97:yàngbǎnxì
2771:Costumes
2764:Costumes
2661:Canjunxi
2537:Errentai
2480:Wu opera
2435:Ou opera
2425:Lu opera
2371:Southern
2356:Qinqiang
2350:Pu opera
2334:Maoqiang
2328:Lü opera
2317:Liuqiang
2289:Northern
2232:Category
1916:Concepts
1807:Qi Benyu
1727:Lin Biao
990:, 1972).
802:See also
405:Red Flag
393:misogyny
189:emperors
2696:Zidishu
2689:Chuanqi
2668:Yuanben
2622:Pingtan
2615:Pingshu
2608:Naamyam
1802:Wang Li
1777:Tao Zhu
1483:Prelude
920:Clark,
469:or the
320:or the
312:or the
303:cantata
2812:Yunbai
2782:Lingzi
2157:Maoism
2032:Groups
1767:Wu Han
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907:Clark
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767:, who
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734:Hainan
351:, and
279:, and
233:Origin
2739:Wudan
2719:Sheng
2675:Nanxi
2636:Tanci
2575:Baiju
2414:Kunqu
898:p. 2.
824:Notes
565:红色娘子军
539:奇袭白虎团
525:智取威虎山
193:kings
2754:Chou
2747:Jing
2682:Zaju
2594:Guci
2564:Quyi
1397:ISBN
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1366:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1266:OCLC
1256:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1198:OCLC
1188:ISBN
1154:link
1136:OCLC
1126:ISBN
1100:OCLC
1090:ISBN
1061:OCLC
1051:ISBN
1022:OCLC
1012:ISBN
963:OCLC
953:ISBN
892:ISBN
852:ISBN
698:草原儿女
636:平原作战
291:and
2733:Dan
732:on
684:沂蒙颂
670:审椅子
650:磐石湾
622:龙江颂
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579:白毛女
499:红灯记
305:).
221:LPs
162:样板戏
152:or
144:In
119:IPA
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